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语法答案11

14. His mother waited up until he came home.
15. As /When/After /Because he had spoken for three hours, he had a sore throat.
Ex 31 B
1. whether 2. No matter what /Whatever 3. While 4. as 5. If 6. Even if
4. Ruel and Cameron went into the forest and collected a lot of insect specimens.
5. On his way up the hill Jack fell down and hurt his hands and knees, but Jimmy got to the top all right.
8. , / 9 . , , 10. , ; , 11. : 12. ; 13. : 14.; 15. :
Ex. 30C
1… but also instructive.
2 … and inexpensive.
11. When /As he came out of the Conference Room, he was surrounded by reporters.
12. While my wife was.., I was trying to …
13. Unless you promise…, you shall not…
3. Both Mary and her husband will do it.
4./
5 … and carefully outlined.

阿新英语学习法

，唉，一个不小心说漏了嘴，大家的反应似乎比跃迁理论更大，有点伤心，呵呵，盛情难却，只好和大家分享了，不过，在大家实践此法门时请注意，丑话先说在前头，此法请勿用于商业用图，因为我本人十分讨厌那些高昂学费的英语教学，什么花尔街教育之类，收取超额费用，实际上根本有更简单便宜的方法！我看见就恼火。

大家学习英语，不缺热情，不缺努力，为什么老那么痛苦呢？别告诉我你学英语很快乐，那是骗人的。

大家深有体会，痛苦的原因就是：付出和回报不成正比！花了大力气，天天早读晚读，天天默写单词，厉害的也仅仅是每次考试考个100分，自以为全班第一，但当打开互联网，看看YAHOO的目录，当即傻了眼！基本不懂，呵呵，高材生啊！中国传统教育下的高材生啊……一定出了大问题，中国的所有中学大学英语教育一定错得很离谱！大学时候，遇到一个刚进校的帅哥，和我聊天，他讲着流利没有口音的广州话，但3个月前他一句不会！WHY？多少人在广州多年，刚刚能听得懂，说就更别提了。

他告诉我，他的方法很简单，仅仅是买了录音带和书本，苦学了3个月！如何学的，我没问。

我在宿舍听同学的潮州话四年了，一句没听懂！人家仅仅3个月啊……这是多年前的事，但给我的收获就是，好的方法，就是成功。

不好的方法，一定死。

这里一定有奥秘。

想象一下，如果任何英文文章，你都能流利看懂，会过不了6级么？呵呵。

而阅读的核心就是单词量。

单词量一过，全通拉！至于语法之类的，没有什么秘诀，就是多做全真题目，语法是非常容易过的，因此我不讲如何提高语法。

假设你懂得了德语或者古代埃及语的词汇，但一点语法都不懂，你说你看德文报纸或法老的墓志铭，会有很大障碍么？基本不会吧！因此，我们发现，要把握语言的核心，不要把精力放在干扰你前进的芝麻上，我们要先分清哪里是西瓜。

因此语法不讲。

我主要讲如何通阅读。

听力口语则将来再说，首先要明白的是，阅读和听说必须分家处理，否则基本是绝望。

这是第一点要认识的。

不管你理解还是不理解，就是如此！这是本门秘诀的第一条。

新编简明英语语言学教程第二版课后参考答案

新编简明英语语言学教程第二版课后参考答案《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案Chapter 1 Introduction1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language.答： Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, atheory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things.2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答： The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication;(2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication;(3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words;(4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;(5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;(6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?答：The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “traditional grammar.”Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways.Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-basedframework.4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?答： In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing?答： Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always“invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of speech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.6. How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance?答： Saussure's distinction and Chomsky'sare very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?答： First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound. Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.8. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system? 答：The main features of human language are termed design features. They include:1) ArbitrarinessLanguage is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.3) DualityLanguage consists of two sets ofstructures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.4) DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what “displacement” means.5) Cultural transmissionWhile human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taughtand learned.9. What are the major functions of language? Think of your own examples for illustration. 答：Three main functions are often recognized of language: the descriptive function, the expressive function, and the social function.The descriptive function is the function to convey factual information, which can be asserted or denied, and in some cases even verified. For example: “China is a large country with a long history.”The expressive function supplies information about the user’s feelings, preferences, prejudices, and values. For e xample: “I will never go window-shopping with her.”The social function serves to establish and maintain social relations between people. . For example: “We are your firm supporters.”Chapter 2 Speech Sounds1. What are the two major media of linguistic communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?答： Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication.Of the two media of language, speech is more primary than writing, for reasons, please refer to the answer to the fifth problem in the last chapter.2. What is voicing and how is it caused? 答： Voicing is a quality of speech sounds and a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ?答： The transcription with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks forgeneral purposes. The latter, i.e. the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called narrow transcription. This is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. With the help of the diacritics they can faithfully represent as much of the fine details as it is necessary for their purpose.In broad transcription, the symbol [l] is used for the sounds [l] in the four words leaf [li:f], feel [fi:l], build [bild], and health [helθ]. As a matter of fact, the sound [l] in all these four sound combinations differs slightly. The [l] in [li:f], occurring before a vowel, is called a dear [l], and no diacritic is needed to indicate it; the [1] in [fi:l] and [bild], occurring at the end of a word or before another consonant, is pronounced differently from the clear [1] as in “leaf”. It is called dark [?] and in narrowtranscription the diacritic [?] is used to indicate it. Then in the sound combination [helθ], the sound [l] is followed by the English dental sound [θ], its pronunciation is somewhat affected by the dental sound that follows it. It is thus called a dental [l], and in narrow transcription the diacritic [、] is used to indicate it. It is transcribed as [helθ]. Another example is the consonant [p]. We all know that [p] is pronounced differently in the two words pit and spit. In the word pit, the sound [p] is pronounced with a strong puff of air, but in spit the puff of air is withheld to some extent. In the case of pit, the [p] sound is said to be aspirated and in the case of spit, the [p] sound is unaspirated. This difference is not shown in broad transcription, but in narrow transcription, a small raised “h” is used to show aspiration, thus pit is transcribed as [ph?t] and spit is transcribed as [sp?t].4. How are the English consonants classified?答： English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation. In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into the following types: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals and glides. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into following types: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?答： Vowels may be distinguished as front, central, and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest. To further distinguish members of each group, we need to apply another criterion, i.e. the openness of the mouth. Accordingly, we classify the vowels into four groups: closevowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels. A third criterion that is often used in the classification of vowelsis the shape of the lips. In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unfounded vowels, i. e., without rounding the lips, and all the back vowels, with the exception of [a:], are rounded. It should be noted that some front vowels can be pronounced with rounded lips.6. A. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1) voiced palatal affricate2) voiceless labiodental fricative3) voiced alveolar stop4) front, close, short5) back, semi-open, long6) voiceless bilabial stopB. Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:1) [ t ] 2) [ l ] 3) [?] 4) [w] 5) [?] 6) [?]答：A. (1) [?] (2) [ f ] (3) [d ] (4)[ ? ] (5) [ ?:] (6) [p]B. (1) voiceless alveolar stop(2) voiced alveolar liquid(3) voiceless palatal affricate(4) voiced bilabial glide(5) back, close, short(6) front, open7. How do phonetics and phonology differ intheir focus of study? Who do you think willbe more interested in the difference between,say, [l] and [?], [ph] and [p], a phoneticianor a phonologist? Why?答： (1) Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language–– the speech sounds. But while both arerelated to the study of sounds,, they differin their approach and focus. Phonetics is ofa general nature; it is interested in all thespeech sounds used in all human languages:how they are produced, how they differ fromeach other, what phonetic features theypossess, how they can be classified, etc. Phonology, on the other hand, aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.(2) A phonologist will be more interested in it. Because one of the tasks of the phonologists is to find out rule that governs the distribution of [l] and [?], [ph] and [p].8. What is a phone? How is it different froma phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme?答： A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. A phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environmentsare called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, the phoneme /l/ in English can be realized as dark [?], clear [l], etc. which are allophones of the phoneme /l/. 9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.答： Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules.There are many such sequential rules in English. For example, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel. That is why [lbik] [lkbi] are impossible combinations in English. They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemes.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. Assimilation of neighbouring sounds is, for the most part,caused by articulatory or physiological processes. When we speak, we tend to increase the ease of articulation. This “sloppy” tendency may become regularized as rules of language.We all know that nasalization is not a phonological feature in English, i.e., it does not distinguish meaning. But this does not mean that vowels in English are never nasalized in actual pronunciation; in fact they are nasalized in certain phonetic contexts. For example, the [i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green, team, and scream. This is because in all these sound combinations the [i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n] or [m].The assimilation rule also accounts for the varying pronunciation of the alveolar nasal [n] in some sound combinations. The rule is that within a word, the nasal [n] assumes the same place of articulation as the consonant that followsit. We know that in English the prefix in- can be added to ma adjective to make the meaning of the word negative, e.g. discreet –indiscreet, correct –incorrect. But the [n] sound in the prefix in- is not always pronounced as an alveolar nasal. It is so in the word indiscreet because the consonant that follows it, i.e. [d], is an alveolar stop, but the [n] sound in the word incorrect is actually pronounced as a velar nasal, i.e. [?]; this is because the consonant that follows it is [k], which is a velar stop. So we can see that while pronouncing the sound [n], we are “copying” a feature of the consonant that follows it.Deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. We have noticed that in the pronunciation of such words as sign, design, and paradigm, there is no [g] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g. But in their corresponding formssignature, designation, and paradigmatic, the [g] represented by the letter g is pronounced. The rule can be stated as: Delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant. Given the rule, the phonemic representation of the stems in sign –signature, resign –resignation, phlegm –phlegmatic, paradigm –paradigmatic will include the phoneme /g/, which will be deleted according to the regular rule if no suffix is added.10. What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning? 答：The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. The main suprasegmental features include stress, intonation, and tone. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. There are two kinds of stress: word stress and sentence stress. For example, a shift ofstress may change the part of speech of a word from a noun, to a verb although its spelling remains unchanged. Tones are pitch variations which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.Chapter 3 Morphology1. Divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each morpheme and the next:a. microfile e. telecommunicationb. bedraggled f. forefatherc. announcement g. psychophysicsd. predigestion h. mechanist答：a. micro + file b. be + draggle + edc. announce + mentd. pre + digest + ione. tele + communicate + ionf. fore + fatherg. psycho + physics h. mechan + ist2. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Model: -orsuffix: -ormeaning: the person or thing performing the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: actor, “one who acts in stage plays, motion pictures, etc.” translator, “one who translates”答：(1) suffix: -ablemeaning: something can be done oris possiblestem type: added to verbsexamples: acceptable, “can be accepted”respectable, “can be respected”(2) suffix: -lymeaning: functionalstem type: added to adjectivesexamples: freely. “adverbial formof ‘free’ ”quickly, “adverbial formof 'quick' ”.(3) suffix: -eemeaning: the person receiving theactionstem type: added to verbsexamples: employee, “one who worksin a company”interviewee, “one who isinterviewed”3. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Model: a-prefix: a-meaning: “without; not”stem type: added to adjectives examples: asymmetric, “lacking symmetry” asexual, “without sex or sex organs”答：(1) prefix: dis-meaning: showing an oppositestem type: added to verbs or nouns exam ples : disapprove, “do not approve”dishonesty, “lack of honesty”.(2) prefix: anti-meaning: against, opposed tostem type: added to nouns oradjectivesexamples : antinuclear, “opposing the use of atomic weapons and power”antisocial, “opposed or harmful to the laws and customs of an organized community. ”(3) prefix: counter-meaning: the opposite ofstem type: added to nouns or adjectives.examples: counterproductive, “producing results opposite to those intended”counteract, “act against and reduce the force or effect of (sth.) ”4. The italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectional morpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.Sue moves in high-society circles in London.A traffic warden asked John to move his car.The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.答：(1) the third person singular(2) the past tense(3) the present perfect(4) the present progressive5. Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.a) go, goes, going, goneb) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverabilityc) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’d) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize答：(略)6. The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectional affixes. Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle the inflectional affixes.a) The farmer’s cows escaped.b) It was raining.c) Those socks are inexpensive.d) Jim needs the newer copy.e) The strongest rower continued.f) She quickly closed the book.g) The alphabetization went well.答：(略)Chapter 4 Syntax1. What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e.specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows:NP → (Det) N (PP) ...VP → (Qual) V (NP) ...AP → (Deg) A (PP) ...PP → (Deg) P (NP) ...We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P.The XP rule: XP →(specifier) X (complement)3. What is category? How to determine a word's category?Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namelymeaning, inflection and distribution.若详细回答，则要加上：Word categories often bear some relationship with its meaning. The meanings associated with nouns and verbs can be elaborated in various ways. The property or attribute of the entities denoted by nouns can be elaborated by adjectives. For example, when we say that pretty lady, we are attributing the property ‘pretty’ to the lady designated by the noun. Similarly, the properties and attributes of the actions, sensations and states designated by verbs can typically be denoted by adverbs. For example, in Jenny left quietly the adverb quietly indicates the manner of Jenny's leaving.The second criterion to determine a word's category is inflection. Words of different categories take different inflections. Such nouns as boy and desk take the plural affix -s. Verbs such as workand help take past tense affix -ed and progressive affix -ing. And adjectives like quiet and clever take comparative affix -er and superlative affix -est. Although inflection is very helpful in determining a word's category, it does not always suffice. Some words do not take inflections. For example, nouns like moisture, fog, do not usually take plural suffix -s and adjectives like frequent, intelligent do not take comparative and superlative affixes -er and -est.The last and more reliable criterion of determining a word's category is its distribution. That is what type of elements can co-occur with a certain word. For example, nouns can typically appear with a determiner like the girl and a card, verbs with an auxiliary such as should stay and will go, and adjectives with a degree word such as very cool and too bright.A word's distributional factstogether with information about its meaning and inflectional capabilities help identify its syntactic category.4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structures.It has (或写Conjunction exhibits) four important properties:1) There is no limit on the number ofcoordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction.2) A category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated.3) Coordinated categories must be of the same type.4) The category type of the coordinatephrase is identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.The role each element can play:Head:Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Specifier:Specifier has both special semanticand syntactic roles. Semantically, ithelps to make more precise the meaningof the head. Syntactically, ittypically marks a phrase boundary.Complement:Complements are themselves phrasesand provide information aboutentities and locations whoseexistence is implied by the meaning ofthe head.Modifier:Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rulein accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure (or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).（以下几题只作初步的的成分划分，未画树形图, 仅供参考）7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.Det A N V P Det NAdvb) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.Det N Adv V P Det Nc) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.Det A N Aux V Det N P Det Nd) This cloth feels quite soft.Det N V Deg A8. The following phrases include a head, acomplement, and a specifier. Draw theappropriate tree structure for each.a) rich in mineralsXP(AP) → head (rich) A + complement (in minerals) PPb) often read detective storiesXP(VP) → specifier (often) Qual + head (read) V + complement (detective stories) NPc) the argument against the proposalsXP(NP) → specifier (the) Det + head(argument) N + complement (against the proposals) PPd) already above the windowXP(VP) →specifier (already) Deg +d) The apple might hit the man.S → NP (The apple) + Infl (might) + VP (hit the man)e) He often reads detective stories.S → NP (He) + VP (often reads detective stories)9. The following sentences containmodifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.（斜体的为名词的修饰语，划底线的为动词的修饰语）a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.c) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.d) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.10. The following sentences all containconjoined categories. Draw a treestructure for each of the sentences. （划底线的为并列的范畴）a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.11. The following sentences all containembedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.b) Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.c) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.d) The children argued over whether bats had wings.12. Each of the following sentences containsa relative clause. Draw the deep structureand the surface structure trees for each of these sentences.a) The essay that he wrote was excellent.b) Herbert bought a house that she lovedc) The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.13. The derivations of the followingsentences involve the inversion。

listening_answer1

TapescriptNARRATOR:Test 1You will hear a number of different recordings and you will have to answer questions on what you hear. There will be time for you to read the instructions and questions and you will have a chance to check your work. All the recordings will be played once only. The test is in 4 sections. At the end of the test you will be given 10 minutes to transfer your answers to an answer sheet. Now turn to section 1.Section 1You will hear a conversation between a clerk at the enquiries desk of a transport company and a man who is asking for travel information. First you have some time to look at questions 1 to 5. [20 seconds] You will see that there is an example that has been done for you. On this occasion only the conversation relating to this will be played first.WOMAN: MAN:Good morning, Travel Link. How can I help you? Good morning. I live in Bayswater and I’d like to get to Harbour City tomorrow before 11am.WOMAN: MAN: WOMAN:Well, to get to Bayswater … No, no. I live in Bayswater – my destination is Harbour City. Sorry. Right; so that’s Bayswater to Harbour City. Are you planning to travel by bus or train?The man wants to go to Harbour City, so Harbour City has been written in the space. Now we shall begin. You should answer the questions as you listen because you will not hear the recording a second time. Listen carefully and answer questions 1 to 5.© The British Council 2012. All rights reserved.1WOMAN: MAN:Good morning, Travel Link. How can I help you? Good morning. I live in Bayswater and I’d like to get to Harbour City tomorrow before 11am.WOMAN: MAN: WOMAN:Well, to get to Bayswater … No, no. I live in Bayswater – my destination is Harbour City. Sorry. Right; so that’s Bayswater to Harbour City. Are you planning to travel by bus or train?MAN: WOMAN:I don’t mind really, whichever option is faster, I suppose. Well, if you catch a railway express, that’ll get you there in under an hour … Let’s see – yes, if you can make the 9.30am express, I’d recommend you do that.MAN: WOMAN: MAN:WOMAN:Great. Which station does that leave from? Helendale is the nearest train station to you. Did you say Helensvale? No, Helendale – that’s H-E-L-E-N-D-A-L-E What’s the best way to get to the Helendale station then? Well, hang on a minute while I look into that … Now, it seems to me that you have two options. Option one would be to take the 706 bus from the Bayswater Shopping Centre to Central Street. When you get there, you transfer to another bus which will take you to the station. Or, the second option, if you don’t mind walking a couple of kilometres, is to go directly to Central Street and get straight on the bus going to the train station.MAN: WOMAN:MAN: WOMAN: MAN:Okay. Which bus is that? The 792 will take you to the station. I guess the walk will be good for me so that might be the better option. What time do I catch the 792?WOMAN:There are two buses that should get you to the station on time: one just before nine o’clock and one just after. But look, at that time of the morning it might be better to take the earlier one just in case there’s a traffic jam or something. The 8.55 is probably safer than the 9.05.MAN:Yeah, I don’t want to the miss the train, so I’ll be sure to get on the five-to-nine bus.© The British Council 2012. All rights reserved.2………………………………………………………………………………………… … Before you hear the rest of the conversation, you have some time to look at questions 6 to 10. [20 seconds] Now listen and answer questions 6 to 10.MAN: WOMAN:By the way, how much will I have to pay in fares? Well, you can get a ticket on the bus for $1.80 cash and you’ll need $10 each way for the train. Wait, do you have a Travel Link Card?MAN: WOMAN:No, but I can get one before tomorrow. Okay, well that’ll make it considerably cheaper then. The bus will cost $1.50 each way, and the train will be – the train to Harbour City will … still cost $10.00 because you’ll be travelling during peak hours in the morning, so no savings there, I’m afraid. However, if you could come back at an off-peak time …MAN: WOMAN:What does that mean? Well, if you could start your return journey before 5pm or later than half past 7 in the evening …MAN:Actually, I wasn’t planning on coming back till at least 8 o’clock anyway.WOMAN:In that case, you can make quite a saving if you use your Travel Link Card. You did say you were planning to purchase one, didn’t you? Yes, I’ll pick one up later today. Good – that would mean that your return train journey would only cost you $7.15 with your card.MAN: WOMAN:MAN: WOMAN: MAN:Thank you. Is there anything else I can help you with? Actually, there is. Do you know if I can use the Travel Link Card on ferries?WOMAN:If you’re thinking of the Harbour City ferries that go back and forth between the north and south bank, those are the commuter ferries,© The British Council 2012. All rights reserved.3then yes. A one-way trip costs $4.50 but with your card you’d make a 20% saving and only pay $3.55.MAN: WOMAN:So, $3.55 for the commuter ferry …What about the tour boats? You mean the tourist ferries that go upriver on sightseeing tours? No they only take cash or credit card. They’re not part of the Travel Link Company.MAN: WOMAN:Oh, I see. I don’t suppose you know the cost of a tour? In actual fact, I do, because I took a friend on the trip upriver just last week. We decided on the afternoon tour and that was $35 each but I understand that you can do the whole day for $65.MAN: WOMAN:Thank you. You’ve been a great help. My pleasure. Enjoy your day out.Narrator: That is the end of section 1. You now have half a minute to check your answers. [30 seconds] Now turn to section 2.© The British Council 2012. All rights reserved.4Section 2You will hear a guidance counsellor talking to a group of students. First you have some time to look at questions 11 to 14. [20 seconds] Listen carefully and answer questions 11 to 14.SPEAKER:Hello everyone. I’m the counselling administrator here at St. Ive’s College and I’ve been asked to come and talk to you about our counselling team and the services that we offer. We have three professional counsellors here at St. Ives: Louise Bagshaw, Tony Denby and Naomi Flynn. They each hold daily one-on-one sessions with students, but which counsellor you see will depend on a number of factors. If you’ve never used a counsellor before, then you should make an appointment with Naomi Flynn. Naomi specialises in seeing new students and offers a preliminary session where she will talk to you about what you can expect from counselling, followed by some simple questions about what you would like to discuss. This can be really helpful for students who are feeling a bit worried about the counselling process. Naomi is also the best option for students who can only see a counsellor outside office hours. She is not in on Mondays, but starts early on Wednesday mornings and works late on Thursday evenings, so you can see her before your first class or after your last class on those days. Louise staffs our drop-in centre throughout the day. If you need to see someone without a prior appointment then she is the one to visit. Please note that if you use this service then Louise will either see you herself, or place you with the next available counsellor. If you want to be sure to see the same counsellor on each visit, then we strongly recommend you make an appointment ahead of time. You can do this at reception during office hours or by using our online booking form. Tony is our newest addition to the counselling team. He is our only male counsellor and he has an extensive background in stress management and relaxation techniques. We encourage anyone who is trying to deal with anxiety to see him. Tony will introduce you to a full range of techniques to help you cope with this problem such as body awareness, time management and positive reinforcement.© The British Council 2012. All rights reserved.5---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Before you hear the rest of the talk, you have some time to look at questions 15 to 20. [20 seconds] Now listen and answer questions 15 to 20.Each semester the counselling team runs a number of small group workshops. These last for two hours and are free to all enrolled students. Our first workshop is called Adjusting. We’ve found that tertiary education can come as a big shock for some people. After the structured learning environment of school, it is easy to feel lost. In this workshop, we will introduce you to what is necessary for academic success. As you might expect, we’re targeting first-year students with this offering. Getting organised follows on from the first workshop. Here, we’re going to help you break the habit of putting things off, get the most out of your time and discover the right balance between academic and recreational activities. With Getting organised, we’re catering to a broader crowd, which includes all undergraduates and postgraduates. Next up is a workshop called Communicating. The way people interact here may be quite different to what you’re used to, especially if you’ve come from abroad. We’ll cover an area that many foreign students struggle with – how to talk with teachers and other staff. We’ll cover all aspects of multicultural communication. International students tend to get a lot out of this class, so we particularly encourage you to come along, but I must say that sometimes students from a local background find it helpful too. So, everyone is welcome! The Anxiety workshop is held later on in the year and deals with something you will all be familiar with – the nerves and anxiety that come when exams are approaching. Many students go through their entire academic careers suffering like this, but you don’t have to. Come to this workshop and we’ll teach you all about relaxation and how to breathe properly, as well as meditation and other strategies to remain calm. We’ve tailored this workshop to anyone who is going to sit exams. Finally, we have the Motivation workshop. The big topic here is how to stay on target and motivated during long-term research projects. This workshop is strictly© The British Council 2012. All rights reserved.6for research students, as less-advanced students already have several workshops catering to their needs. Well, that’s it, thanks for your time. If you have any questions or want more information about our services, do come and see us at the Counselling Service.NARRATOR:That is the end of section 2. You now have half a minute to check your answers. [30 seconds] Now turn to section 3.© The British Council 2012. All rights reserved.7Section 3You will hear a conversation between a tutor and two students who are preparing for an English literature test. First you have some time to look at questions 21 to 24. [20 seconds] Listen carefully and answer questions 21 to 24TUTOR:Hello Lorna, Ian. Glad you could make it. You’re the only two who put your names down for this literature tutorial so let’s get started, shall we? I want to run over some aspects of the novel, The Secret Garden, with you before the test next week. Be sure to take some notes and ask questions if you need to.IAN: LORNA: TUTOR:Hey Lorna, have you got a spare pen? Sure, here you are. Okay, so, the story follows two key characters – you should refer to them as protagonists – who go by the names of Mary Lennox and Colin Craven. The story is set shortly after the turn of the twentieth century, and the narrative tracks the development of the protagonists as they learn to overcome their own personal troubles together.LORNA: TUTOR:That’s quite a common storyline, isn’t it? Yes, you’re right, Lorna. So, what can you tell me about the character of Mary?LORNA:Well, in the beginning she is an angry, rude child who is orphaned after a cholera outbreak and forced to leave India and move to the United Kingdom to her uncle’s house in Yorkshire.TUTOR:That’s right – and there she meets Colin who spends his days in an isolated room, believing himself to be permanently crippled with no hope of ever gaining the ability to walk. The two strike up a friendship and gradually learn – by encouraging each other – that they can both become healthy, happy and fulfilled in life.IAN: TUTOR:Will we need to remember a lot of these details for the exam? Just the basic outline. Examiners don’t want to read a plot summary – they know what the book is about. Focus on narrative techniques instead, such as point of view.© The British Council 2012. All rights reserved.8LORNA: TUTOR:What’s that mean? It’s all about how we see the story. This story, for example, is written from the perspective of what is called an “omniscient narrator”. Omniscient means all-knowing. So, as readers we get to see how all the characters feel about things, what they like and don’t like, and what their motivations are in the story.……………………………………………………………………………………………… Before you hear the rest of the conversation, you have some time to look at questions 25 to 30. seconds] Now listen and answer questions 25 to 30.IAN:[20Won’t it be hard to write a technical analysis? After all, it’s a kids’ book.TUTOR:Well, it was initially pitched at adults you know, but over the years it has become seen as a more youth-orientated work. And you’re right in a sense – the simple vocabulary and absence of foreshadowing make the story very easy to follow and ideally suited for children. But that doesn’t mean there isn’t much to analyse. Look at the symbolism, for instance.LORNA:Symbols are things, right? Material things – like objects – that stand for abstract ideas.TUTOR:Absolutely, yes. And the author uses many of them. There’s the robin redbreast, for example, which symbolises the wise and gentle nature that Mary will soon adopt – note that the robin is described as “not at all like the birds in India”. Roses are used as well – as a personal symbol for Mistress Craven – you’ll see they’re always mentioned alongside her name. And Mistress Craven’s portrait can also be interpreted as a symbol of her spirit.IAN: TUTOR:Are symbols just another name for motifs? No, motifs are a bit different. They don’t have as direct a connection with something the way that a symbol does. Motifs are simply recurring elements of the story that support the mood.© The British Council 2012. All rights reserved.9LORNA: TUTOR:Are there any in this novel? Yes, two very important ones. The Garden of Eden is a motif. It comes up a few times in connection with the garden of the story. And then you’ve got the role that secrets play in the story. In the beginning, everything is steeped in secrecy, and slowly the characters share their secrets and in the process move from darkness to lightness, metaphorically, but also in the case of Colin, quite literally. His room in the beginning has the curtains drawn, and he appears at the end in the brightness of the garden.IAN: TUTOR:Anything else we need to know about? Yes. Nearly all novels explore universal concepts that everyone has experienced – things like love, family, loneliness, friendship. These are called themes. The Secret Garden has a few themes that all centre on the idea of connections. The novel explores, for example, the way that health can determine and be determined by our outlook on life. As Colin’s health improves, so too do his perceptions of his strength and possibility. The author also examines the link between our environment and our physical and emotional prosperity. The dark, cramped rooms of the manor house stifle the development of our protagonists; the garden and natural environments allow them to blossom, just as the flowers do. Finally, this book looks at connections between individuals, namely Mary and Colin. This necessity of human companionship is the novel’s most significant theme – because none of their development as individuals would have occurred without their knowing each other. Well, that about sums it up, I think.LORNA: IAN: NARRATOR:That’s a great help, thanks. Yes, thanks very much.That is the end of section 3. You now have half a minute to check your answers. [30 seconds] Now turn to section 4.© The British Council 2012. All rights reserved.10Section 4You will hear a talk on the topic of time perspectives. First you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40. [20 seconds] Listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.Today, I’m going to be talking about time. Specifically I’ll be looking at how people think about time, and how these time perspectives structure our lives. According to social psychologists, there are six ways of thinking about time, which are called personal time zones.The first two are based in the past. Past positive thinkers spend most of their time in a state of nostalgia, fondly remembering moments such as birthdays, marriages and important achievements in their life. These are the kinds of people who keep family records, books and photo albums. People living in the past negative time zone are also absorbed by earlier times, but they focus on all the bad things – regrets, failures, poor decisions. They spend a lot of time thinking about how life could have been.Then, we have people who live in the present. Present hedonists are driven by pleasure and immediate sensation. Their life motto is to have a good time and avoid pain. Present fatalists live in the moment too, but they believe this moment is the product of circumstances entirely beyond their control; it’s their fate. Whether it’s poverty, religion or society itself, something stops these people from believing they can play a role in changing their outcomes in life. Life simply “is” and that’s that.Looking at the future time zone, we can see that people classified as future active are the planners and go-getters. They work rather than play and resist temptation. Decisions are made based on potential consequences, not on the experience itself. A second future-orientated perspective, future fatalistic, is driven by the certainty of life after death and some kind of a judgement day when they will be assessed on how virtuously they have lived and what success they have had in their lives.© The British Council 2012. All rights reserved.11Okay, let’s move on. You might ask “how do these time zones affect our lives?” Well, let’s start at the beginning. Everyone is brought into this world as a present hedonist. No exceptions. Our initial needs and demands – to be warm, secure, fed and watered – all stem from the present moment. But things change when we enter formal education – we’re taught to stop existing in the moment and to begin thinking about future outcomes.But, did you know that every nine seconds a child in the USA drops out of school? For boys, the rate is much higher than for girls. We could easily say “Ah, well, boys just aren’t as bright as girls” but the evidence doesn’t support this. A recent study states that boys in America, by the age of twenty one, have spent 10,000 hours playing video games. The research suggests that they’ll never fit in the traditional classroom because these boys require a situation where they have the ability to manage their own learning environment. Now, let’s look at the way we do prevention education. All prevention education is aimed at a future time zone. We say “don’t smoke or you’ll get cancer”, “get good grades or you won’t get a good job”. But with present-orientated kids that just doesn’t work. Although they understand the potentially negative consequences of their actions, they persist with the behaviour because they’re not living for the future; they’re in the moment right now. We can’t use logic and it’s no use reminding them of potential fall-out from their decisions or previous errors of judgment – we’ve got to get in their minds just as they’re about to make a choice.Time perspectives make a big difference in how we value and use our time. When Americans are asked how busy they are, the vast majority report being busier than ever before. They admit to sacrificing their relationships, personal time and a good night’s sleep for their success. Twenty years ago, 60% of Americans had sitdown dinners with their families, and now only 20% do. But when they’re asked what they would do with an eight-day week, they say “Oh that’d be great”. They would spend that time labouring away to achieve more. They’re constantly trying to get ahead, to get toward a future point of happiness. So, it’s really important to be aware of how other people think about time. We tend to think: “Oh, that person’s really irresponsible” or “That guy’s power hungry” but often© The British Council 2012. All rights reserved.12what we’re looking at is not fundamental differences of personality, but really just different ways of thinking about time. Seeing these conflicts as differences in time perspective, rather than distinctions of character, can facilitate more effective cooperation between people and get the most out of each person’s individual strengths.NARRATOR:That is the end of section 4. You now have half a minute to check your answers. [30 seconds] That is the end of the listening test. You now have 10 minutes to transfer your answers to the listening answer sheet.© The British Council 2012. All rights reserved.13AnswersSECTION 11. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 9.30 (am) Helendale Central Street/St (number/no./#) 792 8.55 (am) 1.80 7.30 7.15 commuter AfternoonSECTION 431. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. negative pleasure poverty active success B A C A B40.SECTION 211. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. A C B C first/1st year (right) balance international/foreign (students) relaxation motivation research/advancedSECTION 321. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. The Secret Garden (the) 20th/twentieth century walk motivations/motivation abstract ideas roses dark(ness) to light(ness) health environment human companionship© The British Council 2012. All rights reserved.14。

Practice_Test_Listen

Candidate Number Candidate Name ______________________________________________International English Language Testing System ListeningPractice test40 minutesTime 40 minutesInstructions to candidatesDo not open this question paper until you are told to do so.Write your name and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page.Listen to the instructions for each part of the paper carefully.Answer all the questions.While you are listening, write your answers on the question paper.You will have 10 minutes at the end of the test to copy your answers onto the separate answer sheet. Use a pencil.At the end of the test, hand in this question paper.Information for candidatesThere are four parts to the test.You will hear each part once only.There are 40 questions.Each question carries one mark.For each part of the test, there will be time for you to look through the questions and time for you to check your answers.Section 1 Questions 1–10Questions 1–5Complete the notes below.Write no more than two words and/or a number for each answer.Questions 6–10Complete the table below.Write no more than one word and/or a number for each answer. Transport Cash fare Card fare Bus 6 $ …………… $1.50 Train (peak) $10 $10Train (off-peak)– before 5pm or after 7 …………… pm) $108 $ ……………9 …………… ferry $4.50 $3.55 Tourist ferry (10 ……………) $35 – Tourist ferry (whole day) $65 –Section 2 Questions 11–20Questions 11–14Which counsellor should you see?Write the correct letter, A, B or C, next to questions 11–14.A Louise BagshawB Tony DenbyC Naomi Flynn11 if it is your first time seeing a counsellor12 if you are unable to see a counsellor during normal office hours13 if you do not have an appointment14 if your concerns are related to anxietyQuestions 15–20Complete the table below.Write no more than two words for each answer.Workshop Content Target groupAdjusting what you need to succeedacademically15 ………………… studentsGetting Organised use time effectively, find 16………………… between studyand leisureall studentsCommunicating talking with staff, communicatingacross cultures all students, especially 17 …………………Anxiety 18 …………………, breathingtechniques, meditation, etc.students about to sit exams19 ………………… staying on track for long periods 20 ………………… studentsonlySection 3 Questions 21–30Questions 21–30Complete the notes below.Write no more than three words for each answer.Novel: 21 …………………Protagonists: Mary Lennox; Colin CravenTime period: Early in 22 …………………Plot: Mary → UK – meets Colin who thinks he’ll never be able to23 ………………… . They become friends.Point of view: “Omniscient” – narrator knows all about characters’ feelings, opinions and 24 …………………Audience: Good for children – story simple to followSymbols (physical items that represent 25 …………………):•the robin redbreast•26 …………………•the portrait of Mistress CravenMotifs (patterns in the story):•the Garden of Eden•secrecy – metaphorical and literal transition from 27 …………………Themes: Connections between•28 ………………… and outlook•29 ………………… and well-being• individuals and the need for 30 …………………Section 4 Questions 31–40Questions 31–35Complete the table below.Write one word only for each answer.Time PerspectivesTime Zone Outlook Features & ConsequencesPast Positive Remember good times, e.g. birthdays.Keep family records, photo albums, etc.31Focus on disappointments, failures, bad decisions.……………..Present Hedonistic Live for 32 …………….. ; seek sensation; avoid pain.Fatalistic Life is governed by 33 …………….. , religious beliefs,social conditions. Life’s path can’t be changed.Future 34Prefer work to play. Don’t give in to temptation.……………..Fatalistic Have a strong belief in life after death and importance of35 …………….. in life.Questions 36–40Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.36 We are all present hedonistsA at schoolB at birthC while eating and drinking37 American boys drop out of school at a higher rate than girls becauseA they need to be in control of the way they learnB they play video games instead of doing school workC they are not as intelligent as girls38 Present-orientated childrenA do not realise present actions can have negative future effectsB are unable to learn lessons from past mistakesC know what could happen if they do something bad, but do it anyway39 If Americans had an extra day per week, they would spend itA working harderB building relationshipsC sharing family meals40 Understanding how people think about time can help usA become more virtuousB work together betterC identify careless or ambitious peopleTranscriptNarrator:Test 1You will hear a number of different recordings and you will have to answer questions on what you hear. There will be time for you to read the instructions and questions and you will have a chance to check your work. All the recordings will be played once only. The test is in 4 sections. At the end of the test you will be given 10 minutes to transfer your answers to an answer sheet. Now turn to section 1.Section 1You will hear a conversation between a clerk at the enquiries desk of a transport company and a man who is asking for travel information. First you have some time to look at questions 1 to 5.[20 seconds]You will see that there is an example that has been done for you. On this occasion only the conversation relating to this will be played first.Woman: Good morning, Travel Link. How can I help you?Man: Good morning. I live in Bayswater and I’d like to get to Harbour City tomorrow before 11am.Woman: Well, to get to Bayswater …Man: No, no. I live in Bayswater – my destination is Harbour City.Woman: Sorry. Right; so that’s Bayswater to Harbour City. Are you planning to travel by bus or train?Narrator:The man wants to go to Harbour City, so Harbour City has been written in the space. Now we shall begin. You should answer the questions as you listen because you will not hear the recording a second time. Listen carefully and answer questions 1 to 5.Woman: Good morning, Travel Link. How can I help you?Man: Good morning. I live in Bayswater and I’d like to get to Harbour City tomorrow before 11am.Woman: Well, to get to Bayswater …Man: No, no. I live in Bayswater – my destination is Harbour City.Woman: Sorry. Right; so that’s Bayswater to Harbour City. Are you planning to travel by bus or train?Man: I don’t mind really, whichever option is faster, I suppose.Woman: Well, if you catch a railway express, that’ll get you there in underan hour … Let’s see – yes, if you can make the 9.30am express, I’drecommend you do that.Man: Great. Which station does that leave from?Woman: Helendale is the nearest train station to you.Man: Did you say Helensvale?woman: No, Helendale – that’s H-E-L-E-N-D-A-L-EMan: What’s the best way to get to the Helendale station then?Woman: Well, hang on a minute while I look into that … Now, it seems to me that you have two options. Option one would be to take the 706 bus from theBayswater Shopping Centre to Central Street. When you get there, youtransfer to another bus which will take you to the station. Or, the secondoption, if you don’t mind walking a couple of kilometres, is to go directlyto Central Street and get straight on the bus going to the train station. Man: Okay. Which bus is that?Woman: The 792 will take you to the station.Man: I guess the walk will be good for me so that might be the better option.What time do I catch the 792?Woman: There are two buses that should get you to the station on time: one just before nine o’clock and one just after. But look, at that time of themorning it might be better to take the earlier one just in case there’s atraffic jam or something. The 8.55 is probably safer than the 9.05. Man: Yeah, I don’t want to the miss the train, so I’ll be sure to get on the five- to-nine bus.Narrator:Before you hear the rest of the conversation, you have some time to look at questions 6 to 10.[20 seconds]Now listen and answer questions 6 to 10.Man: By the way, how much will I have to pay in fares?Woman: Well, you can get a ticket on the bus for $1.80 cash and you’ll need $10 each way for the train. Wait, do you have a Travel Link Card?Man: No, but I can get one before tomorrow.Woman: Okay, well that’ll make it considerably cheaper then. The bus will cost $1.50 each way, and the train will be – the train to Harbour City will …still cost $10.00 because you’ll be travelling during peak hours in themorning, so no savings there, I’m afraid. However, if you could comeback at an off-peak time …Man: What does that mean?Woman: Well, if you could start your return journey before 5pm or later than half past 7 in the evening …Man: Actually, I wasn’t planning on coming back till at least 8 o’clock anyway. Woman: In that case, you can make quite a saving if you use your Travel Link Card. You did say you were planning to purchase one, didn’t you? Man: Yes, I’ll pick one up later today.Woman: Good – that would mean that your return train journey would only cost you $7.15 with your card.Man: Thank you.Woman: Is there anything else I can help you with?Man: Actually, there is. Do you know if I can use the Travel Link Card on ferries?Woman: If you’re thinking of the Harbour City ferries that go back and forth between the north and south bank, those are the commuter ferries, thenyes. A one-way trip costs $4.50 but with your card you’d make a 20%saving and only pay $3.55.Man: So, $3.55 for the commuter ferry …What about the tour boats?Woman: You mean the tourist ferries that go upriver on sightseeing tours? No – they only take cash or credit card. They’re not part of the Travel LinkCompany.Man: Oh, I see. I don’t suppose you know the cost of a tour?Woman: In actual fact, I do, because I took a friend on the trip upriver just last week. We decided on the afternoon tour and that was $35 each but Iunderstand that you can do the whole day for $65.Man: Thank you. You’ve been a great help.Woman: My pleasure. Enjoy your day out.Narrator:That is the end of section 1. You now have half a minute to check your answers.[30 seconds]Now turn to section 2.Narrator: Section 2You will hear a guidance counsellor talking to a group of students. First you have some time to look at questions 11 to 14.[20 seconds]Listen carefully and answer questions 11 to 14.Speaker:Hello everyone. I’m the counselling administrator here at St. Ive’s College and I’ve been asked to come and talk to you about our counselling team and the services that we offer.We have three professional counsellors here at St. Ives: Louise Bagshaw, Tony Denby and Naomi Flynn. They each hold daily one-on-one sessions with students, but which counsellor you see will depend on a number of factors.If you’ve never used a counsellor before, then you should make an appointment with Naomi Flynn. Naomi specialises in seeing new students and offers a preliminary session where she will talk to you about what you can expect from counselling, followed by some simple questions about what you would like to discuss. This can be really helpful for students who are feeling a bit worried about the counselling process. Naomi is also the best option for students who can only see a counsellor outside office hours. She is not in on Mondays, but starts early on Wednesday mornings and works late on Thursday evenings, so you can see her before your first class or after your last class on those days.Louise staffs our drop-in centre throughout the day. If you need to see someone without a prior appointment then she is the one to visit. Please note that if you use this service then Louise will either see you herself, or place you with the next available counsellor. If you want to be sure to see the same counsellor on each visit, then we strongly recommend you make an appointment ahead of time. You can do this at reception during office hours or by using our online booking form.Tony is our newest addition to the counselling team. He is our only male counsellor and he has an extensive background in stress management and relaxation techniques. We encourage anyone who is trying to deal with anxiety to see him. Tonywill introduce you to a full range of techniques to help you cope with this problem such as body awareness, time management and positive reinforcement.Narrator:Before you hear the rest of the talk, you have some time to look at questions 15 to 20. [20 seconds]Now listen and answer questions 15 to 20.Speaker:Each semester the counselling team runs a number of small group workshops. These last for two hours and are free to all enrolled students.Our first workshop is called Adjusting. We’ve found that tertiary education can come as a big shock for some people. After the structured learning environment of school, it is easy to feel lost. In this workshop, we will introduce you to what is necessary for academic success. As you might expect, we’re targeting first-year students with this offering.Getting organised follows on from the first workshop. Here, we’re going to help you break the habit of putting things off, get the most out of your time and discover the right balance between academic and recreational activities. With Getting organised, we’re catering to a broader crowd, which includes all undergraduates and postgraduates.Next up is a workshop called Communicating. The way people interact here may be quite different to what you’re used to, especially if you’ve come from abroad. We’ll cover an area that many foreign students struggle with – how to talk with teachers and other staff. We’ll cover all aspects of multicultural communication. International students tend to get a lot out of this class, so we particularly encourage you to come along, but I must say that sometimes students from a local background find it helpful too. So, everyone is welcome!The Anxiety workshop is held later on in the year and deals with something you will all be familiar with – the nerves and anxiety that come when exams are approaching. Many students go through their entire academic careers suffering like this, but you don’t have to. Come to this workshop and we’ll teach you all about relaxation and how tobreathe properly, as well as meditation and other strategies to remain calm. We’ve tailored this workshop to anyone who is going to sit exams.Finally, we have the Motivation workshop. The big topic here is how to stay on target and motivated during long-term research projects. This workshop is strictly for research students, as less-advanced students already have several workshops catering to their needs.Well, that’s it, thanks for your time. If you have any questions or want more information about our services, do come and see us at the Counselling Service.Narrator:That is the end of section 2. You now have half a minute to check your answers.[30 seconds]Now turn to section 3.Narrator: Section 3You will hear a conversation between a tutor and two students who are preparing for an English literature test. First you have some time to look at questions 21 to 24.[20 seconds]Listen carefully and answer questions 21 to 24Tutor: Hello Lorna, Ian. Glad you could make it. You’re the only two who put your names down for this literature tutorial so let’s get started, shall we? Iwant to run over some aspects of the novel, The Secret Garden, with youbefore the test next week. Be sure to take some notes and ask questionsif you need to.Ian: Hey Lorna, have you got a spare pen?Lorna: Sure, here you are.Tutor: Okay, so, the story follows two key characters – you should refer to them as protagonists – who go by the names of Mary Lennox and ColinCraven. The story is set shortly after the turn of the twentieth century, andthe narrative tracks the development of the protagonists as they learn toovercome their own personal troubles together.Lorna: That’s quite a common storyline, isn’t it?Tutor: Yes, you’re right, Lorna. So, what can you tell me about the character of Mary?Lorna: Well, in the beginning she is an angry, rude child who is orphaned after a cholera outbreak and forced to leave India and move to the UnitedKingdom to her uncle’s house in Yorkshire.Tutor: That’s right – and there she meets Colin who spends his days in an isolated room, believing himself to be permanently crippled with no hopeof ever gaining the ability to walk. The two strike up a friendship andgradually learn – by encouraging each other – that they can both becomehealthy, happy and fulfilled in life.Ian: Will we need to remember a lot of these details for the exam?Tutor: Just the basic outline. Examiners don’t want to read a plot summary – they know what the book is about. Focus on narrative techniques instead,such as point of view.Lorna: What’s that mean?Tutor: It’s all about how we see the story. This story, for example, is written from the perspective of what is called an “omniscient narrator”. Omniscientmeans all-knowing. So, as readers we get to see how all the charactersfeel about things, what they like and don’t like, and what their motivationsare in the story.Narrator:Before you hear the rest of the conversation, you have some time to look at questions 25 to 30.[20 seconds]Now listen and answer questions 25 to 30.Ian: Won’t it be hard to write a technical analysis? After all, it’s a kids’ book. Tutor: Well, it was initially pitched at adults you know, but over the years it has become seen as a more youth-orientated work. And you’re right in asense – the simple vocabulary and absence of foreshadowing make thestory very easy to follow and ideally suited for children. But that doesn’tmean there isn’t much to analyse. Look at the symbolism, for instance. Lorna: Symbols are things, right? Material things – like objects – that stand for abstract ideas.Tutor: Absolutely, yes. And the author uses many of them. There’s the robin redbreast, for example, which symbolises the wise and gentle nature thatMary will soon adopt – note that the robin is described as “not at all likethe birds in India”. Roses are used as well – as a personal symbol forMistress Craven – you’ll see they’re always mentioned alongside hername. And Mistress Craven’s portrait can also be interpreted as a symbolof her spirit.Ian: Are symbols just another name for motifs?Tutor: No, motifs are a bit different. They don’t have as direct a connection with something the way that a symbol does. Motifs are simply recurringelements of the story that support the mood.Lorna: Are there any in this novel?Tutor: Yes, two very important ones. The Garden of Eden is a motif. It comes upa few times in connection with the garden of the story. And then you’vegot the role that secrets play in the story. In the beginning, everything issteeped in secrecy, and slowly the characters share their secrets and inthe process move from darkness to lightness, metaphorically, but also inthe case of Colin, quite literally. His room in the beginning has thecurtains drawn, and he appears at the end in the brightness of thegarden.Ian: Anything else we need to know about?Tutor: Yes. Nearly all novels explore universal concepts that everyone has experienced – things like love, family, loneliness, friendship. These arecalled themes. The Secret Garden has a few themes that all centre on theidea of connections. The novel explores, for example, the way that healthcan determine and be determined by our outlook on life. As Colin’s healthimproves, so too do his perceptions of his strength and possibility. Theauthor also examines the link between our environment and our physicaland emotional prosperity. The dark, cramped rooms of the manor housestifle the development of our protagonists; the garden and naturalenvironments allow them to blossom, just as the flowers do. Finally, thisbook looks at connections between individuals, namely Mary and Colin.This necessity of human companionship is the novel’s most significanttheme – because none of their development as individuals would haveoccurred without their knowing each other. Well, that about sums it up, Ithink.Lorna: That’s a great help, thanks.Ian: Yes, thanks very much.Narrator:That is the end of section 3. You now have half a minute to check your answers.[30 seconds]Now turn to section 4.Narrator: Section 4You will hear a talk on the topic of time perspectives. First you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.[20 seconds]Listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.Speaker:Today, I’m going to be talking about time. Specifically I’ll be looking at how people think about time, and how these time perspectives structure our lives. According to social psychologists, there are six ways of thinking about time, which are called personal time zones.The first two are based in the past. Past positive thinkers spend most of their time in a state of nostalgia, fondly remembering moments such as birthdays, marriages and important achievements in their life. These are the kinds of people who keep family records, books and photo albums. People living in the past negative time zone are also absorbed by earlier times, but they focus on all the bad things – regrets, failures, poor decisions. They spend a lot of time thinking about how life could have been.Then, we have people who live in the present. Present hedonists are driven by pleasure and immediate sensation. Their life motto is to have a good time and avoid pain. Present fatalists live in the moment too, but they believe this moment is the product of circumstances entirely beyond their control; it’s their fate. Whether it’s poverty, religion or society itself, something stops these people from believing they can play a role in changing their outcomes in life. Life simply “is” and that’s that.Looking at the future time zone, we can see that people classified as future active are the planners and go-getters. They work rather than play and resist temptation. Decisions are made based on potential consequences, not on the experience itself. A second future-orientated perspective, future fatalistic, is driven by the certainty of life after deathand some kind of a judgement day when they will be assessed on how virtuously they have lived and what success they have had in their lives.Okay, let’s move on. You might ask “how do these time zones affect our lives?” Well, let’s start at the beginning. Everyone is brought into this world as a present hedonist. No exceptions. Our initial needs and demands – to be warm, secure, fed and watered – all stem from the present moment. But things change when we enter formal education – we’re taught to stop existing in the moment and to begin thinking about future outcomes.But, did you know that every nine seconds a child in the USA drops out of school? For boys, the rate is much higher than for girls. We could easily say “Ah, well, boys just aren’t as bright as girls” but the evidence doesn’t support this. A recent study states that boys in America, by the age of twenty one, have spent 10,000 hours playing video games. The research suggests that they’ll never fit in the traditional classroom because these boys require a situation where they have the ability to manage their own learning environment.Now, let’s look at the way we do prevention education. All prevention education is aimed at a future time zone. We say “don’t smoke or you’ll get cancer”, “get good grades or you won’t get a good job”. But with present-orientated kids that just doesn’t work. Although they understand the potentially negative consequences of their actions, they persist with the behaviour because they’re not living for the future; they’re in the moment right now. We can’t use logic and it’s no use reminding them of potential fall-out from their decisions or previous errors of judgment – we’ve got to get in their minds just as they’re about to make a choice.Time perspectives make a big difference in how we value and use our time. When Americans are asked how busy they are, the vast majority report being busier than ever before. They admit to sacrificing their relationships, personal time and a good night’s sleep for their success. Twenty years ago, 60% of Americans had sit-down dinners with their families, and now only 20% do. But when they’re asked what they would do with an eight-day week, they say “Oh that’d be great”. They would spend that time labouring away to achieve more. They’re constantly trying to get ahead, to get toward a future point of happiness.So, it’s really important to be aware of how other people think about time. We tend to think: “Oh, that person’s really irresponsible” or “That guy’s power hungry” but often what we’re looking at is not fundamental differences of personality, but really just different ways of thinking about time. Seeing these conflicts as differences in time perspective, rather than distinctions of character, can facilitate more effective cooperation between people and get the most out of each person’s individual strengths.Narrator:That is the end of section 4. You now have half a minute to check your answers.[30 seconds]That is the end of the listening test. You now have 10 minutes to transfer your answers to the listening answer sheet.。

新概念三课后答案(31-40)

sth are growing in intensity ……（某种程度）在加强
Eg: Losing jobs are growing in intensity.
■bedraggled adj 拖泥带水的
■dump v. 把……砰的一声抛下
■reprimand v. 训斥
reprimand: scold officially and severely
a sly old fox
■eccentricity n. 怪僻
■legendary adj. 传奇般的
■snob n. 诌上欺下的人
■intensely adv. 强烈地
intense adj. very strong ; violent; extreme; sharp; etc.
intense cold 严寒
blame 责备(语气程度很弱)
Eg.: The teacher blamed him for his coming late.
scold 斥责(语气稍重一点)
Don’t scold me for a trifle.
reproach 斥责 (语气最严重)
He often reproached his children.
Lesson 31 A lovable eccentric 可爱的怪人
【New words and expressions】生词和短语
lovable adj. 可爱的
eccentric n. （行为）古怪的人
disregard v. 不顾，漠视
convention n. 习俗，风俗
intense heat 酷暑

英语听力教程答案unit1-unit7

1Shopping and Banking OnlinePart I Getting readyB. Spot dictation. Fill in the banks with the words you hear.Tapescript:We have just two more days to “shop till you drop” till Christmas, and that typically means a lot of last minute shopping. And though buying with a mouse is still tiny compared to shopping with your feet online retailing is more popular than ever.Christmas shopping in the street is great sometimes. But when you’ve just got to get a bunch of shopping done and you want to have something to send to a third-party location, it’s much better online.In the U.S., online shopping is predicted to be 30% ahead of last December, while mails can expect less than a 6% increase in sales. In Britain, Europe’s biggest e-tailing market, online gift-buying is expected to grow by 50%, with $8 billion worth of goods sold through the net in the November to January period.C. Listen to a news report. Supply the missing information.Part ⅡA. Main problems of online shopping●Long time waiting for delivery or even no delivery (about 8%) after ordering●No clear information about delivery charges● A danger that customers’ personal information would be sold to a third party (as manyas 87% of the sites)●No policy on returning goods (about 47% of the companies)●No confirmation of the order (about 35% of the sites ) and the dispatch (as many as87% of the sites)●No money back more than four months after returning goods (in two cases)B Now listen again. Complete the summary.Summary:The survey shows in spite of the convenience and choice offered by Net shopping there are still many obstacles that prevent consumers from shopping with complete trust. One of the biggest problems is to build consumers’ trust in buying online. It takes time for the Internet to become mature as a retail channel when it gives support to trust relationships with guarantees of payment and service.Part ⅢBanking at homeA. Outline1. Some problems of the walk-in bankA. standing in long linesB. running out of checksC. limited opening hours2. Online banking servicesA. viewing accountsB. moving money between accountsC. applying for a loanD. getting current information on productsE. paying bills electronicallyF. e-mailing questions to the bank3. Reasons for creating online servicesA. competing for customersB. talking advantage of modern technology4. Inappropriateness of online banking for some peopleA. having no computers at home.B. preferring to handle accounts the traditional wayB. Now try this: listen to a more authentic version of the material. Then answer the questions.1. What is “interactive banking”It is banking through the Internet.2. Why can “online banking” compete of customers“Online banking”offers convenience which appeals to the kind of customer banks want to keep.3. What kind of customers do banks want to keepBanks most want to keep people who are young, well-educated, and have good incomes.Part ⅣB. Now listen to an interview discussing English and American good customer services.Part ⅤTapescript:“Everybody loves a bargain,”this is a common American saying. A bargain is something you buy for less than its true value. It is something you might not buy if it costs more. One person’s useless ugly object can be another person’s bargain. So many Americans put it outside with a “for sale” sign on it and they have a yard sale.Just about anything can be sold a yard sale: clothing, cooking equipment, old toys, tools, books and chairs, even objects you think are extremely ugly or useless. You may have an electric light shaped like a fish. You may greatly dislike its looks, but it may be beautiful to someone else. Usually the seller puts a price on each object. But the price can almost always be negotiated. The price of a table, for example, might be marked ＄10. But the seller may accept 8. If the table has not been sold by the end of the day, the seller probably will take much less.Some people go to yard sales because it is part of their job. They earn their livings by buying old things at low prices then selling them at higher prices. Many others, however, go to yard sales just to have fun. They say it is like going on a treasure hunt. Sometimes they really do find the treasure.Ned Jaudere did. The Boston Globe newspaper says Mr. Jaudere has been collecting native American Indian objects since he was a young man. Last year, he stopped at a yard sale in the northeastern city of Worcester, Massachusetts. He paid $125 for what everyonethought was an old wooden club. Mr. Jaudere thought it was something else. Two days later, he confirmed that the club had been used by the Wampanoag Indian leader known as King Philip. King Philip used it during his war with the white settlers at eastern Massachustetts in 1675. The historic weapon had been stolen from a museum in 1970 and had been missing ever since. Mr. Jaudere learnt the war club was valued at about $150000 but he did not sell it or keep it. Mr. Jaudere returned the club to the museum near Boston, Massachusetts from which it was stolen.Questions:1.Which of the following is a common American saying2.What can be sold at a yard sale3.Why do people go to a yard sale4.When was the old wooden club stolen5.What was the real value of the club6.Why was the club at a great value2Hotel or B&BPart ⅠGetting ready1.English breakfast is hot food: fried egg, fired bacon, porridge, etc.2.Continental breakfast consists of coffee, tea, rolls, jam and honey—nothing cooked.3.Half-board includes dinner, bed and breakfast.4.Full-board is the room plus all meals.5.V AT stands for Value Added Tax.Part ⅡA touch of home1. B&BA. natureB&B is a short form for bed and breakfast.B. increasing numberNow there are about 15 000 B&Bs in the U.S.C. advantages over big hotels1. charm, comfort, hospitality.2. owners taking a personal interest in guests2. Attraction of owning a B&BA. meeting different peopleB. talking with guests3. Several features of Suits UsA. long historybuilt in 1883; 19th century decorationsB. interesting names for some roomsNamed after some previous famous guests4. Different people, different choicesA. B&Bs not suitable for some people1. uncomfortable staying in someone else’s home2. not interested personal interactionB. a quiet and romantic place for many peoplePart ⅢRenting a carA.Listen to the conversation in which a man phones a car rental agent about renting a car.Supply the missing information.Information about the customer:A family of three + camp equipmentLeaving on Fri., July 7thReturning on Mon., July 10thSuggestions by the agent:A compact car current model;A small station wagon automatic transmissionBest choice: a Pinto station wagonRegular rate: $ 79.95Special weekend rate: $ 59.95Pick up: after 4 p.m. on Fri.Return: by 10 a.m. on Mon.Mileage rate: first 300 miles free, then 12 cents per mileOther costs:Insurance: $10Sales tax: 8%Deposit: $ 100B.Now try this: listen to a more authentic version of the material. Write down the wordsor phrases that are related with car rentals.a compact car / a station wagon / automatic transmission / current models/ pick up /return the car / special weekend / rate / regular rate / unlimited mileage / insurance sales tax / a full tank of gas / deposit / lowest ratesPart ⅣPart Ⅴ3 “Planting” MoneyExercise 2: Answer the following two questions.1. What does “spending priorities” refer to according to Professor Frank“Spending priorities” refers to the following situation:Americans are spending so much of their income on ever larger houses and cars that they can’t afford to spend on social programs or infrastructure repairs.2. What are t he advantages of working fewer hours and spending more time with familyand friendsBy doing so, one would feel happier, would have fewer disputes of work and lower levels of stress hormones in their blood, One gets sick less often and dies at an older age.Part ⅤA.Listen to a report recently released by a famous London research group about the costof living around the world. List the world’s 10 most expensive cities.Tokyo, Osaka, Oslo, Zurich, Hong Kong, Copenhagen, Geneva, Paris Reykjavik, LondonB.Listen again. Answer the following questions.1.What caused the slipping down of the US citiesThe euro has appreciated against the US dollar.2.What caused the slipping down of Latin American citiesPersistent economic turmoil.3.Which city remains the world’s cheapest cityTehran4.How does the Economist team work out this listThe Economist team checks prices of a wide range of items—from bread and milk to cars and utilities—to compile this report.5.What’s the use of this report for business clientsBusiness clients it to calculate the amount of allowances granted to overseas executives and their families.4 Loans for the DreamPartⅠB. Listen to the following dialogues. Complete the exercises.Dialogue two: Complete the chart. Use ticks to indicate whether the expenditures onPart ⅡA. Listen to the dialogue. Take notes. Then complete the summary.Summary:Mr. Jackson works in the college with a good salary. As his old car is too old to be worth repairing, he would like to have a newer one. Since he can get about a hundred pounds for the old car, he wants to raise some money, three hundred fifty to four hundred overdraft, from the bank.The bank manager suggests two kinds of loans with different interest rates and conditions: a personal Loan and an Ordinary Loan. Mr. Jackson is expected to repay to money within 24 months.B. Now try this: listen to a more authentic version of the dialogue. First complete the chart to show the differences of the two loans. Then try to find the English equivalents of the1．透支额（贷款）：overdraft2．偿还：repay3．短期贷款（业务）：lenders in the short term4．付利息：pay interest on5．担保物：collateral 6．寿险：life policy 7．房屋的房契：deeds of the house8．政府证券：Government Securities9．凭证：certificate 10．接日计算：on a day-to-day basisPart ⅢA.Listen to the material. Complete the outline. Then give the right words according tothe explantions.Outline1.Buying a houseA. cost of housing(1) 1/4-1/3 of a family’s income(2) depending on size and locationB. way to buy a house—mortgage2. Living in a landlord’s home—advantagesA. cheaperB. easy to get things repaired3. Buying a apartment—condominium* * * * *1. mortgage: bank loan repaid in regular repayments:2. condominium: an apartment building in which the apartments are ownedindividually.B. You are going to hear a passage about a company called Fannie Mae. Keep thefollowing questions in mind while listening and then complete the missing information.Question:1. What is the relationship between the home buyer, the bank, Fannie Mae and the investorsBorrows money frommortgage-based2. How much do Fannie Mae and Freddie Mae control in the American home loan marketThey control about half the home loans in America.3. What problems does the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight find about Fannie MaeHiding changes in its value, poor supervision and not carefully reporting its finances.4. What happens to Fannie Mae after the problems are publicizedThe stock price of Fannie Mae has dropped.Part ⅣA.Listen to an interview about consumer rights under English law. While listening forthe first time, all more key words in the left-hand column. After the second listening,B. Statements1. Secondhand goods should also be of merchantable and top quality.2. If you have suffered personal injury because of the item you’ve bought, you can sue themanufacturer.3. The retailer has the right to say “No refunds without a receipt”.4. Going to court is not very common because as a consumer, it is very costly for you toget the money back.Part ⅤA. Before you listen, answer the following questions.1. Do your parents pay personal income tax2. Do you think it is a good idea for one to pay personal income tax Why or why notB. Now listen to a news report about tax time in the United States. Then complete the5Briefing on Taxation and Insurance PoliciesPartⅠGetting readyB. Listen to five sentences. Write down the numbers described and the key words thathelp you get the answer.Example: You will hear: Our last claim was for ￡2 000, but this one will be three times that.Please write down: Key words: 2 000/three timesC. Listen to the following dialogues. Complete the exercises.Dialogue one: Complete the statements.1. The man earns about ￡30000 with bonuses and 24% of his income goes in tax.2. His wife works as well because they’re trying to clear their overdraft.3. Their money mainly goes on food and hobbies, such as sailing and riding.Dialogue two: Answer the questions.1. What was stolen yesterdayA brand new video was stolen.2. Was it insured How do you knowYes. The speaker paid the premium last week.Part Ⅱ.A. The following is the transparency for the presentation. Listen carefully and completethe following outline. Pay special attention to the numbers.Outline1. Structure of personal taxationA. rates1. lower rate: up to ￡23 700: 25%2. higher rate: above ￡23700: 40%B. allowances1. single person: ￡32952. married person: ￡50153. pension: maximum 17.5% to 40%4. mortgage interest relief: 7%2. Collection of personal taxA. income tax—PAYEB. National Insurance1. employee’s contribution: 9%2. employer’s contribution: 5% to 10%.B. Now listen again. Complete the following statements.1. According to the speaker, UK personal taxation is both simple and relatively low.2. The new legislation recently introduced by the government is that married couplescan opt for separate taxation.3. The tax relief on a 65-year-old man’s pension is 40%.4. PAYE stands for Pay As You Earn. The scheme means the tax is collected direct fromthe employer before he makes out the monthly salary check or bank transfer to the employee.5. Taxable income means the income in which the deduction and the allowance havebeen excluded.Part ⅢA.Listen to the dialogue. Write down the key points. Then complete the paragraph.Mr. Jackson is interested in taking out an insurance policy because he’s been told that it is a good way to save money. He would like to have a lump sum for moving away, buying a house or something like that when he retires.B. Now try this: listen to a more authentic version of the dialogue. Answer the questionswith key words.1. According to the insurance salesman, what are the two ways to decide how muchone should pay to buy an insurance policyA. a fixed objective in mind/ how much to pay each monthB. a fixed objective each month in mind / how much to produce over some years2. If one is interested in saving for two or three years, should he buy a life insuranceWhyNo/ regular & systematic / short-term/ bank/ Building Society.Part ⅣA. Listen to the dialogue. Write down the key points. Then complete the paragraph andanswer the question with key words.According to the insurance salesman, as Mr. Jackson is an unmarried man without any dependents, not in a self-employed position, he has no need for that type if life insurance at the moment.Question:What is good for a shop-keeper if he buys a life insuranceA.accumulate capital / expand business / end of termB.saving to produce a pension6Visions of BusinessPart Ⅰ. Getting readyB. Listen to an economics report about business organizations. Complete the followingPart ⅡB. Listen again. What are the CEO’ s answers to the student’s questionQuestion: What keeps you going and what have you left to accomplishin figuring our every aspect: how much money you need; how many people you’ll need; whether you’ll need people. It gives you a way of predicting where the business may go so you can position yourself to respond intelligently and use the least amount of money. So a business plan is even more critical for those budding entrepreneurs that don’t have much money, for it can help to use the limited resources in the very best way.Part ⅤTapescript:An organization in the United States has been teaching young people about the American business system for almost 80 years. Now we operate in more than 100 other countries.Junior Achievement is the world’s oldest, largest, and fastest growing economic educational organization. It began in 1919 in Springfield, Massachusetts. The group’s first program was for high school students after school hours. Its goal was to show young people how businesses are organized and operated. The students learned by forming their own companies. Local business people advised them.First, the students developed a product. Then they sold shares in their company. They used this money to buy the materials needed to make the product. They produced the product and sold it. Finally they returned the profits to the people who owned shares in the company. The Junior Achievement “Company Program” was very successful. It continues to teach young people about American business by helping the operate their own companies.In 1974, Junior Achievement began teaching students in their classrooms aboutbusiness. Today, there are programs for students of all ages from 5 to 18. More than 2700000 American students are involves in Junior Achievement. They are taught by more than 85000 business advisors who are not paid.Junior Achievement has programs for young school children ages 5 through 11. V olunteer business advisors teach the main rules of successful businesses. They teach how businesses are organized. They teach how products are made and sold. They also teach about the American economy, the system of money, industry and trade. And they teach students how the economy affects their families and their communities.Junior Achievement has programs for middle school students ages 12 to 14. A volunteer business expert teaches the students once a week. One program is called “Project Business”. It is about economic theories. Students learn about supply and demand. They learn about corporations. And they learn about world trade.Another Junior Achievement program for 12 to 14-year-old students is called “the Economics of Staying in School”. It is for students who may be thinking about leaving before completing high school. These students learn the importance of continuing their education. First they play a game. The game shows what kinds of jobs people have. It shows how much education is needed for each job. And it shows how much money each job pays. The students learn that workers with more education get better jobs and earn more money. Then the students learn how much money they need to buy the things they want. They realize that they probably will not earn enough money if they do not finish high school.7Fame and FortunePart ⅠB. Tapescript:In the past few year, hundreds of magazine and newspaper stories have been written about Bill Gates and his company, the reason the Microsoft Company is extremely successful. It has made Bill Gates one of the richest men in the world. William Gates the 3rd was born in 1955, in a western city of Seattle, Washington. He became interested in computers when he was 13 years old. When most young boys his age were playing baseball or football, young Bill Gates was learning to write computer programs. These programs tell computers how to perform useful tasks. Bill Gates attended Harvard University after high school. At Harvard, he began developing the computer language called Basic. He began to think that the computer would someday become a valuable tool that could be used in every office and home. Bill Gates returned to Seattle where he established the Microsoft Company in 1975. It employed only three workers. Microsoft developed computer software for established American companies, like General Electric and Citibank. Soon Microsoft was working with the International Business Machines Company known as IBM. In 1981. IBM began selling a personal computer that used Microsoft products as part of its operating system. By then, Microsoft had 129 workers. Today IBM still uses Microsoft’Part ⅡB. Listen again. Complete the 12 rules for the digital age.1. Insist that communication flow through e-mail.2. Study sales data online to share insights easily.3. Shift knowledge workers into high-level thinking.4. Use digital tools to create virtual teams.5. Convert every paper process to digital process.6. Use digital tools to eliminate single-task jobs.7. Create a digital feedback loop.8. Use digital systems to route customer complaints immediately.9. Use digital communication to redefine the boundaries.10. Transform every business process into just-in-time delivery.11. Use digital delivery to eliminate the middle man.12. Use digital tools to help customers solve problems for themselves.Part ⅢA.1933 Seller: THE CANADIAN NATIONAL STEAMSHIP COMPANYPlace Product Price PurchaserCanada Ten vessels $20 000 per ship Aristotle Onassis1923—1925 Seller: ARTHUR FURGUSONPlace Product Price PurchaserLondon Trafalgar Square ￡6000 an AmericanLondon Big Ben ￡ 1000 a touristLondon Buckingham Palace ￡2000 down payment another tourist Washington The White House ￡100 000 per annum A TexanNew York The Statue of Liberty ￡ 1000000 an AustralianB. Listen again, and then work out the outcome of the two persons by filling in the gaps. Outcome 1: Shipping began to boom when the world depression ended and Aristotle Onassis became a millionaire.Outcome 2: Arthur Furguson was identified, recognized, arrested and imprisoned for fraud for five years. After his release he retired to California and lived alife of luxury.Part ⅣYou are going to hear part of a broadcast about the life of Walt Disney. Complete the unfinished sentences below.1. Walt Disney first studied cartooning by doing a correspondence course.2. The first character that Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks invented was Oswald the Rabbit.3. Mickey first appeared in Steamboat Willie, which was the first talking cartoon film.4. Mickey’s voice was provided by Walt Disney himself.5. Walt was not a good artist but he was an amazing storyteller.6. Many of the famous Disney characters were first drawn by Ub Iwerks.7. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1935) was the first feature-length cartoon film—itrequired 2000000 drawing and three years’ work.8. Disney was one of the first film producers to see the potential of TV.10. Disney’s films are sometimes criticized for lack of taste and vulgarity but they stillappeal to children of all ages.Part ⅤListen to the recording. You’ll hear about the three best real estate deals in the history of America. Find the answers to the following questions.1. How much was paid for the whole of Manhattan Island in 1626$ 24 worth of kettles, axes and cloth.2. How much can an office block in New York cost now$ 80 000 000.3. How much did Napoleon sell the entire Mississippi Valley for in 18034. What was the price per hectare (2.5 acres ≈1 hectare)About 12 cents.5. How big was the United States before this dealAbout 800 000 square miles.6. How big was the United States after this dealAbout 1600 000 square miles.7. How much did the Tsar of Russia sell Alaska for in 1876$ 7 200 000.8. What was the price per hectareAbout 5 cents.9. How much gold has Alaska yielded$750 000 000 worth.10. How much coal is there in AlaskaAn estimated 100 000 000 000 tons.。

sat-practice-test-1-answers

Answer Explanations SAT® Practice Test #1© 2015 The College Board. College Board, SAT, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Board. 5KSA09Answer ExplanationsSAT Practice Test #1Section 1: Reading TestQUESTION 1.Choice B is the best answer. In the passage, a young man (Akira) asks a mother (Chie) for permission to marry her daughter (Naomi). The request was certainly surprising to the mother, as can be seen from line 47, which states that prior to Akira’s question Chie “had no idea” the request was coming.Choice A is incorrect because the passage depicts two characters engaged in a civil conversation, with Chie being impressed with Akira’s “sincerity” and finding herself “starting to like him.” Choice C is incorrect because the passage is focused on the idea of Akira’s and Naomi’s present lives and possible futures. Choice D is incorrect because the interactions between Chie and Akira are polite, not critical; for example, Chie views Akira with “amusement,” not animosity.QUESTION 2.Choice B is the best answer. The passage centers on a night when a young man tries to get approval to marry a woman’s daughter. The passage includes detailed descriptions of setting (a “winter’s eve” and a “cold rain,” lines 5-6); character (Akira’s “soft, refined” voice, line 33; Akira’s eyes “sh[ining] with sincerity,” line 35); and plot (“Naomi was silent. She stood a full half minute looking straight into Chie’s eyes. Finally, she spoke,” lines 88-89).Choice A is incorrect because the passage focuses on a nontraditional marriage proposal. Choice C is incorrect because the passage concludes without resolution to the question of whether Akira and Naomi will receive permission to marry. Choice D is incorrect because the passage repeatedly makes clear that for Chie, her encounter with Akira is momentous and unsettling, as when Akira acknowledges in line 73 that he has “startled” her.QUESTION 3.Choice C is the best answer. Akira “came directly, breaking all tradition,” (line 1) when he approached Chie and asked to marry her daughter, and he “ask[ed] directly,” without “a go-between” (line 65) or “mediation,” because doing otherwise would have taken too much time.Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because in these contexts, “directly” does not mean in a frank, confident, or precise manner.QUESTION 4.Choice A is the best answer. Akira is very concerned Chie will find his marriage proposal inappropriate because he did not follow traditional protocol and use a “go-between” (line 65). This is clear in lines 63-64, when Akira says to Chie “Please don’t judge my candidacy by the unseemliness of this proposal.”1Choice B is incorrect because there is no evidence in the passage that Akira worries that Chie will mistake his earnestness for immaturity. Choice C is incorrect because while Akira recognizes that his unscheduled visit isa nuisance, his larger concern is that Chie will reject him due to the inappropriateness of his proposal. ChoiceD is incorrect because there is no evidence in the passage that Akira worries Chie will underestimate thesincerity of his emotions.QUESTION 5.Choice C is the best answer. In lines 63-64, Akira says to Chie, “Please don’t judge my candidacy by the unseemliness of this proposal.” This reveals Akira’s concern that Chie may say no to the proposal simply because Akira did not follow traditional practices.Choices A, B, and D do not provide the best evidence for the answer to the previous question. Choice A is incorrect because line 33 merely describes Akira’s voice as “soft, refined.” Choice B is incorrect because lines 49-51 reflect Chie’s perspective, not Akira’s. Choice D is incorrect because lines 71-72 indicate only that Akira was speaking in an eager and forthright matter.QUESTION 6.Choice D is the best answer because Akira clearly treats Chie with respect, including “bow[ing]” (line 26) to her, calling her “Madame” (line 31), and looking at her with “a deferential peek” (line 34). Akira does not offer Chie utter deference, though, as he asks to marry Naomi after he concedes that he is not following protocol and admits to being a “disruption” (line 31).Choice A is incorrect because while Akira conveys respect to Chie, there is no evidence in the passage that he feels affection for her. Choice B is incorrect because neither objectivity nor impartiality accurately describes how Akira addresses Chie. Choice C is incorrect because Akira conveys respect to Chie and takes the conversation seriously.QUESTION 7.Choice D is the best answer. The first paragraph (lines 1-4) reflects on how Akira approached Chie to ask for her daughter’s hand in marriage. In these lines, the narrator is wondering whether Chie would have been more likely to say yes to Akira’s proposal if Akira had followed tradition: “Akira came directly, breaking all tradition.Was that it? Had he followed form—had he asked his mother to speak to his father to approach a go-between—would Chie have been more receptive?” Thus, the main purpose of the first paragraph is to examine why Chie reacted a certain way to Akira’s proposal.Choice A is incorrect because the first paragraph describes only one aspect of Japanese culture (marriage proposals) but not the culture as a whole. Choice B is incorrect because the first paragraph implies a criticism of Akira’s individual marriage proposal but not the entire tradition of Japanese marriage proposals. Choice C is incorrect because the narrator does not question a suggestion.QUESTION 8.Choice B is the best answer. In line 1, the narrator suggests that Akira’s direct approach broke “all tradition.” The narrator then wonders if Akira had “followed form,” or the tradition expected of him, would Chie have been more receptive to his proposal. In this context, following “form” thus means following a certain tradition or custom.2Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because in this context “form” does not mean the way something looks (appearance), the way it is built (structure), or its essence (nature).QUESTION 9.Choice C is the best answer.Akira states that his unexpected meeting with Chie occurred only because of a “matter of urgency,” which he explains as “an opportunity to go to America, as dentist for Seattle’s Japanese community” (lines 41-42). Akira decides to directly speak to Chie because Chie’s response to his marriage proposal affects whether Akira accepts the job offer.Choice A is incorrect because there is no evidence in the passage that Akira is worried his parents will not approve of Naomi. Choice B is incorrect because Akira has “an understanding” with Naomi (line 63). Choice D is incorrect; while Akira may know that Chie is unaware of his feelings for Naomi, this is not what he is referring to when he mentions “a matter of urgency.”QUESTION 10.Choice B is the best answer. In lines 39-42, Akira clarifies that the “matter of urgency” is that he has “an opportunity to go to America, as dentist for Seattle’s Japanese community.” Akira needs Chie’s answer to his marriage proposal so he can decide whether to accept the job in Seattle.Choices A, C, and D do not provide the best evidence for the answer to the previous question. Choice A is incorrect because in line 39 Akira apologizes for interrupting Chie’s quiet evening. Choice C is incorrect because lines 58-59 address the seriousness of Akira’s request, not its urgency. Choice D is incorrect because line 73 shows only that Akira’s proposal has “startled” Chie and does not explain why his request is time-sensitive.QUESTION 11.Choice A is the best answer. Lines 1-9 include examples of how many people shop (“millions of shoppers”), how much money they spend (“over $30 billion at retail stores in the month of December alone”), and the many occasions that lead to shopping for gifts (“including weddings, birthdays, anniversaries, graduations, and baby showers.”). Combined, these examples show how frequently people in the US shop for gifts.Choice B is incorrect because even though the authors mention that “$30 billion” had been spent in retail stores in one month, that figure is never discussed as an increase (or a decrease). Choice C is incorrect because lines 1-9 provide a context for the amount of shopping that occurs in the US, but the anxiety (or “dread”) it might cause is not introduced until later in the passage. Choice D is incorrect because lines 1-9 do more than highlight the number of different occasions that lead to gift-giving.QUESTION 12.Choice B is the best answer. Lines 9-10 state “This frequent experience of gift-giving can engender ambivalent feelings in gift-givers.” In the subsequent sentences, those “ambivalent” feelings are further exemplified as conflicted feelings, as shopping is said to be something that “[m]any relish” (lines 10-11) and “many dread” (line 14).Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because in this context, “ambivalent” does not mean feelings that are unrealistic, apprehensive, or supportive.3QUESTION 13.Choice D is the best answer. In lines 10-13, the authors clearly state that some people believe gift-giving can helpa relationship because it “offers a powerful means to build stronger bonds with one’s closest peers.”Choice A is incorrect because even though the authors state that some shoppers make their choices based on “egocentrism,” (line 33) there is no evidence in the passage that people view shopping as a form of selfexpression. Choice B is incorrect because the passage implies that shopping is an expensive habit. ChoiceC is incorrect because the passage states that most people have purchased and received gifts, but it neverimplies that people are required to reciprocate the gift-giving process.QUESTION 14.Choice A is the best answer.In lines 10-13, the authors suggest that people value gift-giving because it may strengthen their relationships with others: “Many relish the opportunity to buy presents because gift-giving offers a powerful means to build stronger bonds with one’s closest peers.”Choices B, C, and D do not provide the best evidence for the answer to the previous question. Choice B is incorrect because lines 22-23 discuss how people often buy gifts that the recipients would not purchase.Choice C is incorrect because lines 31-32 explain how gift-givers often fail to consider the recipients’ preferences. Choice D is incorrect because lines 44-47 suggest that the cost of a gift may not correlate to a recipient’s appreciation of it.QUESTION 15.Choice A is the best answer. The “deadweight loss” mentioned in the second paragraph is the significant monetary difference between what a gift-giver would pay for something and what a gift-recipient would pay for the same item. That difference would be predictable to social psychologists, whose research “has found that people often struggle to take account of others’ perspectives—their insights are subject to egocentrism, social projection, and multiple attribution errors” (lines 31-34).Choices B, C, and D are all incorrect because lines 31-34 make clear that social psychologists would expect a disconnect between gift-givers and giftrecipients, not that they would question it, be disturbed by it, or find it surprising or unprecedented.QUESTION 16.Choice C is the best answer. Lines 41-44 suggest that gift-givers assume a correlation between the cost of a gift and how well-received it will be: “. . . gift-givers equate how much they spend with how much recipients will appreciate the gift (the more expensive the gift, the stronger a gift-recipient’s feelings of appreciation).”However, the authors suggest this assumption may be incorrect or “unfounded” (line 47), as gift-recipients “may not construe smaller and larger gifts as representing smaller and larger signals of thoughtfulness and consideration” (lines 63-65).Choices A, B, and D are all incorrect because the passage neither states nor implies that the gift-givers’ assumption is insincere, unreasonable, or substantiated.QUESTION 17.4Choice C is the best answer. Lines 63-65 suggest that the assumption made by gift-givers in lines 41-44 may be incorrect. The gift-givers assume that recipients will have a greater appreciation for costly gifts than for less costly gifts, but the authors suggest this relationship may be incorrect, as giftrecipients “may not construe smaller and larger gifts as representing smaller and larger signals of thoughtfulness and consideration” (lines 63-65).Choices A and D are incorrect because lines 53-55 and 75-78 address the question of “why” gift-givers make specific assumptions rather than addressing the validity of these assumptions. Choice B is incorrect because lines 55-60 focus on the reasons people give gifts to others.QUESTION 18.Choice D is the best answer. Lines 53-55 state that “Perhaps givers believe that bigger (i.e., more expensive) gifts convey stronger signals of thoughtfulness and consideration.” In this context, saying that more expensive gifts “convey” stronger signals means the gifts send, or communicate, stronger signals to the recipients.Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because in this context, to “convey” something does not mean to transport it (physically move something), counteract it (act in opposition to something), or exchange it (trade one thing for another).QUESTION 19.Choice A is the best answer. The paragraph examines how gift-givers believe expensive gifts are more thoughtful than less expensive gifts and will be more valued by recipients. The work of Camerer and others offers an explanation for the gift-givers’ reasoning: “gift-givers attempt to signal their positive attitudes toward the intended recipient and their willingness to invest resources in a future relationship” (lines 57-60).Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the theory articulated by Camerer and others is used to explain an idea put forward by the authors (“givers believe that bigger . . . gifts convey stronger signals”), not to introduce an argument, question a motive, or support a conclusion.QUESTION 20.Choice B is the best answer. The graph clearly shows that gift-givers believe that a “more valuable” gift will be more appreciated than a “less valuable gift.” According to the graph, gift-givers believe the monetary value of a gift will determine whether that gift is well received or not.Choice A is incorrect because the graph does not suggest that gift-givers are aware of gift-recipients’ appreciation levels. Choices C and D are incorrect because neither the gift-givers’ desire for the gifts they purchase nor the giftgivers’ relationship with the gift-recipients is addressed in the graph.QUESTION 21.Choice A is the best answer. Lines 69-75 explain that while people are often both gift-givers and gift-receivers, they struggle to apply information they learned as a gift-giver to a time when they were a gift-receiver: “Yet, despite the extensive experience that people have as both givers and receivers, they often struggle to transfer information gained from one role (e.g., as a giver) and apply it in another, complementary role (e.g., as a receiver).” The authors suggest that the disconnect between how much appreciation a gift-giver thinks a gift5merits and how much appreciation a gift-recipient displays for the gift may be caused by both individuals’ inability to comprehend the other’s perspective.Choices B and C are incorrect because neither the passage nor the graph addresses the idea that society has become more materialistic or that there is a growing opposition to gift-giving. Choice D is incorrect because the passage emphasizes that gift-givers and gift-recipients fail to understand each other’s perspective, but it offers no evidence that the disconnect results only from a failure to understand the other’s intentions.QUESTION 22.Choice B is the best answer. Lines 2-4 of the passage describe DNA as “a very long chain, the backbone of which consists of a regular alternation of sugar and phosphate groups.” The backbone of DNA, in other words, is the main structure of a chain made up of repeating units of sugar and phosphate.Choice A is incorrect because the passage describes DNA on the molecular level only and never mentions the spinal column of organisms. Choice C is incorrect because the passage describes the backbone of the molecule as having “a regular alternation” of sugar and phosphate, not one or the other. Choice D is incorrect because the nitrogenous bases are not the main structural unit of DNA; rather, they are attached only to the repeating units of sugar.QUESTION 23.Choice D is the best answer. The authors explain that hydrogen bonds join together pairs of nitrogenous bases, and that these bases have a specific structure that leads to the pairing: “One member of a pair must be a purine and the other a pyrimidine in order to bridge between the two chains” (lines 27-29). Given the specific chemical properties of a nitrogenous base, it would be inaccurate to call the process random.Choice A is incorrect because lines 5-6 describe how nitrogenous bases attach to sugar but not how those bases pair with one another. Choice B is incorrect because lines 9-10 do not contradict the student’s claim.Choice C is incorrect because lines 23-25 describe how the two molecules’ chains are linked, not what the specific pairing between nitrogenous bases is.QUESTION 24.Choice D is the best answer.In lines 12-14 the authors state: “the first feature of our structure which is of biological interest is that it consists not of one chain, but of two.”Choices A and B are incorrect because lines 12-14 explicitly state that it is the two chains of DNA that are of “biological interest,” not the chemical formula of DNA, nor the common fiber axis those two chains are wrapped around. Choice C is incorrect because, while the X-ray evidence did help Watson and Crick to discover that DNA consists of two chains, it was not claimed to be the feature of biological interest.QUESTION 25.Choice C is the best answer. In lines 12-14 the authors claim that DNA molecules appear to be comprised of two chains, even though “it has often been assumed . . . there would be only one” (lines 15-17). The authors support this claim with evidence compiled from an X-ray: “the density, taken with the X-ray evidence, suggests very strongly that there are two [chains]” (lines 18-19).6Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the authors mention density and X-ray evidence to support a claim, not to establish that DNA carries genetic information, present a hypothesis about the composition of a nucleotide, or confirm a relationship between the density and chemical formula of DNA.QUESTION 26.Choice B is the best answer. The authors explain that “only certain pairs of bases will fit into the structure” (lines 25-26) of the DNA molecule. These pairs must contain “a purine and the other a pyrimidine in order to bridge between the two chains” (lines 27-29), which implies that any other pairing would not “fit into the structure” of the DNA molecule. Therefore, a pair of purines would be larger than the required purine/pyrimidine pair and would not fit into the structure of the DNA molecule.Choice A is incorrect because this section is not discussing the distance between a sugar and phosphate group. Choice C is incorrect because the passage never makes clear the size of the pyrimidines or purines in relation to each other, only in relation to the space needed to bond the chains of the DNA molecule. Choice D is incorrect because the lines do not make an implication about the size of a pair of pyrimidines in relation to the size of a pair consisting of a purine and a pyrimidine.QUESTION 27.Choice D is the best answer. The authors explain how the DNA molecule contains a “precise sequence of bases” (lines 43-44), and that the authors can use the order of bases on one chain to determine the order of bases on the other chain: “If the actual order of the bases on one of the pair of chains were given, one could write down the exact order of the bases on the other one, because of the specific pairing. Thus one chain is, as it were, the complement of the other, and it is this feature which suggests how the deoxyribonucleic acid molecule might duplicate itself” (lines 45-51). The authors use the words “exact,” “specific,” and “complement” in these lines to suggest that the base pairings along a DNA chain is understood and predictable, and may explain how DNA “duplicate[s] itself” (line 51).Choice A is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that most nucleotide sequences are known. Choice B is incorrect because these lines are not discussing the random nature of the base sequence along one chain of DNA. Choice C is incorrect because the authors are describing the bases attached only to the sugar, not to the sugar-phosphate backbone.QUESTION 28.Choice C is the best answer. Lines 6-7 state that “Two of the possible bases— adenine and guanine—are purines,” and on the table the percentages of adenine and guanine in yeast DNA are listed as 31.3% and 18.7% respectively.Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not state the percentages of both purines, adenine and guanine, in yeast DNA.QUESTION 29.Choice A is the best answer. The authors state: “We believe that the bases will be present almost entirely in their most probable forms. If this is true, the conditions for forming hydrogen bonds are more restrictive, and the only pairs of bases possible are: adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine” (lines 31-35). The table7shows that the pairs adenine/thymine and guanine/ cytosine have notably similar percentages in DNA for all organisms listed.Choice B is incorrect. Although the choice of “Yes” is correct, the explanation for that choice misrepresents the data in the table. Choices C and D are incorrect because the table does support the authors’ proposed pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA molecules.QUESTION 30.Choice A is the best answer because it gives the percentage of cytosine (17.3%) in sea urchin DNA and the percentage of guanine (17.7%) in sea urchin DNA. Their near similar pairing supports the authors’ proposal that possible pairings of nitrogenous bases are “adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine” (line 35).Choices B, C, and D do not provide the best evidence for the answer to the previous question. Choice B (cytosine and thymine), Choice C (cytosine and adenine), and Choice D (guanine and adenine) are incorrect because they show pairings of nitrogenous bases that do not compose a similar percentage of the bases in sea urchin DNA.QUESTION 31.Choice D is the best answer. The table clearly shows that the percentage of adenine in each organism’s DNA is different, ranging from 24.7% in E.coli to 33.2% in the octopus. That such a variability would exist is predicted in lines 41-43, which states that “in a long molecule many different permutations are possible.”Choices A and B are incorrect because the table shows that the percentage of adenine varies between 24.7% and 33.2% in different organisms. Choice C is incorrect because lines 36-38 state that adenine pairs withthymine but does not mention the variability of the base composition of DNA.QUESTION 32.Choice B is the best answer. In this passage, Woolf asks women a series of questions. Woolf wants women to consider joining “the procession of educated men” (lines 56-57) by becoming members of the workforce.Woolf stresses that this issue is urgent, as women “have very little time in which to answer [these questions]”(lines 48-49).Choice A is incorrect because Woolf argues against the tradition of only “the sons of educated men” (lines 82-83) joining the workforce. Choice C is incorrect because Woolf is not highlighting the severity of social divisionsas much as she is explaining how those divisions might be reduced (with women joining the workforce). ChoiceD is incorrect because Woolf does not question the feasibility of changing the workforce dynamic.QUESTION 33.Choice A is the best answer. Throughout the passage, Woolf advocates for more women to engage with existing institutions by joining the workforce: “We too can leave the house, can mount those steps [to an office], pass in and out of those doors, . . . make money, administer justice . . .” (lines 30-32). Woolf tells educated women that they are at a “moment of transition” (line 51) where they must consider their future role in the workforce.Choice B is incorrect because even though Woolf mentions women’s traditional roles (lines 68-69: “while they stirred the pot, while they rocked the cradle”), she does not suggest that women will have to give up these traditional roles to gain positions of influence. Choice C is incorrect because though Woolf wonders how “the procession of the sons of educated men” impacts women’s roles, she does not argue that this male-dominated 8society has had grave and continuing effects. Choice D is incorrect because while Woolf suggests educated women can hold positions currently held by men, she does not suggest that women’s entry into positions of power will change those positions.QUESTION 34.Choice C is the best answer. Woolf uses the word “we” to refer to herself and educated women in English society, the “daughters of educated men” (line 64). Woolf wants these women to consider participating in a changing workforce: “For there, trapesing along at the tail end of the procession [to and from work], we go ourselves” (lines 23-24). In using the word “we” throughout the passage, Woolf establishes a sense of solidarity among educated women.Choice A is incorrect because Woolf does not use “we” to reflect on whether people in a group are friendly to one another; she is concerned with generating solidarity among women. Choice B is incorrect because though Woolf admits women have predominantly “done their thinking” within traditional female roles (lines 64-69), she does not use “we” to advocate for more candor among women. Choice D is incorrect because Woolf does not use “we” to emphasize a need for people in a group to respect one other; rather, she wants to establish a sense of solidarity among women.QUESTION 35.Choice B is the best answer. Woolf argues that the “bridge over the River Thames, [has] an admirable vantage ground for us to make a survey” (lines 1-3). The phrase “make a survey” means to carefully examine an event or activity. Woolf wants educated women to “fix [their] eyes upon the procession—the procession of the sons of educated men” (lines 9-11) walking to work.Choice A is incorrect because while Woolf states the bridge “is a place to stand on by the hour dreaming,” she states that she is using the bridge “to consider the facts” (lines 6-9). Woolf is not using the bridge for fanciful reflection; she is analyzing “the procession of the sons of educated men” (lines 10-11). Choice C is incorrect because Woolf does not compare the bridge to historic episodes. Choice D is incorrect because Woolf does not suggest that the bridge is a symbol of a male-dominated past, but rather that it serves as a good place to watch men proceed to work.QUESTION 36.Choice D is the best answer.Woolf writes that the men who conduct the affairs of the nation (lines 15-17: “ascending those pulpits, preaching, teaching, administering justice, practising medicine, transacting business, making money”) are the same men who go to and from work in a “procession” (line 10). Woolf notes that women are joining this procession, an act that suggests the workforce has become less exclusionary: “For there, trapesing along at the tail end of the procession, we go ourselves” (lines 23-24).Choice A is incorrect because the procession is described as “a solemn sight always” (lines 17-18), which indicates that it has always been influential. Choice B is incorrect because the passage does not indicate that this procession has become a celebrated feature of English life. Choice C is incorrect because the passage states only that the procession is made up of “the sons of educated men” (lines 10-11).QUESTION 37.9。

英语学习小知识

一1. clothes, cloth, clothingclothes统指各种衣服，谓语动词永远是复数， cloth指布，为不可数名词 clothing 服装的总称，指一件衣服用a piece of, an article of2. incident, accidentincident指小事件, accident指不幸的事故He was killed in the accident.3. amount, numberamount后接不可数名词， number后接可数名词 a number of students4. family, house, homehome 家，包括住处和家人，house房子，住宅，family家庭成员. My family is a happy one.5. sound, voice, noisesound自然界各种各样的声音，voice人的嗓音，noise噪音I hate the loud noise outside.6. photo, picture, drawingphoto用照相机拍摄的照片，picture可指相片，图片，电影片，drawing画的画Let’s go and see a good picture.7. vocabulary, wordvocabulary词汇，一个人拥有的单词量，word具体的单词He has a large vocabulary.8. population, peoplepopulation人口，人数，people具体的人 China has a large population.9. weather, climateweather一天内具体的天气状况，climate长期的气候状况 The climate here is not good for you.10. road, street, path, wayroad具体的公路，马路，street街道，path小路，小径，way道路，途径take this road; in the street, show me the way to the museum.11. course, subjectcourse课程（可包括多门科目），subject科目（具体的学科）a summer course12. custom, habitcustom传统风俗，习俗，也可指生活习惯，后接to do， habit生活习惯，习惯成自然，后接of doing. I’ve got the habit of drinking a lot.13. cause, reasoncause 指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因，后接of sth./doing sth，reason 用来解释某种现象或结果的理由，后接for sth./doing sth. the reason for being late14. exercise, exercises, practiceexercise运动，锻炼（不可数），exercises练习（可数），practice（反复做的）练习Practice makes perfect.15. class, lesson作"课"解时,两者可以替换.指课文用lesson. 指班级或全体学生用class. lesson 6; class 516. speech, talk, lecturespeech指在公共场所所做的经过准备的较正式的演说，talk日常生活中的一般的谈话，讲话，lecture学术性的演讲，讲课 a series of lecture on…17. officer, officialofficer部队的军官，official政府官员 an army officer18. work, job二者均指工作。

ITIL题库

1、Which process or function is responsible for monitoring activities and eventsin the IT infrastructure? 在IT基础架构中下列哪个进程或职能是负责监控活动和事件的？A. Service level management 服务级别管理B. IT operations management IT运营管理C. Capacity management 能力管理D. Incident management 事故管理Answer：B4、At which stage of the service lifecycle should the processes necessary to operatea new service be defined? 在服务生命周期中的哪个阶段来定义执行新服务的必要流程？A. Service design: Design the processes 服务设计：设计流程B. Service strategy: Develop the offerings 服务策略：开发产品C. Service transition: Plan and prepare for deployment 服务转型：计划和准备部署D. Service operation: IT operations management 服务执行： IT运维管理Answer：A5 Why are public frameworks, such as ITIL, attractive when compared to proprietary knowledge? 与专有知识相比，为什么公共框架较有吸引力，如ITIL？A. Proprietary knowledge may be difficult to adopt, replicate or transfer since it is often undocumented专有知识可能很难采用，复制或转移，因为它往往是无证B. Public frameworks are always cheaper to adopt 采用公共框架总是更便宜C. Public frameworks are prescriptive and tell you exactly what to do公共框架是指令性的，并准确地告诉你该怎么做D. Proprietary knowledge has been tested in a wide range of environments专有知识已在各种环境中进行了测试Answer：A6、Which of the following is an objective of business relationship management? 下列哪项是企业关系管理的目的？A.To identify patterns of business activity 确定业务活动的模式B. To ensure high levels of customer satisfaction 为保证高水平的客户满意度C. To secure funding to manage the provision of services保障服务管理资金D. To ensure strategic plans for IT services exist 为现有IT服务确保战略规划Answer：B7、The design of IT services requires the effective and efficient use of "the four Ps". What are these four Ps? IT服务的设计要求有效地利用“四个P”。

大学英语第6册

大学英语第六册Unit 1TextWriting research reports for college or work is often found far more difficult than it need so be. The following article offers some excellent advice on how to make the task easier and the report more impressive and effective. Whether you write a research report for a college professor or for a demanding boss in your profession, the author's advice will put you well on your way to becoming a skillful report writer.RESEARCH REPORTS FOR BUSINESS AND THECNICAL WRITINGWayne LosanoA surprising amount of one's time as a student and professional is spent reporting the results of one's research projects for presentation to teachers, managers, and clients. Indeed, without basic research skills and the ability to present research results clearly and completely, an individual will encounter many obstacles in school and on the job. The need for some research-writing ability is felt nearly equally by college students in all fields, engineering and science as well as business and the humanities. Graduate study often makes great demands on the student's research-writing skills, and most professions continue the demand; education, advertising and marketing, economics and accounting, science and engineering, psychology, anthropology, the arts, and agriculture may all require regular reporting of research data.ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH PAPERThe standard research report, regardless of the field or the intended reader, contains four major sections. These sections may be broken down into a variety of subsections, and they may be arranged in a variety of ways, but they regularly make up the core of the report.Problem Section. The first required section of a research report is the statement of the problem with which the research project is concerned. This section requires a precise statement of the underlying question which the researcher has set out to answer. In this same section there should be an explanation of the significance -- social, economic, medical, psychological, educational, etc. -- of the question; in other words, why the investigation was worth conducting. Thus, if we set out, for example, to answer the question "What is the effect of regular consumption of fast foods on the health of the American teenager?" we must explain that the question is thought to have significant relevance to the health of this segment of the population and might lead to some sort of regulations on such foods.A frequent subsection of this problem section is a review of past research on the topic being investigated. This would consist of summaries of the contributions of previous researcher to thequestion under consideration with some assessment of the value of these contributions. This subsection has rhetorical usefulness in that it enhances the credibility of the researcher by indicating that the data presented is based on a thorough knowledge of what has been done in the field and, possibly, grows out of some investigative tradition.Procedures Section. The second major section of the research report details, with as much data as possible, exactly how the study was carried out. This section includes description of any necessary equipment, how the subjects were selected if subjects were used, what statistical technique was used to evaluate the significance of the findings, how many observations were made and when, etc. An investigation of the relative effectiveness of various swim-strokes would have to detail the number of swimmers tested, the nature of the tests conducted, the experience of the swimmers, the weather conditions at the time of the test, and any other factors that contributed to the overall experiment. The goal of the procedures section is to allow the reader to duplicate the experiment if such were desired to confirm, or refute, your findings.Results Section. The third, and perhaps most important, section of the research report is the presentation of the results obtained from the investigation. The basic rule in this section is to give all data relevant to the research question initially asked. Although, of course, one's natural tendency might be to suppress any findings which do not in some way support one's hypothesis, such dishonesty is antithetical to good research reporting in any field. If the experiments undertaken fail to prove anything, if the data was inadequate or contrary to expectations, the report should be honestly written and as complete as possible, just as it would be if the hypothesis were totally proven by the research.Discussion Section. The final required section of a research report is a discussion of the results obtained and a statement of any conclusions which may be drawn from those results. Of primary interest in business and technical research reports is the validity of the results as the bases for company decisions: Will our planned construction project meet federal environmental guidelines and be approved for building? Will this new program attract skilled personnel to our company? Will this new oil recovery technique be financially feasible? Thus, the discussion section of the research report must evaluate the research results fully: were they validly obtained, are they complete or limited, are they applicable over a wide range of circumstances? The discussion section should also point out what question remain unanswered and perhaps suggest directions for further research.STYLE OF RESEARCH REPORTSResearch reports are considered formal professional communication. As such, there is little emphasis on a lively style, although, of course, there is no objection to writing that is pleasing and interesting. The primary goals of professional communication are accuracy, clarity, and completeness. The rough draft of any research report should be edited to ensure that all data is correctly presented, that all equipment is listed, that all results are properly detailed. As an aid to the reader, headings indicating at least the major section of the report should be used, and all data should be presented under the proper headings. In addition to their function of suggesting to the reader the contents of each section, headings enhance the formal appearance and professional quality of the report, increase to some degree the writer's credibility by reflecting a logical and methodical approach to the reporting process, and eliminate the need for wordy transitional devices between sections.Research data should be presented in a way that places proper emphasis on major aspect of the project. For different readers different aspects will take on different degrees of importance, and some consideration should be given to structuring research reports differently for different audiences. Management, for example, will be most concerned with the results of a research project, and thus the results section should be emphasized, probably by presenting it immediately after the problem section and before the procedures section. Other researchers would be most interested in the procedures section, and this should be highlighted in writing up research projects for publication in professional journals or for presentation at professional conferences. For non-technical readers and federal agencies, the implications of the results might be the most important consideration, and emphasis should be placed on the discussion of the report for this readership.For additional clarity and emphasis, major results should be presented in a visual format -- tables, charts, graphs, diagrams -- as well as in a verbal one.Beyond checking the report for clarity and accuracy in the presentation of technical data, the author of a research report should review for basic grammatical and mechanical accuracy. Short sentences are preferable to long in the presentation of complex information. Listings should be used to break up long passages of prose and to emphasize information. The research writer should try to use the simplest possible language without sacrificing the professional quality of the report. Although specialized terms can be used, pretentious jargon should be avoided. A finished research report should be readable and useful document prepared with the reader in mind.CONCLUSIONAlthough we struggle with research reports in high school, dread them in college, and are often burdened by them in our professional live, learning to live comfortably with them is a relatively easy task. A positive attitude (i.e. one that seem the oral or written presentation of research results as of equal importance to the data-gathering process); an orderly approach which includes prewriting (i.e., before any actual research is done, the researcher should try to get down on paper as much about the subject under investigation as possible) and a formal research report structure as the framework for the investigation; and a reasonable approach to the actual writing process including editing for accuracy and clarity, will help one to produce effective research reports efficiently.New Wordspresentationn. the act of presenting; a talk, usu. to a group of people 提出，呈递；介绍，报告clientn. a person who gets help or advice from a professional, e.g. a lawyer, an accountant, an architect, etc.; a person who buys goods or services 委托人，当事人，顾客obstaclen. sth. which prevents action, movement or successn. the branch of business concerned with advertising, publicity, etc. 营销economicsn. the science that deals with money, goods and services and how they are related to each other 经济学accountingn. the art, practice or system of keeping, analyzing and interpreting business accounts 会计学anthropologyn. the scientific study of man, including his physical characteristics, the origin and development of races, and the cultures, customs and beliefs of mankind 人类学datan. facts; informationelementn. a basic part of which sth. is made upintendvt. have in mind as a goal; planprecisea. clearly expressed; exact; accuratesignificancen. importance; meaningeconomica. connected with trade, industry and the management of money; of economicsconsumptionn. the act of consuming or an amount consumed 消费（量）teenagern. a young person of between 13 and 19 year oldrelevancen. importance or significance to the matter at handrelevanta.n. a part into which a whole is or can be divided; sectionregulationn. a law or a set of rules by which sth. is regulatedinvestigatev. examine carefully in a search for facts, knowledge, or informationinvestigativea.summaryn. a short statement of the main points of a report, etc.considerationn. careful thoughtassessmentn. the act of calculating or deciding the value or amount; the value or amount at which sth. is calculatedrhetoricala. in using a style designed to impress or persuade 修辞（学）的enhancevt. make greater; improve 增加，提高thorougha. complete in all respectstraditionn. ideas, customs, beliefs that have been passed down from generation to generationdescriptionn. the act of describing sth.; an account in words describing sth.subjectn. a person or thing that is an object of study or experiment 实验对象，试验品evaluatevt. judge the value ofstroken. a single complete movement that is repeated often, as in swimmingfactorn. sth. that helps bring about a result 因素overalla. including everything; containing allduplicatevt. make an exact copy oftendencyn. an inclination to think or behave in a certain wayhypothesisn. idea or suggestion put forward as a staring point for reasoning or explanation 假设antitheticala. opposite to and unable to exist together with 对立（面）的expectationn. the act of expecting sth. or sth. that is expectedvalidityn. truth or soundness; state of legally acceptable 正确（性）；合法（性），有效valida.constructionn. the act of constructing sth. or sth. that is constructedfederala. of the central government of the USA（美国）联邦政府的guidelinen. (pl.) informal rules or instruction on how sth. should be doneapprovev. have a favorable opinion (of); give permission or consent (to)skilleda. having skill; requiring training and skillpersonneln. all the people who work for a company or organizationapplicablea. that can be applied (to)formala. (of words or style of writing or speaking) suitable for official occasions, serious writing, etc.emphasisn. special importance given to sth. 强调objectionn. disapproval or opposition; a reason for being against sth.pleasinga. likable; giving delight or enjoymentaccuracyn. the condition of being correct and exact.clarityn. clearnessdraftn. a rough sketch, plan or outline 草稿，草图，草案editvt. prepare for publication by checking, correcting and revising 编辑ensurevt. make sure or certain; guaranteeaidn. help; assistanceheadingn. a title at the top of a page, chapter, or lettermethodicala. arranged or done according to a clear plan or method; orderly and systematiceliminatevt. get rid of; removewordya. using too many wordstransitionala. of change from one condition, activity or topic to anothertransition n.publicationn. (the printing and selling of) books, newspapers and magazinesagencyn. (esp. AmE) department of a government or an international bodyreadershipn. the particular number or type of people who read a book, newspaper or magazinevisuala. of, relating to, or used in seeingformatn. the way or order in which sth. is arranged or presentedgraphn. a mathematical diagram which shows the relationship between two or more sets of numbers or measurement （曲线）图diagramn. a simple drawing consisting mainly of lines used, for example, to explain how a machine works 简图，图表mechanicala. concerned with small technical detail 技巧上的，细节上的preferablea. more desirable or suitablelistingn. an act or instance of making a listprosen. ordinary written language, in contrast to poetrysacrificevt. give up, usu. for obtaining sth. for oneself or for othersspecializeda. suitable or developed for one particular usespecializev. adapt for a particular purposepretentiousa. claming (in an unpleasant way) to have importance, artistic value or social rank that one does not really possess 矫饰的，做作的jargonn. technical words expert use to discuss their subjects 行话readablea. easy and enjoyable to readorderlya. arranged in good order, in a well organized and controlled wayframeworkn. a structure that shapes or supports sth. 框架Phrase & Expressionson the jobwhile working; at workbreak down intoseparate into different kinds; divide into typesa variety (of)a number or collection of different sorts of the same general typemake upform as a whole; constituteunder considerationbeing discussed; begin given thoughtful attentionas suchas being what is indicated or suggested; in itself or in themselvestake onbegin to have; assumewrite uprewrite in a fuller, better organized way; give a full written account ofget downwrite, record (usu. quickly or with difficulty)Proper NamesWayne Losano韦恩.洛桑诺Unit 2TextThere is something fascinating about reading other people's mail if you are allowed to. Here is your chance to read the letters of American writer Sylvia Plath, which she wrote home to her mother from a hotel where she had a summer job as a waitress. At the time, she was a college student and was still at the start of her writing career. Through the letter we learn of her changing thoughts and moods concerning, boys and writing.THE BEGINNING OF A CARREERSylvia PlathThe Belmont Hotel, cape CodJune 11, 1952Dear Mother,Your amazing telegram [telegram announcing $500 Mademoiselle prize for "Sunday at the Mintons," which I forwarded] came just as I was scrubbing tables in the shady interior of The Belmont dining room. I was so excited that I screamed and actually threw my arms around the head waitress who no doubt thinks I am rather insane! Anyhow, psychologically, the moment couldn't have been better. I felt tired -- one's first night's sleep in a new place never is peaceful -- and I didn't get much! To top it off, I was the only girl waitress here, and had been scrubbing furniture, washing dishes and silver, lifting tables, etc. since 8 a.m. Also, I just learned since I am completely inexperienced, I am not going to be working in the main dining room, but in the "sidehall" where the managers and top hotel brass eat. So, tips will no doubt net much less during the summer and the company be less interesting. So I was beginning to worry about money when your telegram came. God! To think "Sunday at the Mintons" is one of two prize stories to be put in a big national slick! Frankly, I can't believe it!The first thing I though of was: Mother can keep her intersession money and buy some pretty clothes and a special trip or something! At least I get a winter coat and extra special suit out of the Mintons. I think the prize is $500!ME! Of all people!…So it's really looking up around here, now that I don't have to be scared stiff about money … Oh, I say, even if my feet kill me after this first week, and I drop 20 trays, I will have the beach, boys to bring me beer, sun, and young gay companions. What a life.Love, your crazy old daughter.SivvyJune 12. 1952No doubt after I catch up on sleep, and learn to balance trays high on my left hand, I'll feel much happier. As it is now, I feel stuck in the midst of a lot of loud, brassy Irish Catholics, and the only way I can jolly myself is to say, "Oh, well, it's only for a summer, and I can maybe write about them all." At least I've got a new name for my next protagonist -- Marley, a gabby girl who knows her way around but good. The ration of boys to girls has gotten less and less, so I'll be lucky if I get tagged by the youngest kid here. Lots of the girls are really wise, drinking flirts. As for me, being the conservative, quiet, gracious type, I don't stand much chance of dating some of the cutest ones … If I can only get "in" as a pal with these girls, and never for a minute let them know I'm the gentle intellectual type, it'll be O.K.As for the Mlle news, I don't think it's really sunk in yet. I felt sure they made a mistake, or that you'd made it up to cheer me. The big advantage will be that I won't have to worry about earning barely $300 this summer. I would really have been sick otherwise. I can't wait till August when I can go casually down to the drug store and pick up a slick copy of Mlle, flip to the index, and see ME, one of two college girls in the U.S.!Really, when I think of how I started it over spring vacation, polished it at school, and sat up till midnight in the Haven House kitchen typing it amidst noise and chatter, I can't get over how the story soared to were it did…I get great pleasure out of sharing it [her feeling about the story] with you, who really understand how terribly much it means as a tangible testimony that I have got a germ of writing ability. The only thing, I probably won't have a chance to win Mlle again, so I'll try for a guest editorship maybe next or my senior year, and set my sights for the Atlantic. God, I'm glad I can talk about it with you -- probably you're the only outlet that I'll have that won't get tired of my talking about writing …Speaking again of Henry and Liz, it was a step for me to a story where the protagonist isn't always ME, and proved that I am beginning to use imagination to transform the actual incident. I was scared that would never happen, but I think it's an indication that my perspective is broadening.Sometime I think -- heck, I don't know why I didn't stay home all summer, writing, doingphysical science, and having a small part-time job. I could "afford" to now, but it doesn't do much good to yearn about that, I guess. Although it would have been nice. Oh well, I'll cheer up. I love you.Your own SivvyJune 15, 1952Dear Mother.… Do write me letters, Mommy, because I am in a very dangerous of feeling sorry for myself … Just at present, life is awful. Mademoiselle seems quite unreal, and I am exhausted, scared, incompetent, unenergetic and generally low is spirits … Working in side hall puts me part, and I feel completely uprooted and clumsy. The more I see the main hall girls expertly getting special dishes, fixing shaved ice and fruit, etc., the more I get an inferiority complex and feel that each day in side hall leaves me further behind … But as tempted as I am to be a coward and escape by crawling back home, I have resolved to give it a good month's trial -- till July 10 … Don't worry about me, but do send me little pellets of advice now and then.June 24, 1952… Last night I went on a "gang" birthday party at the "Sand Bar" where we sang and talked for a few hours. There were about forty of us kids from the hotel. I managed by some magic to get myself seated next to a fellow in his first year at Harvard Law -- and he was just a dear … The best part was when we came back. It was a beautiful clear starry night, and Clark went in to get me two of his sweaters to wear because it was cold, and brought out a book of T.S. Eliot's poems. So we sat on a bench where I could just barely read the print, and he put his head in my lap and I read aloud to him for a wile. Most nice. The only thing is I am so inclined to get fond of someone who will do things with me like that -- always inclined to be too metaphysical and serious conversationally -- that's my main trouble … So glad to hear the check from Mlle is real. I hardly could believe it. Just now I am mentally so disorganized that I can't retain knowledge or think at all. The work is still new enough to be tiring, what with three changes a day into uniforms, and I am so preoccupied by mechanics of living and people that I can't yet organize and assimilate all the chaos of experience pouring in on me. In spite of everything, I still have my good old sense of humor and manage to laugh a good deal of the time … I'll make the best of whatever comes my way.Much love to you,SivvyNew Wordsmademoisellen. French title equivalent to Miss, abbr. Mlleshadya. full of or providing shad; darkinteriorn. the inner part of sth; insideinsanea. seriously ill in the mind; madanyhowad. in any case; anywaybrassn. (sl.) high officials, executives, etc.netvt. gain as profit 净赚slickn. a popular magazine printed on heavy, glassy paper（用油光纸印制的）通俗杂志franklyad. in an open, honest and straightforward wayfranka.intersessionn. a period between two academic terms, sometime utilized for brief concentrated coursesbeern. a bitter alcoholic drink made from grain 啤酒companionn. one who is often with another person; friend 同伴brassya. loud and daring in a tasteless mannerjollyvt. make (sb.) feel good or agreeable, esp. to gain and endprotagonistn. the chief character in a play or novelgabbya. very talkativeration. the relationship in number, quantity or size between two different things 比率tagvt. follow closelyflirtn. a person who behaves with a member of the opposite sex in a way that attracts interest and attentiongraciousa. very well-mannered and pleasantcutea. sharp-witted, clever, charmingly attractivepaln. (infml) friendflipvi. turn over quicklyindexn. an alphabetical list of the names and subjects in a printed work 索引polishvt. improve; perfect 润色soarvi. fly high into the air; rise beyond what is common and ordinarytangiblea. real; clear or definite enough to be easily seen, felt or noticedtestimonyn. proof; evidencegermn. the beginning of anything; origin 萌芽，起源editorshipn. the position of an editora. of the final year at high school or collegen. student in the senior classoutletn. a way of releasing sth.perspectiven. view; outlook; way of thinking about things 观点，看法broadenv. make or become broaderheckint. (used mainly as a mild curse) hellyearnvi. have a strong desire; longuprootvt. tear up by the rootsinferiorityn. the state or condition of being not good or less good in quality or valueinferiority complexan abnormal feeling not as good as other people, sometimes resulting in avoidance of others or overly aggressive behavior 自卑情结inferiora.cowardn. a person who is afraid to face danger, pain or hardshippelletn. a little ball or similarly shaped object; piecegangn. a group of friends who frequently meetstarrya. filled with stars that are visiblen. a warm knitted piece of clothing, which covers the upper part of one's body and arms 毛线衫，厚运动衫fonda. having a great liking or love for sb. or sth.metaphysicala. highly abstract; philosophical 高度抽象的，哲理的disorganizeda. in a confused state; badly planned or managedpreoccupyvt. fill the thoughts of sb. almost completely, esp. so that not enough attention is given to other thingsmechanicsn. the way in which sth. works or is donemechanics of livingsimple routine matters of lifeassimilatevt. take into the body and digest; understand completely and be able to use properlychaosn. a state of complete and thorough disorder and confusionPhrases & Expressionsno doubtwithout doubt; certainlyto top it off(usu. introducing sth. undesirable) in addition to everything elsebe stuck inbe unable to escape from (a disadvantageous position)know one's way around/ aboutunderstand how things happen in the world; be experienced in the way of the worldas forin regard to; speaking of; concerningsink inget a firm place in the mind; become fully understoodget overbelieve; learn to live with the shock of (sth. Very surprising or shocking)set one's sight foraim for, wish to get or wincheer upbecome hopeful, joyous or glad; stop being sad or discouragedat presentat this time; nowwhat withas a result of (used to introduce the reasons for a particular situation, esp. an undesirable one)be preoccupied by/withhave the mind fixed on sth., esp. sth. worrying so that no attention is paid to anything elsemake the best ofdo as well as one can withcome one's wayhappen to oneProper NamesSylvia Plath西尔维亚.普拉斯Belmont贝尔蒙特Cape Cod科德角Mademoiselle《小姐》杂志Minton明顿Marley马莉the Atlantic《大西洋》月刊Henry亨利Liz莉兹Harvard Law (School)哈佛大学法学院Clark克拉克T.S. EliotT.S. 艾略特Unit 3TextAre we humans alone in the universe? Or is there intelligent life on other planets? These questions are not new. What is new, however, is the scientific attempt to discover whether or not other planets beyond our own have given birth to advanced civilizations. In the following article, the author describes the scientific means now available for investigating this possibility and discusses how probable it is that we are not alone in the universe.THE QUEST FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCECarl SaganThrough all of our history we have pondered the stars and mused whether humanity is unique or if, somewhere else in the dark of the night sky, there are other beings who contemplate and wonder as we do, fellow thinkers in the cosmos. Such beings might view themselves and the。

大学英语听力教程上册unit14原文及答案

Unit FourteenPart One StatementsComplete each of the statements with what you hear and choose A or B that explains the word or phrase in bold.1. We were planning on just having a snack and catching the early train. ( A )2. She owes her present position to having worked very hard. ( B )3. Snow was blowing across the fields and piling up against walls. ( A )4. We intended to go to Australia next year if all goes well. ( A )5. The quickest way to get here is to take the uptown express. ( B )6. She insisted on telling me every single detail of what they did to her in hospital. ( A )7. They might try to take legal action against you if you break the terms of the contract. ( B )8. I'd recognize your handwriting anywhere---it's unique. ( A )9. This firm has taken over three companies this year. ( A )10. Last week, the airline cut its overseas service by half because of a sharp reduction in traffic(B)Part Two DialoguesDialogue OneImmigration and CustomsCustoms Officer: Next. Uh, your passport please.Woman: Okay.Customs Officer: Uh, what is the purpose of your visit?Woman: I'm here to attend a teaching convention for the first part of my trip, and thenI plan on touting the capital for a few days.Customs Officer: And where will you be staying?Woman: I'll be staying in a room at a hotel downtown for the entire week.Customs Officer: And uh, what do you have in your luggage?Woman: Uh, well, just, just my personal belongings um... clothes, a few books, and a CD player.Customs Officer: Okay. Uh, please open your bag.Woman: Sure.Customs Officer: Okay... Everything's fine. Uh, by the way, is this your first visit to the country.Woman: Well, yes and no. Actually, I was born here when my parents were workingin the capital many years ago, but this is my first trip back since then. Customs Officer: Well, enjoy your trip.Woman: Thanks.Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to each of the questions you hear.1. What is the purpose of the woman's visit? ( C )2. Where will the woman stay during her trip? ( B )3. About how long will the woman be in the country? ( C )4. What things are in the woman's luggage? ( B )5. What other piece of information do we learn about the woman? ( C )I. Listen to the dialogue again and write T for True or F for False for each statement you hear.1. The Customs officer asks the woman to tell the purpose of her visit. ( T )2. After touting the capital, the woman is going to attend a teaching convention. ( F )3. She will be staying downtown in her parents' home. ( F )4. The officer says that it is not necessary to open her bag. ( F )5. This is not her first trip to the city since she left. ( F )Dialogue TwoSightseeing in T ownMan: So, what do you want to do tomorrow?Woman: Well, let's look at this city guide here.Man: Okay.Woman: Uh, here's something interesting. Why don't we first visit the art museum in the morning?Man: Okay. I like that idea. And where do you want to eat lunch?Woman: How about going to an Indian restaurant? The guide recommends one downtown a few blocks from the museum.Man: Now that sounds great. After that, what do you think about visiting the zoo?Woman: Oh... umm.., well...Man: Well, it says here that there are some very unique animals not found anywhere else.Woman: Well, to tell the truth, I'm not really interested in going there.Man: Really?Woman: Yeah. Why don't we go shopping instead? There are supposed to be some really nice places to pick up souvenirs.Man: Nah, I don't think that's a good idea. We only have few travelers checks left, and I only have fifty dollars left in cash.Woman: No problem. We can use your credit card to pay for MY new clothes.Man: Oh, no. I remember the last time you used MY credit card for YOUR purchases.Woman: Oh well. Let's take the subway down to the seashore and walk along the beach.Man: Now that sounds like a wonderful plan.I. Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to each of the questions you hear.1. Where are they planning tO go in the morning? ( B )2. What kind of restaurant do they want to visit for lunch? ( C )3. Why does the man want to visit the zoo in the afternoon? ( C )4. Why does the woman want to go shopping instead? ( A )5. How do they plan to get to the seashore at the end of the conversation? ( C )II. Listen to the dialogue again and write T for True or F for False for each statement you hear.1. The woman wouldn't like to visit the art museum first. ( F )2. There is an Indian restaurant downtown a few blocks from the museum. ( T )3. Generally speaking, women wouldn't like to see wild animals in the zoo. ( F )4. The man wouldn't like to go shopping because he has not enough money with him. ( T )5. They agree to go to the seashore and walk along the beach. ( T )Dialogue ThreeSpending MoneyJoshua: Dad. Allowance Day. Can I have my allowance?Father: Oh. I forgot about that.Joshua: Y ou always forget.Father: I guess I do. How much do I owe you?Joshua: Just $13.Father: Thirteen dollars! Why do I owe you that much? Just seems that I paid you the other day. Joshua: No. Y ou forget every Saturday, and it has been piling up.Father: Well, I'm not sure if I have that much.Joshua: Go to the bank. Y ou have lots of money.Father: Lots of money, uh? Uh, well, I think the bank is closed.Joshua: Then, what about your secret money jar under your bed?Father: Oh, I guess I could do that. So, what are you going to do with the money?Joshua: I'm going to put some in savings, give some to the poor people, and use the rest to but books. Father: Well. that sounds great, Joshua.I. Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to each of the questions you hear.1. How much does the father owe his son in allowance? ( B )2. Why hasn't the father given his son allowance? ( A )3. When does the father usually give his son money? ( B )4. Where does the man get money to pay his son? ( A )5. Choose one thing the boy does NOT mention about how he will spend his money. ( A )II. Listen to the dialogue again and complete the following sentences with the information you hear.1. How much do I owe you?2. Why do I owe you that much? Just seems that I paid you the other day.3. Y ou forget every Saturday, and it has been piling up.4. Then, what about your secret money jar under your bed?5. So, what are you going to do with the money?Part Three PassagesPassage OneThere Are Limits, Even to FriendshipA few months ago, I moved into a very small flat after living for years with my parents. It' s thefirst time I have ever had a place of my own and I am very fond of it, despite the lack of space. I had been in the flat only for a few days when a friend phoned and practically begged me to let him stay for a while. He explained he had lost his job recently but was sure he would find another one very soon. Since I thought it would be only for a short time, I said yes.More than a month has gone by since then and my friend showed no sign of moving out. Thereare only two small rooms in the fiat, plus the small bath-room and tiny kitchen. He has more or less taken over the front room. I don't like sharing the bathroom, either. In fact, I have discovered that I just don’t like other people living in my flat!A few days ago, I decided that enough was enough and that he would have to leave. I intended to tell him that I wanted the place to myself again, but somehow he persuaded me to let him stay longer. He still hasn't found a job and can't afford to rent a room of his own. And therejust doesn't seem to be anyone else he can stay with.Of course, I d like to help him as much as possible. He is, after all, a friend! But there are limits, even to friendship. I just don't know what I' 11 do if he is there much longer.I. Listen to the passage and choose the best answer to each of the questions you hoar.1. What change took place in the speaker's life? ( A )2. Why did the friend want to stay with him? ( D )3. Why did the speaker dislike his friend staying in his fiat? ( B )4. Which of the following statements is NOT true? ( D )5. What happened at last to the speaker? ( C )II, Listen to the passage again and answer the following questions.1. What did the speaker think about his friend's request?Since he said that it would be only for a short time he agreed to live with him.2. Why did the speaker like his small fiat?Because he lived with parents too long.3. What rooms are there in the fiat?Two small rooms, a small bathroom and a tiny kitchen.4. How did his friend stay with him?He has more or less taken over the front room and also shared the bathroom.5. How did the speaker want to solve the problem?As a friend, he wanted to help him, but there are limits, even to friendship. He didn't know what to do.Passage T woMake FriendsMaking friends is a skill. Like most skills, it improves with practice. If you want to meet people and make friends, you must be willing to take some action. Y ou must first go where there are people. Y ou won't make friends staying home alone.Join a club or group, talking with those who like the same things as you do is much easier. Or join someone in some activity.Many people are nervous when talking to new people. After all, meeting strangers means seeing the unknown. And it's human nature to feel a bit uncomfortable about the unknow n.Most of our fears about dealing with new people come from doubts about ourselves. We imagine other people are judging us, finding us too tall or too short, too this or too that. But don't forget that they must be feeling the same way. Try to accept yourself as you are, and try to put the other person at ease. Y ou'll both feel more comfortable.Try to act self-confidenthly even if you don't feel that way when you enter a room full of strangers, such as a new classroom, walk tall and straight, look directly at other people and smile.If you see someone you'd like to speak to, say something. Don't wait for the other person to start a conversation.Just meeting someone new does not mean that you will make friends with that person. Friend-ship is based on mutual liking and "give and take". They take time and efforts to develop. And there are things that keep a new friendship from growing.I. Listen to the passage and choose the best answer to each of the questions you hear.1. What is the suggested way to make friends? ( B )2. What is easy to do to make friends? ( D )3. What is it that makes us feel nervous when talking to strangers? ( A )4. How should we deal with new people according to the author? ( C )5. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage? ( D )II. Listen to the passage again and answer the following questions with Y es or No.1. Can you make friends if you stay home alone? ( No )2. Can you make friends if you avoid joining someone in some activity? ( No )3. Is it right to walk tall and straight, look at other people and smile while entering a roomfull of strangers? ( Y es )4. Is it fight that you start a conversation when you see someone you'd like to speak to?(Y es)5. Is it likely that people feel uncomfortable about the unknown? ( Y es )Passage ThreeRailways in BritainIn Britain railways are owned by the State. That means that everybody owns them---or perhaps that nobody owns them. In general train services in Britain are very good, especially on express inter-city lines. However, they are quite expensive unless you can get a reduction. The easiest way to get a reduction is to get a return ticket. If you buy a day-return (so that you go and come back on the same day) you can save 45 % of your fare. Other return tickets are available for travel at weekends or mid-week. If you cannot buy a return, you must buy a single. In Britain tickets (except some special reduced fares) are valid on all trains. It is not necessary to pay an extra fare to travel on an express.If you want to find out details of train journeys you can phone the information office at the station in most towns or a travel agent. They will tell you about reservations and whether it is necessary to change trains in your journey.Y ou must buy a ticket before you can go on to the platform at British stations. The ticket collector will want to check your ticket and will sell you a platform ticket if you do not want to travel but only want to say goodbye to a friend. Y ou must keep your ticket safe because it will be checked when you arrive, and probably during the journey as well by the guard. All trains in Britain have first and second class carriages; if you want to travel first class you have to pay about 50% extra for your ticket. There are smoking and non-smoking compartments or carriages on all trains, and most inter-city trains have buffet or restaurant cars.I, Listen to the passage and choose the best answer to each of the questions you hear.1. Who owns railways in Britain? ( D )2. How are train services in Britain? ( B )3. How can people get a reduction? ( A )4. Where can you get information about reservation? ( C )5. Why do you have to keep your ticket safe during your journey? ( A )II, Listen to the passage again and answer the following questions.1. What kind of ticket makes you save 45% of your fare?A day return ticket.2. Why is it not necessary to pay an extra fare to travel on an express?Because in Britain tickets are valid on all trains.3. What do you do if you want to say a goodbye to a friend on the platform?To buy a platform ticket.4. How much do you have to pay if you want to travel first class?To pay about 50% extra for your ticket.5. On what kind of train are smoking and non-smoking compartments or carriages available?On all trains.Part Four idioms and ProverbsI. In this part, you will be presented with ten sentences. Listen carefully and write them down.1. Better be an old man's darling than a young man's slave.2. Between two stools you fall to the ground.3. The beaten road is the safest.4. Blood is thicker than water.5. A bully is always a coward.6. Burn not your house to fright the mouse away.7. Beggars must not be choosers.8. Best is cheapest.9. Busiest men find the most time.10. Better be sure than sorry.II. In this part, you will hear ten sentences. In each sentence there is one idiom that is given below. Listen and guess its meaning from the context.Script:1. Could we postpone our meeting until tomorrow? I expect to be in and out of the office mostof the day today.2. Can you help me with this problem? I've been beating my brains out with it, but I just can'tsolve it.3. I know you're worded about your job interview, but don't get bent out of shape. Y ou'll dojust fine.4. I'm really behind with my project. Can you help me? I'm afraid I bit off more than I couldchew!5. Don't say anything to Bob unless you want the whole office to know. Bob's quite ablabbermouth.6. Don't forget to bring your boom box to the picnic!7. The discussion lasted many hours. The bottom line was that the XYZ Company isn't forsale.8. I understand you have a job interview tomorrow. Break a leg!9. Joe broke his mother's heart when he dropped out of school.10. The cheapest tickets for the concert cost 25 bucks. Do you still want to go?Keys:1. be at and away from a place during a particular time2. try very hard to understand or do something3. needlessly worried about something4. take responsibility for more than one can manage5. a very talkative person---especially one who says things that should be kept secret6. portable cassette/CD player7. the most essential information8. Good luck!9. make someone feel very disappointed/discouraged/sad10. dollar(s)Part Five Exercises for HomeworkI, Short ConversationsIn this part, you will hear ten short conversations. Each of them is followed by a question. After the question, you are supposed to choose a correct answer from the four choices.1. W: Wow, your model plane is so beautiful. I guess I'm talking to the big winner.M: Oh, no. I had it made for demonstration only.Q: What can we learn about the man's model? ( C )2. W: Y our eyes look terrible, what's wrong?M: Oh, I stayed up too late last night.Q: What's the man's problem? ( A )3. M: Hi, Betty. I can see you are walking to school. What happened to your bike?W: It's being repaired.Q: What's wrong with Betty's bike? ( D )4. W: I'm not sure if John can win the game this time.M: Y es, he still has trouble with his left arm.Q: What can we infer from the conversation? ( B )5. M: Helen sang a wonderful song at the party last night.W: She is the best singer in our class.Q: What can we infer about Helen? ( B )6. W: We are to meet with our guests from Paris next week, fight?M: It's the week after the next, to be more exact.Q: What does the man mean?(A)7. W: Jack, every boy is helping me in the kitchen. Would you like to make the salad?M: I have a better idea. I'll go to the small shop to buy it instead.Q: What does the man mean? ( C )8. W: I have trouble concentrating in the morning if I don't drink a cup of coffee at breakfastM: Me, too. The only difference is that I have red tea.Q: What does the man mean? ( C )9. M: I think there won't be any tickets left.W: But if we don't try our best, we'll miss the greatest concert of the year.Q: What does the woman mean? (A)10. W: I think this T-shirt is not a very good choice.M: Y es, it's expensive. Besides, I'm sure the color will fade when you wash it.Q: What does the man mean? ( A )II. PassagesPassage OneLiving Outside LondonMany people who work in London prefer to live outside it, and to go into their offices, factories or schools every day by train, car or bus, even though this means they have to get up earlier in the morning and reach home later in the evening.One benefit of living outside London is that houses are cheaper. Even a small flat in London without a garden costs quite a lot to hire. With the same money, one can get a little house in the country with a garden of one's own.Then, in the country one can be free from the noise and hurry of the town. Although one has to get up earlier and spend more time in trains or buses, one can sleep better at night, and during weekends and on summer evenings, one can enjoy the fresh, clean air of the country. If one likesgardens, one can spend one's spare time digging, planting, watering and doing a hundred and one other jobs which are needed in the garden. Then, when the flowers and vegetables come up, one has the reward of a person who has shared the secrets of nature.Some people, however, take no interest in country things; for them, happiness lies in the town, with its cinema and theatres, because of shops and busy streets, dance-halls and restaurants. Such people would feel that their life was not worth living if they had to live outside London. A walk in one of the parks and a visit to the sea every summer is all the country they want.Listen to the passage and answer the following questions.1. What is meant by living outside London and going to offices, factories or schools every day bytrain, car or bus?They have to get up earlier in the morning and reach home later in the evening.2. What can you get with the same money as you spend on a small flat in London?A little house in the country with a garden of your own.3. What are benefits of living in the country?1) be free from the noise of the town;2) sleep better at night;3) enjoy the fresh, clear air of the country;4) do some gardening.4. Why do some people take no interest in country things?For them happiness lies in the town because in the town there are cinemas and theatres,shops and streets, dance halls and restaurants.5. Generally speaking, what do city people want for the country?A walk in one of the parks and a visit to the sea every summer.Passage T woEating HabitsOur eating habits are very important for good health and a strong body. There are times when most of us like eating sweets and ice cream better than meat and rice. Sweets and ice cream are not bad for us if we eat them at the end of a meal. If we eat them before a meal, they may take away our appetite. It's important for us to eat our meal at regular time each day. When we feel worried or excited, we may not want to eat. A long time ago, in England, some judges often decided whether a man was telling truth by giving him some dry bread. If the man could not swallow the bread, it meant that he wasn't telling the truth. Though this seems strange and foolish, they thought it was an excellent way of finding out truth. A man who is worrying something has difficulty in swallowing anything dry, because he loses his appetite.Listen to the passage and choose the best answer to each of the questions you hear.1. When is it good for us to eat sweets and ice cream? ( B )2. At what time shall we have our meal every day? ( A )3. What did the judges in England think if a man didn't tell the truth? ( C )4. What kind of person may not want to eat? ( D )5. What can we learn from the passage? ( A )Passage ThreeThe BullOnce upon a time two young men were spending some time in the country. One day, while taking a walk together, they crossed a large field. Suddenly a bull appeared and began to chasethem. They were naturally very much frightened. The men began to run, but the bull continued to chase them. Finally, one of the men climbed a tree and the other jumped into a large hole. Soon, however, the man who had jumped into the hole came out again. Immediately, the bull chased him back into the hole. Soon, the man came out of the hole again, and the bull chased him right back This went on for five or six times.Finally the man in the tree, who was now very angry, cried to his friend in the hole: "Y ou fool! Stay in that hole for a while. Otherwise, this bull will keep us here all day."As he jumped back into the hole again, the other man said: "That's all fight for you to stay, but there happens to be a bear in this hole."Listen to the passage and write T for True or F for False for each statement you hear.1. One day, two young men were taking a walk in a large field. ( T )2. When the bull appeared and began to chase them, they all jumped into a hole. ( F )3. When the man came out of the hole, the bull stopped chasing him. ( F )4. The man jumped in and out of the hole at most three times. ( F )5. The man jumped out again and again, because there was a bear in the hole. ( T )III. A Story for RetellingHere is a funny story. Listen and retell it.A Math ProblemThere was once a millionaire who loved money more than anything else in the world. He didn't know exactly how much he had. So he took on a little girl to count all his money for him.It took the little girl six days to count all the money. When she told the millionaire that he had forty- two million dollars, he was wild with joy and asked, "How much pay do you want?" He thought that because she was only a child, he could cheat her into taking a very small amount.The little girl said, "Well, I worked for six days, so I think you ought to pay me for six days Give me two pennies for the first day. Each day after that, just give me the amount you gave me the day before, multiplied by itself'.The millionaire thought that in this way he would only have to give her a very few dollars. What a foolish little girl! So he immediately had his lawyer write up a contract, fearing that she would change her mind.On the first day, the millionaire paid her two pennies, and on the second day, two pennies times two pennies, four pennies. Each day after that, he gave her the number of pennies he had given her the day before, multiplied by itself. And by the sixth day, the foolish millionaire had to give the clever little girl all his money.How is it that the little girl could have all the greedy millionaire’s money? If you’re interested in it, you may try to work out this math problem.。

Lesson 1(B.Answer the questions)

Lesson 11. As John Dunne has The author regards his adopted daughter as wonder. He says that to watch her journey of growth is similar to the enjoyment and excitement one feels while watching some exciting sports games.2. What is John Dunne’s attitude If possible, parents should never try to cover truth nor to keep anything secret to their children. Otherwise, barbaric secrecy can only inflict hurt on their children.3. Does he advocate telling Y es, of course. As soon as they are adopted, they should be told their identity.5. In what way Since Quintana’s natural mother knows the names of John Dunne and his wife, she is likely to follow the fairly well-documented passages written about Quintana through childhood into adolescence.As Quintana’s natu ral mother works as a fashion model, she must be a slim, beautiful, graceful, and fashionable woman.6. To what kind of audience Both natural and adoptive parents.7.Is difficult for Quintana’s From the day they brought Quintana home, they tried never to equivocate. That is why they never feel difficult in revealing to their child the truth about her identity.8. What made the parents think Two things induced them to act in a more enlightened way. First, a lot of radio drama in their childhood and adolescence focused upon child adoption. Second, a young actress was an adopted child, but her mother could not bring herself to tell the truth to the actress. The author and his wife thought that such barbaric secrecy may cause psychological hurt to the adoptive child. views on “getting through college”? The author thinks that getting through college is of no value whatsoever. Some ways of getting through college mean nothing.第二课3. What does the author think about the values of the experience The author considers that 90 percent of the jobs available to college students make little or no contribution to the intellectual training of college.4. What is the second popular illusion?Those who work their way through are the men who are subsequently successful.5. What are his views?It is an optical illusion. Most of the persons who earned their way didn’t become successful. Many of the finest and greatest college men did not earn their way, but they fully appreciate the values of college, made distinguished records, and have been giants subsequently.6. What is his attitude towards “playing one’s way through college”?He thinks that studying one’s way through college is the best. Next is working one’s way through college. Playing one’s way throug h college is the last thing college students should do.7. What is his attitude towards slovenly workmanship in studies?Some college students neglect their social development or mental equipment. They consider their ability to make money can compensate their poor performance inacademic studies. They become intellectual sluggards. As a result, their slovenly workmanship in studies is easily accepted. The author shows his disapproval of slovenly workmanship.8. What has he to say about men who earn their way and make fine records in life?The man earned his way because he was a success before he started. That’s why some go to college when others don’t go. That’s why they work like slaves to get through college. That’s why they go hungry for an education. That’s why they stick when others quit. They are the kind of people that make good, anytime, anywhere, college or no college.9. In what way, according to the author, does a college education benefit the student?A college education benefits the student through developing his mental abilities, training his mind, or opening the windows of his soul (developing his mind and enriching his soul).10. What does the author mean when he says the second great value of the college is social, in the higher meaning of the term?He thinks that the college man can concentrate into four years a social experience and training which he might possibly obtain in twelve years outside. In this concentrated world of many strong men from the best homes with rich heritage and the highest purpose, he must learn to walk upright and make his way.11. The author state: Earning his way through college does two wrongs. What does he mean here?He means that first, it takes his time and strength from this large experience; secondly it frequently puts him out into the other world. That is, to earn his way, he cannot be actively involved into various mental and social activities at college; and he will lose contact with the college life through. As a result, he will miss the chance to develop his mind and enrich his soul.12. The author state: No man who does not have to earn his way has a right to earn his way. What are his reasons?The author believes that many students who work in college do not need to do so. First, they take jobs which others should have. Second, they are self-deluded, considering their earning achievements an alibi for their intellectual mediocrity. Lesson 31. Who called Claude M. Fuess recently? Why?A mother called the author recently by phone to ask hi m to intervene for her son’s failure in winning a scholarship at a well-known private school.2. How does Mr. Fuess try to explain to the worried mother?He tried to explain that her son could become a good citizen like many others. In future, he would marry, vote, run for office, and qualify for social security. If he applied for financial aid at a school, he had to compete against other students in academic studies. One’s attendance of school without great efforts does not mean he can get the offer successfully.3.What kind of a pattern did the worried mother’s attitude illustrate?The pattern is simply that the American people are increasingly ignoring the important differences among people.4.Why does the author say “we live in an age of the average”?Because some nurses are not skillful nor efficient to serve the patients. The current incompetence is due largely to lack of competition.5. What is the favorite American axiom?The favorite American axiom is that one citizen is as good as another.6. Does the author agree with the axiom? Why?Of course not. Because not every citizen or profession has the same value, regardless of attitude, skill and performance. The agreement with the axiom is to encourage a cult of mediocrity.7. In many phases of the United States, the cult of mediocrity is prevalent. What examples does Fuess use to prove this point?Under American economic system, all workmen, regardless of skill or attitude, receive the same pay for the same job. In education, the doctrine of promotion by seniority leads to the lowering of quality. Next, in the army there is no adequate incentive system to encourage the best men to advance more rapidly. In business, young people are more interested in security than in competition, and they prefer routine assignments to challenging tasks.8. Is the U.S. military exempt from mediocrity? If not, what is the situation then?No, it isn’t. In the army there is no adequate incentive system. Nor is there extra pay for doing one’s job well. Th ose who are ahead are going to stay ahead permanently. The aggressiveness in a young officer is not encouraged. Nothing is used to encourage the best men to advance more rapidly.9. How do American businessmen feel about mediocrity?In business, college graduates are more interested in security than in competition. Y oung people don’t want to “take a chance” or indulge in a “calculated risk”. Few can work with the originality and resourcefulness required for dynamic leadership. In a word, many young people prefer routine assignments to challenging tasks.10. What did the Korean student at Harvard write in the Christian Science Monitor? And what is its significance?In such a situation dominated by a cult of mediocrity, the American public want their president to think and act with the same taste, outlook, and philosophy as theirs.In consequence, the number of first-rate statesmen now in the U.S. is much smaller than that in the post-Revolutionary period.11. What is Mr. Burlingame’s pessimistic view about the retreat from excellence in the States?Americans are prosperous and complacent. There is no reform in religion. Skill is not important. Many people are yes-men. Few want to take any risk or work hard. The whole nation is ruled by people of mediocrity.12. Why were Americans once fearful of the Soviets?The Soviets are producing more competent experts, particularly in the fields of science and modern languages.13. Why can the widespread mediocrity in key places be deadening or even destructive to any country?The widespread mediocrity is like a plaque cast over the country and its culture. Mediocrity will have a negative effect on social progress and economic development. Nobody wants to work hard. Nobody wants to take any risk or meet any challenge. …14. Is there any possibility to change the situation?Why?Open anwser Lesson 51. Why was Orwell not liked by his classmates all through his school days?He developed disagreeable mannerisms which made him unpopular with his classmates through his school days.2. Did he like what he wrote in his early years?He disliked his early writings. He thought his works were plagiaristic and bad.3. What kind of novels did Orwell want to write at the age of sixteen?He wanted to write enormous naturalistic novels with unhappy endings, full of detailed descriptions and arresting similes, and also full of purple passages in which words were used partly for the sake of their soun5. In what way do you think his little poem expressed his dilemma?In the poem, the author compared both the peaceful time in the past and the unhappy present life. He expressed his disbelief in and dissatisfaction with both capitalism and communism. He wanted to live in a world without any hypocrisy or totalitarianism.7. Why did he want to make political writing into an art?He wanted to expose some lie, to draw attention to some fact, and to get a hearing.8. What problems did he have in trying to make political writing into an art?He had problems of construction, language, and truthfulness.9. What did he think is good prose? What did he think of his own writings?Good prose is like a window pane. He says, “it is invariably where I lacked a political purpose that I wrote lifeless books and was betrayed into purple passages, sentences without meaning, decorative adjectives and humbug generally.”10. Why didn’t Orwell want to give people the impression that his motives in writing were wholly public-spirited?He said that by nature he was a person in whom the first three motives would outweigh the fourth. In a peaceful age, he might have remained almost unaware of his political loyalties. But in his later years he wrote with a sense of injustice. He was forced to write because there was some lie that he wanted to expose, some fact to which he wanted to draw attention, and his initial concern was to get a hearing.Lesson 61. What did Ramesh’s former roommate in college tell Ramesh about oppression?Oppression could be social, religious, foreign, and traditional. An imaginary oppressed person must first see himself as the equal of his oppressors. The idea of equality will ultimately sow seeds of freedom and revolution in his mind.2. What kind of image did Ramesh have of himself?He wanted to project an image of a conservative fellow who does not go to extreme, just like his tie.4. What did Rani mean when she said, “…but you are not free and equal”?A. She meant that he treated others not equally, and in the same time, he alwaysconsidered himself not free and equal to others. He was neither free nor equalbecause he was living under the control of spiritual constraints.B. Because Ramesh was convinced that he would not get a job when competingwith the Americans, and even when he was hired, he still thought he was not the only one who got the job. This lack of confidence showed that Ramesh did not really feel free and equal to others.5. Why did Ramesh lie to Bruce about being called to come for an interview?He was not confident, and he was afraid of failure. He didn’t wish to admit to Bruce later on by saying, “I had an interview, but they didn’t hire him.”6. What argument convinced Ramesh that he could not get job?He would not get a job if Americans were available.7. How did Ramesh react when Bruce called to tell him he and some others had notgot the job?He was stunned at the news. He could not believe that he had the job and the others did not.8. What really defeated Ramesh even when he had succeeded in getting the job?Ramesh succeeded in getting the job, but failed to accept himself as equal to others due to his lack of confidence and his self-doubt.Lesson 71. Why does the author say that you instantly revealed a great deal about yourself if you define “ambition”？Beca use your idea or opinion about “ambition” reflects your attitude towards ambition, or the way you personally define ambition will tell a lot about you, your dreams, your desire, your values, your philosophy, etc.How does Webster’s Seventh New collegia te edition give itself away?Webster’s Seventh New collegiate edition describes “ambition” as “an ardent desire for rank, fame, or power”, which is incompatible with good sense and stability, and which should be brought under close control.2. What do you think of the author’s statement that “The unpredictabi Since the outcome of a dream is unpredictable, a dream may not necessarily end up in a disaster.3. The author gives a partial list of th e worst things that can be said about ambition. What can you add to this list?a)When ambition ends, happiness beginsb)An ounce of hypocrisy is worth a pound of ambition.c)As falls the dew on quenchless sands, blood only serves to wash ambition'shands.d)Ambition often puts men upon doing the meanest offices; so climbing isperformed in the same posture with creeping.e)Ambition makes more trusty slaves than need.f)Ambition has but one reward for all: A little power, a little transient fame; Agrave to rest in, and a fading name!g)Ambition drove many men to become false.4.The author writes: “There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this; a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped -- with the educated themselves astride them.”? What is your interpretation?These educated people are very hypocritical by saying they are not ambitious. They in fact pursue their ambition anxiously by riding on horseback, running away from the confined place –the barn, whose door is closed by them in order to keep others inside so that other people cannot get out of it to pursue their dreams.5. How do things stand now with regard to attacks on and support for ambition in the United States?The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive. But the support for ambition is lower than it has ever been in the United States.6. How does the author contrast John Dean with Andrew Carnegie? Wha t does this have to do with the author’s argument?John Dean’s ignoble actions have nothing to do with his ambition but rather owe much to his infamous qualities. Andrew Carnegie did a lot of philanthropic acts out of his noble character. The author wants to stress that important though ambition is, one should not ignore fine qualities behind ambition.7.Do you agree with the author when he says that to have a family nowada ys is nearly an expression of ambition in itself? Why or why not?Y es. It is not easy for a couple to have a lot of children, and to raise a large family demands the couple’s courage and ability, an d ambition.8.Why, in the author’s view, is the attack against ambition as an attack on the mi ddle class and its values?The middle class have worked hard and made most of the contributions to the society, and from the very beginning the middle class have been much concerned with ambition.9. Do you think that life would be unrelievedly bor ing in a world shorn of ambition? Why or why not?A world shorn of ambition would be easy because it is a world free of demands and disappointments, but it would also be unbelievably boring without competition or excitement. Y ou don’t expect to get anything of the best.10. What kind of ambition people shoul d have according to the author? What is your view of this?People should live courageously, honorably and with purpose. They should do something that makes them significant. And they should do what will form their owndestiny.Forming our own destiny is what ambition is about, because by having an ambition, we are making choices and decisions that will form our lives.第四课1. What particular details in the text show that th e vacationers enjoyed their sightseeing in Paris?They had studied maps of the city and taken hundreds of photos. They hade walked themselves dizzy and stared at other visitors. They had marveled at the convenient frequency of the metro and devoured vegetarian crepes.2. What does the writer think would be th e basis of a situation where “nothing would be impossible any more”?She thinks that all the black people, all the women and all the humble and poor people in the world could find and trust each other, nothing would be impossible any more.3. Why does the writer say that their failure to catch a taxi was a miserable conclusion?They had spent their whole day travelling around Paris, and enjoyed everything to their hearts’ content. But in the evening, their failure to get a taxi destroyed their fond dream and beautiful imagination, and brought them back to the harsh reality of their identity. All their holiday confidence and joy was ruined.4. What does the writer think of th e habits of racial and class analyses?She thinks that these habits overlook the potential of political unity between class and race, and focus on racial or class or gender attributes, which yields o nly distorted and deeply inadequate images of ourselves.5. What, according to the writer, are the mistakes society makes in their attitude toward race and class?Society has created some positive implications of race and class as a source of self-defense, and invented positive consequences from facts of unequal conflict and oppression.6. What is the writer’s attitude toward hostilities exchanged between societal groups that are ignorant of each other?She believes that if different societal groups should put their identity politics aside, they would have more to gain as possible comrades in their joint struggle against socioeconomic inequalities.7. How does the writer feel about the skin color of a female victim of a reported rape case?She does not agree that skin color of a female victim shall alienate her from a gender sense of unity and peril.8. The writer talks about solutions to the problems encountered today in unfair and incorrect treatment of societal groups. What does she say would be one of the solutions to these problems?She thinks that the concept of justice can deal with the problems in unfair and incorrect treatment of societal groups.9. What is the writer trying to say in the last paragraph of the article?She call on people from different social groups to work together to solve the crisis.。

综合英语(2)单项选择

A. fewer
B. fewest
C. less
D. least
标准答案是：C。您的答案是：
30、
The aircraft crashed and ____flames.
（分数：1 分）
A. burst
B. burst into
C. burst on
D. burst open
标准答案是：B。您的答案是：
D. had reached
标准答案是：A。您的答案是：
3、Your sorrow will _____in time （分数：1 分）
A. wear
B. wearing
C. wear off
D. wears off
标准答案是：C。您的答案是：
4、People get used ___a beard, but he shaved it off. （分数：1 分）
A. A. explanation
B. excuse
C. expectation
D. exception
标准答案是：D。您的答案是：
20、
The government official charged with bribery was unable to _____the＄1000,000 found in his house.
A. that, that
B. what, what
C. which, what
D. as, which
标准答案是：B。您的答案是：
38、I know nothing about the accident except _____ I read in the paper. （分数：1 分）

辅导班英语词汇

近义词1．Sign / signal / symptom / symbol2．Glance / glimpse/ stare / glare / gaze3. vacant /empty /bare /blank /bald /barren /hollow4. tuition / fee / fare / deposit / tip / change5. journey / voyage / travel / trip / excursion / tour / expedition6. pay / spend / cost / take / consume7. finish / complete / accomplish / fulfill8. cure / treat / heal / recover9. burst / crack / collapse / leak10. alter / change / transform / shift11. answer / reply / key / solution12. eager / anxious / worried / upset13. persist in / insist on / persevere in / adhere to / stick to14. occupation / profession / trade / job / vocation / career / job / work15. prestige / respect / priority / fame / privilege / esteem16. try / manage / endeavor/ strive / struggle17. remember / remind / recall18. release / announce / declare / proclaim / claim19. pace / speed / rhythm / ratio20. process / procedure / course21. crude / raw / original / primitive22. apparatus / instrument / device / appliance / equipment / facility23. admit / allow / permit / approve24. advantage / merit / virtue25. fast / quick / soon26. decrease / decline / deduce / reduce27. range / scale / scope28. disturb / bother / interrupt29. cargo / commodity / goods30. candidate / applicant / competitor / representative31. border / edge / margin / tip32. noise / voice / sound / volume33. educate / instruct / train / doctrine34. sin / guilt / crime35. fit / suit / match / adapt36. criticize / blame / curse / swear / scold / reproach / reprimand37. destroy / damage / devastate / demolish / destruct形近词1.explode / expand / expose / explore / extend2.shallow / narrow / hollow / shadow / shade3.swallow / arrow / borrow / sorrow / foreshow4.reserve / conserve / preserve / serve / deserve / observe5.consent / content / contact / contract6.remain / restrain / contain / retain / sustain7.assure / ensure / insure / sure8.confirm / reform / inform / affirm / conform9.genuine / genius / generous / gentle / genie10.suspicion / suspension / suspect / surprise11.insist / persist / resist / consist / assist12.accessible / available / feasible / reliable / legible / liable13.instant / insistent / constant14.revise / reverse / devise / advise15.affect / affection / effect / effort16.distinct / instinct / extinct / insect / distinguish / extinguish17.proceed / precede / process / progress / previous18.overlook / overtake / overhear / overestimate / overseas / overbalance / overnight19.description / prescription / consumption / subscription20.immigrant / emigrant / migrant21.distribute / contribute / attribute22.sufficient / efficient / proficient / ancient23.admit / emit / omit / permit / submit / transmit24.crush / smash / clash / crash25.incident / accident / incidence / coincidence26.acquire / require / inquire27.current / recent / orient / ancient28.outlet / outline / outlook / output29.conceive / deceive / perceive / receive30.mental / metal / mineral/ moral / melt / model31.roast / toast / boast / boost32.adapt / adopt / adept33.mood / motive / motion / movement / motivate34.sympathetic / synthetic / systematic / surgical35.sweat / swear / sweet / sword36.solve / dissolve / resolve37.canal / channel / tunnel核心词与词组1. I could just see a car in the distance, but I couldn’t _____________ what color it was.A. look toB. look outC. take inD. make out2. That girl is such a good pianist that she will probably make quite __________ for herself.A. starB. creditC. characterD. name3. ____________ good fortune, I got to the station just in a time to catch the train.A. ToB. WithC. ByD. For4. The skyscraper stands out ___________ the blue sky.A. againstB. beneathC. inD. under5. He said the club was very __________ for the member’s help and support.A. welcomeB. appreciativeC. gratefulD. agreeable6. She was glad the difficult had been ______________.A. cleared upB. pulled overC. broken downD. given in7. This album is ___________ as it was the only one ever signed by Michael Jordan.A. rareB. singularC. unusualD. unique8. He is indifferent ____________ hardships and dangers.A. toB. ofC. atD. in9. The mother was ___________ of her son’s success in the competition.A. honorableB. proudC. honorD. pride10. I think she has too high_____________ of herself.A. ideaB. a regardC. an opinionD. opinion11. Tom said he came in this field late, so he must work hard to make________ lost time.A. up forB. out forC. up withD. off with12. With an eighty-four week and little change or enjoyment, life must have been very _________for the factory workers before the liberation..A. wearyB. anxiousC. darkD. pessimistic13. The tall girl ___________ the beautiful blouse, but it was obviously too small.A. testedB. tried outC. tried onD. put on14. Prices continued to rise while wages remained low __________ that the government becameincreasingly unpopular.A. in orderB. providingC. on conditionD. with the result15. High in the sky a _________ of birds was flying southward.A. herdB. crowdC. swarmD. flock16. All of us were excited at the __________ of a weekend party.A. viewB. considerationC. ideaD. intention17. How much would you _________ for repairing my TV?A. chargeB. costC. takeD. like18. Although Rose was the eldest in the family, she always let her brother _______ charge of thehouse.A. getB. haveC. holdD. take19. I agree with her___________, but not entirely.A. to some extentB. to some pointC. by a certain degreeD. in a certain range20. During the season, the weather often __________ between heavy rains and the burst ofsunshine.A. altersB. differsC. alternatesD. arises21. The story was so touching that I could hardly __________ my tears.A. hold onB. hold upC. hold on toD. hold back22. Since your supervisor has ___________ the time for a talk with you, you must make sure thatyou will be here on time.A. predictedB. specifiedC. yieldedD. classified23. When we think of communication, we __________ think of using words talking face to face,writing messages and so on.A. shortlyB. namelyC. practicallyD. normally24. She was standing by an electric heater, and her nightdress _________ fire.A. caughtB. setC. tookD. became25. Yesterday afternoon there was a football match between our two classes. The score was 3-4;we were only ____________ beaten.A. narrowlyB. slightlyC. nearlyD. closely26. When Mary paid the bill, she was given a _________ for her money.A. labelB. receiptC. ticketD. check27. Hot metal ___________ as it grows colder.A. reducesB. compressesC. condensesD. contracts28. I should say Henry is not __________ much a writer as a reporter.A. thatB. thisC. asD. so29. The teacher was using many new words, and the children could not ________ what he wasteaching.A. take aboutB. take toC. take inD. take away30. P.O. __________ Post Office or Postal order.A. stands asB. stands forC. stands likeD. stands by31. he _________ me by two games to one.A. wonB. conqueredC. gainedD. beat32. This ticket __________ you to a free meal in our restaurant.A. givesB. grantsC. entitlesD. credits33. An efficient engine is _________ fuel.A. economy ofB. economize ofC. economic ofD. economical of34. Children usually __________ after an illness much more quickly than adults.A. pick offB. pick outC. pick upD. pick over35. Mark is very set in his ways, but John has a more___________ attitude to life.A. moveableB. flexibleC. changeableD. fluid36. Most people can’t ___________ a day without at least one cup of tea of coffee.A. get throughB. get atC. get onD. get by37. I know nothing about her ___________ she is an artist.A. exceptB. besidesC. apart fromD. except that38. Her father was so mean that he couldn’t bear to ___________ the smallest sum of money forthe charity appeal.A. let outB. part withC. give inD. pay off39. On hearing the bad news, he __________ completely.A. broke awayB. broke downC. broke upD. broke out40. That book looks like an advanced __________ text to me.A. economicB. economistC. economicsD. economical41. The crowd suddenly burst into _____________.A. laughterB. laughingC. laughD. laughters42. Will you be taking my previous experience into _________ when you fix my salary?A. mindB. scaleC. accountD. possession43. It was difficult to guess what her _________ to the news would be.A. opinionB. commentC. impressionD. reaction44. With the population explosion, scientists will have to _________ new methods of increasingthe world’s food supply.A. lead toB. stick toC. carry outD. come up with45. It was a minor illness, and she soon __________ it.A. got overB. got aroundC. got on withD. got up to46. I saw a __________ good film on TV last night.A. lovelyB. prettyC. handsomeD. beautiful47. She held a party to help the strangers at her ___________.A. comfortB. easeC. peaceD. pleasure48. Her yellow shoes _________ her dress.A. followedB. matchedC. imitatedD. balanced49. He was so poor that he had hardly __________ food in the house.A. theB. aC. someD. any50. This theory __________ from the work of certain early 20th century scientists.A. arisesB. risesC. raisesD. results51. I don’t want to wait until tomorrow; I _________ go at once.A. preferB. would ratherC. wantD. like52. The boys made so much ___________ that Mrs. Smith had to spend half a day clearing up theroom.A. messB. troubleC. damageD. destruction53. Where do you ___________ going for your holidays this year?A. intendB. expectC. wantD. mean54. Yesterday several prisoners broke_________ from the guards and escaped.A. throughB. downC. outD. away55. Mr. Smith was very angry when he realized how he had been __________ out of his money.A. robbedB. deceivedC. trickedD. played56. The cow had lost its own calf, but the farmer persuaded it to __________ one whose motherhad died.A. chooseB. adoptC. undertakeD. accept57. At the first _________ of twelve everyone stopped for lunch.A. minuteB. soundC. strokeD. strike58. The river was so clear that it _________ the trees on the river bank.A. shadedB. photographedC. reflectedD. shadowed59. I have such a bad cold that I have lost all _________ of smell.A. scentB. degreeC. feelD. sense60. The audience waited until the curtain had risen and then_________ into applause.A. wentB. burstC. startedD. cheered61. Science has made great __________ during the past 30 years.A. advancesB. increasesC. movementD. development62. Jim got into the ________ of getting up very early every morning.A. traditionB. customC. wayD. habit63. He had to _________ the party because of his headache.A. missB. avoidC. regretD. fail64. The cat may _________ if you make it angry.A. seizeB. scratchC. graspD. tear65. We decided to leave the waiter a big _________ because his service had been very excellent.A. tipB. rewardC. bonusD. prize66. Do you mind if I _________ with my work while you are getting tea ready?A. turn toB. get throughC. carry onD. carry out67. Would you mind ________ me a hand? The suitcase is too heavy for me.A. lendingB. helpingC. grantingD. loaning68. My stomach began to ________ because of the bad food I had eaten.A. painB. acheC. harmD. be hurt69. The purpose of the examination was to _________ the student’s knowledge of the subject.A. testB. proveC. tryD. inspect70. Very few people________ for his party at the last election.A. electedB. choseC. preferredD. voted71. He couldn’t _________ the thought of leaving his family forever.A. supportB. bearC. carryD. think72. He failed the exam. Please ________ him alone and don’t interrupt him.A. setB. leftC. putD. had73. What measures have been _________ to control the world population growth?A. imaginedB. madeC. givenD. taken74. He left in such a hurry that I __________ had time to thank him.A. almostB. nearlyC. scarcelyD. least75. Many difficulties are waiting for us to _________ . We must brace up!A. get offB. get overC. come overD. get away76. A snail is an animal which moves at a very slow_________.A. rateB. walkC. stepD. time77. He was a good swimmer so he __________ swim to the river bank when the boat sank.A. couldB. mightC. succeeded toD. was able to78. I do not feel __________ going shopping today, for the weather is bad.A. forB. wantC. wishD. like79. The police rushed in, and the thief was caught _________ the spot.A. byB. onC. atD. for80. We discussed the matter _________ tea and cakes.A. overB. byC. atD. with81. He seems rude but he is a good fellow _________ heart.A. byB. inC. withD. at82. Is the weather favorable __________ an outing?A. forB. toC. inD. with83. The son of a millionaire was threatened _________ death by his kidnappers.A. inB. withC. atD. by84. Everyone shared _________ making the picnic a success.A. onB. byC. forD. in85. I will tell you only if you promise to keep it ________ yourself.A. byB. forC. toD. into86. To me, the red skirt is preferable __________ the white one.A. withB. toC. thanD. for87. I owe my success to you, I can not thank you ___________ much for your kindness.A. asB. soC. tooD. very88. We should draw ___________ all the evidence we can get to prove that he is innocent.A. forB. fromC. forthD. on89. The people deprived the king _________ his power.A. offB. ofC. outD. on90. Scientists __________ that there is no animal life on Mars.A. assumeB. resumeC. ensureD. assure91. Although we still have some problems to face, __________ our world has been successful.A. by all meansB. by and largeC. in the long runD. on the run92. The trouble is he is not __________ of what his fellow workers think of him.A. confidentB. consciousC. typicalD. prosperous93. The blind can _________ see than the deaf can hear.A. no moreB. no longerC. not ratherD. not any longer94. Gorge’s father tries to make a pianist __________ him.A. aboutB. inC. forD. of95. _________ wants to may come to the party this weekend.A. OneB. EveryoneC. AnyoneD. Whoever96. Ted named his son __________ his grandfather.A. ofB. byC. afterD. from97. She behaved impolitely, for she ___________ interrupted her teacher by asking irrelevantquestions.A. continuallyB. continuouslyC. consistentlyD. consequently98. We had to __________ dried milk as fresh milk wasn’t available.A. face up toB. add up toC. fall back onD. carry on with99. Railway were _________ to the economic prosperity of the country.A. potentialB. essentialC. defensibleD. prosperous100. He _________ his son by giving him too much money.A. damagedB. hurtC. harmedD. spoiled101. Mother has to _________ my coat because it is too short for me.A. loosenB. lengthenC. magnifyD. license102. The survival ________ of some wild animals is not very high as they are ruthlessly hunt.A. ratioB. degreeC. rateD. scale103. We love peace, yet we are not the kind of people to yield _________ any military threat.A. upB. toC. atD. in104. The mean man declared that he was not ________ his brother’s debts.A. liable toB. liable forC. liable onD. liable with105. It is really very impolite to _________ when someone is speaking to you on the phone.A. hang upB. hand inC. hold onD. give up106. Athletes have to be ___________ to endure all kinds of flesh pain and spirit pain.A. toughB. roughC. braveD. touchy107. The new government __________ Beijing in 1949.A. took backB. took overC. took awayD. took apart108. Johnson was __________ guilty and sentenced to six months in prison.A. chargedB. accusedC. foundD. regarded109. Mary’s sister is stupid, but it’s different _________ Mary, she’s just crazy.A. a case in pointB. in caseC. in case ofD. in the case of近义词与形近词1. His strange behavior aroused the _________ of the police.A. doubtB. suspicionC. disbeliefD. misbelieve2. The Chinese Red Cross _________ a generous sum to the relief of the physically disabled.A. furnishedB. assignedC. administeredD. contributed3. The gloves were really too small, and it was only by ________ them that I managed to get them on.A. extendingB. stretchingC. squeezingD. spreading4. By ________ computation he estimated that the repair on the house would cost him a thousand dollars.A. roughB. coarseC. rudeD. crude5. They don’t __________ that the building of the nuclear power station has some impact on the environment.A. rejectB. refuteC. denyD. refuse6. The whole house was burned to the __________ in a big fire.A. earthB. groundC. floorD. field7. The head was pleased with the increased ________ from the factory he managed.A. outletB. outcomeC. outputD. outset8. The doctor enjoyed both his work and his life. He had never felt any ________ between these two things.A. conflictB. constrictC. constructD. constraint9. Philosophers commonly rely on argument to support their own theories and to ________ the theories of others.A. reformB. reflectC. refrainD. refute10. They ________ the project to the board for approval.A. permittedB. committedC. submittedD. admitted11. There are a ________ growth of the heavy industries during the war.A. considerateB. considerableC. consideredD. considering12. There are some________ flowers on the table.A. artificialB. unrealC. unnaturalD. untrue13. She was so _________ in her drawing that she didn’t hear anybody knocking at the door.A. attractedB. drawnC. absorbedD. concentrated14. Before moving to another city, Brenda ________ of the house and the furniture.A. discardedB. dismissedC. dischargedD. disposed15. A few of them showed great _________ to her suggestions for what I could do.A. sensitivityB. sensationC. sensorD. sense16. The final will be _________ the mid-term.A. similarB. identicalC. alikeD. like17. Since the downward swing in the 50s and 60s there has been a _________ towards greatcinema-going in the last decade.A. trendB. fashionC. streamD. bent18. It is not profitable to provide bus services in districts where the population is widely_________.A. scatteredB. separatedC. dismissedD. divided19. The _________ charged by the lawyer for his services was unusually high.A. feeB. fareC. payD. wage20. We had a marvelous holiday; only the last two days were slightly _________ by the weather.A. damagedB. hurtC. injuredD. spoiled21. The manager spoke highly of such _________ as loyalty, courage, and truthfulness shown byhis employees.A. featuresB. virtuesC. propertiesD. characteristics22. He is always _________ to older people.A. respectiveB. respectableC. respectedD. respectful23. Tom is the most _________ pupil in the class.A. industrialB. industriousC. indulgentD. industrialist24. Most nurses are women, but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are in a_________.A. scarcityB. minorityC. minimumD. shortage25. I was told that the sweater would not __________ in the wash but it has.A. dwindleB. decreaseC. shrinkD. contract26. He paused, drank a glass of his wine, reflected for a moment, and __________.A. consumedB. resumedC. presumedD. assumed27. This story is not real. It is only _________.A. imaginaryB. imaginativeC. imaginableD. thoughtful28. A healthy life is frequently thought to be __________ with the open countryside andhomegrown foods.A. tiedB. boundC. involvedD. associated29. If you don’t clear away the rubbish, it will just __________.A. accumulateB. collectC. gatherD. assemble30. He has many works of Shakespeare, but only one is __________.A. initialB. primitiveC. originalD. primary31. It is of great importance to ___________ a good knowledge of English.A. acquireB. inquireC. requireD. request32. A good deal of the _________ for their success must go to John Francis, the captain.A. reputationB. respectC. creditD. compliment33. In some cities it is very difficult to have a telephone __________, and people have to wait along time before they got a phone.A. assembledB. installedC. equippedD. repaired34. Modern medical advances _________ the average life expectancy by several years.A. spreadB. expandedC. extendedD. enlarged35. His compass proved __________ to him, when he was lost in unknown country.A. expensiveB. valuableC. preciousD. costly36. The new tax __________ on the farmers by the government in the west led to a series ofdemonstrations throughout the country.A. composedB. opposedC. proposedD. imposed37. The soldiers were put in prison because they _________ to obey orders.A. refusedB. rejectedC. deniedD. objected38. I could tell he was surprised from the __________ on his face.A. appearanceB. sightC. expressionD. view39. He looked rather untidy as there were two buttons __________ from his coat.A. leavingB. missingC. missedD. losing40. Don’t _________ the news to the public until we give you the go-head.A. retainB. relieveC. releaseD. remain41. You can’t see through a telescope unless it is _________ correctly to your sight.A. adoptedB. adaptedC. adjustedD. accustomed42. Let us work in __________ with our friends.A. corporationB. co-operationC. coordinationD. connection43. He is of ________ mood; he never finishes what he starts.A. variousB. differentC. distinctiveD. variable44. The food was delicious. That was a __________ meal.A. satisfactionB. satisfyingC. satisfiedD. satisfy45. In _________, I agree with your proposal, but I am not sure if it will actually work.A. theoryB. theoremC. theoreticD. theoretically46. I am sorry to _________ you while you are working but I must ask you a question aboutEnglish.A. botherB. interfereC. intrudeD. intervene47. The dull speaker could not _________ the interest of his audience.A. gainB. obtainC. attainD. retain48. The man had many ________ enemies.A. deadlyB. deadC. deathD. deathly49. We shall have to pay the bill _________, so let’s do it at once.A. naturallyB. latelyC. eventuallyD. recently50. Carelessly, she hit the chair and _________ the coffee.A. splashedB. spilledC. spoiledD. poured51. Happiness is more to me than anything and wealth is no _________ of happiness.A. guaranteeB. securityC. insuranceD. protection52. After a whole day’s hard work, all our energy is ________.A. exhaustiveB. exhaustedC. exhaustionD. exhaustible53. If you want to leave the hospital, you will have to _________ a number of medical tests.A. undertakeB. undergoC. sufferD. endure54. We all respect the martyrs who have given ________ to the pages of Chinese history.A. gloryB. significanceC. importanceD. role55. Customers may buy items from store_________.A. catalogB. dialogC. monologD. epilog56. I desperately _________ with him to leave the ship before it is too late, fearing that he wouldgo down with it.A. appealedB. beggedC. claimedD. pleaded57. Metal must be hammered and cooled rapidly to _________ internal stress caused by heating.A. relieveB. retainC. releaseD. replace58. After the guest left, she spent half an hour __________ the sitting room.A. orderingB. clearing awayC. tidying upD. arranging59. Switzerland is well-known for its impressive mountainous _________.A. scenesB. sightsC. sceneryD. views60. Features such as weight, height, and skin color _________ from individual to individual andfrom face to face.A. changeB. varyC. alterD. convert61. The storm is extremely ___________.A. destructibleB. destructiveC. destroyedD. destroying62. I _________ you to his honesty.A. ensureB. insureC. assureD. sure63. The rain was heavy and __________ the land was flooded.A. continuouslyB. constantlyC. consequentlyD. consistently64. The climate here is pleasant, as it is ________ all the year round.A. dampB. moistC. humidD. wet65. American women were __________ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hardstruggle.A. deniedB. neglectedC. refusedD. ignored66. The _________ from hand-made to machine-made shoes was accomplished very slowly.A. changeoverB. turnoverC. takeoverD. handover67. The case against Robert Jones was __________ for lack of evidence.A. refusedB. dismissedC. eliminatedD. discarded68. Our football team’s _________ has been excellent during the year.A. perfectionB. performC. performanceD. period69. The prince ________ power on the death of his father.A. assumedB. consumedC. resumedD. presumed70. Most children in Great Britain are educated at the public _________.A. costB. paymentC. expenseD. charge71. Only recent years have there been few train _________ in this city.A. eventsB. incidentsC. accidentsD. causes72. The automation checked the car engine _________ but could find nothing wrong with it.A. throughoutB. thoroughlyC. entirelyD. wholly73. Mary never tells anyone what she does for a _________.A. jobB. workC. professionD. living74. They have made a _________ plan to build a suspension bridge over the river.A. baldB. boundC. boldD. bare75. The social security system provides _________ for retired citizens.A. pensionsB. wagesC. profitsD. rewards76. Susan caught a _________ of the taxi before it disappeared around the corner.A. visionB. glimpseC. glanceD. look77. The young man with the great –sized suitcase aroused the ________ of the police.A. suspicionB. surpriseC. suspensionD. suspect78. Any students who _________ his homework is unlikely to pass his examination.A. practicesB. neglectsC. missesD. omits79. Burning all that coal and oil without pollution protection could have drastic_________ on theenvironment.A. affectsB. effectsC. resultsD. consequences80. Nursery school can be enormously _________ to socially handicapped children.A. admirableB. invaluableC. praiseworthyD. beneficial。

《英语(本科)》练习题

《英语（本科）》练习题Part I. PhoneticsDirections: In each of the following groups of words, there are four underlined letter combinations marked A, B, C and D. Compare the underlinedparts and identify the one that is different from the others inpronunciation. Mark your answer by blackening the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet.（找出划线中发音不同的选项）1. A. switch B. hatch C. character D. match2. A. food B. cool C. moon D. cook3. A. town B. shower C. down D. sow4. A. exhaust B. exercise C. exam D. exact5. A. where B. what C. whose D. white6. A. Italian B. nationality C. Canadian D. perhaps7. A. question B. notion C. exception D. vocation8. A. peasant B. sweater C. break D. wear10. A. receive B. friend C. field D. piecePart II Vocabulary & StructureDirections: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the oneanswer that best completes the sentence and mark your answer byblackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.（词汇与结构：找出最合适的选项）11. Both of them were ___________ to respect the law.A. brought upB. brought forwardC. brought aboutD. brought out12. __________, he would be very tired after traveling by bus for two days.A. As strong is heB. As he is strongC. Strong as he isD. Though strong he is13. It was due to luck ____ judgment ________ the driver succeeded in avoiding an accident.A. instead of...whenB. rather than...thatC. less than...thatD.morethan... when14. His salary as a bus driver is much higher _________.A. than that of a teacherB. than of a teacherC. than a teacherD.than one of a teacher15. _________ you are grown up, you must stop this childish behavior.A. In thatB. In caseC. Now thatD.Although16. _____________ so busy, I should call on Mr. Bake.A. If I’m notB. Had I not beenC. Was I notD. Were I not17. Only when he started to explain ____________ the reason for this.A. she realizedB. did she realizeC. she had realizedD. had she realized18. I regret that a (n) ________ engagement prevents me from accepting your kind invitationA. beforeB. previousC. earlyD. precious19. When I said that some people were stupid I wasn’t _____________ you.A. mentioningB. referring toC. talkingD. preferring20. By the year 2000, Catherine had ________ herself as a successful businesswoman.A. electedB. evaluatedC. establishedD. made21. The stockings are so __________ that they can’t be mended any more.A. taken offB. pulled onC. worn outD. thrown away22. In the United States, drivers must not ___________ a maximum of 55 miles an hour.A. goB. driveC. exceedD. past23. He failed to supply the facts relevant __________ the case in question.A. forB. withC. toD. of24. When you have been turned down _______, you’ll need a lot of courage to go onwith your work.A. time and againB. all the timeC. for a long timeD. most of the time25. _____________ I know the money is safe I shall not worry about it.A. Even thoughB. UnlessC. As long asD. However26. She _________ a clear memory of her schooldays.A. retainsB. continuesC. getsD. remains27. All the ________ to the Palace were guarded by soldiers.A. methodsB. directionsC. placesD. approaches28. I never try to __________ my will on other people.A. strengthenB. stressC. putD. force29. Skating is __________ with all ages.A.popularB. beneficialC. fashionableD. familiar30. Ever since World War II the United States has been Japan’s principal trading_____.A. colleagueB. assistantpanionD. partner31. English _____ a tool to help us communicate with foreign people.A. servesB. serves forC. serves withD. serves as32. He slept in the ______ of the trees on such a hot day.A. shadeB. shelterC. shadowD. shield33. We can’t get rid of war unless we get rid of the _____ of war.A. causesB. motivesC. reasonsD. Excuses34. I will carry out your instructions to the best of my _______.A. capacityB. abilityC. capabilityD. talent35. The industrial community should be close enough to the crowded centers butdistant enough to reduce _____ hazardsA. feasibleB. potentialC. positiveD. actual36. We have only a few hours so we must _____ our time.A. graspB. takeC. make the most ofD. make use of37. We all _____ the achievements he has made in his experiments.A. admireB. adoptC. adviseD. adjust38. It’s high time that you _________ a few days off.A. takeB. have takenC. tookD. are to take39. If I _________ when the milkman comes, tell him to put the bottles on that shelf.A. am shoppingB. will be shoppingC. have been shoppingD.am going shopping40. “What is he?” “He is ______.”A. a poet and novelistB. a poet and a novelistC. poet and novelistD. the poet and novelist41. The weather was partly to _________ for the accident.A. chargeB. accuseC. punishD. blame42. She is very _________ to be late for the appointment since she has lost the address.A. probableB. possibleC. sureD.likely43. We two eat out ____ day, Tuesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays.A. each otherB. this and the otherC. every otherD. all other44. Bell won’t drive us to the train station. He has ______ to take us all. BellA. too small a carB. a too small carC. very small a carD. such small a car45. I’ll give this dictionary to _____ wants to have it.A. whomeverB. whoeverC. someoneD. anyone46. It is not considered ______ to litter in public.A. respectfulB. respectableC. respectiveD. respected47. _____ in India, the banana was brought to the Americas by the Portuguese whofound it in Africa.A. Originally cultivatedB. Having originally cultivatedC. Originally being cultivatedD. Although it originally cultivated48. The medical record shows that it was the drug, not the disease, ____ killed himtwo years ago.A. whichB. whatC. itD. that49. It is reported that a series of meetings ______ held about the best way to marketthe new product.A. wasB. hasC. wereD. have50. If you __________ at the corner when I pass, I’ll give you a lift into town.A. are standingB. standC. are going to standD. have been standingPart III IdentificationDirections: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A, B, C and D.Identify the one that is not correct. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. (改错）51. I must work hard, however I'll fail in the exam.A B C D52. I am used to read the paper after lunch. That's one of the things I really enjoy.A B C D53. He told us that John, as well as his brother, were coming to the party.A B C D54. Ted has sat at the table and drank more beer than is good for his health.A B C D55. With no one to turn over for help in such a frightening situation, she was in despair.A B C DPart IV ClozeDirections: There are 20 blanks in the following passage, and for each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D at the end of the passage. You should choose ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.（完形填空）Experts suggest using a different password for every website you visit, and changing the password every few months. It takes trouble to keep them in mind, but it's well worth the 56 , Be 57 with your passwords and make it difficult for someone to enter your 58 . The more 59 you make your password, the more difficult it is for someone else to figure it 60 .Use privacy settings (设置) on social websites to 61 entry into your personal information and limit the 62 of private information you share. Even seemingly innocent information you expose about yourself could be used 63 you. I once read about a burglary (入室盗窃). It 64 that the thieves selected that particular home 65 they discovered the owner was out of town by 66 a Facebook message.According to personal safety experts, it isn't a(n) 67 experience. The information you post on websites can 68 criminal activity. You may not think 69 about posting the concert you are going to or your weekend away, but it could be a(n) 70 for trouble.Information on the Internet has made it easier for thieves to steal any information about you. Never 71 your full birth date. Never respond to e’mails 72 personal or financialinformation. Do not freely offer personal information to anyone 73 you are certain who you are dealing with. 74 the necessary precautions (预防措施) is the best way to 75 you and your personal information stay protected.56. A. effect B. effort C. labor D. matter57. A. proud B. true C. honest D. creative58. A. accounts B. records C. directions D. collections59. A. complex B. careful C. diligent D. elastic60. A. away B. on C. out D. in61. A. respond B. resign C. restrict D, resemble62. A. number B. amount C. pile D. piece63. A. with B. for C. about D. against64. A. turned out B. turned in C. picked out D. picked up65. A. which B. while C: because D. although66. A. knowing B. reading C. inspecting D. realizing67. A. impacted B. collected C. repaired D. isolated68. A. lead to B. result fi.om C. see off D. make up69. A. out B. aloud C. once D. twice70. A. resistance B. statement C. invitation D. struggle71. A. reveal B. revise C. resemble D. require72. A. threatening B. requesting C. worshipping D. delivering73. A. since B. as C. when D. until74. A. Replacing B. Liberating C. Taking D. Depending75. A. ensure B. separate C. spread D. switchPart IV Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.（阅读理解）Passage 1Questions 76to80 are based on the following passage:It seems like every day there’s some new research about whether our favorite drinks are good for us. One day, science says a glass of red wine a day will help us live longer. The next day, maybe not. It seems journalists are pretty interested in wine research and the same might be said for coffee. Now，there’s been a lot of research into whether coffee’s good for our health.“The results have really been mixed，”admits Neal Freedman who led the coffee study and published his findings in a medical journal recently. “There’s been some evidence that coffee might increase the risk of certain diseases and there’s also been maybe more recent evidence that coffee may protect against other diseases as well.”Freedman and his colleagues undertook the biggest study yet to look at the relationship between coffee and health. They analyzed data collected from more than 400,000 Americans ages 50 to 71 participating in the study. “We found that the coffee drinkers had a modestly lower risk of death than the non-drinkers，”he said. Here’s what he means by“modestly”：those who drank at least two or three cups a day were about 10 percent or 15 percent less likely to die for any reason during the 13 years of the study. When the researchers looked at specific causes of death, coffee drinking appeared to cut the risk of dying from heart disease, lung disease, injuries, accidents and infections.Now, Freedman stressed that the study doesn’t prove coffee can make people live longer. A study like this can never prove a cause-and-effect relationship. All it can really do is to point researchers in the right direction for further investigation. And even if it turns out that coffee is really good for you, scientists have no idea why.76. According to the first paragraph, reporters would like to know the research findings of .A. teaB. beerC. alcoholD. coffee77. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A. Freedman and his colleagues hired 400,000 Americans to collect data.B. About four hundred thousand Americans worked for Freedman’s team full time for 13 years.C. People who took part in Freedman’s research are about 50 to 70 years old.D. People who are 50 to 70 years old seldom drink coffee.78. According to the author, scientists .A. have already proved that coffee is good for human healthB. have a long way to go before they find a way to study coffeeC. have avoided the cause-and-effect approach to study coffeeD. are still unable to figure out why coffee is good for us79. The word “mixed”in the first paragraph means “”.A. both good and badB. put togetherC. both sharp and softD. confused80. Which of the following is an appropriate title for this passage?A. Can Beer Help You Live Longer?B. Can Coffee Help You Live Longer?C. Can Wine Help You Live Longer?D. Can Tea Help You Live Longer?Passage 2Questions 81 to 85 are based on the following passage:When we’re learning a foreign language, making sense of what we hear is the first step toward fluency. It sounds obvious, but until recently, we didn’t know much about how listening works. New research demonstrates that effective listening involves more than simply hearing the words that float past our ears. Rather, it’s an active process of receiving information and making meaning. This kind of engaged listening is a skill that’s as critical for learning a range of subjects at school and work as it is for learning to understand a foreign tongue.Studies of skilled language learners have identified specific listening strategies that lead to superior comprehension. Last year, for example, University of Ottawa researcher Larry Vandergrift published his study of 106 undergraduates who were learning French as a second language. Half of the students were taught in a conventional fashion, listening to and practicing texts spoken aloud. The other half, possessing the same initial (最初的) skill level and taught by the same teacher, were given detailed instruction on how to listen. It mined out that the second group “significantly outperformed”(胜过) the first one on a test of comprehension.So what are these listening strategies? Skilled learners go into a listening class with a sense of what they want to get out of it.They set a goal for their listening and they generate predictions about what the speaker will say. Before the talking begins, they mentally review what they already know about the subject, and form an intention to “listen out for”what’s important or relevant. Once they begin listening, these learners maintain their focus; if their attention wanders, they bring it back to the words being spoken. They don’t allow themselves to be thrown off by confusing or unfamiliar details. Instead, they take note of what they don’t understand and make inferences about what those things might mean, based on other clues available to them: their previous knowledge of the subject, the context (语境) of the talk,, the identity of the speaker, andso on.81. What is the main idea of this passage?A. Effective listening means hearing the words that float past our ears.B. Developing your listening skills is the first step toward developing fluency.C. Skilled listeners use specific strategies to get the most out of what they hear.D. Listening is one of the most powerful tools we have to gain information.82. What does Vandergrift’s research show?A. Learners who adopt specific listening strategies become better listeners.B. Learners taught in the traditional way are better at reinforcing what they learn.C. Learners are more confident if they make fewer mistakes.D. Learners who listen on a regular basis improve faster.83. Which of the following statements about Vandergrift’s research is TRUE?A. The participants were postgraduates learning French as a second language.B. All the participants were taught using the conventional method, with the focus on listening strategies.C. The two groups were taught by different teachers.D. The participants were at the same initial skill level.84. The expression“thrown off”in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to“”.A. infectedB. confusedC. ruinedD. informed85 According to the passage, which of the following strategies is NOT used by skilled learners?A. Review their prior knowledge of the subject.B. Concentrate on the speaker’s words.C. Translate into their native language.D. Predict what the speaker will say. Passage 3Questions 86 to 90 are based on the following passage:As the Titanic was sinking and women and children climbed into lifeboats, the musicians from the ship’s band stood and played. They died when the ship went down. Men stood on the deck and smoked cigarettes. They died, too. This behavior is puzzling to economists, who like to believe that people tend to act in their own self interest. “There was no pushing,”says David Savage, an economist at Queensland University in Australia who has studied witness reports from the survivors. It was “very, very orderly behavior.”Savage has compared the behavior of the passengers on the Titanic with those on theLusitania, another ship that also sank at about the same time. But when the Lusitania went down, the passengers panicked(恐慌). There were a lot of similarities between these two events. These two ships were both luxury ones, they had a similar number of passengers and a similar number of survivors.The biggest difference, Savage concludes, was time. The Lusitania sank in less than 20 minutes. But for the Titanic, it was two-and-a-half hours. “If you’ve got an event that lasts two-and-a-half hours, social order will take over and everybody will behave in a social manner,”Savage says.“If you’re going down in under 17 minutes, basically it’s instinctual.”On the Titanic, social order ruled, and it was women and children first. On the Lusitania, instinct won out. The survivors were largely the people who could swim and get into the lifeboats.Yes, we’re self-interested, Savage says. But we’re also part of a society. Given time, social norms (规范) can beat our natural self-interest. A hundred years ago, women and children always went first. Men were stoic (坚忍的). On the Titanic, there was enough time for these norms to become forceful.86. According to the author, economists were confused because .A. people’s behavior was disorderly on the TitanicB. people did not act in their own interest on the TitanicC. most men did not act in their own interest on the LusitaniaD. women and children could not climb into the lifeboats87. The expression “won out” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to“”.A. took the upper handB. went out of controlC. ran wildD. shut down88. According to David Savage, was a critical factor in determining people’s behavior in the sinking of these two ships.A. social orderB. placeC. instinctD. time89. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT TRUE?A. Both ships were expensive ones.B. A similar number of women and children from both ships survived.C. About the same number of people from each ship died.D. Both ships had a similar number of passengers.90. Which of the following is an appropriate title for this passage?A. Why Didn’t Musicians Play on the Lusitania?B. Why Did Musicians Play on the Titanic?C. Why Didn’t Passengers Panic on the Titanic?D. Why Did Men Smoke on the Titanic?Part VI TranslationSection ADirections: In this part there are five sentences which you should translate into Chinese. These sentences are all taken from the 3 passages you have just read in Reading Comprehension. You can refer back to the passages to identify their meanings in the context.（英译汉）91.One day, science says a glass of red wine a day will help us live longer.92.All it can really do is to point researchers in the right direction for further investigation.93.Studies of skilled language learners have identified specific listening strategies that lead tosuperior comprehension.94.They set a goal for their listening, and they generate predictions about what the speaker willsay.95.As the Titanic was sinking and women and children climbed into lifeboats, the musicians fromthe ship’s band stood and played.SectionBDirections：In this part there are five sentences in Chinese．You should translate them into English．Be sure to write clearly．（汉译英）96．他是第一个在月球上行走的人。

英语学习理论

论内隐学习理论在英语学习中的应用内隐学习理论是美国心理学家Reber 于1967 年发表的文章《人工语法的内隐学习》首次提出的[1]。

通常情况下, 当环境刺激以某种结构出现时, 人们会试图了解和掌握这种结构, 并有意识地利用这种知识对环境刺激作出适当的反应,这原本是无可争议的人类认知的一般原则。

但是, Reber 的研究表明, 人们在没有意识到环境刺激潜在结构的情况下, 也能了解并利用这种结构作出反应, 这就是内隐学习的过程。

英语学习过程中同样存在内隐学习。

本文探讨内隐学习理论在英语学习的应用。

一、内隐学习与英语语感的培养语感在人类的认知活动尤其是语言学习中处于核心地位。

英语学习的最终目标是能够提高学习者的英语素质。

英语素质的提高是一个全面综合的过程, 而语感恰恰是对语言从形式到内容, 包括语音、语义、语法、语用在内的综合的感知、领悟和把握的能力。

它是语言使用者在语言的习得和学习过程中产生的对言语理解、言语生成的综合全面的直觉能力, 其形成和结果及其运用的过程是自动的、无意识的。

结合心理学家对内隐学习的研究我们可以看出, 语感的获得更多地要凭借内隐学习, 语感获得后人们就能够对语言规则进行迁移, 从而在以后的言语活动中更加自如地运用这些规则。

我国传统教育中, “书读百遍, 其义自现”等学习方法有一定的可取之处, 因为它们符合内隐学习的规律。

它通过对刺激材料的不断接触, 形成虽不能言明却可以内在地指导言语理解和言语生成的内隐知识, 本质就是通过内隐学习模式使学生获得语感。

相信我们每一位上过学念过书的人都明白“书读百遍”对语感培养的意义。

母语学习和英语学习同属于语言学习的范畴, 在有些地方有共通之处, 可以互相借鉴。

母语的学习过程表明, 语言学习不一定非要按“语法规则+例子”的模式进行。

如果只重视规则化、逻辑化的传授和操练, 只靠外显学习方式去学习英语, 显然是不符合人类的认知规律的。

在英语学习中, 学习者应该最大频次、最多形式(例如听、读、写)地与词汇进行接触; 在学习语法结构时, 更应该反复实践自然而然地掌握语法规则。

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