英语词汇学(第四讲)
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Lecture 4
Word Meaning and Semantic Relations (Part II) Semantic Relations
Two main Types of Semantic Relations
Words are in different sense relations with each other (eg. desk). So are sentences in a language. (eg.John is an orphan. John’s father is a farmer) John’ Lexical Semantic Relations Syntactic Semantic Relations
C. emotive meaning Negro, nigger, black Neutral/derogatory/commendatory D. range of use on, about A textbook on Indian history A conversation about study skills
Interchangeable in all contextes? Identical in a certain sense Synonyms of a word vary according to different contexts, that is, when contexts change, synonyms will become different; or we can say: The so-called synonyms are all socontext dependent. dependent.
Triplets: English ask end fire holy time
Simple, ordinary
French question finish flame sacred age
Latin/ Greek interrogate conclude conflagration consecrated epoch
Learned, formal
A learned value in lexical meaning Warmer and homelier in emotive meaning. invariably?
English
deed dale foe meed
Latin
action vally enemy reward
Eg: the meaning of desk is included in that of furniture, furniture is the furniture, superordinate, while desk is the hyponym, while desk and chair are co-hyponyms. co-
3. Homonymy
Homonymy is a term used to refer to two or more words which have the same form, but differ in meaning. Homonyms are words different in meaning, but either identical in sound and spelling or identical only in spelling or sound.
B. Diverging sense-development senseflower
flour
flour “the finest part of wheat” Greek
“flower”
Old French
C. Foreign influence Straight: from Middle English “stregt” stregt” Strait: from Old French “estreit” estreit”
1. Synonymy
1). Synonyms are traditionally defined as words different in sound and spelling but identical or similar in meaning. head : leader, ruler, headmaster He has a good head for maths. head : ability, talent
E. collocation rancid, addled bacon, butter/eggs F. British and American usages fall, autumn sick
2. Antonymy
1). Antonymy is the name for oppositeness relation. There are three main sub-types: subGradable antonymy Complementary antonymy Converse anonymy
L G S NC F AmE
3). Types of paired synonyms: synonyms: Doublets: English Latin answer reply buy purchase help aid inner internal world universe
Some doublets are made of British English and American English: British American coach bus chemist druggist petrol gasoline railway railroad pavement sidewalk
R.S is different from A.S in the following respects: A. shade of meaning Finish, complete, close, conclude, end, terminate, finalize B. stylistic meaning die, pass away, kick the bucket Neutral/euphemistic/slangy
4. Hyponymy
Hyponymy is a matter of class membership. It is a relationship between a general term and its specific instances; The upper term in this sense relation, i.e. the class name, is called Superordinate, and the lower terms, the members, Hyponyms; A superordinate usually has several hyponyms: Co-hyponyms. Co-
5) The significance of studying synonyms: Like clothing yourself for different occasions.
6)Absolute/relative synonyms A.S(sci.) carlet fever=scarlatina word-formation=wordword-formation=word-building A.S(ord.)mother tongue = native language
Gradable Antonymy: A term that denotes one end of a scale while the other term denotes the other end, such as long and short. A: They are gradable; B: Can be modified by very; very; C: May have comparative and superlative degrees; D: One member of a pair may serve as the cover term. Eg: good vs. bad long vs. short big vs. small
Synonymy is the technical term for the sameness relation. English is said to be rich in synonyms. There are many pairs of words of these two sources which mean the same, e.g: Buy vs. Purchase World vs. Universe Brotherly vs. Fraternal
A. Homographs close (adj)/close (v) lead(v)/lead(n) B. homophones son(n)/sun(n) Dear(adj)/deer(n) last(adj)/last(v) ball(n)/ball(n) sound(adj)/sound(n) date (n)/date(n)
Ways of forming homonyms A. converging sound-development soundras: a competition in speed (Old Norse)
race
razza: one of a member of divisions of human beings, each with different body (Italian) rais: root (of ginger) (Old French)
love
attachment
liking
indifference
antipathy
hate
Complementary Antonymy: A: They divide up the whole of a semantic field completely; B: The assertion of one means the denial of the other, the denial of one also means the assertion of the other; C: There is no intermediate ground between the two D: Adjectives can not be modified by very; or in degree form. E: There is no cover term for the two members of a pair. Eg: alive vs. Dead male vs. Female present vs. absent pass vs. fail
Converse Antonymy: Also known as Relational Opposites; They show the reversal of a relationship between two entities; The members of a pair do not constitute a positivepositive-negative opposition; X presupposes that there is a y. Eg: buy vs. sell lend vs. borrow give vs. receive parent vs. child husband vs. wife
2)The 2)The sources of synonyms
The English vocabulary has come from different sources: A: Anglo-Saxon AngloB: Latin C: Greek D: French
Three sources of synonyms in English:
Word Meaning and Semantic Relations (Part II) Semantic Relations
Two main Types of Semantic Relations
Words are in different sense relations with each other (eg. desk). So are sentences in a language. (eg.John is an orphan. John’s father is a farmer) John’ Lexical Semantic Relations Syntactic Semantic Relations
C. emotive meaning Negro, nigger, black Neutral/derogatory/commendatory D. range of use on, about A textbook on Indian history A conversation about study skills
Interchangeable in all contextes? Identical in a certain sense Synonyms of a word vary according to different contexts, that is, when contexts change, synonyms will become different; or we can say: The so-called synonyms are all socontext dependent. dependent.
Triplets: English ask end fire holy time
Simple, ordinary
French question finish flame sacred age
Latin/ Greek interrogate conclude conflagration consecrated epoch
Learned, formal
A learned value in lexical meaning Warmer and homelier in emotive meaning. invariably?
English
deed dale foe meed
Latin
action vally enemy reward
Eg: the meaning of desk is included in that of furniture, furniture is the furniture, superordinate, while desk is the hyponym, while desk and chair are co-hyponyms. co-
3. Homonymy
Homonymy is a term used to refer to two or more words which have the same form, but differ in meaning. Homonyms are words different in meaning, but either identical in sound and spelling or identical only in spelling or sound.
B. Diverging sense-development senseflower
flour
flour “the finest part of wheat” Greek
“flower”
Old French
C. Foreign influence Straight: from Middle English “stregt” stregt” Strait: from Old French “estreit” estreit”
1. Synonymy
1). Synonyms are traditionally defined as words different in sound and spelling but identical or similar in meaning. head : leader, ruler, headmaster He has a good head for maths. head : ability, talent
E. collocation rancid, addled bacon, butter/eggs F. British and American usages fall, autumn sick
2. Antonymy
1). Antonymy is the name for oppositeness relation. There are three main sub-types: subGradable antonymy Complementary antonymy Converse anonymy
L G S NC F AmE
3). Types of paired synonyms: synonyms: Doublets: English Latin answer reply buy purchase help aid inner internal world universe
Some doublets are made of British English and American English: British American coach bus chemist druggist petrol gasoline railway railroad pavement sidewalk
R.S is different from A.S in the following respects: A. shade of meaning Finish, complete, close, conclude, end, terminate, finalize B. stylistic meaning die, pass away, kick the bucket Neutral/euphemistic/slangy
4. Hyponymy
Hyponymy is a matter of class membership. It is a relationship between a general term and its specific instances; The upper term in this sense relation, i.e. the class name, is called Superordinate, and the lower terms, the members, Hyponyms; A superordinate usually has several hyponyms: Co-hyponyms. Co-
5) The significance of studying synonyms: Like clothing yourself for different occasions.
6)Absolute/relative synonyms A.S(sci.) carlet fever=scarlatina word-formation=wordword-formation=word-building A.S(ord.)mother tongue = native language
Gradable Antonymy: A term that denotes one end of a scale while the other term denotes the other end, such as long and short. A: They are gradable; B: Can be modified by very; very; C: May have comparative and superlative degrees; D: One member of a pair may serve as the cover term. Eg: good vs. bad long vs. short big vs. small
Synonymy is the technical term for the sameness relation. English is said to be rich in synonyms. There are many pairs of words of these two sources which mean the same, e.g: Buy vs. Purchase World vs. Universe Brotherly vs. Fraternal
A. Homographs close (adj)/close (v) lead(v)/lead(n) B. homophones son(n)/sun(n) Dear(adj)/deer(n) last(adj)/last(v) ball(n)/ball(n) sound(adj)/sound(n) date (n)/date(n)
Ways of forming homonyms A. converging sound-development soundras: a competition in speed (Old Norse)
race
razza: one of a member of divisions of human beings, each with different body (Italian) rais: root (of ginger) (Old French)
love
attachment
liking
indifference
antipathy
hate
Complementary Antonymy: A: They divide up the whole of a semantic field completely; B: The assertion of one means the denial of the other, the denial of one also means the assertion of the other; C: There is no intermediate ground between the two D: Adjectives can not be modified by very; or in degree form. E: There is no cover term for the two members of a pair. Eg: alive vs. Dead male vs. Female present vs. absent pass vs. fail
Converse Antonymy: Also known as Relational Opposites; They show the reversal of a relationship between two entities; The members of a pair do not constitute a positivepositive-negative opposition; X presupposes that there is a y. Eg: buy vs. sell lend vs. borrow give vs. receive parent vs. child husband vs. wife
2)The 2)The sources of synonyms
The English vocabulary has come from different sources: A: Anglo-Saxon AngloB: Latin C: Greek D: French
Three sources of synonyms in English: