考研英语翻译模拟题及答案

英语翻译模拟题及答案
考研英语中翻译也占有相当一部分的比例，其实，不要忽略翻译
题，这个也是你超越别人的一个点。

模拟一：
Gandhi’s pacifism can be separated to some extent from his other teachings. (1)(Its motive was religious, but he claimed also for it that it was a definitive technique, a method, capable of producing desired political results. Gandhi’s attitude was not that of most Western pacifists. Satyagraha,) (2(the method Gandhi proposed and practiced, first evolved in South Africa, was a sort of non-violent warfare, a way of defeating the enemy without hurting him and without feeling or arousing hatred.) It entailed such things as civil disobedience, strikes, lying down in front of railway trains, enduring police charges without running away and without hitting back, and the like. Gandhi objected to “passive
resistance” as a translation of Satyagraha: in Gujarati,it seems, the word means “firmness in the truth”. (3(In his early days Gandhi served as a stretcher-bearer on the British side in the Boer War, and he was prepared to do the same again in the war of 1914-1918.) Even after he had completely abjured violence he was honest enough to see that in war it is usually necessary to take sides. Since his whole political life centred round a struggle for national independence, he could not and, (4)(indeed, he did not take the sterile and dishonest line of pretending that in every war both sides are exactly the same and it makes no difference who wins.) Nor did he, like most Western pacifists, specialize in avoiding awkward questions. In relation to the late war, one question that every pacifist had a clear obligation to an swer was: “What about the Jews? Are you prepared to see them exterminated? If not, how do you propose to save them without resorting to
war?” (5)(I must say that I have never heard, from any Western pacifist, an honest answer to this question, though I have heard plenty of evasions, usually of the “you’re another” type.) But it so happens that Gandhi was asked a somewhat similar question in 1938 and that his answer is on record in Mr. Louis Fischer’s Gandhi and Stalin. According to Mr. Fischer, Gandhi’s view was that the German Jews ought to commit collective suicide, which “would have aroused the world and the people of Germany to Hitler’s violence.” 总体分析：
本文是一篇介绍甘地的和平主义的文章。

文章先介绍了甘地的和平主义的性质、来源、具体形式等。

接着指出了甘地作为和平主义者的独特之处：首先，他虽然反对暴力，但并不否认战争的立场; 其次，他不躲避回答棘手的问题。

本文考查的知识点：后置定语、插入语、it 做形式主语的主语从句，等。

试题精解：
1.[精解] 本题考核知识点：后置定语的翻译。

该句是由 but 连接的两个并列分句：前一分句是简单句，后一分句是主从复合句。

后一分句的主干是 he claimed that...，其中that 引导宾语从句。

从句中形容词短语 capable of...做后置定语，修饰名词 a technique, a method。

该定语可以按照汉语习惯译为前置定语，即，“一种可以产生预期的政治效果的明显的技巧和方法”;也可以采用拆译法，译为一个句子，增译代词“它”做主语。

词汇：claim 意为“宣称，声称，说”;definite 意为“肯定的，确定的;清楚的，明显的”，它和 technique 搭配时取“明显的”含义;desired 意为“渴望的，期望的”，当它和 results/effect 等词搭配时常常译为“预期的”。

翻译：其动机是宗教性质的，但他也说这是一种明显的技巧，
一种方法，它可以产生预期的政治效果。

2. [精解] 本题考核知识点：后置定语的翻译和词义的选择。

该句的主干结构是：the method... was a sort of warfare。

主语 the method 后有两个后置定语：一个是省略关系代词的定语从句 Gandhi proposed and practiced;另一个是过去分词短语 first evolved in...。

如果把它们都译为汉语的前置定语会很冗长，不符合汉语表达习惯。

因此可把第一个定语前置，第二个定语转译为谓
语。

而真正的谓语前可加上“这”或“它”指代真正的主语。

表语a sort of warfare 后是一个较长的同位语 a way of defeating...。

其中介词短语 of...做后置定语修饰名词 a way，翻译时应前置。

词汇：practice 意为“练习，训练;经常做;从事”等，在本句中与 propose(提出)对应译为“付诸实践”。

evolve 意为“逐渐形成; 进化”，但它在本句中不能将基本含义照搬，而应意译为“起源于
(南非)”。

warfare 意为“作战，战争;斗争，冲突”等，根据上下文，该词应增译为“斗争的方式(方法)”。

翻译：这个由甘地提出并付诸实践的方法，最早起源于南非，是一种非暴力的斗争方式，用既不伤害对方又不会引发仇恨的手段打败敌人。

3.[精解] 本题考核知识点：定语和状语的翻译
该句是 and 连接的并列句，其主干结构是：Gandhi served as a... and he was prepared...。

前一分句中“in his early days”和“in the Boer War”都作时间状语，修饰谓语 served，翻译时应放在句首。

“on the British side”做后置定语，修饰 stretcher- bearer，应译为前置定语，即，“英方的担架员”。

词汇：serve as sth.意为“(为……)工作，服务，履行义务，尽职责”;stretcher-bearer 指“抬担架者”;on sb.’s side意为“站在某人一边，和某人观点一致”。

翻译：早年间，在布尔战争期间甘地曾经为英方抬过担架，而
且在 1914-1918 年战争期间他又准备这么做。

4.[精解] 本题考核知识点：后置定语、主语从句的翻译。

该句的主干是 he did not take the... line，介词短语 of...做后置定语修饰宾语the line。

由于定语太长，应采取拆译法，另起一句。

动名词 pretending 后接有 that 引导的宾语从句。

该从句由两个并列的分句组成：both sides are... and it makes...，后一分句中
it 为形式主语，从句 who wins 为真正的主语，汉语中不存在这种语法形式，因此可以直接将从句内容译为主语。

词汇：line 一词的含义较多，但在本句中的含义是“态度，看法”;fruitless 意为“没有成果的，无成效的，徒然的”;pretend 意为“假装”，本句中它后面跟有从句，应增译为“假装说”。

翻译：而且也确实没有采取毫无意义的、不诚实的态度，假装
说在所有战争中参战双方完全一样，因而谁获得胜利都无所谓。

5.[精解] 本题考核知识点：插入语、后置定语的翻译
该句的主干是 I must say，后面是 that 引导的宾语从句。

宾语从句是一个主从复合句。

主句是 I have never heard an honest answer，其谓语和宾语之间插入了一个状语成分，翻译时可放在句首或谓语之前，译为“从任何一个西方和平主义者那里我从未听说过”或“我从未从任何一个西方和平主义者那里听说过”。

though 引导转折状语从句，其中介词短语 of...做后置定语，修饰宾语evasions，可译为前置定语，也可另起一句。

词汇：evasion 意为“躲避，逃避;借口，托词”，根据上下文可活译为“躲闪之词”、“逃避的说法”等。

翻译：我必须说，我从未从任何一个西方和平主义者那里听到过对该问题的诚实的答复，但是却听大了大量的躲闪之词，通常都是“你是另外一回事”之类的回答。

模拟二：
There is no question that science-fiction writers have become more ambitious, stylistically and thematically, in recent years.
(1) (But this may have less to do with the luring call of academic surroundings than with changing market conditions—a factor that academic critics rarely take into account.) Robert Silverberg, a former president of The Science Fiction Writers of America, is one of the most prolific professionals in a field dominated by people who actually write for a living. (Unlike mystery or Western writers, most
science-fiction writers cannot expect to cash in on fat movie sales or TV tie-ins.) (2) (Still in his late thirties, Silverberg has published more than a hundred books, and he is disarmingly frank about the relationship between the quality of genuine prose and the quality of available outlet. )By his own account, he was “an annoyingly verbal young man” from Brooklyn who picked up his first science-fiction book at the age of ten, started writing seriously at the age of thirteen, and at seventeen nearly gave up in despair over his inability to break into the pulp magazines. (3)( At his parents’ urging, he enrolled in Columbia University, so that, if worst came to worst, he could always go to the School of Journalism and “get a nice steady job somewhere”.) During his sophomore year, he sold his first science-fiction story to a Scottish magazine named Nebula. By the end of his junior year, he had sold a novel and twenty more stories. (4) (By the end of
his senior year, he was earning two hundred dollars a week writing science fiction, and his parents were reconciled to his pursuit of the literary life. )“I became very cynical very quickly,” he says. First I couldn’t sell anything, then I could sell everything. The market played to my worst characteristics. An editor of a schlock magazine would call up to tell me he had a ten-thousand-word hole to fill in his next issue. I’d fill it overnight for a hundred and fifty dollars. I found that rewriting made no difference. (5)( I knew I could not possibly write the kinds of things I admired as a reader— Joyce, Kafka, Mann—so I detached myself from my work.) I was a phenomenon among my friends in college, a published, selling author. But they always asked, “When are you going to do something serious?” —meaning something that wasn’t science fiction—and I kept telling them,
“ When I’m financially secure.”
答案：
1.但是这一点与其说是与学术环境具有诱惑力的召唤有关，还不如说是与变化的市场状况有关——一这是一个学术评论家很少考虑的因素。

2.还不到四十岁，西尔弗伯格就已出版了一百多本书籍，而他对真正散文的质量与应时之作的质量之间的关系十分坦诚，毫无掩饰。

3.在他双亲的敦促下，他报考了哥伦比亚大学，所以即便最糟他也能进入新闻学校，“将来总可以有一份稳定的好工作。

”
4.到大四结束的时候，他每星期写科幻小说已经可以赚两百美元了，而他的双亲也接受了他对于文学生涯的追求。

5.我知道我写不出作为读者的我所喜欢的东西，就像乔伊斯、卡夫卡、曼恩的作品，所以我不再那么关注我所写的东西。

总体分析：
本文介绍了科幻小说家罗伯特·西尔弗伯格。

文章先指出科幻小
说的繁荣与市场需求关系紧密，接着通过介绍多产的科幻小说家西
尔弗伯格的创作经历予以说明。

本文考查的知识点：后置定语、插入语、比较结构、同位语、
上下文中词义的选择，等。

试题精解：
1.[精解] 本题考核知识点：比较结构、同位语的翻译。

该句的主干是 this may have less to do with... than with...，其中含有一个比较结构 less... than...，可译为“与其说…不如说…”。

破折号后是名词短语a factor that... 做整个主句的同位语，其中 that 引导的定语从句做后置定语。

由于是同位语，可单独译为一个句子，补译“这”为它的主语。

词汇：luring 是 lure 的现在分词形式，可译为“具有诱惑力
的”;factor意为“因素”;take into account 意为“考虑”。

2.[精解] 本题考核知识点：词义的选择。

该句是 and 连接的两个并列分句，其主干是 Silverberg has published... , and he is frank about...。

词汇：in one’s thirties意为“在(某人)三十几岁时”，由于本句
中有late 修饰，如果直译为“三十几岁晚期”不符合汉语表达习惯，应意译为“不到四十岁”。

disarmingly 意为“使人消除敌意
(或怀疑、怒气等)的”，与 frank 一起应译为“十分坦诚、直言不讳”。

genuine 意为“真正的;坦率的，真诚的”。

available 意为“可获得的，可找到的”，outlet 意为“(思想、感情、精力发泄的)出路，表现机会”，available outlet 不能直译，而应根据上文
对应的 genuine prose(真正的散文)意译为“应时之作”。

3.[精解] 本题考核知识点：顺译法。

该句是主从复合句，其主干是 he enrolled... so that... he could go to...，翻译时可采用顺译的方法，保持原来句子的顺序。

句首介词短语At his parents’ urging 作状语。

so that 引导结果状语从句，其中插入语 if worst came to worst 做条件状语，应意译为“在最糟糕的情况下”。

词汇：urging 为 urge 的动名词形式，译为“敦促”;
4.[精解] 本题考核知识点：顺译法和分词的翻译。

该句是 and 连接的并列句，其主干是 he was earning... and his parents were...，可采用顺译的方法翻译。

前一分句中，分词结构 writing science fiction 作方式状语，翻译时应置于谓语前面，译为“(通过)写科幻小说”。

词汇：be reconciled to 意为“将就，妥协，接受”。

5.[精解] 本题考核知识点：插入语、后置定语的翻译
该句是个主从复合句，其主干是 I knew... so I detached...。

主从句之间是插入语，列举了几个作家的名字，根据上下文，这些名字实际上指代的是作家的作品，应补译为“乔伊斯、卡夫卡、曼恩的作品”。

I knew 后是省略了关系代词的宾语从句 I could not write...，其中宾语 the kind of things 后又接有一个定语从句 I admired as...，由于定语不长，可直接译为汉语的前置定语。

词汇：detach oneself from sth.意为“挣脱，摆脱，离开”，文中应意译为“不关注我写的东西”。

模拟三：
Economics, as we know it, is the social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select.
(1)Other fields of study also contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives are formed, history records changes in human objectives, and sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts.
Standard economics can be divided into two major fields.
(2)The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their
income in ways that give them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations.
The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations of national income and employment.
Macroeconomics dates from the book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression centers on the total or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business investors, and governments, (3) Because, according to Keynes, inadequate total demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government.
Economic issues have occupied people’s minds throughout the ages. (4) Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece wrote about problems of wealth, property, and trade, both of whom were prejudiced against commerce, feeling that to live by trade was undesirable. The Romans borrowed their economic ideas from the Greeks and showed the same contempt for trade. (5) During the Middle Ages the economic ideas of the Roman Catholic church were expressed in the law of the church, which condemned the taking of interest for money loaned and regarded commerce as inferior to agriculture.
Economics as a subject of modern study, distinguishable from moral philosophy and politics, dates from the work, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), by the Scottish philosopher and economist Adam
Smith. Mercantilism and physiocracy were precursors of the classical economics of Smith and his 19th-century successors.答案：
1.其他领域的研究也有助于对此的理解：心理学和伦理学试图解释目标是如何形成的，历史记录着人们所追求的目标的变化，社会学则从社会环境的角度来解释人们的行为。

2.第一个领域，价格理论或微观经济学，解释在竞争的市场中供需间的相互作用是怎样导致了大量的个别价格、工资率、利润空间和租金的变化。

3.因为，按照凯恩斯的理论，不充分的总体需求会增加失业，建议的解决方式是企业扩大投资或政府增加开支，继而增加预算赤字。

4.古希腊的亚里士多德和柏图都在著作中谈到财富、财产和贸易问题，两人都对商业持有偏见，认为靠生意来谋生是不足取的。

5.在中世纪，罗马天主教会的经济学思想表达在其教法中，教法谴责从借贷中获利的行为，并认为商业地位劣于农业。

总体分析：
本文主要介绍了经济学的研究发展历史。

第一段：经济学的定义及研究对象。

第二、三段：经济学的两大领域：微观经济学和宏观经济学。

第四、五段：经济学研究的古代和现代理论。

试题精解：
1.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：并列分句、后置定语。

该句子中冒号后是并列的三个简单句。

第一个分句中 how 引导的从句做 explain 的宾语;第二个和第三个分句中都有介词 in 的短语做后置定语，翻译时应提前。

词汇方面：contribute to 意为“是……的原因;增进，有助于”;knowledge 意为“知识;知晓，了解”，文中活译为“对…的理解”。

2.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：宾语从句、状语。

句子的主干是The first explains how…。

主语后的名词短语price theory or microeconomics 是其同位语，因此翻译 the first
时，应增译为“第一个领域”。

how 引导宾语从句，其主干是 the interplay …creates …。

介词短语 in competitive markets 做地点状语，翻译时应前置。

词汇方面：interplay 意为“相互影响”;a multitude of 意为“许多的，大量的”;individual 意为“个别的，单独的，个人的”;margin意为“(时间、空间、金钱的)余地”，profit margin 指“利润空间”。

3.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：词性转换。

该句是包含原因状语从句的复合句,句子主干是 the indicated cure is…,表语由并列连词 either …or…连接。

词汇方面：indicated 是过去分词用做形容词，动词 indicate 意为“表明，暗示，提及，建议”，根据上下文 indicated 译为“建议的”。

more investment，more spending 和 larger budget deficits 是形容词比较级加名词，根据汉语习惯转换成动词加名词的搭配，即“扩大投资”、“增加开支”和“增加预算赤字”。

4.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句、分词做状语。

主句是 Aristotle and …wrote about problems …，后面接有 both of whom 引导的定语从句，采用拆译法单独成句。

句子最后的分词结构feeling that …在定语从句中做状语，翻译时也应单独成句，that 后引导的是宾语从句，做 feeling 的宾语。

词汇方面：be prejudiced against 意为“对…有偏见”，undesirable 意为“不想要的，不得人心的”。

5.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：非谓语动词作后置定语、定语从句。

该句含有 which 引导的非限定性从句做定语，翻译时拆开单独成句，并重复先行词，做从句的主语。

词汇方面：condemn 意为“谴责”，taking of interest 是动名词结构，可增译为“获利的行为”。

模拟四：
Relativity theory has had a profound influence on our picture of matter by forcing us to modify our concept of a particle in
an essential way. (1)(In classical physics, the mass of an object had always been associated with an indestructible material substance, with some “stuff” of which all things were thought to be made.)Relativity theory showed that mass has nothing to do with any substance, but is a form energy. Energy, however, is a dynamic quantity associated with activity, or with processes.(2)(The fact that the mass of a particle is equivalent to a certain of energy means that the particle can no longer be seen as a static object, but has to be conceived as a dynamic pattern, a process involving the energy which manifest itself as the particle’s mass.)
(3)(This new view of particles was initiated by Dirac when he formulated a relativistic equation describing the behavior of electrons.) Dirac’s theory was not only extremely successful in accounting for the fine details of atomic structure, but also revealed a fundamental symmetry
between matter and anti-matter. It predicted the existence of an anti-matter with the same mass as the electron but with an opposite charge. This positively charged particle, now called the positron, was indeed discovered two years after Dirac had predicted it. The symmetry between matter and anti-matter implies that for every particle there exists an antiparticles with equal mass and opposite charge. Pairs of particles and antiparticles can be created if enough energy is available and can be made to turn into pure energy in the reverse process of destruction.(4)(These processes of particle creation and destruction had been predicted from Dirac’s theory before they were actually discovered in nature, and since then they have been observed millions of times.) The creation of material particles from pure energy is certainly the most spectacular effect of relativity theory, and it can only be understood in terms of the view of particles
outlined above.(5)(Before relativistic particle physics, the constituents of matter had always been considered as being either elementary units which were indestructible and unchangeable, or as composite objects which could be broken up into their constituent parts;)and the basic question was whether one could divide matter again and again, or whether one would finally arrive at some smallest indivisible units.
答案
1.在古典物理中，某一物体的质量总是与一种不可毁灭的物质相关联。

这是一种构成一切物质的“东西”。

2.某一粒子的质量相当于一定的能量，这一事实意味着该粒子不再被看作是一个静态的物体，而应该被看成是一种动态的形式，一种与能量表现为粒子质量相关的过程。

3.这一新的粒子观是由迪拉克首创的，他列出了描述电子运动行为的相对论方程。

4.粒子生成和毁灭的过程在真正被发现之前，迪拉克的理论已
经对它们作出了预测，从那时起人们对此做过数百万次的观测。

5.在相对论粒子物理学诞生之前，人们一直以为物质的构成成分要么是不可毁灭和不可改变的基本单位，要么是可以分解为其构成部分的合成物。

总体分析
本文是一篇关于粒子物理理论的文章。

第一段：指出相对论改变了我们的粒子概念，从而影响了我们对物质的理解。

第二段：指出这一粒子观点是由迪拉克首创的，他的理论揭示了物质和反物质的基本对称。

该理论已经得到了证实。

第三段：纯能量创造物质粒子是相对论最惊人的影响。

相对论观点的粒子物理学改变了人们对于物质的看法和理解。

本文是一篇科普性说明文，属于正式文体。

考生首要的任务是清楚地分析句子结构，并结合自己的物理常识准确把握生疏词汇，
在此基础上完成翻译。

本题考核的知识点：(一)被动语态。

(二)定语，包括定语从句，分词作定语。

(三)状语从句。

试题精解
1.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：被动语态、定语从句的译法。

该句的句子主干是：the mass ... had always been associated with an indestructible material substance，其中完成时的被动语态 had been associated with，可译成“总是与...相关联”。

with some “stuff” of which 引导的定语从句修饰indestructible material substance，翻译的时候应该按照汉语习惯，将定语前置，放到所修饰的名词前面。

可直译为“所有物质被认为是由这种物质构成的”，或意译为“这是构成一切物质的东西”。

考生应该注意 of 与 be made 是词组 be made of 被分隔了的形式，译成“由...构成的”。

词汇：classical“经典的，古典的”，在该句中取其第二种含义，译成“古典物理”。

2.[精解] 本题考核知识点：同位语、宾语从句、定语从句、现在分词作定语的译法。

该句的句子主干是 The fact means that...，fact 后是 that 引导的同位语从句，同位语从句的翻译和定语从句翻译有很多相似之处，如果句子较长，可单独成句，并用“这一事实...”将从句和主语连接在一起，that 可以省略不译。

Means 后是 that 引导的宾语从句，其中有两个并列的谓语：can no longer be seen as 和 has to be conceived as，译为“不能再被看成...，而应该被看成...”。

a process 是宾语补足语 a dynamic pattern 的同位语，可以译成并列结构。

Involving...部分是现在分词作定语，修饰 a process，按照汉语习惯译成“与……有关的过程”。

Which...mass 是定语从句，修饰 the energy，可译成“表现为粒子质量的能量。

”
词汇：be equivalent to“等同于，相当于”。

Be conceived as“被看成，被认为”。

Dynamic“动力的，动态的”。

3.[精解] 本题考核知识点：被动语态、状语从句、现在分词作定语的译法。

该句的句子主干是被动语态结构 This new view of particles was initiated by Dirac，在翻译被动语态时，通常按照汉语习惯转换成主动语态，但是有时候为了突出施动者，也可译成“由...所做的”。

该句中为了突出 initiated 这一动作是由 Dirac 发出，应译成“这一观点是由...首创的”。

When 引导时间状语从句，可译成“当...的时候”，或者为了突出正在发生的事件，译成“那时候...”。

describing ... electrons 部分是现在分词作定语，修饰relativistic equation，应该按照汉语习惯译成“描述电子运动行为的相对论方程”。

词汇：initiated“开始，发起”，句中译为“首创”。

Formulated“用公式表达，明确地表达“。

relativistic equation “相对论方程”。

4.[精解] 本体考核知识点：状语从句、被动语态的译法。

该句由两个并列的分句构成：These processes had been predicted 和 since then they have been observed。

前一分句中of particle creation and destruction 部分是介词短语作定语，修
饰主语 processes，应译为“粒子生成和毁灭的过程”。

Before...in nature 部分为时间状语，翻译时，可按照汉语习惯前置，译成“在...之前”。

后一分句中的时间状语 since then 可译成“在..之后”或“从那时”。

此外翻译被动语态结构 had been predicted from Dirac’s theory 时，为了突出施动者，可以按照汉语习惯，译为主动结构。

词汇：creation and destruction“生成和毁灭”。

predict “预测，预言”，文中谈论的是科学现象，应该译为“预测”。

in nature“实际上”。

5.[精解] 本题考核知识点：完成时的被动语态、状语从句、定语从句、either...or 结构的译法。

该句的句子主干是：the constituents of matter had always been considered as either...or....。

完成时的被动语态 had always been considered，可按照汉语习惯译成主动语态，即“人们一直以为”。

状语 before...可直接翻译，在句中位置不变。

Either...or... 句型应该译成“或者...或者...”，也可以译成“要么...要么...”。

本
句中两个 as...部分均为宾语补足语，与 consider 一起译成“看成是...”。

两个 which 引导定语从句，修饰两个宾语补足语，翻译时采用前置法将定语提前。

词汇：relativistic particle physics“相对粒子物理学”，cons tituents of matter“物质构成成分”， composite objects “合成物”。

模拟五：
相对论：
Relativity theory has had a profound influence on our picture of matter by forcing us to modify our concept of a particle in an essential way. (47)In classical physics, the mass of an object had always been associated with an indestructible material substa nce, with some “stuff” of which all things were thought to be made. Relativity theory showed that mass has nothing to do with any substance, but
is a form energy. Energy, however, is a dynamic quantity associated with activity, or with processes.(48)The fact that the mass of a particle is equivalent to a certain of energy means that the particle can no longer be seen as a static object, but has to be conceived as a dynamic pattern, a process involving the energy which manifest itself as the particle’s mass.
(49)This new view of particles was initiated by Dirac when he formulated a relativistic equation describing the behavior of electrons. Dirac’s theory was not only extremely successful in accounting for the fine details of atomic structure, but also revealed a fundamental symmetry between matter and anti-matter. It predicted the existence of an anti-matter with the same mass as the electron but with an opposite charge. This positively charged particle, now called the positron, was indeed discovered two years after
Dirac had predicted it. The symmetry between matter and anti-matter implies that for every particle there exists an antiparticles with equal mass and opposite charge. Pairs of particles and antiparticles can be created if enough energy is available and can be made to turn into pure energy in the reverse process of destruction.(50)These processes of particle creation and destruction had been predicted from Dirac’s theory before they were actually discovered in nature, and since then they have been observed millions of times.
The creation of material particles from pure energy is certainly the most spectacular effect of relativity theory, and it can only be understood in terms of the view of particles outlined above.(51)Before relativistic particle physics, the constituents of matter had always been considered as being either elementary units which were indestructible and unchangeable, or as composite objects which could be
broken up into their constituent parts; and the basic question was whether one could divide matter again and again, or whether one would finally arrive at some smallest indivisible units.
答案：
47.在古典物理中，某一物体的质量总是与一种不可毁灭的物质相关联。

这是一种构成一切物质的“东西”。

48.某一粒子的质量相当于一定的能量，这一事实意味着该粒子不再被看作是一个静态的物体，而应该被看成是一种动态的形式，一种与能量表现为粒子质量相关的过程。

49.这一新的粒子观是由迪拉克首创的，他列出了描述电子运动行为的相对论方程。

50.粒子生成和毁灭的过程在真正被发现之前，迪拉克的理论已经对它们作出了预测，从那时起人们对此做过数百万次的观测。