2000年高考英语试题及谜底(全国卷)
2000年高考英语试题及答案(全国卷)
1、病历分析例题-右额颞急性硬膜外血肿男性,23岁,因骑车进行中被汽车撞倒,右颞部着地半小时,到急诊就诊患者摔倒后曾有约5分钟的昏迷,清醒后,自觉头痛,恶心。
体检:BP 139-80mmHg,P80次/分,一般情况可,神经系统检查未见阳性体征。
头颅平片提示:右额颞线形骨折。
遂将患者急诊留观。
在随后2小时中,患者头疼逐渐加重,伴呕吐,烦燥不安,进而出现意识障碍。
体检:T 38℃,BP 160/100mmHg,P60次/分,R18次/分,浅昏迷,左侧瞳孔3mm,对光反射存在,右侧瞳孔4mm,对光反应迟钝。
左鼻唇沟浅,左侧Babinski’s Sign阳性。
[分析]一、诊断及诊断依据(8分)(一)诊断右额颞急性硬膜外血肿(二)诊断依据1.有明确的外伤史2.有典型的中间清醒期3.头部受力点处有线形骨折4.出现进行性颅内压增高并脑疝二、鉴别诊断(5分)1.急性硬膜下血肿及颅内血肿:同有外伤史;血肿多出现于对冲部位;意识障碍持续加重;明确诊断靠CT三、进一步检查(4分)头颅CT平扫四、治疗原则(3分)急诊行开颅血肿清除术2、右髋关节后脱位男性,40岁,右髋外伤后疼痛,不能活动四小时四小时前患者乘公共汽车,左下肢搭于右下肢上,突然急刹车,右膝顶撞于前座椅背上,即感右髋部剧痛,不能活动。
遂来院诊治。
患者身体素健。
无特殊疾病,无特殊嗜好。
检查:全身情况良好,心肺腹未见异常。
骨科情况:仰卧位,右下肢短缩,右髋呈屈曲内收内旋畸形。
各项活动均受限。
右大粗隆上移。
右膝踝及足部关节主动被动活动均可,右下肢感觉正常。
[分析]一、诊断及诊断依据(8分)(一)诊断右髋关节后脱位(二)诊断依据1.典型的受伤机制2.大粗隆上移3.典型的右下肢畸形表现4.右下肢其它关节功能正常,感觉正常,说明未合并坐骨神经损伤二、鉴别诊断(5分)1.股骨颈骨折和转子间骨折(骨折机制走路滑倒时,身体扭转倒地所致患肢短缩,患髋呈屈曲内收外旋畸形)三、进一步检查(4分)右髋正侧位X线片可证实脱位,并了解脱位情况及有无合并骨折四、治疗原则(3分)1.无骨折或只有小片骨折的单纯性后脱位,应手法复位,皮索引固定2.如髋臼后缘有大块骨折或粉碎骨折或股骨头骨折,属复杂性后脱位,目前主张早期手术治疗,切开腹位与内固定3、右肱骨髁上骨折女性,6岁。
2000年高考英语试题(全国卷)
2000年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语(全国卷)第一卷(三大题,共95分)Ⅰ.单项填空(共25小题,每小题1分;满分25分)A)从A、B、C、D中找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项。
例:haveA.gaveB.saveC.hatD.made答案是C.1.rushA.dullB.butcherC.sugarD.push2.northernA.strengthB.wealthC.thusD.throw3.silenceA.weightB.ceilingC.bargainD.height4.occurA.oceanB.oppositeC.officialD.offer5.pleasureA.possessionB.televisionC.anxiousD.preciousB)从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
例:We last night,but we went to the concert instead.A.must have studiedB.might studyC.should have studiedD.would study答案是C.6.—What about having a drink?—A.Good idea.B.Help yourself.C.Go ahead,please.D.Me,too.7.I don’t think I’ll need any money but I’ll bring some .A.at lastB.in caseC.once againD.in time8. to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.A.Brave enough studentsB.Enough brave studentsC.Students brave enoughD.Students enough brave9.—Waiter!——I can’t eat this.It’s too salty.A.Yes,sir?B.What?C.All right? C.Pardon?10.Most animals have little connection with animals of different kind unless they kill them for food.A.the;aB.不填;aC.the;theD.不填;the11.It’s always difficult being in a foreign country, if you don’t speak the language.A.extremelyB.naturallyC.basicallyD.especially12.Let Harry play with your toys as well,Clare-you must learn to .A.supportB.careC.spareD.share13.—you’ve left the light on.—Oh,so I have. and turn it off.A.I’ll goB.I’ve goneC.I goD.I’m going14.Someone called me up in the middle of the night,but they hung up I could answer the phone.A.asB.sinceC.untilD.before15.—Are you coming to Jeff’s party?—I’m not sure.I go to the concert instead.A.mustB.wouldC.shouldD.might16.If you want to change for a double room you’ll have to pay $15.A.anotherB.otherC.moreD.each17.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, , of course,made the others unhappy.A.whoB.whichC.thisD.what18. production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.A.AsB.ForC.WithD.Through19.I’ve worked with children before,so I know what in my new job.A.expectedB.to expectC.to be expectingD.expects20.—How are you today?—Oh,I as ill as I do now for a very long time.A.didn’t feelB.wasn’t feelingC.don’t feelD.haven’t felt21.The WTO cannot live up to its name it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.A.as long asB.whileC.ifD.even though22.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see the next year.A.carry outB.carrying outC.carried outD.to carry out23.—Why don’t we take a little break?—Didn’t we just have ?A.itB.thatC.oneD.this24.It is the ability to do the job matters not where you come from or what you are.A.oneB.thatC.whatD.it25.The reporter said that the UFO east to west when he saw it.A.was travellingB.travelledC.had been travellingD.was to travelⅡ.完形填空(共25小题,每小题1分;满分25分)阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从26~50各题所给的四个选项中,选出一个最佳答案。
2000年夏季高考英语试题(全国卷)
2000年夏季高考英语试题(全国卷)A)从A、B、C、D中找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项。
例:haveA.gave B.save C.hat D.made答案是C。
1.rushA.dull B.butcher C.sugar D.Push2.northernA.strength B.wealth C.thus D.Throw3.silenceA.weigh B.ceiling C.bargain D.Height4.ourA.ocean B.opposite C.official D.offer5.pleasureA.possession B.television C. anxious D.preciousB)从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最正确答案例:We last night , but we went to the concert instead.A.must have studied B.might studyC.should have studied D.would study答案是C。
6. What about having a drink?A.Good idea. B.Help yourself.C.Go ahead , please D.Me , too.7.I don't think I'll need any money but I'll bring some .A.at last B. in caseC.once again D.in time8.to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.A.Brave enough students B.Enough brave studentsC.Students brave enough D.Students enough brave9. Waiter!I can't eat this , It's too salty.A.Yes, sir? B.What?C.All right? D.Pardon?10.Most animals little connection with animals of different kind unless they kill them for food.A.the ; a B.不填 ; aC.the ; the D.不填 ; the11.It's always difficult being in a foreign country, if you don't speak the language.A.extremely B.naturallyC.basically D.especially12.Let Harry play with your toys as well , Clare you must learn to。
2000年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语全国卷
2000年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语第一卷(三部分,共115分)第一部分:听力(共两节,满分30分)作题时,先将答案划在试卷上。
录音内容结束后,你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
(略)第二部分:英语知识运用(共两节,满分45分)第一节:单项填空(共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分)从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
例:It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____ he or she wants.A. howeverB. whateverC. whicheverD. whenever答案是B。
21.Waiter!_____________I can't eat this, It's too salty.A.Yes, sir? B.What? C.All right? D.Pardon?22.I don't think I'll need any money but I'll bring some _________.A.at last B.in case C.once again D.in time23.Most animals little connection with ________animals of _________different kind unless they kill them for food.A.the; a B.不填; a C.the; the D.不填; the24.Let Harry play with your toys as well, Clare you must learn to __________.A.support B.care C.spare D.share25.Someone called me up in the middle the night, but they hung up __________I could answer the phone.A.as B.since C.until D.before26.Are you coming to Jeff's party?I'm not sure. I ________go to the concert instead.A.must B.would C.should D.might27.If you want to change for a double room you'll have to pay_______$15.A.another B.other C.more D.Each28.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________,of course, made the others unhappy.A.who B.which C.this D.what29.______production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.A.As B.For C.With D.Through30.I've worked with children before, so I know what ________in my new job.A.expect ed B.to expect C.to be expecting D.expects31.How are you today?Oh, I ___________as ill as I do now for a very long time.A.didn't fell B.wasn't feeling C.don't fell D.haven't felt32.The WTO cannot live up to its name ________it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.A.as long as B.while C.if D.even though33.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _______the next year.A.carry out B.carrying out C.carried out D.to carry out34.Why don't we take a little break?Didn't we just have __________?A.it B.that C.one D.this35.The reporter said that the UFO ________east to west when be saw it.A.was travelling B.travelledC.had been traveling D.was to travel.第二节完形填空(共20小题;每小题1.5分,满分30分)阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从36-55各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出可以填人空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
2000年全国高考英语试卷
2000年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试——英语National Matriculation English Test (NMET 2000)本试卷第一卷(选择题)和第二卷(非选择题)两部分。
第一卷1至13页。
第二卷1至4页共150分,考试时间120分钟。
第一卷(三大题,共95分)I.单项填空(共25小题,每小题1分;满分25分)A)从A、B、C、D中找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项。
例:haveA.gave B.save C.hat D.made答案是C。
1.rushA.dull B.butcher C.sugar D.Push2.northernA.strength B.wealth C.thus D.Throw3.silenceA.weigh B.ceiling C.bargain D.Height4.occurA.ocean B.opposite C.official D.offer5.pleasureA.possession B.television C.anxious D.preciousB)从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案6.What about having a drink?_____________A.Good idea. B.Help yourself.C.Go ahead , please D.Me , too.7.I don't think I'll need any money but I'll bring some _________.A.at last B.in caseC.once again D.in time8._______to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.A.Brave enough students B.Enough brave studentsC.Students brave enough D.Students enough brave9.----Waiter!---- _____________.----I can't eat this , It's too salty.A.Yes, sir? B.What?C.All right? D.Pardon?10.Most animals little connection with ________animals of _________different kind unless they kill them for food.A.the ; a B.不填; a C.the ; the D.不填; the11.It's always difficult being in a foreign country, ___________if you don't speak the language.A.extremely B.naturally C.basically D.especially12.Let Harry play with your toys as well , Clare you must learn to __________.A.support B.care C.spare D.share13.You've left the light on.Oh , so J have .________and turn it off.A.I'll go B.I've gone C.I go D.I'm going14.Someone called me up in the middle the night , but they hung up __________I could answer the phone.A.as B.since C.until D.before15.Are you coming to Jeff's party?I'm not sure . I ________go to the concert instead.A.must B.would C.should D.might16.If you want to change for a double room you'll have to pay_______$15.A.another B.other C.more D.Each17.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________,of course , made the others unhappy.A.who B.which C.this D.what18.______production up by 60% , the company has had another excellent year.A.As B.For C.With D.Through19.I've worked with children before , so I know what ________in my new job.A.expect ed B.to expect C.to be expecting D.expects20.How are you today?Oh , I ___________as ill as I do now for a very long time.A.didn't fell B.wasn't feeling C.don't fell D.haven't felt21.The WTO cannot live up to its name ________it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.A.as long as B.while C.if D.even though22.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _______the next year.A.carry out B.carrying out C.carried out D.to carry out23.Why don't we take a little break?Didn't we just have __________?A.it B.that C.one D.this24.It is the ability to do the job _______matters where you come from or what you are.A.one B.that C.what D.it25.The reporter said that the UFO ________east to west when be saw it.A.was traveling B.travelled C.had been traveling D.was to travel.II完形填空(共25小题,每小题1分;满分25分)I climbed the stairs slowly , carrying a big suitcase , my father following with two more . By the time I got to the thirdfloor , I was 26 and at the same time felling lonely . Worse still , Dad 27 a step and fell , sending my new suitcases 28 down the stairs . "Damn !"he screamed , his face turning red . I knew 29 was ahead . Whenever Dad's face turns red , 30 .How could I ever 31 him to finish unloading the car 32 screaming at me and making a scene in front of the other girls , girls I would have to spend the 33 of the year with? Doors were opening and faces peering out(探出),as Dad walked 34 close behind . I felt it in my bones that my college life was getting off to a(n) 35 start." 36 the room , quickly ,"I thought . "Get him into a chair and calmed down ." But 37 , would there be a chair in Room316? Or would it be a(n) 38 room?39 I turned the key in the lock and 40 the door open , with Dad 41 .complaining(抱怨)about a hurting knee or something .I put my head in , expecting the 42 . But to my 43 , the room wasn't empty . at all ! It had furniture , curtains , a TV , and seven paintings on the walls.And there on a well-made bad sat A my new 44 ,dressed neatly , Greeting me with a nod , she said in a soft voice , "Hi , you must be Cori ." Then , she 45 the music and looked over at 46 ,"And of course , you're Mr . Faber ,"she said 47 ."Would you like a glass of iced tea?" Dad's face turned decidedly 48 before he could bring out a "yes."I knew 49 that Amy and I would be 50 and my first year of college would be a success26.A.helpless B.lazy C.anxious D.tried27.A.took B.minded C.missed D .picked28.A.rolling B.passing C.dropping D.turning29.A.suffering B.difficulty C.trouble D.danger30.A.go ahead B.look out C.hold on D.give up31.A.lead B.help C.encourage D.get32.A.after B.without C.while D.besides33.A.best B.beginning C.end D.rest34.A.with difficulty B.in a hurry C.with firm steps D.in wonder35.A.fresh B.late C.bad D.unfair36.A.Search B.Find C.Enter D.Book37.A.in fact B.by chance C.once more D.then again38.A.small B.empty C.new D.neat39.A.Finally B.Meanwhile C.Sooner or later D.At the moment40.A.knocked B.forced C.pushed D.tried41.A.yet B.only C.even D.still42.A.worst B.chair C.best D.tea43.A.regret B.disappointment C.surprise D.knowledge44.A.roommate B.classmate C.neighbour D.companion45.A.turned on B.turned down C.played D.enjoyed46.A.Dad B.me C.the door D.the floor47.A.questioning B.wondering C.smiling D.guessing48.A.red B.less pale C.less red D.pale49.A.soon B.there C.later D.then50.A.sisters B.friends C.students D.fellowsIII阅读理解(共25小题。
2000年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试
2000年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试--英语National Matriculation English Test (NMET 2000)本试卷第一卷(选择题)和第二卷(非选择题)两部分。
第一卷1至13页。
第二卷1至4页共150分,考试时间120分钟。
第一卷(三大题,共95分)I.单项填空(共25小题,每小题1分;满分25分)A)从A、B、C、D中找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项。
例:haveA.gave B.save C.hat D.made答案是C。
1.rushA.dull B.butcher C.sugar D.Push2.northernA.strength B.wealth C.thus D.Throw3.silenceA.weigh B.ceiling C.bargain D.Height4.occurA.ocean B.opposite C.official D.offer5.pleasureA.possession B.television C.anxious D.preciousB)从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案例:We ____________last night , but we went to the concert instead.A.must have studied B.might study C.should have studied D.would study答案是C。
6.What about having a drink?_____________A.Good idea. B.Help yourself. C.Go ahead , please D.Me , too.7.I don't think I'll need any money but I'll bring some _________.A.at last B.in case C.once again D.in time8._______to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.A.Brave enough students B.Enough brave studentsC.Students brave enough D.Students enough brave9.Waiter!_____________I can't eat this , It's too salty.A.Yes, sir? B.What?C.All right? D.Pardon?10.Most animals little connection with ________animals of _________different kind unless they kill them for food.A.the ; a B.不填; a C.the ; the D.不填; the 11.It's always difficult being in a foreign country, ___________if you don't speak the language.A.extremely B.naturally C.basically D.especially12.Let Harry play with your toys as well , Clare you must learn to __________.A.support B.care C.spare D.share13.You've left the light on.Oh , so I have .________and turn it off.A.I'll go B.I've gone C.I go D.I'm going14.Someone called me up in the middle the night , but they hung up __________I could answer the phone.A.as B.since C.until D.before15.Are you coming to Jeff's party?I'm not sure . I ________go to the concert instead.A.must B.would C.should D.might16.If you want to change for a double room you'll have to pay_______$15.A.another B.other C.more D.Each17.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________,of course , made the others unhappy.A.who B.which C.this D.what18.______production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.A.As B.For C.With D.Through19.I've worked with children before , so I know what ________in my new job.A.expect ed B.to expect C.to be expecting D.expects20.How are you today?Oh , I ___________as ill as I do now for a very long time.A.didn't fell B.wasn't feeling C.don't fell D.haven't felt21.The WTO cannot live up to its name ________it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.A.as long as B.while C.if D.even though22.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _______the next year.A.carry out B.carrying out C.carried out D.to carry out23.Why don't we take a little break?Didn't we just have __________?A.it B.that C.one D.this24.It is the ability to do the job _______matters where you come from or what you are.A.one B.that C.what D.it25.The reporter said that the UFO ________east to west when be saw it.A.was travelling B.travelled C.had been traveling D.was to travel.II完形填空(共25小题,每小题1分;满分25分)阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从26~50各题所给的四个选项中,选出一个最佳答案。
2000 高考 英语 全国卷.pdf
nod,she said in a soft voice,“Hi,you must be Cori.”Then,she 45 the music and looked
over at 46 .“And of course,you’re Mr. Faber.”she said, 47 .“Would you like a glass
C.with firm steps D.in wonder
35.A.fresh
te
C.bad
D.unfair
36.A.Search
B.Find
C.Enter
D.Book
37.A.in fact
B.by chance
C.once more
D.then again
38.A.small
B.empty
A.expected
B.to expect
C.to be expecting 20.—How are you today?
D.expects
—Oh,I
as ill as I do now for a very long time.
A.didn’t feel
B.wasn’t feeling
C.don’t feel
25.The reporter said that the UFO
east to west when he saw it.
A.was travelling
B.travelled
C.had been travelling
D.was to travel
Ⅱ.完形填空(共 25 小题,每小题 1 分;满分 25 分)
D.offer
5.pleasure
2000年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试卷及答案
2000年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试本试卷第一卷(选择题)和第二卷(非选择题)两部分。
第一卷1至13页。
第二卷1至4页共150分,考试时间120分钟。
第一卷(三大题,共95分)注意事项:1.答第一卷前,考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考试科目用铅笔涂在答题卡上。
2.每小题选出答案后,用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动,用像橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其它答案标号。
不能答在试卷上。
3.考试结束,考生将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
I.单项填空(共25小题,每小题1分;满分25分)A)从A、B、C、D中找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项。
例:haveA.gave B.save C.hat D.made答案是C。
1.rushA.dull B.butcher C.sugar D.Push2.northernA.strength B.wealth C.thus D.Throw3.silenceA.weigh B.ceiling C.bargain D.Height4.occurA.ocean B.opposite C.official D.offer5.pleasureA.possession B.television C. anxious D.preciousB)从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案例:We ____________last night , but we went to the concert instead.A.must have studied B.might studyC.should have studied D.would study答案是C。
6.What about having a drink?_____________A.Good idea. B.Help yourself.C.Go ahead , please D.Me , too.7.I don't think I'll need any money but I'll bring some _________.A.at last B. in caseC.once again D.in time8._______to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.A.Brave enough students B.Enough brave studentsC.Students brave enough D.Students enough brave9.Waiter!_____________I can't eat this , It's too salty.A.Yes, sir? B.What?C.All right? D.Pardon?10.Most animals little connection with ________animals of _________different kind unless they kill them for food.A.the ; a B.不填 ; aC.the ; the D.不填 ; the11.It's always difficult being in a foreign country, ___________if you don't speak the language.A.extremely B.naturallyC.basically D.especially12.Let Harry play with your toys as well , Clare you must learn to __________.A.support B.careC.spare D.share13.You've left the light on.Oh , so J have .________and turn it off.A.I'll go B.I've goneC.I go D.I'm going14.Someone called me up in the middle the night , but they hung up __________I could answer the phone.A.as B.sinceC.until D.before15.Are you coming to Jeff's party?I'm not sure . I ________go to the concert instead.A.must B.wouldC.should D.might16.If you want to change for a double room you'll have to pay_______$15.A.another B.otherC.more D.Each17.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________,of course , made the others unhappy.A.who B.whichC.this D.what18.______production up by 60% , the company has had another excellent year.A.As B.ForC.With D.Through19.I've worked with children before , so I know what ________in my new job.A.expect ed B.to expectC.to be expecting D.expects20.How are you today?Oh , I ___________as ill as I do now for a very long time.A.didn't fell B.wasn't feelingC.don't fell D.haven't felt21.The WTO cannot live up to its name ________it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.A.as long as B.whileC.if D.even though22.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _______the next year.A.carry out B.carrying outC.carried out D.to carry out23.Why don't we take a little break?Didn't we just have __________?A.it B.thatC.one D.this24.It is the ability to do the job _______matters where you come from or what you are.A.one B.thatC.what D.it25. The reporter said that the UFO ________east to west when be saw it.A.was travelling B.travelledC.had been traveling D.was to travel.II完形填空(共25小题,每小题1分;满分25分)阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从26~50各题所给的四个选项中,选出一个最佳答案。
2000年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试卷及答案
2000年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试本试卷第一卷(选择题)和第二卷(非选择题)两部分。
第一卷1至13页。
第二卷1至4页共150分,考试时间120分钟。
第一卷(三大题,共95分)注意事项:1.答第一卷前,考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考试科目用铅笔涂在答题卡上。
2.每小题选出答案后,用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动,用像橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其它答案标号。
不能答在试卷上。
3.考试结束,考生将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
I.单项填空(共25小题,每小题1分;满分25分)A)从A、B、C、D中找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项。
例:haveA.gave B.save C.hat D.made答案是C。
1.rushA.dull B.butcher C.sugar D.Push2.northernA.strength B.wealth C.thus D.Throw3.silenceA.weigh B.ceiling C.bargain D.Height4.occurA.ocean B.opposite C.official D.offer5.pleasureA.possession B.television C. anxious D.preciousB)从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案例:We ____________last night , but we went to the concert instead.A.must have studied B.might studyC.should have studied D.would study答案是C。
6.What about having a drink?_____________A.Good idea. B.Help yourself.C.Go ahead , please D.Me , too.7.I don't think I'll need any money but I'll bring some _________.A.at last B. in caseC.once again D.in time8._______to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.A.Brave enough students B.Enough brave studentsC.Students brave enough D.Students enough brave9.Waiter!_____________I can't eat this , It's too salty.A.Yes, sir? B.What?C.All right? D.Pardon?10.Most animals little connection with ________animals of _________different kind unless they kill them for food.A.the ; a B.不填 ; aC.the ; the D.不填 ; the11.It's always difficult being in a foreign country, ___________if you don't speak the language.A.extremely B.naturallyC.basically D.especially12.Let Harry play with your toys as well , Clare you must learn to __________.A.support B.careC.spare D.share13.You've left the light on.Oh , so J have .________and turn it off.A.I'll go B.I've goneC.I go D.I'm going14.Someone called me up in the middle the night , but they hung up __________I could answer the phone.A.as B.sinceC.until D.before15.Are you coming to Jeff's party?I'm not sure . I ________go to the concert instead.A.must B.wouldC.should D.might16.If you want to change for a double room you'll have to pay_______$15.A.another B.otherC.more D.Each17.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________,of course , made the others unhappy.A.who B.whichC.this D.what18.______production up by 60% , the company has had another excellent year.A.As B.ForC.With D.Through19.I've worked with children before , so I know what ________in my new job.A.expect ed B.to expectC.to be expecting D.expects20.How are you today?Oh , I ___________as ill as I do now for a very long time.A.didn't fell B.wasn't feelingC.don't fell D.haven't felt21.The WTO cannot live up to its name ________it does not include a country that is home toone fifth of mankind.A.as long as B.whileC.if D.even though22.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _______the next year.A.carry out B.carrying outC.carried out D.to carry out23.Why don't we take a little break?Didn't we just have __________?A.it B.thatC.one D.this24.It is the ability to do the job _______matters where you come from or what you are.A.one B.thatC.what D.it25. The reporter said that the UFO ________east to west when be saw it.A.was travelling B.travelledC.had been traveling D.was to travel.II完形填空(共25小题,每小题1分;满分25分)阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从26~50各题所给的四个选项中,选出一个最佳答案。
2000年高考英语试题(全国)
2000年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试--英语Nationa l Matricul ation Engl ish T est (NMET 2000)本试卷第一卷(选择题)和第二卷(非选择题)两部分。
第一卷1至13页。
第二卷1至4页共150分,考试时间120分钟。
第一卷(三大题,共95分)注意事项:1.答第一卷前,考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考试科目用铅笔涂在答题卡上。
2.每小题选出答案后,用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动,用像橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其它答案标号。
不能答在试卷上。
3.考试结束,考生将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
I.单项填空(共25小题,每小题1分;满分25分)A)从A、B、C、D中找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项。
例:ha veA.gav e B.save C.hat D.mad e答案是C。
1.rus hA.dull B.butcher C.sugar D.Push2.northernA.strengt h B.wealth C.thus D.Throw3.silenceA.weigh B.ceiling C.bargain D.Height4.occurA.ocean B.o pposite C.official D.offer5.pleasureA.posses sion B.tel evision C.anxious D.preciousB)从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案例:We____________last nig ht , but w e went tothe concer t instead.A.musthave studi ed B.might studyC.should ha ve studied D.would s tudy答案是C。
2000年高考英语试题(全国卷)
2000年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语(全国卷)第一卷(三大题,共95分)Ⅰ.单项填空(共25小题,每小题1分;满分25分)A)从A、B、C、D中找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项。
例:haveA.gaveB.saveC.hatD.made答案是C.1.rushA.dullB.butcherC.sugarD.push2.northernA.strengthB.wealthC.thusD.throw3.silenceA.weightB.ceilingC.bargainD.height4.occurA.oceanB.oppositeC.officialD.offer5.pleasureA.possessionB.televisionC.anxiousD.preciousB)从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
例:We last night,but we went to the concert instead.A.must have studiedB.might studyC.should have studiedD.would study答案是C.6.—What about having a drink?—A.Good idea.B.Help yourself.C.Go ahead,please.D.Me,too.7.I don’t think I’ll need any money but I’ll bring some .A.at lastB.in caseC.once againD.in time8. to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.A.Brave enough studentsB.Enough brave studentsC.Students brave enoughD.Students enough brave9.—Waiter!——I can’t eat this.It’s too salty.A.Yes,sir?B.What?C.All right? C.Pardon?10.Most animals have little connection with animals of different kind unless they kill them for food.A.the;aB.不填;aC.the;theD.不填;the11.It’s always difficult being in a foreign country, if you don’t speak the language.A.extremelyB.naturallyC.basicallyD.especially12.Let Harry play with your toys as well,Clare-you must learn to .A.supportB.careC.spareD.share13.—you’ve left the light on.—Oh,so I have. and turn it off.A.I’ll goB.I’ve goneC.I goD.I’m going14.Someone called me up in the middle of the night,but they hung up I could answer the phone.A.asB.sinceC.untilD.before15.—Are you coming to Jeff’s party?—I’m not sure.I go to the concert instead.A.mustB.wouldC.shouldD.might16.If you want to change for a double room you’ll have to pay $15.A.anotherB.otherC.moreD.each17.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, , of course,made the others unhappy.A.whoB.whichC.thisD.what18. production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.A.AsB.ForC.WithD.Through19.I’ve worked with children before,so I know what in my new job.A.expectedB.to expectC.to be expectingD.expects20.—How are you today?—Oh,I as ill as I do now for a very long time.A.didn’t feelB.wasn’t feelingC.don’t feelD.haven’t felt21.The WTO cannot live up to its name it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.A.as long asB.whileC.ifD.even though22.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see the next year.A.carry outB.carrying outC.carried outD.to carry out23.—Why don’t we take a little break?—Didn’t we just have ?A.itB.thatC.oneD.this24.It is the ability to do the job matters not where you come from or what you are.A.oneB.thatC.whatD.it25.The reporter said that the UFO east to west when he saw it.A.was travellingB.travelledC.had been travellingD.was to travelⅡ.完形填空(共25小题,每小题1分;满分25分)阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从26~50各题所给的四个选项中,选出一个最佳答案。
2000年高考英语试题及答案(全国卷)
2000年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语(全国卷)第一卷(三大题,共95分)Ⅰ.单项填空(共25小题,每小题1分;满分25分)A)从A、B、C、D中找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项。
例:haveA.gaveB.saveC.hatD.made答案是C.1.rushA.dullB.butcherC.sugarD.push2.northernA.strengthB.wealthC.thusD.throw3.silenceA.weightB.ceilingC.bargainD.height4.occurA.oceanB.oppositeC.officialD.offer5.pleasureA.possessionB.televisionC.anxiousD.preciousB)从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
例:We last night,but we went to the concert instead.A.must have studiedB.might studyC.should have studiedD.would study答案是C.6.—What about having a drink?—A.Good idea.B.Help yourself.C.Go ahead,please.D.Me,too.7.I don’t think I’ll need any money but I’ll bring some .A.at lastB.in caseC.once againD.in time8. to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.A.Brave enough studentsB.Enough brave studentsC.Students brave enoughD.Students enough brave9.—Waiter!——I can’t eat this.It’s too salty.A.Yes,sir?B.What?C.All right? C.Pardon?10.Most animals have little connection with animals of different kind unless they kill them for food.A.the;aB.不填;aC.the;theD.不填;the11.It’s always difficult being in a foreign country, if you don’t speak the language.A.extremelyB.naturallyC.basicallyD.especially12.Let Harry play with your toys as well,Clare-you must learn to .A.supportB.careC.spareD.share13.—you’ve left the light on.—Oh,so I have. and turn it off.A.I’ll goB.I’ve goneC.I goD.I’m going14.Someone called me up in the middle of the night,but they hung up I could answer the phone.A.asB.sinceC.untilD.before15.—Are you coming to Jeff’s party?—I’m not sure.I go to the concert instead.A.mustB.wouldC.shouldD.might16.If you want to change for a double room you’ll have to pay $15.A.anotherB.otherC.moreD.each17.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, , of course,made the others unhappy.A.whoB.whichC.thisD.what18. production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.A.AsB.ForC.WithD.Through19.I’ve worked with children before,so I know what in my new job.A.expectedB.to expectC.to be expectingD.expects20.—How are you today?—Oh,I as ill as I do now for a very long time.A.didn’t feelB.wasn’t feelingC.don’t feelD.haven’t felt21.The WTO cannot live up to its name it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.A.as long asB.whileC.ifD.even though22.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see the next year.A.carry outB.carrying outC.carried outD.to carry out23.—Why don’t we take a little break?—Didn’t we just have ?A.itB.thatC.oneD.this24.It is the ability to do the job matters not where you come from or what you are.A.oneB.thatC.whatD.it25.The reporter said that the UFO east to west when he saw it.A.was travellingB.travelledC.had been travellingD.was to travelⅡ.完形填空(共25小题,每小题1分;满分25分)阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从26~50各题所给的四个选项中,选出一个最佳答案。
2000年高考英语试题及答案(全国卷)
主从复合句(状语从句、名词性从句和定语从句)【考点分析】状语从句1.when, while, as引导时间状语从句的区别;2.名词词组the minute, the moment, the first time, each time, any time等用作连词,引导的时间状语从句;3.before,和since引导时间状语从句的用法以及常见的几个句型;4.till和until的用法;5.although, though, as以及even if, even though引导让步状语从句的用法;6.结果状语从句中“so…that”与“such…that”的区别;7.条件状语从句unless, providing/provided, suppose/supposing等引导词的用法;8.“疑问词+ever”和“no matter+疑问词”引导从句的用法;9. in case引导的状语从句;10.where引导的状语从句;11.once引导的状语从句。
12.与祈使句、定语从句、名词从句、倒装句以及与强调句型的混合考查。
名词从句1. that和what引导名词性从句的区别;2.名词从句的语序和时态;3. it作形式主语、形式宾语的几种情况;4.宾语从句的否定转移;5.whether和if的用法区别;6.what在名词性从句中的使用;7.doubt后的名词性从句的使用;8.Who / whoever, what / whatever等的用法区别;9.连接词that的省略;定语从句1.that与which引导的定语从句的区别;2.who、whom与whose引导的定语从句的区别;3.关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句的区别;4.对“as”引导定语从句的考查;5. such…as与such…that的区别;the same…as与the same…that的区别;6.对“介词+关系代词”的考查;7.the way 作先行词时,定语从句的引导词作状语用in which ,that 或者省略;8.含有插入语的定语从句;9.与并列句、状语从句、同位语从句以及与强调句型的混合考查。
2000年高考英语试卷及答案
2000年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试本试卷第一卷(选择题)和第二卷(非选择题)两部分。
第一卷1至13页。
第二卷1至4页共150分,考试时间120分钟。
第一卷(三大题,共95分)注意事项:1.答第一卷前,考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考试科目用铅笔涂在答题卡上。
2.每小题选出答案后,用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动,用像橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其它答案标号。
不能答在试卷上。
3.考试结束,考生将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
I.单项填空(共25小题,每小题1分;满分25分)A)从A、B、C、D中找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项。
例:haveA.gave B.save C.hat D.made答案是C。
1.rushA.dull B.butcher C.sugar D.Push2.northernA.strength B.wealth C.thus D.Throw3.silenceA.weigh B.ceiling C.bargain D.Height4.occurA.ocean B.opposite C.official D.offer5.pleasureA.possession B.television C. anxious D.preciousB)从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案例:We ____________last night , but we went to the concert instead.A.must have studied B.might studyC.should have studied D.would study答案是C。
6.What about having a drink?_____________A.Good idea. B.Help yourself.C.Go ahead , please D.Me , too.7.I don't think I'll need any money but I'll bring some _________.A.at last B. in caseC.once again D.in time8._______to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.A.Brave enough students B.Enough brave studentsC.Students brave enough D.Students enough brave9.Waiter!_____________I can't eat this , It's too salty.A.Yes, sir? B.What?C.All right? D.Pardon?10.Most animals little connection with ________animals of _________different kind unless they kill them for food.A.the ; a B.不填 ; aC.the ; the D.不填 ; the11.It's always difficult being in a foreign country, ___________if you don't speak the language.A.extremely B.naturallyC.basically D.especially12.Let Harry play with your toys as well , Clare you must learn to __________.A.support B.careC.spare D.share13.You've left the light on.Oh , so J have .________and turn it off.A.I'll go B.I've goneC.I go D.I'm going14.Someone called me up in the middle the night , but they hung up __________I could answer the phone.A.as B.sinceC.until D.before15.Are you coming to Jeff's party?I'm not sure . I ________go to the concert instead.A.must B.wouldC.should D.might16.If you want to change for a double room you'll have to pay_______$15.A.another B.otherC.more D.Each17.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________,of course , made the others unhappy.A.who B.whichC.this D.what18.______production up by 60% , the company has had another excellent year.A.As B.ForC.With D.Through19.I've worked with children before , so I know what ________in my new job.A.expect ed B.to expectC.to be expecting D.expects20.How are you today?Oh , I ___________as ill as I do now for a very long time.A.didn't fell B.wasn't feelingC.don't fell D.haven't felt21.The WTO cannot live up to its name ________it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.A.as long as B.whileC.if D.even though22.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _______the next year.A.carry out B.carrying outC.carried out D.to carry out23.Why don't we take a little break?Didn't we just have __________?A.it B.thatC.one D.this24.It is the ability to do the job _______matters where you come from or what you are.A.one B.thatC.what D.it25. The reporter said that the UFO ________east to west when be saw it.A.was travelling B.travelledC.had been traveling D.was to travel.II完形填空(共25小题,每小题1分;满分25分)阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从26~50各题所给的四个选项中,选出一个最佳答案。
2000年高考英语试题及答案(全国卷)
2000年高考英语试题及答案(全国卷)I.单项填空(共25小题,每小题1分;满分25分)A)从A、B、C、D中找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项。
例:haveA.gave B.save C.hat D.made答案是C。
1.rushA.dull B.butcher C.sugar D.Push2.northernA.strength B.wealth C.thus D.Throw3.silenceA.weigh B.ceiling C.bargain D.Height4.occurA.ocean B.opposite C.official D.offer5.pleasureA.possession B.television C. anxious D.preciousB)从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案例:We ____________last night , but we went to the concert instead.A.must have studied B.might studyC.should have studied D.would study答案是C。
6. What about having a drink?_____________A.Good idea. B.Help yourself.C.Go ahead , please D.Me , too.7.I don't think I'll need any money but I'll bring some _________.A.at last B. in caseC.once again D.in time8._______to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.A.Brave enough students B.Enough brave studentsC.Students brave enough D.Students enough brave9. Waiter!_____________I can't eat this , It's too salty.A.Yes, sir? B.What?C.All right? D.Pardon?10.Most animals little connection with ________animals of _________different kind unless they kill them for food.A.the ; a B.不填 ; aC.the ; the D.不填 ; the11.It's always difficult being in a foreign country, ___________if you don't speak the language.A.extremely B.naturallyC.basically D.especially12.Let Harry play with your toys as well , Clare you must learn to __________. A.support B.careC.spare D.share13. You've left the light on.Oh , so J have .________and turn it off.A.I'll go B.I've goneC.I go D.I'm going14.Someone called me up in the middle the night , but they hung up __________I could answer the phone.A.as B.sinceC.until D.before15. Are you coming to Jeff's party?I'm not sure . I ________go to the concert instead.A.must B.wouldC.should D.might16.If you want to change for a double room you'll have to pay_______$15. A.another B.otherC.more D.Each17.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________,of course , made the others unhappy.A.who B.whichC.this D.what18.______production up by 60% , the company has had another excellent year. A.As B.ForC.With D.Through19.I've worked with children before , so I know what ________in my new job. A.expect ed B.to expectC.to be expecting D.expects20. How are you today?Oh , I ___________as ill as I do now for a very long time.A.didn't fell B.wasn't feelingC.don't fell D.haven't felt21.The WTO cannot live up to its name ________it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.A.as long as B.whileC.if D.even though22.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _______the next year.A.carry out B.carrying outC.carried out D.to carry out23. Why don't we take a little break?Didn't we just have __________?A.it B.thatC.one D.this24.It is the ability to do the job _______matters where you come from or what you are.A.one B.thatC.what D.it25. The reporter said that the UFO ________east to west when be saw it.A.was travelling B.travelledC.had been traveling D.was to travel.II完形填空(共25小题,每小题1分;满分25分)阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从26~50各题所给的四个选项中,选出一个最佳答案。
2000年高考英语试题及答案(全国卷)
一、单项选择题(下列四个备选项中只有一个选项是正确的,请在答题卡上将正确选项的字母涂黑。
每题1分,共13分)1、“刑罚世轻世重”理论是在( )形成的。
A.西周B.春秋C.秦朝D.汉朝2、《酎金律》是关于( )的法律。
A.货币成色B.金属铸造C.诸侯助祭贡金D.货币管理3、“准五服以制罪”制度最早规定于( )。
A.《陈律》B.《晋律》C.《北魏律》D.《北齐律》4、“十恶”中惟一一项与皇权和族权都没有直接联系的罪名是( )。
A.不道B.不义C.不睦D.恶逆5、“春秋决狱”是指( )。
A.在春秋两季审判案件B.根据《春秋精义审判案件》C.由精通《春秋》的儒家学者审判案件D.根据春秋时期的先例审判案件6、宫刑在( )时期从法律上正式废除。
A.南北朝B.曹魏C.隋唐D.汉文帝7、清朝的大理寺是( )。
A.中央审判机关B.中央司法行政机关C.中央监察机关D.慎刑机关8、外国在华领事裁判权首次正式规定于( )。
A.1840年《对华条约草案》B.1842年《中英南京条约》C.1843年《中英五口通商章程及税则》D.1844年《中美望厦条约》9、( )首次将孙中山五权宪法思想写入根本法。
A.1823年《中华民国宪法》B.1931年《中华民国训政时期约法》C.1936年“五五宪草”D.1947年《中华民国宪法》10、宪法规范调整的基本社会关系是( )。
A.国家与国家机关之间的关系B.国家机关与国家机关之间的关系C.国家机关与公民之间的关系D.国家与公民之间的关系11、1803年美国的马伯里诉麦迪逊案的意义在于( )。
A.开创了州法院审查州法律是否符合州宪法的先例B.开创了州法院审查州法律是否符合联邦宪法的先例C.开创了联邦法院审查州法律是否符合联邦宪法的先例D.开创了联邦法院审查联邦法律是否符合联邦宪法的先例12、在我国,以下人员中不享有选举权的是( )。
A.精神病患者B.被法院依法剥夺政治权利而在服刑期间者C.在选举期间被公安机关行政拘留者D.在选举期间被劳动教养者13、春秋时期郑国的成文法“竹刑”是由( )编制的。
2000年高考英语试题及答案(全国卷)
2000年高考英语试题及答案(全国卷)编辑整理:尊敬的读者朋友们:这里是精品文档编辑中心,本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的,发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对,但是难免会有疏漏的地方,但是任然希望(2000年高考英语试题及答案(全国卷))的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
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2000年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试-—英语National Matriculation English Test (NMET 2000)本试卷第一卷(选择题)和第二卷(非选择题)两部分。
第一卷1至13页。
第二卷1至4页共150分,考试时间120分钟。
第一卷(三大题,共95分)注意事项:1。
答第一卷前,考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考试科目用铅笔涂在答题卡上。
2。
每小题选出答案后,用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动,用像橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其它答案标号.不能答在试卷上。
3.考试结束,考生将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
I。
单项填空(共25小题,每小题1分;满分25分)A)从A、B、C、D中找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项。
例:haveA.gaveB.save C。
hat D.made答案是C。
1.rushA。
dull B。
butcher C。
sugar D.Push2。
northernA.strengthB.wealth C。
thus D。
Throw3。
silenceA.weighB.ceiling C。
bargain D.Height4。
occurA。
ocean B。
opposite C。
official D。
offer5.pleasureA。
possession B.television C. anxious D.preciousB)从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案例:We ____________last night , but we went to the concert instead。
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S N
CH3
CH3 CCO OO OH Na
(2)α–H的卤代反应
O
C C OH —X
(P)
H
CH3COOH
Br2 P
Br2
CH2BrCOOH P
CHBr2COOH
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,利用这一性质可用溶解度实验将不溶于水的 羧酸、酚类和醇类区别开来:
羧酸 酚
NaOH 溶液
溶解 溶解
NaHCO3 溶液
(-)
醇
(-)
想一想 试比较各组羧酸酸性的强弱
FCH2COOH
pKa 2.67
强
ClCH2COOH 2.87
BrCH2COOH 2.90
ICH2COOH 3.16
第九章,,,,,,,,,,羧酸和取代酸
一、羧酸的结构、分类和命名 二、羧酸的物理性质 三、羧酸的化学性质
(一),,,,,羧酸的酸性与成盐 (二),,,,,羧酸衍生物的生成 (三),,,,,二元羧酸的脱羧反应
第一节,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,羧,,,,,酸,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
一、羧酸的结构、分类和命名
弱
CH3COOH
pKa 4.76
弱
ClCH2COOH Cl2CHCOOH
2.87
1.36
Cl3CCOOH 0.36
强
CH3CH2CHCOOH
Cl
pKa 2.86
强
CH3CHCH2COOH Cl 4.06
CH2CH2CH2COOH Cl
4.52
弱
CH3COOH CH3CH2COOH (CH3)2CHCOOH (CH3)3CCOOH
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1、饱和脂 肪酸
O
HCOH
,,,,,,,,,,蚁酸(甲 酸)
O CH3COH
醋酸(乙酸)
CH3,,,,,(CH2),,,,,10COO
H 月桂酸(十二酸)
CH3,,,,,(CH2),,,,,16COO H
硬脂酸(十八碳酸)
CH3COOH CH3COOH
丁二酸(琥珀酸)
(一)羧酸结构
O
RC OH
:
O
RC
H O
p-π共轭
(二)分类 除甲酸外,羧酸是由烃基和羧基两部分构成。
1、根据烃基R的不同分为
脂肪酸 脂环酸 芳香酸
2、根据烃基是否饱和分 为,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,3、根据羧基的数目分为
饱和酸,,,,, 不饱和酸
一元酸 多元酸
(三)命名
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,羧酸的名称常用俗名,一些俗名常由其来 得,如:蚁酸(甲酸)、醋酸(乙酸)。许多羧酸 的俗名在实际生活和工作中用得很普遍。
H R –CH–COOH
(一)羧酸的酸性与成盐
常见的一元羧酸,,,,,pKa,,,,,为3-5,因此它们是弱酸, 但比碳酸(pKa为6.5)酸性强。
COOH+ NaHC3O
COONa +2 CO2 +
① – I效应:使羧酸根负离子更稳定,使酸性增强。
②,,,,,+I效应:使羧酸根负离子稳定性降低,使酸性减弱
COOH COOH
,,,,,乙二酸(草酸)
2、烯酸的命名
CH3CH=CHCOOH
(1)
CH3 CH3CHCH2COOH
(3)
CHCH3 CH3CH2CCOOH
(2)
CH2CH3 HOOC-CH-COOH
(4)
HOOC
COOH
C=C
H
H
顺-丁烯二酸(马来酸)
HOOC
H
C=C
H
COOH
反-丁烯二酸(富马酸)
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
例1,,,,,下列化合物的酸性由强到弱的顺序是
A,,,,,乙酸 碳酸 乙醇 苯酚,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B C碳酸 乙酸 苯酚 乙醇,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D乙酸 碳酸 苯
五元环或六元环的酸酐,可由二元酸加热,由分子内失水而得。
COOH。 18C0
COOH
CO
O+H 2 O CO
3、酯的生成
- C 2H 2 2 C +H H 18 2 3 C H O 回 2H 4C 流 S - H (O C 23 - C O H 1 C O 8 O 2H 5 )+ H 2H O
说明:反应是可逆的,为提高收率,常选择加入过量廉价的酸 或醇。 同位素标记法:标记参加反应的醇分子中含18O,生成的 酯中含有18O。说明醇是亲核试剂。
3、脂环酸的命名
COOH 环戊烷羧酸
COOH 环己烷羧酸
COOH
H3C 3-甲基环戊烷羧酸
4、芳香酸 COOH
苯甲酸 安息香酸
CH3COOH
2-萘乙酸 β-萘乙酸
CHCH2COOH Cl CH3
CHCH2COOH CH3
羧酸的系统命名与醛基本相同。
CH3 CH3CHCH2COOH
3-甲基丁酸 (β-甲基丁酸)
问题:二氢山米丁是扩张冠状动脉的药物,指出分子中含有 的酯键和手性碳。
O O
O CH3 CH3 OCOCH2 CH(CH3 2)
OCOCH3
4、酰胺的生成 RCONO 3HH RCO4O -H N 2 H R OCO 2 N 酰胺键: - CO-NH -
想一想
请指出氨苄青霉素中的酰胺键
CHCONH NH2 O
pKa 4.76
4.86
4.87
5.02
强
弱
COOH COOH
pKa1 1.46
强
C H 2C O O H C H 2C O O H
4.17
CH2CH2COOH CH2CH2COOH
4.43
弱
(二)羧酸衍生物的生成
定义:羧基上的羟基被其他原子或基团取代后的产物。 羧酸衍生物(四种):酰卤、酸酐、酯、酰胺。
三、羧子直链饱和一元羧酸为
液体。 2、低级饱和一元脂肪酸可与水混溶。 3、 羧酸的沸点高于相近分子量醇的沸点。
四、羧酸的化学性质
O (Ar)-R-C
O -H
说明: p –π共轭降低了C=O碳原子的电正性
①不利于羰基发亲核性反应 ② p –π共轭使O 上电子云密度降低,有利于氢离解。 ③–COOH具有 – I效应, α–H活性增加。
1、酰卤的生成
O
O
C3H CO+ H P3 C1 C3H CC+ 1 H 3 3 PO
O CO+ H PC 5 1
O
O CC+ 1 PO 3 Cl
O
O O
COO +SHO2C1
O O
CO+CS1O 2 + HC1
2、酸酐的生成
O
O
OO
C3 - H C -OH-C + -C3H ( P 2O 5强 O C热 3 - H C -O - ) C -C3H2O+