水库大坝退役拆除及对生态环境影响研究

第30卷 第11期 岩 土 工 程 学 报 Vol.30 No.11 2008年 11月 Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Nov. 2008 水库大坝退役拆除及对生态环境影响研究

向 衍1，2，盛金保1，2，杨 孟3，张士辰1，2，杨正华1，2

（1.南京水利科学研究院，江苏 南京 210029；2.水利部大坝安全管理中心，江苏 南京，210029；3.南京大学环境学院，江苏 南京，210093）

摘 要：尽管国内外的水库工程在防洪、灌溉、发电、供水、航运、水产养殖等方面发挥了巨大作用，但随着使用寿命、功能退化、加固维修费用高等，部分水库大坝将退役或被拆除。了解关于拆坝带来的潜在影响的一条途径是回顾在本河流系统上修建大坝所造成的后果。首先从水库大坝对气候、水质、生物、水库淤积等方面的影响综述了水库大坝的修建及其环境影响。结合国内外实际，综述了我国和美国的拆坝现状，分析了大坝拆除的原因以及拆坝对生态环境影响的时空影响，综述了拆坝后评估生态环境影响的方法，并首次对国内某水库进行了河流生境评估调研。结果表明，水库大坝的兴建与退役拆除均是复杂的系统工程，水库大坝退役拆除及对生态环境影响研究具有重要的意义，我国在这方面刚刚起步。

关键词：水库；大坝；退役；生态环境；评估

中图分类号：TV697 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000–4548(2008)11–1758–07

作者简介：向 衍(1977–)，男，湖北巴东人，土家族，博士，主要从事大坝安全监控和安全评价研究。E-mail: yxiang@。

Impacts on ecological environment due to dam removal or decommissioning

XIANG Yan1, 2, SHENG Jin-bao1, 2, YANG Meng3, ZHANG Shi-chen1, 2, YANG Zheng-hua1, 2

(1. Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China; 2. Dam Safety Management Center of the Ministry of Water Resources,

Nanjing 210029, China; 3. Institute of Environment of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China) Abstract:Although the reservoir projects at home and abroad have played a tremendous role in flood control, irrigation, power generation, water supply, shipping and aquaculture, because of the life span of dam, functional degradation, and higher maintenance costs of the reinforcement, some of the reservoir dams will be removed or retired. A way of understanding potential impacts induced by the removal of dams is to recall the results of the construction of the dams in the river system.

Firstly, dam construction and its environmental impact are reviewed from the impacts of climate, water quality, biology and reservoir sedimentation caused by reservoirs. Based on domestic and international practices, the status of the removal of dams in China and the United States is reviewed, and the reasons for dam removal and space-time impact of the ecological environment due to the dam removal are analyzed, and the methods for evaluating the impact of the ecological environment are summarized. The investigation of a reservoir was done for the first time in China. The results show that construction and removal of dams are complicated, and that the studies on the ecological environment impact due to decommissioning and removal of dams are of great significance.

Key words:reservoir; dam; decommissioning; ecological environment; evaluation

0 引 言

截止2006年底，我国已建成水库85874座，其中大型477座、中型3001座。水库工程是国民经济和社会发展的基础设施，在防洪、灌溉、发电、供水、航运、水产养殖等方面发挥了巨大作用，在构建和谐社会与新农村建设中担负着重要任务。大坝蓄水后使库周原天然环境生态系统发生巨变，但经多年运行后，会形成新的平衡。大坝报废拆除后，生态平衡将被打破。故研究水库大坝退役拆除及对生态环境的影响具

有重要意义和广阔应用前景。

1 水库大坝与生态环境

1.1 对气候的影响

地区性气候状况受大气环流控制，修建大中型水───────

基金项目：国家“十一五”科技支撑计划（2006BAC14B05）；南京水利科学研究院重点基金项目（Y70803）

收稿日期：2008–09–18