针灸中英文对照

1刺手，押手
According to the records in ancient Chinese literatures such as Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot), Nanjing (The Yellow Emperor's Canon of 81 Difficult Issues), Jinzhen fu (Odes to Golden Needles) and Zhenjiu Dacheng (Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion), the importance of pressing hand has been always stressed. The role of the pressing hand can irreplaceable by the puncturing hand. The touching and pressing with the pressing hand assist on the accurate location of acupoint
2进针
Needle insertion can be performed with the aid of an ultrasound (US) image. Detecting the position of a needle in a US image requires considerable technical expertise. To detect whether the needle has reached the target, the physician usually relies on physically sensing the amount of force being fed back from the tip of the needle to their fingertip. The goal of our research was to develop a force visualization system to assist physicians by providing them with a visual representation of the needle tip force. In this paper, we elucidated the characteristics of the force during the needle insertion, and designed the friction force estimation method. Needle tip force is difficult to estimate directly. The total insertion force acting on the needle was defined by adding the needle tip force... to the friction force of the needle surface. Therefore, we proposed a method of estimating the change in the friction force by measuring the total insertion force during needle insertion using recursive least square method and a disturbance observer. The needle tip and friction forces were modeled on the basis of the results of in vitro experiments used pork back ribs. The experiments performed using the coaxial needle. This needle could measure the total insertion force and the needle tip force separately in real time. The validity of the designed estimator was evaluated by using the force values obtained by using a coaxial needle. As a result, the estimated friction force and measured friction force were found to be qualitatively consistent. However, a slight error was observed
3毫针刺法
Conclusion Treatments on pediatric functional dyspepsia by pricking needling with filiform needles are simple and convenient, the therapeutic efficacy is accurate, and it deserves further generalization.
4针刺的角度，深度
The anatomic structure at the acupoint decides the direction, angle and depth of needle insertion in a certain degree. And at the same time, the former 3 factors inf luence the indications and therapeutic effect of points. Take Xiàguān (下关ST 7) as an example, traditional acupuncture technique is applied for treatment of toothache and facial paralysis. While, it is still used for rhinitis, allotriogeusia and trigeminal neuralgia The direction, angle and depth of needle insertion are confirmed accurately based
on the deep anatomic features (it is the stimulation point at the superficial part of the body which reflect pterygopalatine fossa and trunk of trigeminal nerve), the stimulating method and technique of the local structure. Stimulation technique with accurate direction, angle and depth of needle insertion for acupuncture in supraorbital foramen, infraorbital foramen and foramen mental should be taken as references if Yúyāo (鱼腰EX-HN 4), Sìbái (四白ST 2) and Jiáchéngjiāng (夹承浆Extra) are adopted for trigeminal neuralgia. With the extensive application of modern anatomy and physiology, the indications of acupoints expanded. It becomes
a key subject for us to study how to perfect pain reliving with acupuncture through optimization of the direction, angle and depth of needle insertion on acupoints or other points on the base of traditional acupuncture theory and method with the combination of the anatomic structure and physiological features of acupoints.
On one hand, indications of acupoints vary according to the depth of needling. And on the other hand, different therapeutic effects can be observed when depth of insertions diverse. The principles on depth of needle insertion has long been proposed in Suwen: Ciyao Lun (《素问•刺要论》Plain Questions: Essential of Acupuncture ) that “The extents of severeness of disease are different, and in treating, the depth of pricking should also be different. In treating, the pricking should reach the depth where it ought to be, and must not exceed the proper criterion.”
However, most of the indications of acupoints on textbooks are indications of the muscle layer with perpendicular needle insertion, including indications
of pain syndromes. Therefore, what depth of insertion can lead to the best effect of analgesia remains as a to studies, both shallow and deep
acupuncture have good therapeutic effect for most of the pain syndromes. However, the results of comparison studies on treatment of deep injury of soft tissues with shallow and deep acupuncture are not unified or mutual contradictive. Some of the results show that deep acupuncture is better than regular
acupuncture, while others indicate that the effect of deep acupuncture and shallow acupuncture are the same。

Researches are obviously deficient concerning the relationship between depth of acupuncture and therapeutic effects on pain of the viscera, cancer pain and anaesthesia assisted with acupuncture. For migraine, deep needle insertion (45–55 mm) at Fēngchí(风池GB 20) is better than regular insertion (20–25 mm) . However, strict comparison with large samples abroad indicates that the effect of deep insertion and shallow insertion are similar to each other. And it is worth for us to ponder over that those studies take shallow insertion as a placebo or sham-acupuncture. Shallow acupuncture such as floating needling and wrist and ankle acupuncture are widely applied in acupuncture analgesia. Those techniques are characterized with needling at the shallow layer of the body and without needling sensation, which have obvious differences with regular acupuncture. However, the therapeutic effects of the above techniques which are comparatively mild are of the
same with those regular methods. Moreover, besides the same or even better effect like deep insertion, shallow acupuncture has the advantages of reducing the suffering of the patients during the treatment, vanquish the fears, and easy to be obstacles at present on study of relationship between depth of acupuncture and effect of analgesia are firstly, strict definition on shallow acupuncture is still def icient, namely whether the difference between shallow acupuncture and deep acupuncture depends on the layer of the tissue where the tip of the needle reaches or on the real depth of needling; secondly, the tissue layer or structure where acupuncture analgesia takes place or the function of different tissue structure
or layer in acupuncture analgesia are still unclear;
5基本手法
捻转法The theories and clinical and experimental studies about reinforcing-reducing manipulation of twirling rotating the needle in recent 15 years are reviewed and a brief account of manipulation methods, mechanisms and effects of reinforcing-reducing manipulation of twirling-rotating the needle is given, and it is indicated that the following several aspects in the studies at present need to be completed.
提插法We propose a coefficient of friction for quantifying the needle grasp sensation of acupuncture needles applied using the lifting-thrusting method. To measure the force exerted on an acupuncture needle, six tissue specimens of varying hardness were selected and the lifting-thrusting method was applied to the samples using a needle insertion measurement system. The measured values of the force can be expressed as friction coefficients through analysis with a modified Karnopp friction model. Needle grasp was measured using the visual analog scale (V AS). By comparing the coefficients of friction and the V AS values, we determined that the subjective phenomenon of needle grasp can be quantified with Cp (the positive coefficient of the kinetic friction). Objective measurements of changes in... sensation can thus be obtained by determining Cp.
二者比较综合Both lifting-thrusting and twisting-rotating needle manipulations could decrease blood pressure and heart rate while improving HRV significantly. There were significant differences in microvascular perfusion on acupoints ST36, 37, 38, and the control point following these two kinds of needle manipulation. The needling sensation caused by lifting-thrusting is stronger than that of twisting-rotating manipulation. Significant differences between lifting-thrusting and twisting-rotating acupuncture stimulation methods show that the mechanisms may be different and need to be researched thoroughly in the future
6针刺补泻手法Studied acupuncture reinforcing and reducing actions in the ancient literature,based on modern clinical and experimental studies,in combination with experience of acupuncture teaching and clinical treatment.
The key to the generation of reinforcing and reducing actions is not the acupuncture reinforcing and reducing methods themselves,but instead the functional state of the patient during the reinforcing and reducing methods act on the human body,a reinforcing-reducing effect is produced through regulation of Qi,indicating that the production of the reinforcing-reducing effect requires a certain ,acupuncture does not produce the reinforcing-reducing effect under all conditions,but can produce a reinforcing effect in patients with deficiency syndrome and a reducing effect in patients with excess syndrome Reinforcing and reducing methods each have therapeutic effects on both deficiency syndrome and excess syndrome,but a reinforcing method should be selected first for deficiency syndrome and a reducing method should be selected first for excess syndrome.
7 滞针（其实编书的那个PDF里滞针是注意事项，但后面的这部分英文内容好像是说滞针
的治疗。

仅作参考）
Abstract Fifty-six cases of nerve root sciatica patients were treated by stuck needle method at Ashi and Jiaji points (Ex-B 2) at the waist region, Huantiao (GB 30), Zhibian (BL 54), Weizhong (BL 40), Yanglingquan (GB 34), Chengshan (BL 57) and Kunlun (BL 60) in the diseased region. 40
cases were treated as control by routine even reinforcing-reducing manipulation with above acupoints. The curative effects were % and % respectively
7电针EA at ST25 and ST37 can decrease the number of mucosal MC and down-regulate the expression of CRH in hypothalamus, and the expression of SP and SPR in colon of rats with IBS
Low frequency electro-acupuncture at Shuigou(GV 26) can promote recovery of motor function after focal cerebral ischemic injury in rats
8电针：Acupoint injection has been used for hiccup, asthma, diarrhea and other publications of randomized trials increased during the past decades in , the quality of the trials should be improved to support their use in practice
Acupuncture plus acupoint injection therapy is effective for chronic eczema with high in safety
9头皮针Activating brain and opening orifices scalp acupuncture therapy can significantly improve the therapeutic effect and raise the IQ level and language ability in children with autism
①Scalp acupuncture treatment has been proved to have an affirmative curative effect
on stroke, identical as that of body acupuncture treatment. ②Moreover, scalp
acupuncture can improve the hemorrheologic indexes, accommodate disturbances in
lipid metabolism and reduce the level of plasma endothelin in stroke patients
10耳针correct application of the stimulus shows better improvement in pain, with the prevalence rates of ear acupuncture that showed better efficacy compared to Korean hand acupuncture. 更多。