key points of the lectures

Lecture One Manuscript Form✿4. Writing test forms & requirements in TEM-4Two sections of writing tested in TEM-4: Section A (Composition) (15 marks)& Section B (Note-writing) (10 marks)1)Section A: Composition (200 words in 35 minutes )Y ou’re required to write a composition of about 200 words on a certain topic implied in the given context. Generally speaking, marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar, and appropriacy.Namely, writing a composition of about 200 words according to the given title/outline/instructions/figure statistics, etc., right grammar, accurate words, fluent expressions, relevant content, rigid organization, and proper style are required.The writing style may be argumentative, expositive, narrative, and descriptive. In most cases, the former two styles are tested in TEM-4, esp., argumentative. The topic of a composition tested in TEM-4 is usually about college students’life, study, and heated social problems, etc. which students are familiar with.(The Best Way to Stay Healthy 2002; To Save Money or Not 2006; My View on University Art Festival 2005)2)Section B: Note-writing (50-60 words in 10 minutes)(1)Note-writing is a type of informal letters, generally including Notices, Notes,Greetings, Letters, Invitations, Congratulations, Inquire s, etc.(2)Note-writing in TEM-4 includes Date, Addressing/Heading, Body, Closing, andSignature in terms of format.(3)ContentY ou’re required to write a note based on the given situations. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar, and appropriacy. Here, grammar mistakes & spelling errors will result in a loss of many marks.(4)Y our note cannot have words more than 80 nor less than 40.1. General principles of writing the title1) Write the title in the middle of the first line of a page;2) Capitalize the key words in the title (including words following hyphens in compound words);3) Not capitalize articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions (and, or, but, nor, for,), short prepositions(in, on, at, to, for..), nor the to in infinitives; but if one f them is at the beginning of a title, it should be capitalized;4)No period is used at the end of a title;(Use a question mark if the title is a direct question, but do not use one if it is anindirect question);5) Use quotation marks with quotes or titles of articles;6) Underline/ italicize names of books.❁Note: Y ou can capitalize each letter of the words in the title (full capitalization), or you can capitalize the initial letter of key words in the title.IV. CapitalizationCapitals are used mainly at three places:1.Capitalize the first words of a sentence;Not only a complete sentence, but a sentence fragment treated as a sentence in order to create a special effect in some novels/prose, should begin with a capital letter.For example: Money. Money. Money. It makes the world go round.2.Capitalize the title /a work of art;3.Capitalize proper nouns and their abbreviations;Proper nouns are the names of specific people, places, or things, names that set off the individual form the species. The following are all proper nouns:V. Word DivisionNever squeeze a word into the margin; you have to decide whether to divide the word or to write it on the next line. There are some principles of dividing words.The general principle of dividing a word according to its syllables.Some other principles:1.One-syllable words like thought, park cannot be divided;2.Do not write one letter of a word at the end or at the beginning of a line, even ifthat one letter makes up a syllable, such as a-wake, rain-y;3.Do not put a two-letter syllable at the beginning of a line, like hat-ed, cab-in;4.Avoid separating proper names of people or places, such as Chi-na, Pa-ris;5.Divide hyphenated words only at the hyphen: sister-in-law, second-handed,well-known;6.Do not divide words in a way that may mislead the reader: re-ally, pea=cock;7.Do not divide the last word on a page; you may write the whole word on the nextpage;8.Divide words with prefixes or suffixes between the prefix or suffix and the basepart of the word, such as develop-ment, un-like, careful-ness, ir-regular,9.Divide two-syllables words with double consonants between the two consonants:set-ting, quar-rel, bet-ter.VI. Punctuation1.The general uses of punctuations:1) Put one space after punctuation;2) Put no space before punctuation, but always put a space between words;Exceptions: a. put 2 spaces after colon (:) and between sentences,b. put no space after periods/stops (.) inside abbreviations,c. put no space before or after an apostrophe (——),d. put no space on the ―inside‖ of parentheses[ ( ) ].3) Put end-of –sentence punctuation inside quotation marks (―‖);E.g.: ---―Did you go the zoo yesterday?‖ she asked her son.---―Y es, I did,‖ he said.―I had a good time there.‖4) Put commas (,) and other punctuation outside of parentheses;5) Put a comma & a space before and, but, or, nor when they join 2 dependentclauses within a sentence;6) If you use an adj.-plus-noun/adv.-adj./… phrase to modify another noon, this kindof phrase should be joined with hyphen (-), (e.g.: two-part solution; ) 7) Names of newspapers, books, movies, ships, magazines, journals, and poems areusually italicized or underlined;8) Ellipsis(…) is used to show that something has been omitted (three dots only);9) The semicolon (;) is not used widely in English and probably should be avoidedby non-native speakers/writers’✿2. Quotation marks & the quoted speech1)Double quotation marks are used to enclose direct quotations either indialogue or from a book; single quotation marks are used to enclose aquotation within a quotation.(1)Chomsky suggested that,―L anguage is a system that can be described in analgebraic notation.‖(2)Clinton said,―H ow do you like my budget?‖2)W hen other marks of punctuation are used with quoted words, phrases, orsentences, American practices are as follows:The period (.) & the comma (,) are placed within the quotation marks,A.如果一句话的成分被说话动词隔开(包括主、谓语/主、从句/呼语与句子等的隔开)，中间都用“，”，只需大写被引用句中的第一个单词的首字母（特殊的专有名词除外）。