祈使句和感叹句用
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祈使句和感叹句⽤
祈使句、感叹句
祈使句
1.定义:⽤于表达命令(最常⽤)、请求、劝告、警告、禁⽌等的句⼦叫做祈使句
Eg:Go and wash your hands. (去洗你的⼿。
——命令)
Be quiet, please.(Please be quiet.)(请安静。
——请求)
Be kind to our sister. (对姊妹要和善。
——劝告)
Watch your steps. (⾛路⼩⼼。
——警告)
Look out!Danger!(⼩⼼!危险!——强烈警告,已如感叹句)
Keep off the grass. (勿践草坪。
——禁⽌)
No parking. (禁⽌停车。
——禁⽌)
注意:祈使句的动词⼀般⽤动词原形(变否定,don't放在句⾸),句末则使⽤句号来表⽰结束.
Eg:Don't play with fire.
2.主语为第⼆⼈称,通常可省
,please.
不可省主语情况:
Eg:You go over there and sit next to Tom.
(2)当说话⼈强调主语或上级对下级,长者对年青⼈或⼩孩讲话时
Eg:You take care when you cross the road.
(3)当祈使句以Don't开头⼜要加重语⽓时
Eg:Don’t you be late again next time.你下次不要再来晚了。
(4)当祈使句的主语是someone,somebody,everyone,everybody等泛指第三⼈称时Eg:Someone open that window. Everybody be here at7:30.
(5)当祈使句谓语部分有副词up,down,in,out,off,away等,且这些副词置于句⾸时Eg:Out you come.
3.表现形式
(1)肯定结构:
①Do型(即:动词原形(+宾语)+其它成分)
Eg:Please have a seat here.
注意:<1>有的祈使句在意思明确(如⼝号、告⽰)的情况下,动词可省略,只保留:名词短语;介词短语;
名词+代词/副词/形容词;形容词+名词/代词;副词+with
Eg:This way Go this way, please.
please(若⽤在句尾,please前加“,”)
Now for it!
Patience!
<2>加强语⽓,动词前加do
Eg:Do sit down.
②Be型(即:Be + 表语(名词或形容词)+其它成分)
Eg:Be a good boy!
③Let型(即:Let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分)
Eg:Let me help you. 让我来帮你。
(2)否定结构:
①Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句⾸加don't构成
Eg:Don't forget me!!
Don't be late for school!
②Let型的否定式有两种:
<1>Don't + let + 宾语(第三⼈称) + 动词原形 + 其它成分
Eg:Don't let him go.
<2>Let + 宾语(第⼀⼈称) + not + 动词原形 + 其它成分”
Eg:Let's not say anything about it.
③no开头,表⽰禁⽌性的祈使句
Eg:No smoking!
No fishing!
4.let带头的祈使句⽤法
(1)表⽰“建议”(let后头紧跟着⼀个第⼀⼈称的代词宾语)Eg:Let me try.
Let's do it.
Let me go and look for it.
注意:与直接的祈使句想⽐,语⽓更加委婉
disturb him.
Let's not disturb him.
(2)表⽰“间接命令”或“愿望”(动词宾语是第三⼈称名词或代词)Eg:Let Robert take charge of the marketing department.
Let her join our choir.
5.祈使句的应答句
(1)肯定:I will.
(2)否定:I won't.
表⽰接受建议:All right/OK/Yes,let's.../A good idea等(3)Let's:
表⽰允许同意:You may/You can等
6.祈使句连接词(and/or/otherwise)+ 简单句
注意:连接词后引导的简单句,通常⽤将来时或⽤情态动词表⽰将来Eg:Try it again(=If you try it again),and you'll succeed. and/then/and then,意为:就;那么 (就);(刚)才
连接词的选择:
Or/or else/otherwise。
意为否则;要不;不然的话⼝诀:选择连接词,只看陈述句,and叫⼈⼼欢畅,or的后果不好尝Eg:Come early,and you’ll catch the first bus.
按祈使句去做的话,所产⽣的顺应结果,即令⼈愉快的后果
Use your head,or else you won’t find a way.
不按祈使句去做所得到的逆反结果,即产⽣令⼈不快甚⾄危险的后果
7.祈使句句型转换
(1)祈使句与陈述句的改写
①Do型Be型肯定祈使句 = You must …(陈述句)
Eg:Come here.=You must come here.
Be a good boy.=You must be a good boy.
否定祈使句 = You shouldn't...
Eg: that again.= You shouldn't do that again。
②Please +祈使句=Will you (please) ~?(陈述句)
Eg:Please help me.=Will you (please) help me?
Come here on time ,please.=Will you (please) come here on time ?
8.祈使句反义疑问句(详见反义疑问句)
9.祈使句变间接引语(详见间接引语)
10.区分祈使句与⾮谓语动词
(1)⾮谓语动词提前作状语,常⽤都好与后⾯分开,说明后⾯情况发⽣的时间、原因、条件、⽬的等
(2)注意标点符号的功能(如破折号:对前⼀句话的解释说明,破折号后⾯的句⼦与前⾯的是同样的句式结构)
Eg:①Mary,come here—everybody else,stay where you are.
Mary被逗号隔开,是呼语,所以后⾯是祈使句,⽤动原开头
破折号是对前⼀句话的解释说明,所以前是句⼦,⽽不是⾮谓语动词短语作状语
②There are eight tips in Dr.R's lecture on sleep,and one of them is : don't go to bed early
unless you think it is necessary.
unless 引导条件状从,don't go to bed early为主句
I.祈使句
[⾼考试题传真]
1._____it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A.When left
B.Leaving
C.If you leave
D.Leave
2._______him and then try to copy what he does. (1999)
A.Mind
B.Glance
C.Stare at
D.Watch
3.----Alice,you feed the bird today,______?
----Yes.But I fed it yesterday. (1999)
A.do you
B.will you
C.didn’t you
D.don’t you
4._______some of this juice-----perhaps Gen’ll like it.
A.Trying
B.Try
C.To try
D.Have tried
5.______your coat at once.We must hurry.(1989)
A.Wear
B.Wearing
C.Put on
D.Putting on
6.______blood if you can and many lives will be saved
A.Giving
B.Give
C.Given
D.To give
祈使句式句⼦中类中⼀个重要的分⽀,⽤来表⽰请求、命令、劝告、号召和警告等⼝⽓。
(⼀)考点归纳与讲解1.考查祈使句的⼀般⽤法
1)______at the door before entering, please.
A.Knocked
B.To knock
C.Knocking
D.Knock
2)_____some of this juice---perhaps you’ll take it.
A.Trying
B.Try
C.To try
D.Have tried
3)_______! There is a train coming.
A.Look out
B.Look around
C.Look forward
D.Look at
2.考查祈使句的反疑问句的⽤法
4)Don’t smoke in the meeting room, _______?
A.do you
B.will you
C.can you
D.could you
5)----Alice,you feed the bird today,______?
----Yes.But I fed it yesterday.
A.do you
B.will you
C.didn’t you
D.don’t you
祈使句的反意疑问句形式常⽤will you或won’t you,但有时祈使句中再现主语you,⽤以强调对⽅语⽓更重,其否定结构don’t ⼀般置于句⾸,即主语之前,但不论肯定形式,还是否定形式,反意问句形式通常⽤will you。
教你巧学巧记:
祈使句何时带主语?
普通的祈使句的主语往往不表现出来,但上述第5⼩题却是个带主语的祈使句。
那么祈使句何时带主语呢?
⼀、当说话⼈必须指明不同的事要求不同的⼈去做时。
如:
You clean the windows,and you(another man)mop the floor.
You go over there and sit next to Tom,while he and I stay here.
⼆、当说话⼈强调主语或上级对下级,长者对年青⼈或⼩孩讲话时,如:
You take care when you cross the road.你过马路时要⼩⼼。
You speak first.你先讲。
You listen to me.你听我说。
You be careful.你要仔细点。
三、当祈使句以Don't开头⼜要加重语⽓时。
如:
Don’t you dare to cause any more trouble.你敢再捣乱。
Don’t you be late again next time.你下次不要再来晚了。
四、当祈使句的主语是someone,somebody,everyone,everybody等泛指第三⼈称时。
如: Someone open that window.来个⼈把那扇窗户打开。
Everybody be here at7:30. ⼤家7:30到这⾥。
五、当说话⼈有急躁或厌烦等情绪时。
如:
You do it right away.你⽴刻做这件事
You mind your own business,and leave this to me.
你别管闭事,把此事留给我好了。
六、当祈使句谓语部分有副词up,down,in,out,off,away等,且这些副词置于句⾸时。
如:
In you jump! 你跳进去吧!
Out you come。
请你出来。
由此可见,第5⼩题当属于第⼆种情况。
3.考查祈使句的简略答语形式
5)---Write to me when you get home.
---__________.
A.I must
B.I should
C.I will
D.I can
讲解:答案5.C。
在回答祈使句时,肯定或否定形式常⽤will或won’t。
4.考查利⽤短语表达祈使概念
6)Don’t all speak at once! ________,please.
A.Each at once
B.Only by one time
C.One for each time
D.One at a time
讲解:答案为D。
⼀般来讲,祈使句都要有动词,但是有些⽤于⼝号、告⽰等的祈使句可省略动词,只保留:①名词短语;②介词短语;③名词+代词/副词/形容词;④形容词+名词/代词;⑤副词+with等。
例如:
Patience! 耐⼼点!
Your turn. 轮到您了。
After you! 您先请!
Now for it! ⼲起来吧!
On with your cap. 带上帽⼦。
5.考查“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”结构的⽤法
7)One more week, ______we’ll accomplish the task.(1999年上海)
A.or
B.so that
C.and
D.if
讲解:答案为C。
“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”是⼀个固定句型。
有时为了表达得简洁,祈使句部分常⽤名词短语来表达。
在这个句型中,前边的祈使句相当于if引导的条件句。
例如:Try it again(=If you try it again), and you’ll succeed.
One more word,and I'll get angry with you.
Another week,and the railway station will be completed.
教你巧学巧记:
巧妙确定“祈使句+陈述句”的连接词
在“祈使句+陈述句”这种句型中,祈使句和陈述句之间要⽤连接词。
其连接词共分两类: 第⼀类:and,then,and then。
意思
是“就”、“那么(就)”、“(刚)才”。
第⼆类:or,or else,otherwise。
意思是“否则”、“要不”、“不然的话”。
什么时候⽤第⼀类连接词,什么时候⽤第⼆类连接词呢?有⼀种⽅法可以帮助我们作出迅速⽽准确的决定。
请先⽐较下⾯三组例句:
(l)Come early,and you’ll catch the first bus.
Come early,or you’ll miss the first bus.
(2)Use your head,then you’ll find a way.
Use your head,or else you won’t find a way.
(3)Work hard,and then you won’t fail.
Work hard,otherwise,you’ll fail.
努⼒⼲,要不,你会失败的。
上述三组第⼀句中的陈述句,都表⽰按祈使句去做的话,所产⽣的顺应结果,即令⼈愉快的后果。
⽽三组第⼆句中的陈述句,都表⽰不按祈使句去做所得到的逆反结果,即产⽣令⼈不快甚⾄危险的后果。
由此可见:凡陈述句表⽰的是⼈们所希望的后果时,就有and,then或者and then;凡陈述句表⽰的是⼈们所不希望的后果时,就⽤or,or else或者otherwise。
也可以⽤⼀句顺⼝溜来帮助记忆:
选择连接词,只看陈述句。
and叫⼈⼼欢畅,or的后果不好尝。
6.考查由let’s引导的祈使句的反意问句的⽤法
8)It’s a fine day. Let’s go fishing, ________?(MET1990)
A.won’t we
B.will we
C.don’t we
D.shall we
讲解:let’s引导的祈使句,包括听话者本⼈在内,表⽰建议,反意问句⽤shall we。
但let us 引导的祈使句不包括听话者本⼈在内,表⽰请求,反意问句要⽤will you。
例如:
Let us know whether you have difficulty,will you?
告诉我们你们是否有困难,好吗?
教你巧学巧记:
以let’s开头的祈使句,在确定其简略问句的时候,你可以这样记忆:
有“’ ”则we,⽆“’ ”则you。
7.考查“why not+动词原形”结构表⽰祈使概念的⽤法
9)---I usually go there by train.
---Why not______by boat for a change?(MET1992)
A.to try going
B.trying to go
C.to try and go
D.try going
讲解:“why not+动词原形”为“Why don’t you do sth.?”的另外⼀种表达⽅式,表⽰⽤以委婉提出建议,与其相类似表达祈使句概念的句型还有:You’d better/best+do sth. 例如:You’d better go to school early tomorrow.
明天你最好早点去上学。
(⼆)祈使句相关知识提⽰
1.在肯定的祈使句中,有时为了加强语⽓,可在动词之前加do。
例如:
Do give my regards to your parents.
请务必代我向你的⽗母问好。
2.祈使句也可⽤第三⼈称作主语。
例如:
Don’t anyone open the window.
任何⼈都不要开窗户。
3.祈使句可以⽤被动形式
Don’t be cheated by what he said.
不要被他说的话所欺骗。
4.⽤“No+名词或动名词”结构表⽰禁⽌的祈使,⼀般⽤于指⽰、标牌、布告等。
例如:No smoking! 禁⽌吸烟!
5.⽤“have done…”结构表⽰祈使,意为“禁⽌”、“结束”。
例如:
Have done scolding him. 不要再责备他了。
6.⽤“be+现在分词”结构表⽰祈使。
例如:
Don’t be looking out of the window! 勿将头伸出窗外!
II.感叹句
[⾼考试题传真]
1.________we have today!
A.A fine weather
B.What a fine weather
C.How a fine weather
D.What fine weather
2.Oh,John._________you gave us!
A.How a pleasant surprise
B.How pleasant surprise
C.What a pleasant surprise
D.What pleasant surprise
3._________food you’ve cooked!
A.How a nice
B.What a nice
C.How nice
D.What nice
4._______terrible weather we’ve been having these days!
A.How a
B.What a
C.How
D.What
5.________from Beijing to London!
A.How long way it is
B.What a long way is it
C.How long way is it
D.What a long way it is
感叹句是表⽰喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈感情⾊彩的句⼦。
感叹句由感叹词how和what引导,句末⽤感叹号。
1)带有how的感叹句。
⽤来感叹形容词、副词或动词。
例如:
(1)How+形容词+主语+谓语!
How happy he is! 他是多么的幸福啊!
How exciting he became when he heard the news!
当他听到这个消息时,他是多么的激动!
How beautiful the West Lake is! 西湖是多么的美丽啊!
(2)How+副词+主语+谓语!
How hard he is working now!
他现在⼯作得多么的努⼒呀!
How slowly he runs! 他跑得多么慢呀!
(3)How+主语+动词!
How her mother worried! 她母亲是多么地担⼼啊!
How he enjoys collecting stamps! 他是多么的喜欢集邮啊!
2)带有what的感叹句。
⽤来感叹名词,被感叹的名词既可以是可数名词(单数形式或复数形式),也可以是不可数名词。
例如:
(1)What a/an+(形容词)+单数名词+谓语!
What a fine day it is! 天⽓多么好啊!
What an interesting story it is!
它是多么有趣的⼀个故事啊!
What an honest boy he is!
他是⼀个多么诚实的孩⼦呀!
What a beautiful day it was and how happy I was!
天是多么的好, 我是多么的⾼兴啊!
(2)What+(形容词)+复数名词+谓语!
What funny stories they are!
他们是多么可笑的故事啊!
What beautiful colours they are!
它们的颜⾊是多么的漂亮啊!
What terrible earthquakes they are!
多么可怕的地震啊!
(3)What+(形容词)+不可数名词+谓语!
What great progress he has made!
他取得了多么⼤的进步呀!
What terrible weather we met!
我们那时遇到了多么可怕的天⽓啊!
教你巧学巧记:
我们在实际的运⽤中,只记住“what之后接名词,how之后接形容词或副词”这句话是不够的,认真⽐较这些句型,发现运⽤“逆推法”可快速准确地辨别感叹句的引导词。
“逆推法”:即从⼀个句⼦的结尾往该句的开头看。
下⾯以举介绍具体步骤如下:
_________ bright girls they are!
A. What
B. What a
C. How
D. How a
l.找谓语动词谓语动词通常是连系动词、⾏为动词及其他的助动词等所有动词。
如:________bright they are!中的谓语动词是连系动词are。
2.找主语,划竖线找谓语动词的⽬的是找主语,谓语动词之前的名词或代词即是该句的主语,并在主语之前划两条竖线。
如: _______bright girls//they are!中谓语动词are之前的代词they是主语。
在主语they之前划“//”线。
3.判别竖线之前单词的词性这⼀步是关键,判别该词的词性是名词还是形容词、副词。
如:______bright girls//they are!之前的词是名词girls。
4.确定引导词如果竖线之前的词是形容词、副词则⽤how引导;如果该词是名词,则不论名词前是否有形容词都直接⽤What引导(只有单数可数名词⽤Whata/an引导)。
如:______bright girls//they are!中竖线前的girls是名词(且不是单数),尽管前⾯有形容词bright也不能⽤how。
此外,如果运⽤“逆推法”找不到该句谓语动词,说明该句主语和谓语都被省略,这时只要判断该句最后单词的词性即可按上述⽅法进⾏判定。
如例4中的主语和谓语都被省略,最后⼀个词weather是不可数名词,直接⽤what引导。
巩固性练习:
1._______this book and tell me what you think of it.
A.Look through
B.Look on
C.Look into
D.Look up
2.---Alice,you feed the bird today, _________?
---But I fed it yesterday.
A.do you
B.will you
C.didn’t you
D.don’t you
3.---Please don’t make a noise.
---_________.(MET1992)
A.I don’t
B.I won’t
C.No,I won’t
D.Yes,I will
4.______down the radio——the baby’s asleep in the next room.
A.Turning
B.To turn
C.Turned
D.Turn
5.______he has sent us!
A.What nice gift
B.How nice gift
C.What a nice gift
D.How a nice gift
6.______good information it is!
A.How
B.What
C.How a
D.What a
7._______exciting the film is!
A.What
B.How
C.So
D.How much
8._______the farmers worked last summer!But the crops were still poor because of the floods.
A.How
B.How diligent
C.What
D.How careful
9.________pity!I hope you will return one day.
A.How
B.What
C.How a
D.What a
10.When we went there,the girls were singing._______it was!
A.What lovely song
B.How lovely song
C.What lovely a song
D.How lovely a song
11._______she is!
A.What a pretty girl
B.How pretty a girl
C.How pretty girl
D.both A and B
12.________lovely boys they are!
A.What a
B.What
C.How
D.both B and C。