Air Force Seeks $10 Billion Over Sequestration Funding
爱华COD说明书
空军未来作战概念
Air Force Core Missions - 2035ForewordAirmen and Airpower Advocates,As America’s Airmen, our purpose is to ensure the Air Force can always provide Global Vigilance—Global Reach—Global Power. We do this by providing Air Force forces to accomplish our fi ve core missions. Since 1947, our core missions remain the backbone of our Service, and have evolved appropriately to address the changing environment. Every generation of Airmen has faced seemingly insurmountable challenges in accomplishing these missions, and yet, each generation of Airmen before us found a way to adapt. At crucial moments in time, they developed a way to succeed.As we plan for the future, the rapid pace of change occurring throughout the world compounds the uncertainty and complexity of the future environment. If we are to continue to succeed in our purpose, we must consider both the challenges and the opportunities we will face in air, space, and cyberspace. We must ask ourselves, “How will future Air Force forces deliver responsive and effective Global Vigilance—Global Reach—Global Power in the anticipated environment of 2035?” To answer this question, we propose our Air Force Future Operating Concept.The Air Force Future Operating Concept broadly portrays how the future Air Force will conduct its fi ve core missions as part of a joint, interagency, or multinational force, or independently in support of national security objectives. The central idea is this: “In 2035, AF forces will leverage operational agility as a way to adapt swiftly to any situation or enemy action. Operational agility is the ability to rapidly generate —and shift among —multiple solutions for a given challenge.” By using operational agility as a guiding principle in the conduct of our core missions, we can preserve the Air Force’s ability to act quickly in response to any challenge.Through application of this central idea, we describe our vision for how future Air Force forces may operate. The Air Force seeks bold and innovative approaches to its core missions, and success will also depend on close relationships with partners, particularly the members of the joint team. The ideas in this concept form a basis for examination, experimentation, and capability development planning for building the Air Force of the future.We now face another of those crucial moments in time. The dynamic, complex future is already beginning to challenge us. It is time for this generation of Airmen to develop a way to succeed. We invite you to read about our concept and visualize how Air Force forces of the future may contribute to a strong National defense, support for our allies and partners, and a free and stable world for all.ForewordIntro Implica-tions Concl Links To SMP GlossaryM-D C2ADC GIISR RGM GPS Concept For Future AF OpsAir Force Core Missions - 2035T ABLE OF CONTENTSForeword............................................................................................................................................................. 2 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 4Purpose .......................................................................................................................................................4Stra tegic Gu idance ........................................................................................................................... 4Concept for Future Air Force Opera tions .......................................................................................... 7The Central Idea: Opera tional Agility ........................................................................................ 7Underst anding Agility .................................................................................................................... 7Appl ying Agility to Opera tions ...................................................................................................... 8Employing Opera tional Agility .................................................................................................... 11Air Force Core Missions - 2035................................................................................................................. 14Mul ti-Domain Command and Control ......................................................................................... 14Adaptive Domain Control ............................................................................................................. 18Global Integra ted Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (GIISR) ................. 23Rapid Global Mobility .................................................................................................................. 26 Global Precision Strike ................................................................................................................ 29I mplica tions ..................................................................................................................................................... 36Conclusion . (38)Appendix A - Stra tegic Master Plan Linka ges (39)Appendix B - Glossary (45)T able of ContentsIntro Implica-tions Concl Links To SMP GlossaryM-D C2ADC GIISR RGM GPS Concept For Future AF OpsAir Force Core Missions - 2035IntroductionPurposeThe Air Force Future Operating Concept is the Air Force’s overarching force development concept. It describes how future Air Force (AF) forces will provide responsive and effective Global Vigilance—Global Reach—Global Power in light of the anticipated future strategic and operational environment. The AF Future Operating Concept broadly portrays how the future Air Force will conduct its fi ve core missions as part of a joint, interagency, or multinational force, or independently in support of national security objectives. The primary audiences for this concept are Headquarters Air Force (HAF) and Major Command (MAJCOM) strategic planners.Strategic GuidanceRelationship between the AF Future Operating Concept and Air Force Strategy Documents.The AF Future Operating Concept is guided by Service strategic direction expressed in The World’s Greatest Air Force—Powered by Airmen, Fueled by Innovation (A Vision for the United States Air Force) (Jan 2013); Global Vigilance, Global Reach, Global Power for America (Aug 2013); and America’s Air Force: A Call to the Future (Jul 2014). The Air Force Strategic Environment Assessment, 2014-2034 (AFSEA, 2014) provided strategic context to help frame the future operational environment.The AF Future Operating Concept and the Strategic Master Plan (SMP) are complementary documents. The AF Future Operating Concept provides context for the direction in the SMP , while the SMP provides credible pathways toward the concept’s projections. The AF Future Operating Concept takes the current core missions outlined in Global Vigilance, Global Reach, Global Power for America , and based on the future environment postulated by the AFSEA, describes how AF forces will evolve and conduct their core missions to help overcome national security challenges in that future environment. The AF Future Operating Concept provides a picture of future operations that informs Air Force Strategy by describing the desired future state for force development. As a force development concept, the AF Future Operating Concept is subject to testing, experimentation, evaluation and assessment to validate its ideas and/or suggest better alternatives.America’s Air Force: A Call to the Future and the SMP chart the institutional course to transition from the current state of AF forces to one similar to the future force described in the AF Future Operating Concept. America’s Air Force: A Call to the Future uses strategic agility as a guiding principle for the Air Force as an institution that organizes, trains, equips, and provides operational AF forces in order to facilitate the transition. The imperatives and vectors fl ow through the SMP and the Annexes to outline the coherent actions that the institutional Air Force needs to perform to drive toward the target picture presented by the AF Future Operating Concept.Intro Implica-tions Concl Links To SMP GlossaryM-D C2ADC GIISR RGM GPS Concept For Future AF OpsAir Force Core Missions - 2035Figure 1:Relationship between the AF Future Operating Concept and AF Strategy in the Strategy, Planning and Programming Process (SP3).Strategic Context. While the AF Future Operating Concept portrays skilled Airmen employing advanced technology in innovative ways to deter and defeat adversaries, it also emphasizes that the nature of warfare will not change over the next two decades. War will remain a clash of wills between thinking adversaries, and it will occur in an environment of uncertainty and rapid change. However, the character of warfare is becoming far less predictable and more complex. No technology or technique will eliminate the metaphorical fog and friction of warfare, and no military advantage will go unchallenged by adversaries seeking to achieve their objectives and deny us ours. While war will remain an instrument of policy, with associated constraints/restraints and specifi ed missions for military forces, navigating the relationship between policy and war will be even more challenging in the complex future. The AFSEA, which compiles the expert analyses of the future environment across the Department of Defense, Intelligence Community, and think tanks, highlights that the era in which the United States can project power globally essentially uncontested has ended. It identifi es four emerging trends that are highly likely to characterize the future: increasing speed and proliferation of technological change, geopolitical instability, increasing scarcity of natural resources, and an increasingly important and vulnerable global commons. The AFSEA uses these trends to derive six emerging trends with implications for the Air Force: 1) adversaries’ acquisition and development of capabilities to challenge the U.S.; 2) increasing importance or frequency of irregular, urban, humanitarian, and intelligence operations; 3) increasing challenges to deterrence; 4) energy costs; 5) exploiting new technology opportunities; and 6) challenges of climate change.1The rapid pace of change occurring throughout the world acts as a common thread between these trends and implications, and compounds the uncertainty and complexity of the future environment.1 AFSEA, 2014-2034, 19.IntroImplica-tions Concl Links To SMP GlossaryM-D C2ADC GIISR RGM GPS Concept For Future AF OpsAir Force Core Missions - 2035Accordingly, the AF Future Operating Concept’s central idea of operational agility is the Air Force’s approach to conducting its missions in future warfare. While the AF Future Operating Concept primarily describes AF forces implementing operational agility, Airmen fully understand that success will depend on close relationships with partners, particularly the members of the joint team. The Air Force seeks bold and innovative approaches to its core missions—either in a supported or supporting role—to achieve results that set the conditions for partner organizations and the joint force to succeed in support of national security objectives. The goal of this document is not to create a more effective future Air Force for its own sake, but for the sake of the joint fi ght and the Nation.DoDD 5100.01, Functions of the Department of Defense and Its Major Components, (21 Dec 2010) directs the Air Force to “provide the Nation with global vigilance, global reach, and global power in the form of in-place, forward-based, and expeditionary forces possessing the capacity to deter aggression and violence by state, non-state, and individual actors to prevent confl ict, and, should deterrence fail, prosecute the full range of military operations in support of U.S. national interests.” Global Vigilance, Global Reach, Global Power for America (Aug 2013) amplifi es this task by explaining how Airmen provide these three elements through the Air Force’s fi ve core missions. It defi nes the Air Force’s core missions as: air and space superiority; intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR); rapid global mobility; global strike; and command and control (C2). Global Vigilance, Global Reach, Global Power for America describes how the Air Force provides air, space, and cyber power to the nation in the current environment; the AF Future Operating Concept describes how it will answer this call in the future.The AF Future Operating Concept envisions a future in which information technologies permeate almost every object. Cyberspace will no longer be clearly separable from the physical domains, as actions in cyberspace will create effects in all other domains. The amount of human knowledge will have potentially increased by orders of magnitude, and technological advancement will empower individuals, groups and non-state actors to develop and employ capabilities previously reserved to nation-states. It will be impossible to achieve and maintain complete, permanent technological or informational advantages. Instead, advantages will be transient and belong to persons and organizations that display bold, adaptive, and innovative behaviors.Accordingly, the military problem at the crux of the AF Future Operating Concept is:How will future Air Force forces deliver responsive and effective Global Vigilance—Global Reach—Global Power in the anticipated environment of 2035?The remainder of this document explains the Air Force’s answer to this question and the desired future state.Intro Implica-tions Concl Links To SMP GlossaryM-D C2ADC GIISR RGM GPS Concept For Future AF OpsAir Force Core Missions - 2035Concept for Future Air Force Opera tions The Central Idea: Operational AgilityAirmen, through their fi ve core missions, have unique abilities to rapidly achieve Global Vigilance, Global Reach, and Global Power in support of national security objectives as part of a joint team. The increasingly dynamic environment of the future, however, dictates that the Air Force must change how it conducts these missions. In 2035, AF forces will leverage operational agility as a way to adapt swiftly to any situation or enemy action. Operational agility is the ability to rapidly generate—and shift among—multiple solutions for a given challenge. This agility will require Airmen to change the way they think about seizing and retaining the initiative in confl ict. In the past, the Air Force has relied on speed and simultaneous operations to paralyze the enemy’s decision-making process. The joint force of 2035 will instead place an adversary on the “horns of multiple dilemmas” by swiftly applying different strengths to produce multiple approaches, and the Air Force will contribute by creating combinations of air, space, and cyberspace capabilities to achieve desired effects in the battlespace.2The ability to cultivate and exploit an array of options will quickly enable AF forces to seize the initiative and overwhelm adversaries by generating too many approaches for an enemy to counter successfully. Operational agility will also change how Airmen consider resilience. The Air Force has focused on static hardening and survivability of exquisite platforms to assure resilience to operate in the face of enemy attacks. In 2035, the ability to rapidly produce and fl ex between multiple options will provide a dynamic form of resilience. Operational agility acts as a unifying principle that guides how the Air Force will conduct its core missions in the future.Understanding AgilityIn order to understand operational agility, it is helpful to deconstruct agility as an abstract idea.Agility , in a physical sense, is best defi ned as “a rapid whole body movement with change of velocity or direction in response to a stimulus.”3This defi nition identifi es the physical capability for quick movement and change, and it implies a mental capacity to quickly and continuously assess, decide, and act. Agility exists in terms of a reaction to a dynamic opponent, a moving target, or shifting conditions. At its heart, it is the ability to act appropriately within a changing context.Agility depends upon several facets: fl exibility, speed, coordination, balance, and strength . Alone, each is insuffi cient to create agility, but each plays a necessary role. One or more facets may fi gure more prominently in a given situation, but each will be present and work together to form the whole. Flexibility describes the ability to move without restriction across a range of motion that is bounded by limits in distance and direction. Inadequate fl exibility affects performance because it prevents a body from reaching its full potential and power. In essence, f lexibility enables and represents the range of possibilities in agility . Speed refers to the swiftness of a movement or action in both physical and cognitive ways. Physical speed is required to quickly execute changes or adjustments to provide a timely reaction. Cognitive speed is necessary to ensure information processing and reaction times provide timely inputs that drive physical action. The two are interdependent. Quick actions without thought may not form the correct response to a situation, and thus will be ineffective. Likewise, quick recognition and decision without the ability to physically carry out an action in a timely manner is also ineffective. Speed provides the responsiveness necessary in agility .Concept for Future Air Force Opera tions2 The original “horns of a dilemma” term refers to Gen William Tecumseh Sherman’s approach to present an adversary with more than one problem at a ti me, to baffl e and confound him while retaining one’s own alternati ves and fl exibility. B.H. Liddell Hart, Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American (Boston, MA: Da Capo Press, 1993), 315.3 J.M. Sheppard and W.B. Young, “Agility Literature Review: Classifi cati ons, Training and Testi ng”, Journal of Sports Science 24 (2006): 919-932.Intro Implica-tions Concl Links To SMP GlossaryM-D C2ADC GIISR RGM GPS Concept For Future AF OpsAir Force Core Missions - 2035Coordination signifi es the combination of movements with both direction and force that result in intended actions. Physically, coordination comprises the movements of several physical parts sequentially or simultaneously combined into a coherent, effi cient effort. Cognitively, it involves the integration of data related to the position and movement of physical parts, external and internal inputs, and the processes that plan, relay, and control physical actions. Essentially, coordination smoothly integrates multiple parts and processes to create an intended action most effectively .Balance denotes the ability to maintain the center of gravity of a body within the base of support without losing control. Depending on the situation, a different distribution of weight or physical forces may be required to achieve balance initially. As the situation changes, the distribution may have to shift to maintain balance under new conditions. Balance is necessary in agility because balance allows a body to be in the position to take the desired action , for as long or as short a period as desired.Strength represents the ability to exert force on a physical object. It is vital in agility because strength embodies the physical capability to carry out the intended action . Endurance, or strength sustained over a period of time, serves as an important aspect because it enables agility over a long duration. Flexibility, speed, coordination, and balance all play a role in creating the ability to act quickly in response to changing context, but strength is required to convert intent into action. Without strength, action is ineffective.Applying Agility to OperationsThe Air Force of 2035 must mature its ability to act quickly in response to dynamic adversaries within the changing future environment. An effective response to shifting stimuli requires the ability to change or adapt easily. There is a difference between committing wholesale to a select solution to a challenge versus committing to a philosophy that develops a variety of solutions that can be reconfi gured or substituted quickly. An agile Air Force will possess a variety of options for a given challenge and, when the enemy develops a counter, will be able to adapt by fl exing quickly to a different solution. The ability to rapidly generate multiple options or solutions for a given challenge will provide AF forces with the agility at the operational level of war necessary to engage adversaries effectively.4Operational agility will preserve the Air Force’s ability to act quickly in response to changing context.For AF forces to use operational agility to prevail in 2035, they will need to apply the facets of agility: fl exibility, speed, coordination, balance, and strength. Each of the fi ve facets has numerous applications in warfi ghting, from the individual tactical level through the national strategic level. The AF Future Operating Concept examines how these fi ve facets apply to AF forces as a warfi ghting entity that functions as part of a joint team at the operational level of war. Flexibility , the movement without restriction across a range of motion, applies at the operationallevel as the ability to fl ex across the range of options that the Air Force as an institution can provide. Flexibility in operational agility manifests as Integrated Multi-Domain Operations. •Integrated Multi-Domain Operations: As a Service born of air-breathing platforms and doctrine, the Air Force has evolved to include space and cyberspace as key operating domains—but in many cases, Airmen of 2015 think of multi-domain operations largely as air operations that are supported or augmented by space or cyber capabilities. By 2035, the meaning of integrated multi-domain operations will encompass full interoperability among air, space, and cyberspace capabilities so that the combined effect is greater than the sum of the contributed parts without being limited by rigid interdependence. Modular air, space, 4 Joint Publicati on (JP) 3-0, Joint Operati ons , defi nes the operati onal level of war as “The level of war at which campaigns and major operati ons are planned, conducted, and sustained to achieve strategic objecti ves within theaters or other operati onal areas.” See also JP 1-02, 8 November2010 (as amended through 15 June 2015), 178.Intro Implica-tions Concl Links To SMP GlossaryM-D C2ADC GIISR RGM GPS Concept For Future AF OpsAir Force Core Missions - 2035surface and cyberspace forces and capabilities will be able to be separated, then connected, combined, or reconfi gured. If the ability to act in one domain becomes limited, Air Force and joint forces will outpace the enemy by rapidly shifting to operations in other domains to accomplish the required tasks and objectives. Robust, resilient capabilities provided through cyberspace or space assets will reduce reliance on traditional air platforms to produce certain effects. Alternatively, kinetic or non-kinetic air operations will be directed at enabling or achieving space or cyberspace effects as well as attacking conventional targets. Of course, while the integration of the air, space, and cyber domains will be this document’s primary focus, it is only when operations in these domains are effectively integrated with those in the land and maritime domains that the joint team will be able to reach its true potential. This recognition is central to the AF Future Operating Concept.Speed has both physical and cognitive applications in operational agility, but at the operational level cognitive speed may be most important. Physical speed is provided by technology and capabilities. Cognitive speed, at the macro level, centers on an organization’s methods to process information and develop decisions. Speed in operational agility manifests as Superior Decision Speed.•Superior Decision Speed: Uncertainty and incomplete information are realities in warfare. Rather than demanding “perfect” intelligence, military forces must be able make accurate decisions at a rate that provides advantages over adversaries. In 2015, the Air Force has access to a wealth of data collected from a vast number of sources. However, it remains limited in its physical ability to process and integrate the sheer volume of data into actionable information in a timely manner. By 2035, the correlation of disparate bits of data will be even more critical to provide decision makers with the required information to make key decisions rapidly for operations. Collected data will be integrated in an open, adaptive information construct unburdened by unnecessary classifi cation barriers. Air, space, and cyberspace ISR assets will share information seamlessly and contribute to a Common Operating Picture (COP). A global COP will require advanced capabilities and various degrees of automation to unlock the power of Big Data and correlate diverse pieces of information more quickly.5A User-Defi ned Operating Picture (UDOP) will provide the interface between the decision-maker and the global COP . Human-machine interfaces will be engineered to deliver the right information and level of detail to the right person at the right time to make the right decision. This construct will balance speed with accuracy to deliver the ability to make risk-appropriate actionable decisions. Together, these elements will increase the speed and quality of decision-making to allow superior responsiveness.Coordination , the smooth integration of multiple elements to create an intended action, also has physical and cognitive applications in operational agility. The cognitive portion relates to awareness, tracking, and planning functions, while the physical portion deals with sequencing and controlling physical assets. All of these functions occur through command and control. Coordination in operational agility manifests as Dynamic Command and Control.• Dynamic Command and Control: The Air Force’s command and control mindset of 2015 focuses on large-scale, conventional air operations, augmented by space and cyberspace operations, with domain-specifi c tasking orders centered on an air tasking order (ATO). While today’s Airman commands and controls in a faster and less-rigid way than in the past, this mindset will evolve further as domain-specifi c thinking matures into multi-domain integration. By 2035, enhanced battlespace awareness, improved planning and assessment, and organizational fl exibility will better enable elements to self-synchronize and adapt to fulfi ll commander’s intent. Commanders, planners, and operators will have the requisite authorities, at the appropriate levels, to integrate effects. Cognitively and physically, dynamic 5 The term “Big Data” describes large volumes of high velocity, complex, and variable data that require advanced techniques and technologies to enable the capture, conditi oning, reliability, storage, distributi on, management, and analysis of the informati on. Big Data helps make collecti onfrom all sources discoverable, and improves humans’ ability to assess, explain, and anti cipate adversary acti on while providing improved mecha-nisms for intelligence delivery.Intro Implica-tions Concl Links To SMP GlossaryM-D C2ADC GIISR RGM GPS Concept For Future AF OpsAir Force Core Missions - 2035command and control will permit fl uid transitions between supported or supporting roles and between centralized control and distributed coordination. Operationally agile forces will defeat future enemy threats by fi ghting in a highly coordinated manner under the principle of mission command .6 As with multi-domain operations, this approach must be developed within the framework of the joint and combined team. Dynamic command and control should exist across all components of a joint or combined task force, enabling any component to assume a supported or supporting role depending on the circumstances. Within a dynamic future environment, a shift in roles could exist for hours or months. The Air Force must have the structure and expertise built into its component headquarters to smoothly execute these transitions.Balance requires a more theoretical application at the operational level of war. Essentially, balance consists of manipulating distributions so that an organization retains the ability to act. While it exists across several dimensions, the Air Force’s ability to act centers on its capabilities. Concentrating capabilities into any single platform or role creates vulnerability and reduces the ability to be effective in other areas. The Air Force must maintain its ability to defeat a full spectrum of enemy actions without introducing singular vulnerabilities. Balance in operational agility manifests as a Balanced Capabilities Mix. • Balanced Capabilities Mix : Operational agility relies on the ability to generate multiple solutions and options for any given challenge, but resources are not unlimited. Since the 1970’s, the Air Force has used the term “high-low mix” to describe the intent to acquire a limited number of high-cost/high-capability platforms supplemented with many lower-cost/lower-capability platforms. By 2035, this simple characterization will have evolved into an Air Force that applies a balanced mix of air, space, and cyber forces across domains with an array of partners. The Air Force will use an appropriate subset of its capabilities—suited to the situation, mission and threat—and adapt as required. The future Air Force will retain tailored numbers of high-end assets to operate against adversaries that pose advanced threats to joint/multinational force efforts in any domain. To conduct follow-on sustained operations, or a sustainedirregular warfare effort in a permissive or semi-permissive environment, AF forces primarily will use lower-cost/lower-capability assets, effi ciently expending resources to achieve joint force commander (JFC) objectives while relying more on partner nations. Operations against adversaries with advanced capabilities will require unifi ed action from the joint force and contributions from multinational partners to offset the fi scally-rationed capacity of the force. The Air Force’s balanced capabilities mix of assets will foster the ability to engage with, train, and operate alongside partners with sophisticated systems as well as partners who possess lower-capability systems. Interoperability among air forces will provide opportunities for partners to contribute according to their strengths.Strength , the physical capability to carry out an intended action, resides in operationally employable AF forces. To be effective in any response, these forces must be ready, equipped, and sustained. To be effective over the duration of the confl ict, they must be resilient. The Air Force can augment these forces by teaming with advanced systems and joint, interagency, and multinational partners. Strength in operational agility manifests as Performance-Optimized Teams.• Performance-Optimized Teams: In 2015, the Air Force uses legacy, Cold-War-era methods to describe the readiness and performance of units and personnel against static mission sets that are not necessarily correlated to current threats. By 2035, evolution in the way the service achieves readiness and required performance levels will change theorganization, training and equipping of Airmen. As a result of the Air Force’s prioritized focus on critical thinking, adaptive behavior, innovation, and collaboration skills, Airmen will 6 “Mission command – The conduct of military operati ons through decentralized executi on based upon mission-type orders.” JP 1-02, 158.Intro Implica-tions Concl Links To SMP Glossary M-D C2ADC GIISR RGM GPS Concept For Future AF Ops。
八重州VX-8R中文说明书-1
洛克希德马丁 高空无人侦察机 机密资料 谨慎传阅
Descend to Sea Level
Distance (nm)
Sea Level Loiter for 30 min
10500 nm
6
Study Mission Requirements
Assume Wto and
W/S
Refine Aerodynamic Parameters Size Control Surfaces/Tail Calculate Drag
UHF Radar (2) -4.9 x 40.6 ft -Azimuth FOR +/- 70 degrees -Located to View Out Each Side
10
Horizon Distance
55000 ft
5.17 deg
250 nm LOS Horizon
Design Array Angles for Desired Footprint
11
Aircraft Configuration
Wing Area = 833 ft^2 Wing Sweep = 0 deg
Wing Span = 129 ft Aspect Ratio = 20
Fuselage Length = 62 ft Height = 6 ft Width = 10 ft
Mach .6 and 55000 ft
Total Mission Fuel Required: 23874 lb = 3511 gal
16
Weight Fractions - Ferry
1. Start up/Take-Off .970
2. Climb to Cruise Alt .950
3. Cruise 10500 nm .567
黑翼飞行模拟器用户手册说明书
IntroductionThe Blackwing BW 635RG is an ultralight two-seater aeroplane designed for recreational flying and training purposes. It features a sleek and modern design, with a composite airframe and a low-wing configuration. The Blackwing has a cruising speed of up to 120 knots and a range of approximately 700 nautical miles, making it suitable for both short and long-distance flights. The cockpit is equipped with state-of-the-art avionics, including a glass cockpit display and an autopilot system. The Blackwing is also known for its superior handling and stability, making it a popular choice among flying enthusiasts and flight schools. The BW 635RG is powered by the venerable Rotax 915 iS engine.Development Credits:Mal Cartwright Product LeadRuss White3D Modelling, Interior and Exterior TexturingJack Lavigne IntegrationHarry Stringer AnimationPropAir Flight Model and SystemsJordan Gough ManualWith special thanks to our Beta Testers:Rob Abernathy John BurgessNick Cooper John DowMatt McGee Darryl WightmanTable of ContentsIntroduction (2)Development Credits: (2)With special thanks to our Beta Testers: (2)Table of Contents (3)Notes on Hardware (4)Overview (5)Aircraft Limitations (6)Airspeed Limitations (6)Engine Limitations (6)Operating Conditions (6)Fuel (7)Other Limitations (7)Emergency Procedures (8)Engine Failure on the Take-off Roll (8)Engine Failure after Take-off (8)Glide Performance (8)Emergency Landing (9)Spin Recovery (9)Normal Procedures (10)Before Starting Engine (10)Starting Engine (10)Before Taxiing (11)Taxiing (11)Engine Runup (11)Before Take-off (11)Take-Off (12)Initial Climb (12)Cruise Climb (12)Cruise (12)Landing (13)Balked Landing (13)After Landing (13)Securing Aircraft (14)Basic Performance (15)Stall Speeds (15)Take-Off Performance (15)Landing Performance (16)Systems Description (17)Instrument Panel Layout (17)Switch Logic and Electrical System (18)Master Switch (18)Fuel Pump Switch (19)LAND/TAXI Switch (19)Strobe/Nav Switch (19)Electrical System Diagram (20)Engine (21)Propeller (21)Fuel (21)Notes on HardwareDue to the unusual 3-position switches in this aircraft, conventional hardware 2position toggle switches (eg. strobe or nav light switches) cannot be translated tothe single 3-position switch which combine these.Additionally, as this aircraft utilises a single level power control (throttle), conventional throttle/prop/mixture hardware may interfere with the function of this system, and not work as intended. It is recommended to place your propeller and mixture levers in the IDLE position, and not move them while the engine is running.OverviewThe Orbx BW 635RG has been developed using official documentation and Computer Aided Design (CAD) resources from Blackwing Sweden. As a result, the aeroplane has been created through masterful modelling, texturing, systems integration, and flight model development.Figure 1 – Aircraft 3-viewAircraft DimensionsLength 6.6m Height 2.2m Wingspan8.4mWeightsBasic Empty Weight 375kg Maximum Take-off Weight 600kg Maximum Fuel Capacity (Litres)130LThe content in this manual and the operation of the BW 635RG in Microsoft Flight Simulator strictly must not be used as reference material in any form for operating the real aircraft.Aircraft LimitationsAirspeed LimitationsAirspeed Description Airspeed (KIAS) RemarksVne Never Exceed Speed 157 Must not exceed this speed in any operation.Va Manoeuvring Speed 109 If full or abrupt control deflection is made, the airframe may be overstressed.Vfe1 Max flap extended speed20 degrees90 Maximum speed for flaps 20°Vfe2 Max flap extended speed35-45 degrees 70 Maximum speed for flaps 35-45°Vlo Maximum landing gearoperating speed 70Do not extended or retract the landing gearabove this speed.Vle Maximum landing gear extended speed 90 Do not exceed this speed with the landing gearalready down.Vs0 Stall speed flaps/gearextended 38 Stall speed with gear down/flaps >0° and in level flight at MTOWVs1 Stall speed clean 49 Stall speed flaps retracted, gear up and in level flight at MTOWEngine LimitationsEngineEngine Manufacturer Rotax Engine Model Rotax 915 iSMaximum Power Take-off (Max 5 min.) 141 hp Continuous 135 hpMaximum RPM Take-off (Max 5 min.) 5800 Continuous 5500Critical Altitude 15000ft AMSL Maximum OperatingAltitude23000ft AMSL Operating ConditionsAerobatic manoeuvres, flight in IFR conditionsand flights in icing conditions are prohibited inthis aircraft.FuelFuel TanksLeft Right Litres US Gal Litres US GalTotal Fuel in Tank 67.5 17.8 62.5 16.5Unusable Fuel 2.5 0.7 2.5 0.7 Total Useable Fuel in Tanks 66.5 17.6 61.5 16.2Other LimitationsMaximum demonstrated crosswind for the BW 635RG is 20 knots.Emergency ProceduresNote: The following procedures have been modified to be suitable for simulation. It does not cover emergencies that are a) not simulated and b) not reasonable. Checklist items from the real procedures have been omitted and these procedures must not under any circumstances be used for training purposes.Engine Failure on the Take-off RollThrottle: IDLEIgnition: OFFFuel Pump: MAIN (DOWN POS)Brakes: APPLYWhen stopped: SECURE AIRCRAFTEngine Failure after Take-offNose: IMMEDIATELY LOWERAirspeed: 65 KNOTSLanding Area: DETERMINE WITHIN 30° OF NOSEFlaps: USE AS REQUIREDLanding Gear: USE DESCRETIONFuel Selector: OFFIgnition: OFFMaster Switch: OFFGlide PerformanceThe BW 635RG, the approximate performance for a glide is 65 KIAS which willgive approximately a 545ft/min rate of descent in the clean configuration.Glide performance will degrade significantly on extension of flaps and landinggear.Emergency LandingAirspeed: 65 KIASField: PICK BEST OPTIONLanding Gear: USE DISCRETION DEPENDING ON FIELD TYPEFlaps: AS REQUIREDFuel Selector: OFFIgnition: OFFFuel Pump: MAIN (down)Master Switch: OFF BEFORE LANDINGSpin RecoveryThrottle: IDLEControl Stick: AILERON NEUTRALRudder: FULL OPPOSITE TO DIRECTION OF ROTATIONControl Stick: POSITIVELY FORWARD OF NEUTRALRudder: NEUTRAL WHEN ROTATION STOPSControl Stick: SMOOTHLY PULL OUT OF DIVEWARNING:INTENTIONAL SPINS ARE NOT APPROVED INTHIS AIRCRAFT.Normal ProceduresNote: The pre-flight inspection portion of the normal procedures has been removed due to impracticality in the simulator.Before Starting EngineIgnition: OFFMaster Switch: OFF (down)Backup Battery: OFF/AUTO (down)Landing Gear Lever: DOWNCircuit Breakers: INCanopy CLOSED (CLICKING THE LATCHON THE INSIDE LEFT SIDEWALL.) Starting EngineParking Brake: HOLD TOE BRAKES AND ENGAGE PARKINGBRAKEMaster Switch: ENGINE START (middle position)Fuel Selector: SETFuel Gauge: CHECKFuel Pump: BOTH (up)Ignition: BOTHNav Lights: STROBE (middle position)Throttle: SET ½-1 INCH OPENIgnition: STARTOil Pressure: GREEN WITHIN 10 SECWarnings: NONEBefore TaxiingMaster Switch: NORMAL OPERATION (up)Altimeter: SETAvionics: SETParking Brake: DISENGAGETaxiingInstruments: CHECKED (COMPASS/HSI/BALL/ATT) Engine RunupParking Brake: ENGAGERPM: 2500 RPMFuel Pump: CYCLE, CHECK FUEL PRESSUREIdle: CHECK IDLE 1800 +/- 100 RPM Before Take-offCanopy: CLOSED AND LOCKEDFlaps: 1 STAGE (20°)Elevator Trim: SET FOR TAKE-OFFEngine Instruments: NORMALLanding Light: ON (up)Controls: FULL FREE AND CORRECT MOVEMENTParking Brake: DISENGAGETake-OffThrottle: FULLControls: NEUTRAL45 Knots: ROTATEAccelerate: NOSE ON HORIZON, ACCEL TO 80 KIASPositive Rate of Climb: GEAR UPLanding Light: OFF (down)Flaps: RETRACT ABOVE 500’ AGLInitial ClimbThrottle: MAX CONTINUOUS (5500 RPM)Airspeed: 90 KIASFuel Pump: MAIN (down) ABOVE 500’ AGL Cruise ClimbThrottle: MAX CONTINUOUS (5500 RPM)Airspeed: 130 KIASCruiseThrottle: 55-75% PowerAirspeed: 120-157 KIAS (<130 KIAS IN TURB)LandingFuel: QTY CHECKEDFuel Selector: FULLEST TANKFuel Pump: BOTH (up position)Airspeed: 90 KIASFlaps: EXTEND FLAP 1 <90 KIASDownwind Airspeed: 65 KIASLanding Gear: DOWN @ 65 KIAS; CHECK 3 GREENLanding Light: ON (up position)Base Leg: EXTEND FLAP 2 < 65 KIASFinal Approach Airspeed: 60 KIASBalked LandingThrottle: SMOOTHLY INCREASEAirspeed: 60 KIASTrim: COURSE TRIM TO RELIEVE PRESSUREFlaps: RETRACT TO POSITION 1 (20°)Gear: UPTrim: TRIM FOR CLIMBAfter LandingFlaps: RETRACTExterior Lights: AS REQ’DFuel Pump: MAIN (down)Securing AircraftParking Brake: ENGAGEDThrottle: IDLESwitches: ALL OFF EXCEPT ACL AND MASTERIgnition: OFFNav Lights: OFF (down)Master Switch: OFFBasic PerformanceStall SpeedsMTOW 600kg | CG 32% MAC | Power Idle | Level FlightFlap Position Stall Speed (KIAS) 0° 49 20° 44 35° 39 45°38Take-Off PerformanceMTOW | ISA CONDITIONS | SEA LEVEL | FLAPS 1 (20°) | MTOW (600kg)Cruise PerformanceRunway Surface Ground RollOver 50ft Obstacleft mft mPaved Runway328 100 656 200 Unpaved (Grass) Runway 361110689208Pressure Altitude Power (%) TAS Fuel Flow LPH MAP (inHg) Endurance(hr)Range (nm) 500055 161 19.7 30 5.8 941 65 170 23.3 34.1 4.9 827 7517826.937.44.1738Landing PerformanceMTOW | ISA CONDITIONS | FLAPS 2 (35°) | MTOW (600kg) | Speed 1.3 x VsoRunway Surface Ground Roll Over 50ft Obstacle ft m ft mPaved Runway 525 160 951 290 Unpaved (Grass) Runway 558 170 984 300Systems Description Instrument Panel LayoutSwitch Logic and Electrical SystemThe electrical switches in the BW 635RG are 3-position switches. These are generally known as “DOWN”, “MIDDLE” and “UP”. They are briefly explained below.Master SwitchThe MASTER switch functions in a unique way, with the following switch logic:1.When the MASTER switch is DOWN, all battery power is off. There will beno electrical power provided to the aircraft.•Note: The engine CANNOT be shut down when the master switch isoff. Electrical power must be present for the engine to turn off.2.When the MASTER switch is in the MIDDLE (Engine Start) position, limitedsystem functionality will be present. The backup battery will be activatedand power the following systems:•Primary Flight Display•Compass•AHRS (Attitude Heading Reference System)•Radio3.When the MASTER switch is UP (Normal Operation), full electrical supplywill be provided to the aircraft. The following systems will be powered on: •Note: the engine CANNOT be started with the MASTER switch in theUP position. If the engine won’t start, check the switch is in theMIDDLE position•Multi-Function Display•Transponder•Autopilot•Audio panel•STBY instruments•Pitot Heat•Main battery is disconnected from running engine. Alternatorprovides power.See Section NORMAL PROCEDURES for positioning of the MASTER switch.Fuel Pump SwitchThe Fuel Pump switch also has some advanced logic to it, due to two fuel pumpsbeing present, however, to put it simply, it operates in the following way:1.In the DOWN position, the main fuel pump is in use.2.In the MIDDLE position, the auxiliary fuel pump is in use.3.In the UP position, both fuel pumps will be on.LAND/TAXI SwitchThe LAND/TAXI switch powers the Taxi and Landing lights. It operates in the following logic:1.In the DOWN position, both lights will be OFF.2.In the MIDDLE position, the taxi light will switch on when the landinggear is extended.3.In the UP position, the Landing Light will switch on when the landinggear is extended.Strobe/Nav SwitchThe Strobe/Nav switch powers the Navigation (Red/Green) and Strobe (flashingwhite) lights. It operates in the following logic:1.In the DOWN position, both lights will be OFF.2.In the MIDDLE position, the STROBE light will be on.3.In the UP position, both the strobe and Nav lights will be on.Electrical System DiagramThe BW 635RG’s electrical system is modelled in the following way in Microsoft Flight Simulator.Because the starter system is connected to the BACKUP BUS, this means you cannot start the engine with the MASTER switch in the UP position, due to the BACKUP BUS being disconnected from the circuit once the MAIN BAT BUS is powered.Page 21 of 21User Guide v1.0 –RevisionEngineThe BW 635RG is powered by the Rotax 915iS. The Rotax 915iS is a four-stroke, four-cylinder, fuel-injected, turbocharged aircraft engine with a maximum power output of141 horsepower. The engine utilizes electronic fuel injection (EFI) technology toprovide precise fuel delivery and improved fuel efficiency. It also features a modernliquid-cooling system and a dual electronic ignition system for reliable performance.The Rotax 915iS engine has a maximum operating RPM of 5,200, with a recommended continuous operation range of 5,000 RPM or less.PropellerThe propeller is a 3-blade wood-composite design, which is hydraulically adjustable for operation at various pitch angles, controlled independently of the pilot. The propeller is linked to the engine through an electronically controlled governor, where RPM isadjusted in accordance with the position of the throttle control. This pitch curve cannot be adjusted in flight, however is designed to ensure maximum performance in allphases of flight.FuelBoth wings have fuel tanks, which are fed to the engine via electric fuel pumps. Fuelsystem information is fed via sensors to the Garmin avionics suite and can be viewedon the displays inside the cockpit.AIRPLANE WEIGHTSBasic Empty Weight……………………….…375 KgMaximum Takeoff Weight…………………..600 KgMaximum Fuel Weight………………………...95 Kg Maximum Landing Weight………………….600 Kg TANK USABLE FUEL LEFT WING TANK67.5 litres 17.8 US Gallons RIGHT WING TANK62.5 litres 16.5 US Gallons TOTAL 130 litres34.3 US GallonsFUEL CAPACITY AIRSPEEDS Never Exceed Speed ……….…………….173 KIAS Max Structural Cruising Speed…………..156 KIAS Maneuvering Speed MTOW……………….109 KIAS Initial Climb………………………………………80 KIASBest Angle Climb……………………………….75 KIASBest Rate of Climb……………………………..90 KIASMax Flap Ext 20°……………………..............90 KIASMax Flap Ext 35-45°……………………………70 KIASMax Landing Gear Operation……………….70 KIASMax Landing Gear Extended………………..90 KIASPlanned Cruise TAS………………………….130 KIASFinal Approach Speed………………………..60 KIAS POWERPLANT LIMITATIONSENGINE LIMITS (RPM)Take-off (5 Minutes)………....5800 RPM Max Continuous……………….5500 RPMALTITUDE LIMITSMaximum Operating Altitude………………23 000ftFor Microsoft Flight Simulator Use Only0-12023 Orbx Simulation Systems Pty. Ltd BW 635RG QUICK REFERENCESHEETIssued: 21 Apr 2023Revised: 21 Apr 20230-2PROCEDURESBEFORE STARTING ENGINEPreflight Inspection………………………….COMPLETECrew Briefing………………………………….COMPLETEIgnition…………………………………………………….OFFMaster Switch…………………………………………..OFFBackup Battery …..…………………………….OFF/AUTOLanding Gear Lever………………………………..DOWNCircuit Breakers…………………………………………..IN Canopy………………………………………………CLOSED STARTING ENGINEArea……………………………………………………..CLEARParking Brake……………….HOLD TOE BRAKES ANDENGAGEMaster Switch …..……………….ENGINE START (MID)Fuel Selector…………………………………………….SETFuel Pump………………………………………BOTH (UP)Ignition………………………………………………….BOTHExternal Lights……………………………………..AS REQThrottle ………………………..………..Τ12-1 INCH OPENIgnition………………………………………………….START AFTER START Oil Pressure.…………………………………………RISING Master Switch ……………………………..NORMAL (UP)Radios………………………………………………………SET Altimeter…………………………………………………..SET ATIS and Clearance…………………………..OBTAINEDBEFORE TAXIBrakes/Park Brake ………………………….DISENGAGEFlight Instruments……………………………..CHECKEDCompass…………………………………………CHECKED BEFORE TAKEOFFCanopy/Harnesses………………………………SECURE Flaps…………………………………….……1 STAGE (20°)Trim ..……………………………………SET FOR TAKEOFF Flight Instruments………………………………………SET Engine Instruments………………CHECKED NORMAL Avionics…………………………………………………….SET External Lights………………………………………AS REQ Flight Controls…………..FULL, FREE AND CORRECT Takeoff Safety Brief………………………….DELIVERED TAKEOFFBrakes/Park Brake………………………….DISENGAGEPower…………SMOOTHLY INCREASE TO MAXIMUM45 knots………………………………………………ROTATEAccelerate……….…NOSE ON HORIZON, TO 80 KTSPositive Rate of Climb………………………….GEAR UPLanding Light.……………………………….OFF (DOWN)Flaps ………………………..RETRACT ABOVE 500’ AGLMEMORY ITEMS 2023 Orbx Simulation Systems Pty. Ltd ENGINE RUN UP Parking Brake ……………………………………..ENGAGE Engine Instruments……………………………CHECKED Engine RPM…………………………………SET 2500 RPM Fuel Pump…………………………………………….CYCLE Idle …………………..…..CHECK IDLE 1800 ±100RPM Navigation Equipment …..…………………………….SETFor Microsoft Flight Simulator Use OnlyIssued: 21 Apr 2023Revised: 21 Apr 2023AFTER TAKEOFF Engine Instruments……………………..WITHIN LIMITS Climb Speed…………………………………………90 KIAS Fuel Pump………….MAIN (DOWN ) ABOVE 500’ AGL0-3CRUISEPower….……………………………………….SET 55-75%Airspeed…..……….120-157KTS (<130KTS IN TURB.)DESCENTAltimeter…………………………………………………..SETFuel Selector………………………………FULLEST TANKPower Lever………………….AS REQUIRED FOR RODApproach Brief………………………………PLETE BEFORE LANDINGBrakes……………………………………………………..OFFFuel ………….………………………………QTY CHECKEDFuel Selector………………………………FULLEST TANK Fuel Pump……….………………………………BOTH (UP)LANDINGDOWNWINDAirspeed….………………………………………….90 KIASFlaps….………………………………………STAGE 1 (20°)Airspeed………….………………………………….65 KIASLanding Gear…..…………………….DOWN @ 65 KIASCHECK 3 GREENLanding Light………………………………………ON (UP)BASEFlaps…………………………… STAGE 2 (35°) < 65 KIASFINALAirspeed………….………………………………….60 KIASTouchdown ……………………….MAIN WHEELS FIRSTStick………………………………………………FULL BACK Brakes…………………………………………………..APPLYAFTER LANDING Flaps………………………………………………..RETRACT Landing Lights…………………………………………..OFFFuel Pump….………………………………MAIN (DOWN)SHUTDOWNParking Brake ……………………………………..ENGAGE Throttle……………………………………………………IDLE Switches….………………………….OFF EXCL. MASTERIgnition..…………………………………………………..OFFLights….……………………………………….OFF (DOWN)Master Switch..……………………………..OFF (DOWN)MEMORY ITEMS 2023 Orbx Simulation Systems Pty. Ltd For Microsoft Flight Simulator Use OnlyPROCEDURESIssued: 21 Apr 2023Revised: 21 Apr 2023。
美空天飞机秘密任务无限期延长
X-37B空天飞机。
参考消息网3月25日报道称，美国军方讳莫如深的实验性无人空天飞机表现优异，所以任务将无限期延长，但没有人知道它究竟肩负着什么任务。
据美国《美国新闻与世界报道》周刊网站报道，涉及X—37B的任务细节几乎不为人知。
美国空军提供的官方信息表明，该飞行器被用作“实验性的测试项目，以展示美国空军可靠而且能重复使用的无人驾驶空间测试平台的技术”。
去年11月，空军宣布X—37B的任务在计划的270天之后进一步延长。
空军航天司令部负责人威廉·谢尔顿将军22日说，该任务无限期延长。
他说：“我认为我们有充分理由尽可能不谈（X—37B的预算问题）。
如果透露了预算，有时就会透露性能，透露项目当中使用的技术。
这是个明智的、具有战略意义的国家安全决定。
”据今年1月的《太空飞行》杂志报道，该飞行器与中国太空实验室“天宫一号”的轨道非常接近。
该杂志据此怀疑，X—37B正在监视中国的目标飞行器。
其他专家则驳斥了这种说法。
他们猜测，X—37B可能会被用于秘密部署小型卫星。
阴谋论者则怀疑X—37B是否能从太空发射武器。
报道称，这个长29英尺的飞行器是波音公司在加利福尼亚州亨廷顿比奇实验所制造的。
它看起来像是一架太阳能动力的微型航天飞机，是军方向太空发射的第二个“轨道测试飞行器”。
空军称之为“最新和最先进的可返回式航天器”，能自动着陆。
目前正在测试的技术“包括先进的制导、导航和控制系统，热防护系统，航空电子技术，高温结构与密封，能重复使用的绝缘材料，轻型机电飞行系统，自动轨道飞行、返回与着陆系统”。
他说：“我认为我们有充分理由尽可能不谈（X—37B的预算问题）。
如果透露了预算，有时就会透露性能，透露项目当中使用的技术。
这是个明智的、具有战略意义的国家安全决定。
”据今年1月的《太空飞行》杂志报道，该飞行器与中国太空实验室“天宫一号”的轨道非常接近。
该杂志据此怀疑，X—37B正在监视中国的目标飞行器。
其他专家则驳斥了这种说法。
OSHA现场作业手册说明书
DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。
惠威HR70遥控器使用说明书
HR070 Series Remote Control Programming Guide
6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 for the other components you want to control. For future reference, write down each working component code below:
HR Series Remote Control Programming
Assigned Push-button Component Program Code
TV
CBL
SAT
AUX
DVR
Push-buttons available for Programming
Flashes during Programming
4
Used to activate Programming Mode
with the most popular code first. If the component
responds, go to step 7.
6. If the component does not respond, press LEVEL+
Push-button and the Remote Control will test
The HR70 Series Remote Controls have stored in permanent memory the necessary information to send the correct commands to the component to be controlled. By entering a five digit numeric code the commands for controlling the component is activated.
美国空军实验室 The US Air Force Research Laboratory AFD-070822-085
The U.S. Air Force Research Laboratoryand Programs for International CooperationDr. M.S. MAURICEDirector, International OfficeAir Force Office of Scientific ResearchAir Force Research Laboratory4040 Fairfax Dr., Ste. 500Arlington, VA 22203Ph: +1-703-588-1772 Fax: +1-703-588-1785 Email: mark.maurice@AbstractThe U.S. Air Force established the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) in October 1997 to consolidate its science and technology (S&T) needs within a single entity. The AFRL, headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, consists of the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) and nine Technology Directorates (TDs) throughout various locations in the U.S. The Laboratory employs approximately 5,700 civilian and military personnel, and invests nearly $2.5 billion annually within the TDs, academia, and industry, pursuing basic research, applied research, and advanced technology development. Despite the size of this investment, AFRL recognizes that world class S&T exists worldwide. Consequently, the Laboratory strives to infuse international S&T into its programs, and to leverage its resources with the investments of friends and allies. Two overseas detachments (located in Europe and Asia) and two domestic offices within AFRL spearhead this effort, and use several programs and strategies to identify and develop international opportunities. The aim of this paper is to describe these programs in detail, and to invite both government and non-government organizations to propose project areas that are of mutual interest and could lead to mutual benefit.IntroductionIn January 1939, Major General Henry H. Arnold, Chief of the Army Air Corps stated: 1“All of us in the Army Air Corps realize that America owes its present prestige and standing in the air world in large measure to the money, time, and effort expended in aeronautical experimentation and research. We know that our future supremacy in the air depends upon the brains and efforts of our engineers.”Only a few years earlier, the American aircraft industry was still in its infancy, and the Army Air Corps was struggling just to acquire planes. MGen Arnold, however, visualized a much larger role for air power with a strong foundation in S&T that included not only the military, but also the best that universities, industry, and civil aviation had to offer. In 1937 he addressed the Western Aviation Planning Conference and stated:“Remember that the seed comes first; if you are to reap a harvest of aeronautical development, you must plant the seed called experimental research. Install aeronautical branches in your universities; encourage your young men to take up aeronautical engineering. It is a new field, but it is likely to prove a very productive one indeed. Spend all the funds you can possibly make available on experimentation and research. Next, do not visualize aviation as merely a collection of airplanes. It is broad and far reaching. It combines manufacture, schools, transportation, airdrome, building and management, airmunitions and armaments, metallurgy, mills and mines, finance and banking, and finally, public security-national defense.”Not only did MGen Arnold’s prophecies prove true more than 60 years ago, but they remain relevant to the technological advantage of the U.S. Air Force today. Nearly 80% of Air Force funded S&T is done by universities and industry, and the Air Force funds not only S&T for short term and medium term evolutionary applications, but also engages in S&T for the revolutionary breakthroughs of the future.The Air Force Research LaboratoryPrior to 1990, there were more than 20 Air Force laboratories and offices engaged in S&T. At Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, for example, there was the Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Propulsion & Power Laboratory, Avionics Laboratory, and Materials & Manufacturing Laboratory. Each of these laboratories had their own Commander and Staff, and dealt independently with the user, even though weapons systems were increasingly reliant on multidisciplinary design and optimization. Consequently, the Air Force streamlined its laboratories into four “Super Labs”. Wright Laboratory, headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, became the center for fixed wing aircraft technologies. Phillips Laboratory, Headquartered at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, became the center for space related S&T. Brooks Laboratory, at Brooks AFB, Texas, became the center for human effectiveness S&T, and Rome Laboratory, at Rome AFB, New York, became the S&T center for information technologies.Although this new structure was well suited to meet the multidisciplinary needs of S&T programs at the time, the sudden end of the Cold War led to a re-evaluation of priorities, potential adversaries, and cooperative relationships. The U.S. scrutinized the costs of next generation weapon systems in areas where the Air Force already had leading edge technologies, and the country looked for a “peace dividend” savings in defense spending. Consequently, the Air Force needed to re-evaluate its role, and think beyond traditional evolutionary programs.To accomplish this, the Air Force re-organized into one single laboratory with the goal of transforming the Air Force into an Air and Space Force, and then to a Space and Air Force. The Air Force Research Laboratory25,700 people, and is re-sponsible for planning andexecuting nearly $1.3 billionannually in Air Force S&Tfunds, as well as an additional$1.1 billion received by othercustomers of Air Forcetechnologies. This budgetincludes basic research, de-fined as “6.1”, applied re-search (6.2), and advancedtechnology development (6.3). As shown in Fig. 1, 6.1 through 6.3 define the range of S&T. Once a technology has matured beyond advanced technology development, System Program Offices manage further engineering and manufacturing development (E&MD). The distribution of Air Force S&T investment is approximately 13% for 6.1, 42% for 6.2, and 45% for 6.3.The Air Force Research Laboratory comprises nine technology directorates (TDs), and a tenth directorate, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR). As shown in Fig. 2, AFRL receives programmatic direction from the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition), while theAir Force Materiel Command (AFMC) houses its infrastructure. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio servesas the Headquarters of AFRL, along with five of its ten directorates. As shown in Fig. 3, the laboratory is located in several different locations.Fig. 2 Air Force Research Laboratory StructureAFOSR was elevated to the status of a separate center in 1955 to plan, formulate, initiate and manage all Air Force basic research. AFOSR, the single manager of Air Force basic research, invests approximately 70% of its Air Force funds in about 300 academic institutions; the nine technologydirectorates (20%) and industry (10%) conduct the remainder of AFOSR’s programs. AFOSR’s headquarters are in Arlington, Virginia. It is also home to the AFRL International Office, as well as two overseas detachments in Europe and Asia that invest in international research opportunities.Air Vehicles Directorate4 (AFRL/VA) – Headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, AFRL/VA focuses on the core technologies of aeronautical sciences, control sciences, structures, and integration, for applications of hypersonic and long range strike next generation aerospace vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles, and aircraft sustainment.Directed Energy Directorate5 (AFRL/DE) – Headquartered at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, AFRL/DE focuses on high power microwave technology, laser devices and applications, and laser beam control and optics such as compensation/beam control techniques.Human Effectiveness Directorate6 (AFRL/HE) – Headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, AFRL/HE develops technologies to enhance, train, protect, and sustain the warrior. Their core technology areas include warfighter skill development and training, training simulation, information display and decision support, crew system design technologies, directed energy bioeffects, toxic hazards effects, crew protection, and logistician effectiveness.Information Directorate7 (AFRL/IF) – Headquartered at Rome, New York, AFRL/IF develops technologies for aerospace command and control, and their transition to air, space, and ground systems. Its focus areas include information fusion and exploitation, communications and networking, collaborative environments, modeling and simulation, defensive information warfare, and intelligent information systems technologies.Materials and Manufacturing Directorate8 (AFRL/ML) – Headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, AFRL/ML has a wide array of programs for structural and propulsion materials for air and space applications, materials for sustainment and deployment of the aerospace force, laser-hardened materials for sensing and protection of laser threats, and materials for surveillance sensors and power generation applications.Munitions Directorate9 (AFRL/MN) – Headquartered at Eglin AFB, Florida, AFRL/MN develops S&T for air-launched munitions for defeating ground fixed, and mobile/relocatable, air and space targets. These include ordnance, carriage and release, guidance and control, and assessment and simulation.Propulsion Directorate10 (AFRL/PR) – Headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, AFRL/PR develops air and space vehicle propulsion and power technologies. Their focus areas include turbine and rocket engines, advanced propulsion systems, fuels and propellants for all propulsion systems, and most forms of power technology.Sensors Directorate11 (AFRL/SN) – Head-quartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio,AFRL/SN develops sensors for air and spacereconnaissance, surveillance, precisionengagement, and electronic warfare systems.Its core technology areas include radar,active and passive electro-optical targetingsystems, navigation aids, automatic targetrecognition, sensor fusion, threat warning,and threat countermeasures.Space Vehicles Directorate12 (ARFL/VS)– Headquartered at Kirtland AFB, NewMexico, AFRL/VS develops technologies Fig. 4 Air Force S&T President’s Budgetfor space-based surveillance, including space power, structures, and electronics, hyperspectral imaging and multi-color sensing, and autonomous systems. In addition, they develop technologies for space capability protection, including passive and active threat mitigation, threat environment modeling, and environmental hazard sensors.At this time, the President’s Budget for Air Force S&T for fiscal year 2003 is $1.659 billion.Figure 4 shows the distribution of this investment between the AFRL directorates.International Cooperation 13Why AFRL Pursues International S&TJust as MGen Arnold understood that a technologically superior Air Corps would require the best and brightest from all sectors in society, AFRL today recognizes that this must include the international community. International universities, research institutes, governments, and industries provide intellectual stimulus with new ideas and innovative approaches. In the former Soviet Union,for example, computational fluid dynamicists did not have access to the supercomputers used routinely in the U.S. But, through a deeper understanding of the physics they were often able to simplify equation sets to achieve the same results on much smaller machines. By working with the Russians after the Cold War to integrate this theoretical understanding with state-of-the-art computational resources, we can now produce calculations thought impossible just a decade ago.Despite a seemingly large S&T budget, it is significantly smaller in real dollars than it was during the Cold War era. Therefore, to maintain research infrastructure and technical momentum,AFRL must leverage resources with friends and allies. Conducting projects cooperatively not only leverages AFRL’s investment, but it also improves coalition interoperability, which is a much-needed capability in any modern operation. Consequently, the Department of Defense (DoD) leadership mandates cooperation. DoD Directive 5000.1 tasks all elements of DoD to explore cooperation with allied nations before undertaking new programs.As shown in Fig. 6, the U.S. does not have a total monopoly in S&T. In this example,between 1998 and 2000, researchers published approximately 3000 papers on nanotechnology subjects. The U.S. did publish the most by far with nearly 1800 papers, comparedto just over 400 papers for Japan, in second place.However, the papers from Japan, Germany, U.K., China,France, Russia, and Switzer-land (shown as the composite bar on the right), total nearly 1200. Consequently, there is ample opportunity for AFRL to cooperate on nanotechnol-ogy S&T, and in fact the U.S.must to cooperate to maintain a leading edge.When AFRL Pursues International S&TFor AFRL to enter into a cooperative agreement, or to fund research overseas, it must be in the best interest of the Air Force to do so. In general, any international project must fall into one of four categories:Total Fig. 5 Published Papers on Nanotechnology, 1998-20001.When the potential return on investment is high. AFRL does not spend research dollarsoverseas for political purposes. If U.S. investigators can accomplish the effort, the research overseas must be much less expensive, to justify acquiring more for the money. This type of research may come from countries such as Russia, where the dollar is significantly stronger than the ruble. And it also comes from countries such as Japan, where a university may fully pay a researcher’s salary, so that U.S. research funding need only cover supplies and materials.2.When the researcher has unique capabilities. World-class researchers and ideas existworldwide. AFRL widely publicizes its research interests, and pursues unique talent that comes from abroad.3.When the Establishment has unique research facilities. Experimental facilities are thebackbone of S&T, and no country, not even the U.S., can afford a monopoly. When another country has unique facilities, or more timely access to a facility than is available domestically, it is ample justification for pursing the research overseas.4.When it is a cooperative quid-pro-quo exchange toward common goals. AFRL strives todevelop projects with friends and allies to leverage each other’s S&T budgets.How AFRL Pursues International S&TAFRL’s organization and structure, scientist-to-scientist interaction, and several specific international programs discover and mine international S&T opportunities.Organization and StructureOrganizationally, as shown in Fig. 6, the Department of Defense and the Air Force provide policy guidance, program funding, and direction. Quite often, at their broader level, they can see the greater benefits of S&T cooperation. For example, S&T cooperation might help influence foreign military sales (FMS) to the advantage of the U.S. At the laboratory level, however, there must still be a technical benefit. The DoD, Air Force, Department of State, and others may influence how hard we look for cooperative opportunities in certain places, but technical quid-pro-quo is still paramount.formed, it created a ResearchCouncil to ensure that the TDswould truly work cooperativelyin a multidisciplinary fashion.The Research Council, led bythe Chief Technologist, isprimarily comprised of theChief Scientists of eachdirectorate. It serves as anadvisory council to the AFRLCorporate Board, whichincludes the TD Directors andis led by the AFRLCommander. In addition to itsother functions, the Research Council has the responsibility of advising the Corporate Board on all international activity, and strategizing this activity toward the best possible return on investment for AFRL. To assist with this international enterprise, there are four dedicated offices for international activity. AFRL/IA (International Affairs) provides staffing functions through the chain-of-command,provides direct support to the Command Section’s international activity, and hosts internationaldistinguished visitors to the Headquarters. Within AFOSR, there are three offices that serve as liaisons between AFRL researchers and their overseas counterparts through the direction of the Research Council. The European Office of Aerospace Research & Development 14 (EOARD), located in London, UK, primarily serves as a liaison for non-government research in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and the countries of the Former Soviet Union. Similarly, the Asian Office of Aerospace Research & Development 15 (AOARD) liaises with countries in and around the Pacific Rim, India, and Australia. AFOSR/IO 16 (The Air Force Research Laboratory International Office) primarily liaises with non-government researchers in the Americas, and with government researchers worldwide.Scientist-to-Scientist InteractionManagement can guide and encourage international interaction, but scientist-to-scientist interaction leads to some of the best opportunities. As shown in Fig. 7, this can occur through a hierarchy of interaction within the public domain, through a variety of country-to-country exploratory fora, and through active government-to-government cooperative agreements.AFRL scientists andengineers (S&Es) are encouragedto publish their public domainresearch through technical reports,conference papers and journals,and to attend conferences andmake exploratory visits to otherresearch labs. In this sense, allAFRL S&Es serve as talentscouts, both domestically andinternationally.Country-to-country foraare regularly scheduled venues where AFRL leadership and S&Es meet with counterparts from government labs in other countries to seek out new cooperative opportunities. These include the NATO Research and Technology Organization (RTO),17 which has seven Panels overseeing 133current activities among NATO and Partnership for Peace countries; the Technology Cooperation Program (TTCP),18 which has ten groups overseeing 83 current activities between the U.S., U.K.,Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, and Bi-Lateral Air Senior National Representatives and Technical Working Groups that are Co-Chaired by AFRL Command. AFRL currently holds these bi-lateral meetings with Australia, Canada, France, Israel, Sweden, and the U.K.The Air Force uses Government-to-Government agreements if quid-pro-quo exists, and exchanging data or working cooperatively benefits all participating countries. AFRL currently has more than 150 agreements in place, leveraging approximately $30 million per year in Air Force S&T investment. There are several types of agreements, including the following:Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) or Memorandum of Agreement (MOA): MOU/MOAs are formal bi-lateral or multi-lateral arrangements aimed at joint accomplishment of system or topic-specific technology area projects.Technology Research and Development Program (TRDP): These are normally bi-lateral, non-system specific “umbrella” agreements that provide an overarching framework for cooperation. With this agreement in place, it is easier and quicker to develop “sub-agreements” for specific projects or exchanges.Loan Agreement (LA): LAs allow for the loan, or acceptance of a loan of materials, supplies, and equipment in exchange for the data and results produced. LAs are specific to NATO members and some major non-NATO allies.Information/Data Exchange Agreement/Program (IEA, DEA, IEP): These agreements allow for the exchange of technical information/data on specifically designated S&T topics and areas. These agreements are often the foundation for a relationship that leads to joint projects and programs that leverage funds.Project Arrangement (PA): PAs are specific cooperative projects under the “umbrella” of a TRDP MOU/MOA. All PAs must identify clear quid-pro-quo, and they can leverage significant S&T resources.Long Term Technology Program (LTTP): The LTTP provides the framework for the Four-Power NATO Countries (France, Germany, U.K., and U.S.) to collaborate multi-laterally on technologies of mutual interest.International ProgramsFinally, to facilitate an environment where AFRL scientists and engineers can best discover and develop exceptional international research opportunities; AFOSR and the international liaison offices provide the TDs with a number of specific programs.Window Programs: Window programs provide a means for AFRL S&Es to interact internationally with non-government industry and academia. The Window-on-Science program14,15 pays the expenses for approximately 300 visitors each year to share their research with AFRL and explore other programs for possible continued interaction. Any AFRL S&E can very easily nominate and host a visiting scientist for a short term visit, and the large volume of participants in the program nearly insures that several international “success stories” will develop each year. For AFRL S&Es that have been invited to do research abroad with counterparts in non-government establishments, AFOSR manages the Window-on-Europe, Asia, and Canada, Central & South America Programs.3 For these programs, AFRL continues to pay the researcher’s salary, AFOSR pays travel and per diem expenses, and the host establishment provides the research facility.Conference Support Program:14,15 Each year, AFRL supports more than 120 conferences, workshops, and symposia abroad with financial grants of approximately three to five thousand dollars. The laboratory supports these meetings, often jointly with the U.S. Army and/or U.S. Navy, to promote interchange on topics of interest to the DoD, to facilitate attendance and access by U.S. researchers, and to aid the discovery of Window-on-Science candidates.Research Project Contracts and Grants:14,15 Contracts and grants offer the opportunity to directly purchase technologies and capabilities from non-government international sources. These sources usually submit proposals to AFRL through EOARD or AOARD, in response to a Broad Agency Announcement (BAA). BAAs for both basic research (6.1) and applied research (6.2) are publicly accessible on the internet,15 and they specifically detail the S&T that the laboratory wants to acquire outside of the TDs. In addition, AFOSR has an International Research Initiative (IRI) program. The IRI competitively provides a total $2.2M per year to AFOSR (6.1) Program Managers for international opportunities above-and-beyond what they may already be investing in overseas. EOARD and AOARD typically manage about 125 contracts and grants per year on behalf of all of AFRL.The National Research Council (NRC) Research Associateship Program.3,19 This program is open to both domestic and overseas researchers. Research mentors within AFRL provide the NRC with research position descriptions, and scientists ranging from young post-docs to senior professors send the NRC their proposals in response. The NRC has the proposals reviewed, and selects the higher rated applicants to work in the Laboratory for one to two years. During Fiscal Year 2000, for example, 11 of 30 AFRL participants were international.The Engineer and Scientist Exchange Program (ESEP):3 ESEP is a Secretary of the Air Force program administered by AFOSR that allows for AFRL civilian and military S&Es to do research in foreign government institutes, and for overseas government researchers to do research at U.S. Air Force sites. Current ESEP countries are: Australia, Canada, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Korea, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and UK. In addition, ESEP agreement negotiations are in progress with Brazil (to renew an expired agreement), Czech Republic, Italy, Japan, and Poland. AFRL sends up to eight S&Es abroad on a regular two-year cycle, and the lab generally hosts between 10 and 15 S&Es in one- to two-year assignments at any given time.ConclusionsAFRL is proactive in discovering and nurturing international opportunities to acquire world-class research. The design of the Laboratory’s structure and programs efficiently infuse the best the world has to offer into Air Force programs, and offer quid-pro-quo to the S&T programs of U.S. friends and allies. AFRL invites interested researchers to share their proposals through the appropriate government-to-government fora, or through AFOSR’s overseas detachments, as the U.S. Air and Space Force of today transforms to the Space and Air Force of tomorrow.References1Daso, D., “Origins of Airpower: Hap Arnold’s Command Years and Aviation Technology, 1936-1945.” /aedc/bios/daso2.htm.2Air Force Research Laboratory, /.3Air Force Office of Scientific Research, /.4Air Vehicles Directorate, /.5Directed Energy Directorate, /.6Human Effectiveness Directorate, /.7Information Directorate, /.8Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, /.9Munitions Directorate, /.10Propulsion Directorate, /.11Sensors Directorate, /.12Space Vehicles Directorate, /.13AFRL International Enterprise Briefing, /content/mission.asp.14European Office of Aerospace Research and Development, /.15Asian Office of Aerospace Research and Development, /aoard/.16Air Force Research Laboratory International Office, /.17NATO’s Research & Technology Organization, http://www.nato.int/structur/rto/rto.htm.18The Technical Cooperation Program, /ttcp/.19Research Associateship Programs, /pga/rap.nsf.。
Glider Flying Handbook说明书
Glider Flying Handbook2013U.S. Department of TransportationFEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATIONFlight Standards Servicei iPrefaceThe Glider Flying Handbook is designed as a technical manual for applicants who are preparing for glider category rating and for currently certificated glider pilots who wish to improve their knowledge. Certificated flight instructors will find this handbook a valuable training aid, since detailed coverage of aeronautical decision-making, components and systems, aerodynamics, flight instruments, performance limitations, ground operations, flight maneuvers, traffic patterns, emergencies, soaring weather, soaring techniques, and cross-country flight is included. Topics such as radio navigation and communication, use of flight information publications, and regulations are available in other Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publications.The discussion and explanations reflect the most commonly used practices and principles. Occasionally, the word “must” or similar language is used where the desired action is deemed critical. The use of such language is not intended to add to, interpret, or relieve a duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR). Persons working towards a glider rating are advised to review the references from the applicable practical test standards (FAA-G-8082-4, Sport Pilot and Flight Instructor with a Sport Pilot Rating Knowledge Test Guide, FAA-G-8082-5, Commercial Pilot Knowledge Test Guide, and FAA-G-8082-17, Recreational Pilot and Private Pilot Knowledge Test Guide). Resources for study include FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, FAA-H-8083-2, Risk Management Handbook, and Advisory Circular (AC) 00-6, Aviation Weather For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel, AC 00-45, Aviation Weather Services, as these documents contain basic material not duplicated herein. All beginning applicants should refer to FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, for study and basic library reference.It is essential for persons using this handbook to become familiar with and apply the pertinent parts of 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). The AIM is available online at . The current Flight Standards Service airman training and testing material and learning statements for all airman certificates and ratings can be obtained from .This handbook supersedes FAA-H-8083-13, Glider Flying Handbook, dated 2003. Always select the latest edition of any publication and check the website for errata pages and listing of changes to FAA educational publications developed by the FAA’s Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630.This handbook is available for download, in PDF format, from .This handbook is published by the United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125.Comments regarding this publication should be sent, in email form, to the following address:********************************************John M. AllenDirector, Flight Standards Serviceiiii vAcknowledgmentsThe Glider Flying Handbook was produced by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with the assistance of Safety Research Corporation of America (SRCA). The FAA wishes to acknowledge the following contributors: Sue Telford of Telford Fishing & Hunting Services for images used in Chapter 1JerryZieba () for images used in Chapter 2Tim Mara () for images used in Chapters 2 and 12Uli Kremer of Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co for images used in Chapter 2Richard Lancaster () for images and content used in Chapter 3Dave Nadler of Nadler & Associates for images used in Chapter 6Dave McConeghey for images used in Chapter 6John Brandon (www.raa.asn.au) for images and content used in Chapter 7Patrick Panzera () for images used in Chapter 8Jeff Haby (www.theweatherprediction) for images used in Chapter 8National Soaring Museum () for content used in Chapter 9Bill Elliot () for images used in Chapter 12.Tiffany Fidler for images used in Chapter 12.Additional appreciation is extended to the Soaring Society of America, Inc. (), the Soaring Safety Foundation, and Mr. Brad Temeyer and Mr. Bill Martin from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for their technical support and input.vv iPreface (iii)Acknowledgments (v)Table of Contents (vii)Chapter 1Gliders and Sailplanes ........................................1-1 Introduction....................................................................1-1 Gliders—The Early Years ..............................................1-2 Glider or Sailplane? .......................................................1-3 Glider Pilot Schools ......................................................1-4 14 CFR Part 141 Pilot Schools ...................................1-5 14 CFR Part 61 Instruction ........................................1-5 Glider Certificate Eligibility Requirements ...................1-5 Common Glider Concepts ..............................................1-6 Terminology...............................................................1-6 Converting Metric Distance to Feet ...........................1-6 Chapter 2Components and Systems .................................2-1 Introduction....................................................................2-1 Glider Design .................................................................2-2 The Fuselage ..................................................................2-4 Wings and Components .............................................2-4 Lift/Drag Devices ...........................................................2-5 Empennage .....................................................................2-6 Towhook Devices .......................................................2-7 Powerplant .....................................................................2-7 Self-Launching Gliders .............................................2-7 Sustainer Engines .......................................................2-8 Landing Gear .................................................................2-8 Wheel Brakes .............................................................2-8 Chapter 3Aerodynamics of Flight .......................................3-1 Introduction....................................................................3-1 Forces of Flight..............................................................3-2 Newton’s Third Law of Motion .................................3-2 Lift ..............................................................................3-2The Effects of Drag on a Glider .....................................3-3 Parasite Drag ..............................................................3-3 Form Drag ...............................................................3-3 Skin Friction Drag ..................................................3-3 Interference Drag ....................................................3-5 Total Drag...................................................................3-6 Wing Planform ...........................................................3-6 Elliptical Wing ........................................................3-6 Rectangular Wing ...................................................3-7 Tapered Wing .........................................................3-7 Swept-Forward Wing ..............................................3-7 Washout ..................................................................3-7 Glide Ratio .................................................................3-8 Aspect Ratio ............................................................3-9 Weight ........................................................................3-9 Thrust .........................................................................3-9 Three Axes of Rotation ..................................................3-9 Stability ........................................................................3-10 Flutter .......................................................................3-11 Lateral Stability ........................................................3-12 Turning Flight ..............................................................3-13 Load Factors .................................................................3-13 Radius of Turn ..........................................................3-14 Turn Coordination ....................................................3-15 Slips ..........................................................................3-15 Forward Slip .........................................................3-16 Sideslip .................................................................3-17 Spins .........................................................................3-17 Ground Effect ...............................................................3-19 Chapter 4Flight Instruments ...............................................4-1 Introduction....................................................................4-1 Pitot-Static Instruments ..................................................4-2 Impact and Static Pressure Lines................................4-2 Airspeed Indicator ......................................................4-2 The Effects of Altitude on the AirspeedIndicator..................................................................4-3 Types of Airspeed ...................................................4-3Table of ContentsviiAirspeed Indicator Markings ......................................4-5 Other Airspeed Limitations ........................................4-6 Altimeter .....................................................................4-6 Principles of Operation ...........................................4-6 Effect of Nonstandard Pressure andTemperature............................................................4-7 Setting the Altimeter (Kollsman Window) .............4-9 Types of Altitude ......................................................4-10 Variometer................................................................4-11 Total Energy System .............................................4-14 Netto .....................................................................4-14 Electronic Flight Computers ....................................4-15 Magnetic Compass .......................................................4-16 Yaw String ................................................................4-16 Inclinometer..............................................................4-16 Gyroscopic Instruments ...............................................4-17 G-Meter ........................................................................4-17 FLARM Collision Avoidance System .........................4-18 Chapter 5Glider Performance .............................................5-1 Introduction....................................................................5-1 Factors Affecting Performance ......................................5-2 High and Low Density Altitude Conditions ...........5-2 Atmospheric Pressure .............................................5-2 Altitude ...................................................................5-3 Temperature............................................................5-3 Wind ...........................................................................5-3 Weight ........................................................................5-5 Rate of Climb .................................................................5-7 Flight Manuals and Placards ..........................................5-8 Placards ......................................................................5-8 Performance Information ...........................................5-8 Glider Polars ...............................................................5-8 Weight and Balance Information .............................5-10 Limitations ...............................................................5-10 Weight and Balance .....................................................5-12 Center of Gravity ......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Forward ofForward Limit .......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Aft of Aft Limit ..5-13 Sample Weight and Balance Problems ....................5-13 Ballast ..........................................................................5-14 Chapter 6Preflight and Ground Operations .......................6-1 Introduction....................................................................6-1 Assembly and Storage Techniques ................................6-2 Trailering....................................................................6-3 Tiedown and Securing ................................................6-4Water Ballast ..............................................................6-4 Ground Handling........................................................6-4 Launch Equipment Inspection ....................................6-5 Glider Preflight Inspection .........................................6-6 Prelaunch Checklist ....................................................6-7 Glider Care .....................................................................6-7 Preventive Maintenance .............................................6-8 Chapter 7Launch and Recovery Procedures and Flight Maneuvers ............................................................7-1 Introduction....................................................................7-1 Aerotow Takeoff Procedures .........................................7-2 Signals ........................................................................7-2 Prelaunch Signals ....................................................7-2 Inflight Signals ........................................................7-3 Takeoff Procedures and Techniques ..........................7-3 Normal Assisted Takeoff............................................7-4 Unassisted Takeoff.....................................................7-5 Crosswind Takeoff .....................................................7-5 Assisted ...................................................................7-5 Unassisted...............................................................7-6 Aerotow Climb-Out ....................................................7-6 Aerotow Release.........................................................7-8 Slack Line ...................................................................7-9 Boxing the Wake ......................................................7-10 Ground Launch Takeoff Procedures ............................7-11 CG Hooks .................................................................7-11 Signals ......................................................................7-11 Prelaunch Signals (Winch/Automobile) ...............7-11 Inflight Signals ......................................................7-12 Tow Speeds ..............................................................7-12 Automobile Launch ..................................................7-14 Crosswind Takeoff and Climb .................................7-14 Normal Into-the-Wind Launch .................................7-15 Climb-Out and Release Procedures ..........................7-16 Self-Launch Takeoff Procedures ..............................7-17 Preparation and Engine Start ....................................7-17 Taxiing .....................................................................7-18 Pretakeoff Check ......................................................7-18 Normal Takeoff ........................................................7-19 Crosswind Takeoff ...................................................7-19 Climb-Out and Shutdown Procedures ......................7-19 Landing .....................................................................7-21 Gliderport/Airport Traffic Patterns and Operations .....7-22 Normal Approach and Landing ................................7-22 Crosswind Landing ..................................................7-25 Slips ..........................................................................7-25 Downwind Landing ..................................................7-27 After Landing and Securing .....................................7-27viiiPerformance Maneuvers ..............................................7-27 Straight Glides ..........................................................7-27 Turns.........................................................................7-28 Roll-In ...................................................................7-29 Roll-Out ................................................................7-30 Steep Turns ...........................................................7-31 Maneuvering at Minimum Controllable Airspeed ...7-31 Stall Recognition and Recovery ...............................7-32 Secondary Stalls ....................................................7-34 Accelerated Stalls .................................................7-34 Crossed-Control Stalls ..........................................7-35 Operating Airspeeds .....................................................7-36 Minimum Sink Airspeed ..........................................7-36 Best Glide Airspeed..................................................7-37 Speed to Fly ..............................................................7-37 Chapter 8Abnormal and Emergency Procedures .............8-1 Introduction....................................................................8-1 Porpoising ......................................................................8-2 Pilot-Induced Oscillations (PIOs) ..............................8-2 PIOs During Launch ...................................................8-2 Factors Influencing PIOs ........................................8-2 Improper Elevator Trim Setting ..............................8-3 Improper Wing Flaps Setting ..................................8-3 Pilot-Induced Roll Oscillations During Launch .........8-3 Pilot-Induced Yaw Oscillations During Launch ........8-4 Gust-Induced Oscillations ..............................................8-5 Vertical Gusts During High-Speed Cruise .................8-5 Pilot-Induced Pitch Oscillations During Landing ......8-6 Glider-Induced Oscillations ...........................................8-6 Pitch Influence of the Glider Towhook Position ........8-6 Self-Launching Glider Oscillations During Powered Flight ...........................................................8-7 Nosewheel Glider Oscillations During Launchesand Landings ..............................................................8-7 Tailwheel/Tailskid Equipped Glider Oscillations During Launches and Landings ..................................8-8 Aerotow Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ............8-8 Abnormal Procedures .................................................8-8 Towing Failures........................................................8-10 Tow Failure With Runway To Land and Stop ......8-11 Tow Failure Without Runway To Land BelowReturning Altitude ................................................8-11 Tow Failure Above Return to Runway Altitude ...8-11 Tow Failure Above 800' AGL ..............................8-12 Tow Failure Above Traffic Pattern Altitude .........8-13 Slack Line .................................................................8-13 Ground Launch Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ....................................................................8-14 Abnormal Procedures ...............................................8-14 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-14 Self-Launch Takeoff Emergency Procedures ..............8-15 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-15 Spiral Dives ..................................................................8-15 Spins .............................................................................8-15 Entry Phase ...............................................................8-17 Incipient Phase .........................................................8-17 Developed Phase ......................................................8-17 Recovery Phase ........................................................8-17 Off-Field Landing Procedures .....................................8-18 Afterlanding Off Field .............................................8-20 Off-Field Landing Without Injury ........................8-20 Off-Field Landing With Injury .............................8-20 System and Equipment Malfunctions ..........................8-20 Flight Instrument Malfunctions ................................8-20 Airspeed Indicator Malfunctions ..........................8-21 Altimeter Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Variometer Malfunctions ......................................8-21 Compass Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Glider Canopy Malfunctions ....................................8-21 Broken Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Frosted Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Water Ballast Malfunctions ......................................8-22 Retractable Landing Gear Malfunctions ..................8-22 Primary Flight Control Systems ...............................8-22 Elevator Malfunctions ..........................................8-22 Aileron Malfunctions ............................................8-23 Rudder Malfunctions ............................................8-24 Secondary Flight Controls Systems .........................8-24 Elevator Trim Malfunctions .................................8-24 Spoiler/Dive Brake Malfunctions .........................8-24 Miscellaneous Flight System Malfunctions .................8-25 Towhook Malfunctions ............................................8-25 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-25 Drogue Chute Malfunctions .....................................8-25 Self-Launching Gliders ................................................8-26 Self-Launching/Sustainer Glider Engine Failure During Takeoff or Climb ..........................................8-26 Inability to Restart a Self-Launching/SustainerGlider Engine While Airborne .................................8-27 Self-Launching Glider Propeller Malfunctions ........8-27 Self-Launching Glider Electrical System Malfunctions .............................................................8-27 In-flight Fire .............................................................8-28 Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear ...................8-28 Survival Gear Checklists ..........................................8-28 Food and Water ........................................................8-28ixClothing ....................................................................8-28 Communication ........................................................8-29 Navigation Equipment ..............................................8-29 Medical Equipment ..................................................8-29 Stowage ....................................................................8-30 Parachute ..................................................................8-30 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-30 Accident Prevention .....................................................8-30 Chapter 9Soaring Weather ..................................................9-1 Introduction....................................................................9-1 The Atmosphere .............................................................9-2 Composition ...............................................................9-2 Properties ....................................................................9-2 Temperature............................................................9-2 Density ....................................................................9-2 Pressure ...................................................................9-2 Standard Atmosphere .................................................9-3 Layers of the Atmosphere ..........................................9-4 Scale of Weather Events ................................................9-4 Thermal Soaring Weather ..............................................9-6 Thermal Shape and Structure .....................................9-6 Atmospheric Stability .................................................9-7 Air Masses Conducive to Thermal Soaring ...................9-9 Cloud Streets ..............................................................9-9 Thermal Waves...........................................................9-9 Thunderstorms..........................................................9-10 Lifted Index ..........................................................9-12 K-Index .................................................................9-12 Weather for Slope Soaring .......................................9-14 Mechanism for Wave Formation ..............................9-16 Lift Due to Convergence ..........................................9-19 Obtaining Weather Information ...................................9-21 Preflight Weather Briefing........................................9-21 Weather-ReIated Information ..................................9-21 Interpreting Weather Charts, Reports, andForecasts ......................................................................9-23 Graphic Weather Charts ...........................................9-23 Winds and Temperatures Aloft Forecast ..............9-23 Composite Moisture Stability Chart .....................9-24 Chapter 10Soaring Techniques ..........................................10-1 Introduction..................................................................10-1 Thermal Soaring ...........................................................10-2 Locating Thermals ....................................................10-2 Cumulus Clouds ...................................................10-2 Other Indicators of Thermals ................................10-3 Wind .....................................................................10-4 The Big Picture .....................................................10-5Entering a Thermal ..............................................10-5 Inside a Thermal.......................................................10-6 Bank Angle ...........................................................10-6 Speed .....................................................................10-6 Centering ...............................................................10-7 Collision Avoidance ................................................10-9 Exiting a Thermal .....................................................10-9 Atypical Thermals ..................................................10-10 Ridge/Slope Soaring ..................................................10-10 Traps ......................................................................10-10 Procedures for Safe Flying .....................................10-12 Bowls and Spurs .....................................................10-13 Slope Lift ................................................................10-13 Obstructions ...........................................................10-14 Tips and Techniques ...............................................10-15 Wave Soaring .............................................................10-16 Preflight Preparation ...............................................10-17 Getting Into the Wave ............................................10-18 Flying in the Wave .................................................10-20 Soaring Convergence Zones ...................................10-23 Combined Sources of Updrafts ..............................10-24 Chapter 11Cross-Country Soaring .....................................11-1 Introduction..................................................................11-1 Flight Preparation and Planning ...................................11-2 Personal and Special Equipment ..................................11-3 Navigation ....................................................................11-5 Using the Plotter .......................................................11-5 A Sample Cross-Country Flight ...............................11-5 Navigation Using GPS .............................................11-8 Cross-Country Techniques ...........................................11-9 Soaring Faster and Farther .........................................11-11 Height Bands ..........................................................11-11 Tips and Techniques ...............................................11-12 Special Situations .......................................................11-14 Course Deviations ..................................................11-14 Lost Procedures ......................................................11-14 Cross-Country Flight in a Self-Launching Glider .....11-15 High-Performance Glider Operations and Considerations ............................................................11-16 Glider Complexity ..................................................11-16 Water Ballast ..........................................................11-17 Cross-Country Flight Using Other Lift Sources ........11-17 Chapter 12Towing ................................................................12-1 Introduction..................................................................12-1 Equipment Inspections and Operational Checks .........12-2 Tow Hook ................................................................12-2 Schweizer Tow Hook ...........................................12-2x。
厚德Fitbit Versa 3手錶使用手冊说明书
a使用手冊版本 1.3目錄開始 (7)包裝盒內物品 (7)為手錶充電 (8)設定 Versa 3 (9)連線到 Wi-Fi (9)在 Fitbit 應用程式中查看您的資料 (10)解鎖 Fitbit Premium (11)佩戴 Versa 3 (12)整日佩戴和運動時的佩戴方式 (12)緊固錶帶 (13)慣用手 (14)佩戴與保養技巧 (15)更換錶帶 (15)移除錶帶 (15)安裝錶帶 (16)基本資訊 (17)導覽 Versa 3 (17)基本導覽 (17)按鈕快捷鍵 (18)快速設定 (19)認識狀態指示燈 (21)小工具 (21)調整設定 (23)顯示幕 (23)振動和音訊 (23)目標提醒 (23)靜音模式 (24)快速鍵 (24)裝置資訊 (24)查看電池電量 (25)設定裝置鎖定 (26)2關閉螢幕 (27)錶面和應用程式 (28)變更錶面 (28)開啟應用程式 (29)排序應用程式 (29)下載其他應用程式 (29)移除應用程式 (29)更新應用程式 (29)調整應用程式設定和權限 (30)語音助理 (31)設定內建 Amazon Alexa (31)設定 Google 助理 (31)與語音助理互動 (32)檢查您的 Alexa 鬧鐘、提醒與計時器 (33)日常生活 (34)星巴克 (34)待辦事項 (34)天氣 (34)尋找手機 (35)手機通知 (36)設定通知 (36)查看傳入通知 (36)管理通知 (37)關閉通知 (37)接聽或拒接來電 (38)在腕上接聽手機通話 (39)回覆訊息 (Android 手機) (40)計時 (41)設定鬧鐘 (41)解除或休眠鬧鐘 (41)使用計時器和碼錶 (42)活動與健康 (43)3追蹤每日活動目標 (44)選擇目標 (44)追蹤每小時的活動 (44)追蹤您的睡眠 (45)設定睡眠目標 (45)在睡眠期間偵測打鼾和噪音程度 (45)瞭解您的睡眠習慣 (45)練習引導式呼吸 (46)查看壓力管理分數 (46)進階的健康指標 (47)運動和心臟健康 (48)自動追蹤您的運動 (48)使用運動應用程式追蹤與分析運動 (49)自訂運動設定 (50)查看您的運動摘要 (50)查看您的心率 (51)自訂心率區間 (52)賺取活動區間分鐘數 (52)接收心率過高通知 (52)檢視您的日常準備分數 (53)檢視心肺健康分數 (54)分享您的活動 (54)音樂 (55)連線藍牙耳機或喇叭 (55)使用 Versa 3 控制音樂 (56)透過 Spotify - Connect & Control 應用程式控制音樂 (56)感應式付款 (57)使用信用卡和轉帳卡 (57)設定感應式付款 (57)購物 (58)變更預設卡片 (59)支付交通費用 (59)更新、重新啟動和清除 (60)4重新啟動 Versa 3 (60)關閉 Versa 3 (60)清除 Versa 3 (61)疑難排解 (62)找不到心率訊號 (62)沒有 GPS 訊號 (62)無法連線至 Wi-Fi (63)手機中斷連線 (64)其他問題 (64)一般資訊和規格 (65)感應器與元件 (65)材質 (65)無線技術 (65)觸覺反饋 (65)電池 (65)記憶體 (66)顯示幕 (66)錶帶大小 (66)環境條件 (66)瞭解詳情 (67)退貨政策和保固 (67)Regulatory and Safety Notices (68)USA: Federal Communications Commission (FCC) statement (68)Canada: Industry Canada (IC) statement (69)European Union (EU) (70)IP Rating (71)Argentina (71)Australia and New Zealand (72)Belarus (72)Botswana (72)China (72)Customs Union (74)Indonesia (74)Israel (74)5Japan (74)Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (75)Mexico (75)Moldova (75)Morocco (75)Nigeria (76)Oman (76)Pakistan (76)Paraguay (76)Philippines (76)Serbia (77)Singapore (77)South Korea (77)Taiwan (78)United Arab Emirates (81)United Kingdom (81)Vietnam (82)Zambia (82)Safety Statement (82)67開始全新 Fitbit Versa 3 健康運動智慧手錶內建 GPS ，搭載活動區間分鐘數、20 種以上運動模式和音樂體驗功能，讓您不斷向前。
查尔斯爵士的最高荣誉——AIR FORCE 1 CB系列全线出击
ＡＩ Ｆ０ＲＣＥ１Ｌ Ｒ １ ０Ｗ ＲＥ Ｊ Ｐ Ｍ ＵＭ ＣＢ
ＡＩ ＯＲＣＥ １Ｌ ＲＦ ０Ｗ ＣＢ
ＡＩ ０ＲＣＥ １Ｌ ＲＦ ０Ｗ ＣＢ
１９ ０
维普资讯
赘 城
７６ 人 队 ：１ ９８４－１ － ９９３
１８ ９ ４年 ， 巴克利从奥本大学毕业后 ， 在费城展开了 他的职业生涯 ， 在那里 他与两位传奇球星并扁战斗 ， 其中一位就是摩西 ． 马龙。他对巴克利呵护有加 ， 并最缌 将一柄燃烧着费城球队之火的火炬交到了巴克利的手上 ， 而在这柄火炬中燃烧着的 还有 Ｆ ＣＥ的精神——Ａｌ ＯＲ 在 １ ８ ＯＲ ＲＦ ＣＥ１ ９ ２年点燃的 Ｆ ＯＲＣ Ｅ文化之火。
７ ６人队系列的 Ｓ Ｐ Ｅ Ｕ Ｒ ＭＥ版本脱胎于巴克利在这一时期最知名的代言球鞋 ＡＩ Ｐ ＯＲ 。虽然并非巴克利的签名款式 ， ＲＡＬ ＨＡ Ｆ ＣＥ１ ｌ 但其类似 ＡＲＴ ＡＩＥ Ｉ Ｒ Ｎ Ｒ １的
中拉 带设 计 堪称 经 典 ， 这一 标 志性 的设 计也 被 应 用到 这 版 ＡＲＦ Ｃ 上 ． 外 鞋舌上 的老 版 Ｆ ＣＥ标 志也被 原汁 原味 地 体现 出来 。 Ｉ ＯＲ Ｅ １ 此 ＯＲ
一
种难以想象的强１风格 ， ． 而这也成为 Ｆ Ｃ ＯＲ Ｅ在若干年之后追地开花的序曲。
Ａ Ｉ Ｆ０ ＲＣ Ｅ Ｌ０ Ｗ Ｒ １ ＳＰ Ｒ Ｍ Ｍ × Ａ Ｉ Ｃ Ｂ Ｒ
利兹中学系列在最高级的 Ｓ Ｒ ＭＥ版本中选择了巴克利最经典 的签名鞋款——ＡＲＭＡＸ ＣＢ作为致敬的对象。无论是完全照搬 的带有 ＡＩ ＵＰ Ｅ Ｉ ＲＭＡＸ ＣＢ标志的鞋舌 还是鞋身标志性的带有金属网层的圆孔设计 ， 都很好体现了原款的设计元素 ， 而后跟的可见式气垫则体现了巴克利所代言的 ＭＡＸＡＩ Ｒ特征。
在坟场中复活 美国空军亚利桑那州沙漠地带飞机储存基地
在坟场中复活美国空军亚利桑那州沙漠地带飞机储存基地美国空军第309航空航天维护与再生大队管理的是一座仓库，而不是坟场。
关心航空的人们都知道美国空军有一座“飞机坟场”，位于亚利桑那州的沙漠地带，面积2600英亩，数以千计的退役军机在此静静地等待最后的命运。
“飞机坟场”也是图森附近戴维斯-蒙森空军基地的一部分，人们通常认为这里就是飞机的墓地，退役飞机的最终命运就是被拆解后回收高价值金属。
不过这只是本文故事的一部分。
实际上第309航空航天维护与再生大队（缩写AMARG）还向美国空军及其他军种、以及盟国提供保障支援。
虽然这里排列的无边无际的军机看起来注定要走向灭亡，但其中相当一部分只是暂时储存再次等待以后重返蓝天。
第309航空航天维护与再生大队臂章“人们以为这座坟场就是老飞机的埋骨之处。
”第309大队的指挥官小罗伯特·S·列波尔说到，“我们为国防部、NASA、目前为止5个不同的国家再生过飞机，这里的许多飞机以后会恢复成可飞状态。
”除了使储存的飞机恢复飞行外，AMARG还有一长串让人目不暇接的任务列表：A-10攻击机和各种型号C-130的大修中心、核武器拆解、把F-4“鬼怪”改装成靶机——很快就轮到F-16了、储存和修复对外军售项目中卖给盟国的军机、为美国空军博物馆提供配套设施、储存停产飞机的工装夹具、处理美军不再需要的飞机、维持空军在各航展进行飞行表演的“文物”飞机额的正常运作。
上述任务的核心就是为现役飞机提供零部件，这决定着现役老飞机的停飞与否。
举个例子，在2012财年“坟场”提供了超过10000个零部件，总价值达4.72亿美元。
这个数据与往年相比稍有下降，列波尔解释说这是因为美军结束了在伊拉克的军事行动，需求下降所致。
2012财年美国5大军种索取了其中的大部分的零部件，其中F-15、B-1B、F-16、C-5和C-135的零部件约占总数的60%。
美国海军唯一进前十位的飞机是P-3“猎户座”，位于第6。
A―10“雷电”Ⅱ
A-10是美国原费尔柴尔德飞机公司为美国空军研制的单座双发亚声速攻击机，主要用于执行近距空中支援任务，主要打击目标为坦克和装甲车辆群、其他活动目标、前线指挥所和火力掩体等。
美国空军编号A-10，命名为“雷电”Ⅱ（Thunderbolt Ⅱ），昵称“疣猪”（Warthog）。
A-10是美国原费尔柴尔德飞机公司为美国空军研制的单座双发亚声速攻击机，主要用于执行近距空中支援任务，主要打击目标为坦克和装甲车辆群、其他活动目标、前线指挥所和火力掩体等。
美国空军编号A-10，命名为“雷电”Ⅱ（ThunderboltⅡ），昵称“疣猪”（Warthog）。
总承包商为原费尔柴尔德飞机公司。
该公司于2003年被M7航宇公司收购。
1987年，诺斯罗普公司（1994年与格鲁门公司合并为诺斯罗普?格鲁门公司，简称诺?格公司）从费尔柴尔德公司收购了A-10项目。
发动机由通用电气航空集团提供。
主要的航电/系统设备由英国BAE 系统公司提供。
侦察/瞄准吊舱由洛克希德?马丁公司（简称洛?马公司）提供。
A-10“雷电”Ⅱ的主要型别●A-10A 单座生产型。
缺少复杂的航电设备，只能在昼间使用。
●OA-10 前线空中管制飞机。
由于A-10的速度相对较慢，且有很好的装甲防护，因此美国空军将部分A-10改装成前线空中管制机，用来取代早期的OV-10和OT-37飞机。
●A-10N/AW 全天候双座型。
费尔柴尔德公司从1976年开始自筹资金研制一种用于夜间和恶劣气象条件下执行任务的改型。
原型机由交付美国空军的1架预生产型机改装而成，1979年5月4日首飞，与A-10A的主要不同是增加了后座舱，垂尾高度增加了0.5m。
后座舱无平显，但增加了1台阴极射线管显示器。
后座的武器系统操作员具有与驾驶员一样的视野，负责电子对抗、导航、目标截获等。
新加装的设备有WX-50多模式雷达、改进型AN/AAR-42前视红外传感器、105型激光测距仪/目标指示器、UVR-711微光电视传感器、LN-39惯性导航系统、霍尼韦尔国际公司的AN/APN-194无线电高度表、凯泽电子公司改进型平视显示器等。
电影 《空军一号》 剧本 中英文 字幕文件
[ti:未知][ar:][al:][by:][00:01.00]字幕制作：LRC中国 [00:50.58]主演：哈里逊福特[00:56.18]盖瑞欧夫曼[01:01.79]片名：空军一号[01:58.85]葛伦克萝丝[03:04.18]制片：沃夫刚彼得森盖尔凯兹[03:09.78]（前苏联共和国哈萨克总统府）[03:39.81]编剧：安德鲁马娄[03:56.03]导演：沃夫刚彼得森[04:04.54]Check, check. Head count. Head cou-- 检查人数[04:07.01]- Two. - Three. 二、三、四、五、六[04:09.01]- Four. - Five. -Six.[04:13.31]- Demo set. - Let's move. 安装炸药[04:14.92]走吧[04:29.76]Clear. 安全[04:48.18]Low Boy, Low Boy, this is Black Cat. E. T.A. Romeo LZ, one-niner. 小子，这是黑猫19秒后回到屋顶[04:53.86]We are hot. Copy. 我们马上赶来[04:58.69]Come on. Get out there! Go, go! 快出去[05:03.43]Come on! 快点[05:09.04]Get in. 上去[05:13.81]Cover, cover. On the roof. 屋顶上有敌人[05:20.48]Go! 起飞[05:30.79]This is Low Boy. Package is wrapped. 这是小子，任务完成[05:36.66]（莫斯科，三周后）[05:48.74]Ladies and gentlemen. 各位贵宾[05:51.25]Three weeks ago... 三个礼拜前，美俄特种部队[05:53.25]Russian and American special forces...[05:56.45]apprehended the self-proclaimed leader of Kazakhstan... 逮捕自封为哈萨克领袖的伊凡芮狄将军[05:59.45]General Ivan Radek. [06:05.16]The forces of Radek were directed towards thesuppression of democracy. 芮狄的政权镇压民主运动[06:10.33]His nuclear arsenal could have brought the world intoa new cold war. 他的核子武器可能再造成新的冷战[06:15.94]But thanks to the support of one of the world'sgreatest leaders... 一名伟大的世界领袖仗义相助[06:19.67]Radek is now in prison. 让芮狄琅铛入狱[06:26.85]Today, we are honoring this brave man. 今晚我们向这位勇士致敬[06:31.45]Ladies and gentlemen, my friend... 各位贵宾，吾友…[06:34.19]the president of the United States of America. …美国总统[06:52.74]The dead remember our indifference. 死者永记我们袖手旁观[06:56.18]The dead remember our silence. 死者永记我们沉默无语[06:58.51]I came here tonight to be congratulated. 这原本是场庆功宴[07:02.32]But today, when I visited the Red Cross camps... 可是当我探访红十字会难民营[07:04.92]overwhelmed by the flood of refugees... 目睹逃离暴政的哈萨克人民[07:08.16]fleeing from the horror of Kazakhstan...[07:11.36]I realized I don't deserve to be congratulated. 我知道我们没有资格庆功谁都没有资格[07:13.86]- None of us do. - What's he doing? 他在干什么？[07:16.03]- Let's speak the truth. - That's not the speech. 这不是演讲稿[07:18.03]The truth is, we acted too late. 事实是，我们为时已晚[07:21.67]Only when our own national security wasthreatened... 我们等到自己的国家安全受到威胁才行动[07:25.41]did we act.[07:28.18]Radek's regime murdered over 200,000 men, womenand children, 芮狄政权屠杀二十万名男女老幼[07:32.55]and we watched it on TV. 我们看着电视、袖手旁观[07:34.78]We let it happen.[07:36.58]People were being slaughtered for over a year... 大屠杀进行一年有余[07:39.79]and we issued economic sanctions and hid behind therhetoric of diplomacy. 我们却只实施经济制裁拿外交辞令当藉口[07:44.96]How dare we? 真不应该死者不会原谅我们[07:46.73]The dead remember, real peace is not just the absenceof conflict.[07:48.63]真正的和平不是避免冲突而是伸张正义[07:52.03]It's the presence of justice.[07:56.84]And tonight I come to you with a pledge to changeAmerica's policy. 今晚我誓言改变美国政策[08:00.58]Never again will I allow our political self-interest...我绝不再让政治利益[08:05.71]to deter us from doing what we know to be morallyright. 阻止我们捍卫道德的勇气[08:09.32]Atrocity and terror are not political weapons. 暴行和屠杀绝非政治手段[08:12.49]And to those who would use them: 至于恐怖份子[08:16.22]Your day is over. 你们的死期到了[08:19.73]We will never negotiate. 我们不再谈判[08:23.30]We will no longer tolerate, and we will no longer beafraid. 我们不再姑息养奸担心害怕[08:30.14]It's your turn to be afraid. 你们才该害怕[09:03.30]Good evening. Can I get you to open the briefcase?[09:08.51]- The Russian was a nice touch. - Tell my mother.She wanted me to study French. 那两句俄语是神来之笔[09:10.01]我母亲本来要我学法语[09:12.78]-You know what you committed us to, sir? -Yeah, Iknow exactly what I committed us to. 你知道你得说话算话[09:14.38]我当然知道[09:23.19]Gentlemen! Welcome to Air Force One. 各位，欢迎搭乘空军一号[09:26.16]Please present your equipment for inspection. 我们要检查你们的器材[09:28.96]W-We were just inspected at the gate. 刚才检查过了[09:30.97]Sir, this plane carries the president of the United States, although we-- 这是美国总统的专机[09:33.97]I understand. I'm terribly sorry. 我了解，抱歉[09:37.91]Please place your thumb on the I D pad. 请把拇指按在辨识板上[09:48.25]Access cleared. 准许进入[10:06.90]Hello there. I'm Melanie Mitchell, deputy press secretary. 你们好我是副公关秘书梅兰妮米契[10:10.24]- I'll be takin' you in from here. - Oh, Miss Mitchell. 我会带你们上机[10:12.61]This honor is to finally meet you in person. 米契小姐很高兴终于和你见面[10:14.68]The president and I were delighted we could accommodate your news crew. 我们都很高兴能接待你们[10:17.41]So, if, uh, you boys are all clear? 你们都获准上机[10:20.41]Now, you know the president's on a very tight schedule. 总统很忙，请你们配合[10:22.92]So, this is how it works: during the flight, two members of your crew... 待会只有两人能到机上拍摄[10:26.05]will be allowed outside the press area for filming. [10:28.42]You'll get exactly ten minutes with the president, 20 with the crew. 总统有十分钟，机员二十分钟[10:37.57]Listen, Gary, the president is ready to take Congress on. 总统要和国会抗争到底[10:40.70]He's not gonna kiss their ass for each vote. 他不会为了选票妥协[10:42.70]Let 'em vote us down and stand on their record. 他们投票反对就得自承后果[10:46.07]Yeah, I'm with him now. I'll call you from the plane. 他在这里，待会再说[10:48.44]- What do they say about the speech? - Your speech is leading the news. 他们有何反应？[10:49.98]你的演讲是头条新闻[10:52.18]- They're already calling it the ''Be Afraid'' speech. -Good. 记者都说那是“死期”演讲[10:55.52]With all due respect, sir, next time you want to makea major policy departure... 很好[10:55.62]下次你要改变政策[10:58.55]you might want to discuss it with your NationalSecurity Advisor first. 请你先和国家安全顾问商量[11:03.19]- We did discuss it,Jack. - We discussed it in private,which is where I thought it would remain. 我们谈过[11:04.66]私下谈过，我以为只是如此[11:07.86]Well, now it's public. Now it's policy. 现在这是公开的政策[11:12.40]- Get behind it. - The allies are gonna be very upsetthat they weren't consulted about this. 你一定要支持[11:13.67]你没事先照会盟国会很生气[11:16.44]It might come back and bite us in the ass inNovember. 可能会影响十一月大选[11:19.24]It's the right thing to do, and you know it. 这么做是对的，你们都知道[11:24.71]There goes the neighborhood. 这下完了[11:27.38]If you'd like, I think we have time for a quick tour.我有时间带你们参观一下[11:30.62]- It would be delightful. - Good. - Andrei, Boris. 那就太好了[11:31.55]很好[11:33.82]Just follow me. Ahead of this staff cabin is SecretService, right here. 安卓、包洛斯[11:34.26]请跟我来[11:35.89]这里是特勤人员驻守的区域[11:39.13]Don't ever try to go past 'em without an escort. Youwill be very sorry. 没有人陪同千万别硬闯[11:43.06]- Hello! - Hello. - Hi. 你好[11:45.30]Thanks for the warning. 谢谢你的警告[11:47.90]And here we have our in-flight offices. 这里是机上的办公室[12:09.36]Mr. President![12:13.43]Over here! Over here, Mr. President![12:16.36]A lot of the plane's features are classified, but I cantell you... 这些设备很机密，全都能防弹[12:19.17]that it's bullet-resistant, and that it's even protectedagainst the pulse of a nuclear blast. 甚至能抵挡核爆的威力[12:24.57]I'm not sure that's very comforting. 这真能让人安心[12:28.04]Up those stairs is the cockpit... 上面是驾驶舱[12:30.04]along with the most advanced communications centeron or above the face of the earth. 还有地面空中最先进的通讯中心[12:34.78]We could run the whole country from here, or even awar if we had to. 足以治理一个国家或是发动战争[12:38.79]Just last week, the president called the shuttleastronauts right from up there. 上礼拜总统就在这儿和太空人通话[12:41.82]- Melanie? - Yes? - The president's arriving. 梅兰妮是的[12:43.82]They should all take their seats. Right away. 总统即将抵达，请他们回座[12:46.69]I'll get out of here and let you all get some sleep. 马上回去[12:46.76]我就让各位休息吧[13:04.25]- Mr. President, welcome aboard, sir. - Hey, Danny.How are ya? 总统先生，欢迎登机[13:07.25]- Mr. President. - Mr. President. 丹尼，你好[13:07.31]总统先生[13:09.92]Change in plan, Danny. Let's go to Barbados. 改变行程，咱们到巴贝多去[13:13.75]- Anything you want. You're the president. - Boy, Iwish. 您想去就去，您是总统[13:15.56]是真的就好[13:17.36]- Mr. President. - Mr. Gibbs, where's my bunch? 总统先生[13:19.59]The ballet ran late. They'll be here in five minutes.她们人呢？[13:19.46]芭蕾舞刚结束，她们正赶来[13:21.60]- Okay. Lewis, you tape the game? - Oh, it was a real squeaker, sir. 球赛录了吗？[13:22.90]真是精采刺激[13:24.83]Lewis, don't brief me on it. I want to watch it, for Christ's sake. 别向我简报，我还想看呢[13:29.27]- We'll be under way in about 30 minutes, sir. - Okay. 半小时后就起飞[13:31.84]- Mr. President-- -Sir? - Yeah, could you put the game on now, please? 总统先生[13:32.97]请你放球赛吧[13:34.74]- Yes, sir. - Yeah,Jack. - The Iraqis have mobilized two armored brigades towards-- 什么事？[13:35.88]伊拉克出动两辆装甲车…[13:38.05]Just got it. Gimme 1 5 minutes. Get the guys together. 我知道，等我十五分钟召集大家开会[13:42.55]Repel them, repel them. Make them relinquish the ball. Hear about Notre Dame,Jim? 看过球赛吗？打得你死我活[13:45.75]- Don't, don't, don't, don't. Don't tell me the score. - Great game. 别把比数告诉我[13:48.86]- Mr. President. - We need to strategize, smooth some things out politically. 球赛好精采[13:48.72]总统先生[13:49.79]我们得向盟国解释…[13:52.36]- What was that? - Oh, it's not so important. - It's damage control. Now, what if-- 那是什么？[13:53.13]不重要[13:55.53]- Gimme a minute alone, will ya? - what if a quote, high-ranking White House official-- …及时补救[13:55.36]让我静一下[13:56.73]也许应该让政府官员…[13:59.33]-Just give me a few moments alone, please. - a quote, high-ranking White House official... 让我静一下[14:00.67]…让政府官员缓和你的措辞[14:02.50]- unquote, were to qualify what you said last night, leak it to... - Stop.[14:04.57]- Drop it. Drop it. Do yourself a favor. - theWashington Post? 别再说了，这是政策[14:06.81]It's policy. Drop it, or find yourself another ride home.Yeah? 你再说就改搭别的班机[14:10.44]Mr. President, the Russian news crew's with us. I toldthem you'd give 'em a sound bite... 俄国记者想知道你在白宫的生活[14:12.88]- about life in the White House. - There is no life inthe White House. 白宫没有生活可言[14:16.05]- You said it. The president needs some time alone. -Aha. 说得好[14:17.72]总统想静一下[14:20.72]Fourteen-thirteen Michigan! All right, Mr. President.十四比十三，密西根大学赢[14:23.16]棒呆了，总统先生[14:28.60]That wasn't you napping during the performance,was it, Tom? 你看芭蕾舞时没打瞌睡吧？[14:31.30]No, ma'am, it was very enjoyable. 没有，挺好看的[14:34.24]Come on, Alice. You can finish it on the plane. Let'snot keep your father waiting. 走吧，待会再看别让你爸等太久[14:37.94]-Just try and smile, sweetheart, okay? - Quick picture,Alice? - Alice! Alice! 试着笑一笑，好吗？[14:40.51]- One picture for me? - Thank you very much, Alice.[14:44.01]...up over the ball. Second and five at the NotreDame 28.[14:46.91]Hudson split wide, Muhammad the I-back. Gives toMuhammad over the right side, number 25...[14:50.45]is hit hard by Ron Davis and--[14:55.49]Shh. Daddy's asleep. 嘘，爹地睡着了[15:01.13]How was the ballet? 芭蕾舞好看吗？[15:04.10]- It was great! - Ow! - Oh! 棒呆了[15:06.27]- Brat. Are you trying to kill me? - Dad-Daddy! 你想害死我吗？[15:08.97]- Was it really good? Did you enjoy it? Did you loveit? - It was great! 别这样[15:09.77]男人穿紧身裤有什么好看？[15:11.77]- Men in tights. Did you hear my speech? - Yeah. 听到我的演讲吗？[15:14.68]- ''Yeah''? - You're gonna get yourself reelected. 听到了[15:14.71]怎样？[15:15.64]你会获得连任[15:17.28]That's what I keep tellin' them. 我一直跟他们这么说[15:24.05]Ladies and gentlemen, this is the aircraft commander.[15:26.52]- We'll be taking the runway in just a few moments. -So, are you guys comfortable? 你们还好吧？[15:29.32]- Yes, very. - I brought you VI P press kits. 很好[15:31.06]这是贵宾用的资料[15:32.56]- Oh, thank you. - You're welcome. 谢谢你[15:34.06]不客气[15:46.57]- ...he's allowed tojam that receiver-- - Passinterference.[15:49.64]- That's cheating! - Only if they get caught. 妨碍接球，他犯规[15:51.18]被逮到才算[15:52.68]- Dad. - Way of the world, kiddo. 爸[15:53.88]这是现实世界[15:55.65]The ball's marked at the 3 7-yard line. Let's call itthird and a long three.[16:00.82]Why didn't you take me with you when you went tothe refugee camp today? 你今天去难民营为什么不带我去？[16:07.16]Well, for one thing, it's not 1 00% secure. 那里不是百分之百安全[16:13.37]You got your whole life to live, baby. You don't needto see that kind of stuff. 你还小，不必看这种事[16:18.41]Come on, Dad. It's not like I don't see it on the news.少来，我又不是没看新闻[16:21.78]- It's different on the news. - All I'm saying is, I'mready. 那和新闻不同[16:23.51]我能接受的事比你想像的多[16:25.01]You know, for things you don't think I'm ready for. [16:27.72]- Maybe I'm not ready. - I'm 1 2 years old, Dad. 也许我不能接受[16:29.05]我十二岁了[16:31.39]In the caveman days, I'd be having children of my own. 十二岁的原始人都能生孩子[16:35.96]That's what we call progress, young lady. You're missing the best part of the game. 我们是文明人，快看球赛[16:40.36]God. 真是的[16:44.23]Well, we're so looking forward to seeing you. 我们很期待和你见面[16:47.50]- I just can't tell you-- - She is so anxious to grow up. - Oh, I know, she's-- 她等不及想长大[16:52.21]Yes. The both of us. Okay. Bye-bye. 我知道[16:52.21]我们都是，好，再见[16:58.45]Well, she couldn't stay your little girl forever,Jim. 你的小女儿不能永远长不大[17:01.85]Well, I was hoping it would last till she was 1 4 or 1 5 or 50. 我只希望等到十四或十五岁[17:06.49]或是五十岁[17:10.19]They hated your speech, didn't they? 他们不喜欢你的演讲[17:12.76]They're afraid we won't have the guts to back it up... 他们怕我们不能言出必行[17:15.33]and that if we do, it'll be political suicide. 就算能也会毁了政治前途[17:18.47]- Remember our first campaign? - In the House? 记得你第一次竞选吗？[17:22.27]- Yeah. - Yeah. - Downstate, driving around with, uh... 竞选众议员？[17:22.24]对，我们一起坐车[17:24.51]- Who's that kid, our volunteer? - That-- Remember, with the-- - Henry. 和那个义工…亨利[17:27.14]- Henry, with the convertible... - Yeah. 开着那辆破敞蓬车[17:29.21]- with the broken top, and the-- - Snow comin' in.[17:31.78]Yeah, and we were the only three people who thoughtyou could win that. 大雪灌进车里[17:32.01]只有我们三个认为你能赢[17:35.05]You didn't give a damn. You knew what needed to bedone, and you did it. 你不为名利，只为信念努力[17:39.55]And you spoke from your heart. And that's what Iheard tonight. 你的话发自内心今晚也一样[17:45.36]Well, it felt good. 感觉很好[17:48.96]Yeah, I'll bet it did. 那是一定的[17:56.17]Sir-- 长官[17:58.64]Sorry to interrupt. Everybody's assembled, sir. 不好意思，大家都到齐了[18:06.98]United States Air Force One. 美国空军一号[18:09.42]It is an honor to clear you for immediate takeoff onrunway two-five. 25跑道可供你们马上起飞[18:14.05]Air Force One clear for takeoff. Thank you for yourhospitality, Moscow. 空军一号可以起飞[18:15.96]谢谢莫斯科的热情接待[19:12.31]In Moscow tonight, President Marshall defended...马歇总统为他对芮狄展开[19:14.48]thejoint military action against the Radek regime...所谓的“武装干预”进行辩护[19:17.05]an act the administration had been calling a one-timeintervention.[19:20.45]But, in a rare display of emotion, the presidentalluded... 他表现出罕见的情绪指出他将改变美国外交政策[19:23.16]to a major change in U.S. foreign policy, when hestated...[19:26.33]that America will no longer tolerate any terroristgovernment. 他说美国将不再容忍恐怖行动[19:29.90]Meanwhile, in Kazakhstan, Radek's ouster has stalledthe neocommunist revolution. 同时在哈萨克芮狄遭到监禁…[19:33.97]These are two of Saddam Hussein's RepublicanGuard brigades... 两旅伊拉克共和军向北移动[19:36.84]- that have been moved north. - He knows we'rewatching. He knows we'll retaliate.[19:38.81]海珊明知我们会报复为什么还这么做？[19:40.84]Why the hell is he sending tanks to the border?[19:43.28]Could be a response to your speech, Mr. President.也许是因为你的演讲[19:46.11]- Maybe he's got a son-in-law out there. - Very funny.也许他在北边有女婿[19:48.25]Think there's one or two he hasn't shot yet. Whatdoes State have to say? 不好笑[19:48.22]他还剩两个没除掉[19:51.35]国务院怎么说？[19:53.02]The Iraqi ambassador is claiming it's just an exercise.伊拉克大使说那只是演习[19:56.32]Let's not waste anymore time. Send the Nimitz backin. 别浪费时间派尼米兹号回去[19:59.93]- ...we're leaving Berlin's airspace, and-- - ...andRoger--[20:04.26]- Gibbs. - Guys. 吉布[20:04.97]大伙[20:15.84]- Sleepin' on the job? - No, sir. 你在偷懒吗？[20:16.91]没有[20:32.69]You guys, these are the advance team reports... 这是迈阿密特勤小组的报告[20:35.53]from the, uh, Miami field agent.[20:38.47]- Take a look at 'em. - Thank you. 你们看一看[20:39.03]谢谢[21:31.52]Smoke. There's smoke! 有烟…[21:39.43]Steward! Steward, there's smoke in the cabin! 机舱在冒烟[21:42.13]Everybody move to the back of the plane. Now!Please! 大家请到机尾[21:45.60]Smoke! Smoke! Notify the cockpit! 有烟，通知驾驶舱[21:50.50]趴下来[21:58.21]Come on! Come on![22:00.95]Mr. President, stay back. 总统先生，请退后[22:07.39]Get down! Everybody down! 大家趴下[22:18.50]- Oh, my God! - Code Red! We have a Code Red,Jeremy! Shots fired on board. 紧急状况，我重覆[22:23.17]I've got Code Red acknowledged. Bridges, lock that door, now. 机上有人开枪[22:23.24]知道了，关上门[22:25.74]- Yes, sir. - Flight control, this is Air Force One declaring emergency. 这是空军一号发生紧急状况[22:28.48]- Get down! Get down! - Cover up! Stay back! [22:31.75]别过去[22:36.15]- Pick me up! - I'll cover ya! 上吧，我掩护你[22:38.35]Go! Go, go! 快点，快点[22:41.12]- What's goin' on? - Shots fired, sir! - My family! What about my family? 怎么回事？[22:41.72]有人开枪[22:43.92]- We're handling it, sir. - Boy Scout's comin' out! Cover! Cover! Give him cover! 我的妻女呢？[22:43.92]我们会处理，长官[22:45.69]童子军出来了[22:49.16]- Daddy? - Alice, get back! 爹地[22:51.47]- Daddy! - Alice? Alice, get down! 爱丽丝，退后[22:51.43]爹地[22:52.33]爱丽丝，快趴下[22:55.54]Around here! Take him around here! Get down! 把他带过来[22:58.17]Ramstein Tower, this is Air Force One. We are Code Red. 趴下[22:58.17]塔台，空军一号，紧急状况[23:01.04]Shots fired on board. Request emergency assistance.E. T.A..; 1 5 minutes. （德国瑞姆斯丹空军基地）[23:03.01]需要协助，15分钟后到达[23:05.68]Air Force One, acknowledged. We are scrambling our fighters. 空军一号，知道了[23:07.95]Emergency equipment will be standing by. 我们会准备紧急支援[23:21.13]- Get him to the escape pod. - Boy Scout is headed tothe vault.[23:22.96]童子军前往逃生舱[23:25.53]- The football! The football! - There it is. 足球（核弹发射密码）[23:31.51]- Get around here! - Get him down to the pod! 把他带下来，快进逃生舱[23:37.41]- Don't move! - Everybody, head down! 别动[23:39.71]去找总统[23:44.02]- Move! They're on us! - Where's my family? 他们跟来了[23:46.02]- Get in the pod, sir. Get in! - What about my family?我的家人呢？[23:46.09]进去，长官[23:47.52]我的家人呢？[23:55.90]Air Force One, landing runway 09. I repeat, runway09. 空军一号请使用09跑道重覆，09跑道[23:59.87]Roger. Turning to heading 1 85. Descending to 5,000feet. 收到方向是185、高度5千英尺[24:20.99]快点，他跑进逃生舱[24:35.37]Ramstein. This is Air Force One. Emergency pod hasbeen deployed. 塔台，这是空军一号逃生舱已发射[24:39.07]I repeat. The emergency pod has been deployed. 重覆，逃生舱已发射[24:42.21]Ramstein Tower, acknowledge. We are picking upthe homing beacon and deploying search and rescue. 收到讯号，已派出搜救小组[24:52.45]诺维将军到了吗？[24:55.62]- Has General Northwood arrived? - Yes, he has. 到了[25:00.29]- Give me an update. - Madam Vice-President, thisway. We'll avoid the press. 情况如何？[25:01.26]这里请，副总统我们得避开记者[25:03.76]- Is the president secure? - Not yet. The recoveryteam will have him very soon. 找到总统吗？[25:05.23]还没有，搜救小组会找到他[25:21.48]Air Force One, this is Halo Flight Lead. You are nowunder escort. 空军一号，这是光环分队[25:24.82]All airspace has been cleared. Alert forces have beenmobilized. 战机进行护卫，领空已安全[25:26.35]全体紧急动员[25:28.26]- Is everyone here? - We're workin' on it. 人都到了吗？就快到了[25:30.26]How the hell did this happen? How the hell did theyget Air Force One? 他们怎么可能挟持空军一号？[25:33.13]Gentlemen. Mr. Secretary. 各位，部长先生[25:37.86]Ramstein Tower, we are at ten miles northwest tofinal, coming in red hot. 塔台，距离十哩，情况危急[25:41.97]Roger, Air Force One, wind is zero-niner-zero atone-two. You are clear to land. 收到，空军一号风速12节，你可以降落[25:55.22]他们要降落[25:57.68]- Hey, what are you guys-- - Get down now! 给我趴下来[26:05.73]Open the door! 快开门，快开门[26:09.13]Open the door! 快打开来[26:19.57]Open! Open the door! 快开门，快打开来[26:22.48]No matter what happens, we land this aircraft. Is thatunderstood? 无论如何都得降落明白吗？[26:27.75]Come on, come on. Flaps, 30. 快点，尾翼30度[26:30.58]Flaps, 30. 尾翼30度[26:41.36]一降落就完了[27:03.62]- No! - Get the fuck in the air! 回到空中[27:10.62]Now! Take this plane up! 快点，快升空[27:14.69]Up! Up![27:18.63]- Get us back in the air now! - Artie! 升空，快升空[27:22.60]- Take it up! - Artie-- 升空[27:24.80]Get this plane back in the air now, or you die! 给我升空，你在干嘛？[27:29.61]- Get up now! - No! 快升空[27:46.89]Get him![28:00.74]No!Jesus! 不，老天[28:23.16]Come on, come on![28:25.87]Come on![29:06.41]Air Force One, this is Ramstein Tower.[29:08.64]- Contact those F-1 5s. - Sir. 快通知F15战机[29:10.81]I want them to keep Air Force One in visual contact at all times. 要他们一直盯着空军一号[29:13.85]- What are our airborne scenarios? - There are no airborne scenarios. 劫机的紧急程序是什么？[29:15.12]根本就没有[29:16.92]Well, we'd better start generating them, hadn't we, General? And they better be damn good, and they better work. 我们最好快想办法而且一定得成功[29:20.75]How long can they stay up there with the fuel they have? 他们还能飞多久？[29:22.69]- That's a question of air speed. Wind. - Altitude. 这要看速度和风向还有高度[29:25.43]We need an Air Force One pilot in here. Any educated guesses as to where they might be going? 快把飞行员找来他们可能飞去哪儿？[29:29.16]- Iraq, Libya, Algeria-- - Those are guesses. I don't know if they're educated. 伊拉克、利比亚…[29:30.70]这只是猜测，没有根据[29:32.40]So we better notify our allies. We'll need secure airspace. Could we keep that under wraps? 通知盟国清出领空别透露消息[29:35.87]- We'll do our best. - If you could just try and relax, Kathryn. I'm in charge here. 我尽量试[29:36.70]放轻松，凯瑟琳，我来作主[29:40.41]Well, I don't know, Walter. It seems to me that they're in charge. 不晓得，华特看来他们在作主[29:48.75]Air Force One, this is Ramstein Tower. Please respond.[29:50.38]我们要回家了[29:54.92]Air Force One, this is Ramstein Tower.[29:57.06]State your intention. 去逮他吧[30:00.23]- Don't hurt me! - Go. - Yes, I will.[30:02.23]- Here. - Go.[30:07.60]总统呢？[30:10.04]他不在机上[30:12.94]他跑进逃生舱逃走[30:14.57]Keep moving![30:30.92]Moscow police found six members of a Russian TVnews crew murdered-- 莫斯科警方发现六名俄国电视记者遇害[30:34.73]the same crew that was cleared to fly on Air ForceOne. 他们获准登上空军一号[30:37.96]-Jesus. - Oh, please tell me it's not that easy. 天哪[30:40.53]No. You would have to generate fake I D, photo,fingerprints-- 别跟我说有这么简单[30:40.63]他们得伪造身份证、指纹[30:43.97]- Could be with a little help from Moscow. - Howwould they get the weapons on board the plane? 可能得到俄国政府协助[30:45.74]他们怎么拿到武器？[30:47.44]There's no way to get weapons aboard Air Force One.It's impossible. 机上不可能拿到武器不可能[30:50.31]Well, there are enough weapons already on board totake Panama. But who has access to them? 他们手上有武器从哪儿来的？[30:53.78]- You think someone on the plane helped them? -What if somebody did, and they're still on the plane? 机上有人帮助他们吗？[30:55.95]如果是真的这个人还在机上[30:58.48]Who do they trust up there? Who do we trust? 他们能相信谁？我们该相信谁？[31:03.72]Madam Vice-President? Mr. Secretary. 副总统，部长先生[31:06.79]All compromised nuclear launch codes have beencanceled. New codes are active. 核弹发射密码取消全都换成新的[31:11.93]Ramstein, the president's escape pod has been located.塔台我们找到总统的逃生舱[31:15.64]We're homing in at 285 degrees. 讯号在285度[31:23.31]There it is. Ramstein, we have a strong signal. 在那儿，讯号很强[31:26.91]E.T.A.: two minutes. 估计两分钟后赶到[31:32.92]Oh, my God![31:37.96]Where is the wife and daughter? 他的妻女呢？[31:42.13]-Just wait. - I want to talk to him. - Wait, wait, wait.[31:45.27]No, let me go.[31:47.60]Let me see him. Let me--[31:49.34]让开[31:53.11]Where is my husband? 我先生呢？[31:57.48]He has fled. The coward chose to save himself. 他开溜了这懦夫只顾着逃命[32:01.68]- Yes! - Yes![32:03.68]But one can always strike a bargain. 不过我有谈判的筹码[32:08.32]No, you listen to me. 你给我听好[32:11.29]I don't know who you are or what you want... 不管你是谁，有何目的[32:14.96]but you will never get it. 你都不能得逞[32:18.00]He will not negotiate. 他不会和你谈判[32:22.47]Really? His wife. His daughter. 是吗？[32:24.67]他的妻子、女儿在我手上[32:28.81]A man could not live with himself. 一个男人绝不会抛下妻女[32:32.15]And it would be such bad politics. 何况这会影响他的政治前途[32:42.89]- I think he will negotiate. - Oh, my God. 我看他一定会谈判[32:56.87]Escape pod is visually acquired. 我们看到逃生舱[32:59.21]Location off Ramstein is 284 degrees... 方位284度距离瑞姆斯丹十二英哩[33:02.54]1 2 miles out.[33:56.83]武器全都收回来了[33:59.57]尼夫斯基，再查一次[34:02.30]你轮第一班看守[34:18.52]我去搜下面[34:33.27]好了[35:01.79]It's Air Force One. They want to talk to the vice-president. 是空军一号，他们找副总统[35:16.81]Hello, can you hear me? 喂？你听得到吗？[35:20.65]This is the vice-president of the United States. To whom am I speaking? 我是美国副总统你是哪位？[35:26.35]This is the person who controls Air Force One... 我是控制空军一号的人[35:29.69]the world's most secure aircraft. 世上最安全的飞机[35:34.86]What is it that you want? 你要什么？[35:37.80]We'll get to that. 待会再说[35:41.33]- I would like to speak to the First Lady. - No. 我想和第一夫人谈话[35:44.50]- No. Why? - I need to know that they're safe. 不行，为什么？[35:46.27]我要确定她们的安全[35:48.67]The president is safe. But then, you must know that. 总统很安全，你们应该知道[35:52.95]He ran from here like a whipped dog. 他像条狗夹着尾巴逃走[35:56.85]I'm sure you can't wait for him to get back to making the decisions... 你一定急着等他回去指挥[36:00.29]so you can stop sweating through that silk blouse of yours. 你就不必直冒冷汗弄湿丝衬衫[36:08.86]What is the condition of the people on board? 机上乘客情况如何？[36:12.37]- Some are dead. -Jesus. 死了一些人[36:15.74]- What are your intentions? - What arrogance... 你有什么目的？[36:18.87]to think you could ever understand my intentions. 你怎么能了解我的目的？[36:22.38]I want to understand what it is that you want. 我想知道你要什么[36:25.88]What do I want? 我要什么？[36:28.98]When Mother Russia becomes one great nationagain... 当伟大的苏俄祖国再度统一[36:34.82]when the capitalists are dragged from the Kremlin...当资本家被拖到街上枪毙[36:38.26]and shot in the street...[36:41.33]when our enemies run and hide in fear... 当敌人听到俄国威名逃之夭夭[36:45.40]at the mention of our name...[36:47.40]and America begs our forgiveness-- 当美国乞求我们原谅[36:52.07]on that great day of deliverance... 当这伟大的日子来临[36:56.61]you will know what I want. 你就知道我要什么[37:01.08]We can give you a forum for your grievances. 我能让你提出申诉我能联络俄国政府[37:03.25]We can contact the Russian government.[37:05.59]But you must understand that it will take some time.不过你要了解这得花点时间[37:08.45]Oh, really? Well, when you talk to the president,youmight remind him... 是吗？请你转告总统[37:12.96]that I am holding his wife, his daughter, his Chief ofStaff... 他的妻女、幕僚长国家安全顾问[37:17.10]his National Security Advisor, his classified papers...机密文件和棒球手套全在我手上[37:20.37]and his baseball glove![37:23.50]If he wants them back, he will prevail upon thepuppet regime in Moscow... 他想要拿回去[37:25.61]就得逼莫斯科的槐儡政府释放芮狄将军[37:28.77]to release General Radek.[37:32.11]Fifty for one. 五十人换一人，很划算[37:33.95]It's a good deal. How's your blouse?[37:36.65]你还在冒冷汗吗？[37:40.99]What assurances do I have that you'll keep your word?我怎么知道你会说话算话？[37:44.46]I'll wait for confirmation that General Radek hasbeen released. 我要确定芮狄将军被安全释放[37:50.03]Until then... 在他被释放之前[37:53.40]I will execute a hostage every half an hour. 每半小时我就处决一名人质[37:59.34]You have my word. 我说话算话[38:03.64]You must understand that we-- 你要了解我们…喂？[38:06.21]- Hello? - They're off!. - Hello? 切断了[38:10.98]- Dave's the language expert. - Damn it.[38:13.52]Nobody does this to the United States. 该死，谁都不能欺负美国[38:16.32]The president will get back his baseball glove andplay catch with this guy's balls. 总统会讨回他的手套要这家伙好看[38:20.03]We can't do anything in half an hour. We need moretime. 半小时来不及我们需要更多时间[38:22.90]He's a zealot. Tough to negotiate with. All you can dois wear them down. 他是狂热份子不会跟你谈判[38:24.76]我们只能跟他磨下去[38:26.33]Mr. Secretary! Mr. Secretary, sir. 部长先生[38:28.30]部长先生，长官[38:36.41]We found the escape pod. It's empty. 找到逃生舱，上面没有人[38:44.68]So where's the president? 总统在哪里？[38:50.19]I think we have to acknowledge the possibility... 我们必须面对总统已经丧命的可能[38:53.49]that the president...[38:55.86]may be dead.[39:00.10]Why wouldn't they tell us? 他们为何不说？[39:03.64]Diversion, trying to buy some time. 引开注意，拖延时间[39:07.54]Could have happened at a cross fire, and they'reafraid we'll retaliate. 他可能遭枪击他们怕我们会报复[39:10.38]Damn right we'll retaliate. We'll release GeneralRadek into the goddamn atmosphere. 我们当然会报复我们要让芮狄粉身碎骨[39:13.78]It doesn't add up. That terrorist knew that we'd。
2000-2013美国数学建模竞赛(MCM、ICM)历年试题汇总
目录2000 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (3)2000 MCM A: Air Traffic Control (3)2000 MCM B: Radio Channel Assignments (3)2000 ICM: Elephants: When is Enough, Enough? (5)2001 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (7)2001 MCM A: Choosing a Bicycle Wheel (7)2001 MCM B: Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath (An Ill Wind...). (8)2001 ICM: Our Waterways - An Uncertain Future (10)2002 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (14)2002 MCM A: Wind and Waterspray (14)2002 MCM B: Airline Overbooking (14)2002 ICM: Scrub Lizards (15)2003 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (19)2003 MCM A: The Stunt Person (19)2003 MCM B: Gamma Knife Treatment Planning (19)2003 ICM: Aviation Baggage Screening Strategies: To Screen or Not to Screen, that is the Question (20)2004 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (24)2004 MCM A: Are Fingerprints Unique? (24)2004 MCM B: A Faster QuickPass System (24)2004 ICM: To Be Secure or Not to Be? (24)2005 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (25)2005 MCM A: Flood Planning (25)2005 MCM B: Tollbooths (25)2005 ICM: Nonrenewable Resources (25)2006 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (27)2006 MCM A: Positioning and Moving Sprinkler Systems for Irrigation (27)2006 MCM B: Wheel Chair Access at Airports (27)2006 ICM: Trade-offs in the fight against HIV/AIDS (28)2007 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (32)2007 MCM A: Gerrymandering (32)2007 MCM B: The Airplane Seating Problem (32)2007 ICM: Organ Transplant: The Kidney Exchange Problem (33)2008 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (38)2008 MCM A: Take a Bath (38)2008 MCM B: Creating Sudoku Puzzles (38)2008 ICM: Finding the Good in Health Care Systems (38)2009 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (40)2009 MCM A: Designing a Traffic Circle (40)2009 MCM B: Energy and the Cell Phone (40)2009 ICM: Creating Food Systems: Re-Balancing Human-Influenced Ecosystems41 2010年美国大学生数学建模竞赛 MCM、ICM 试题 (42)2010 MCM A: The Sweet Spot (42)2010 MCM B: Criminology (43)2010 ICM: The Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch (44)2011年美国大学生数学建模竞赛 MCM、ICM 试题 (45)2011 MCM A: Snowboard Course (45)2011 MCM B: Repeater Coordination (45)2011 ICM: Environmentally and Economically Sound (46)2012年美国大学生数学建模竞赛 MCM、ICM 试题 (48)2012 MCM A: The Leaves of a Tree (48)2012 MCM B: Camping along the Big Long River (50)2012 ICM: Modeling for Crime Busting (51)2013年美国大学生数学建模竞赛 MCM、ICM 试题 (59)2013 MCM A: The Ultimate Brownie Pan (59)2013 MCM B: Water, Water, Everywhere (61)2013 ICM: NetworkModeling of Earth's Health (62)2000 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题2000 MCM A: Air Traffic ControlTo improve safety and reduce air traffic controller workload, the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) is considering adding software to the air traffic control system that would automatically detect potential aircraft flight path conflicts and alert the controller. To that end, an analysit at the FAA has posed the following problems.Requirement A: Given two airplanes flying in space, when should the air traffic controller consider the objects to be too close and to require intervention? Requirement B: And airspace sector is the section of three-dimensional airspace that one air traffic controller controls. Given any airspace sector, how do we measure how complex it is from an air traffic workload perspective? To what extent is complexity determined by the number of aircraft simultaneously passing through that sector1.at any one instant?2.during any given interval of time?3.during a particular time of day?How does the number of potential conflicts arising during those periods affect complexity? Does the presence of additional software tools to automatically predict conflicts and alert the controller reduce or add to this complexity? In addition to the guidelines for your report, write a summary (no more than two pages) that the FAA analyst can present to Jane Garvey, the FAA Administrator, to defend your conclusions.2000 MCM B: Radio Channel AssignmentsWe seek to model the assignment of radio channels to a symmetric network of transmitter locations over a large planar area, so as to avoid interference. One basic approach is to partition the region into regular hexagons in a grix (honeycomb-style), as shown in Figure 1, where a transmitter is located at the center of each hexagon.An interval of the frequency spectrum is to be alloted for transmitter frequencies. The interval will be divided into regularly spaced channels, which we represent by integers 1,2,3, … . Each transmitter wil be assigned one positive integer channel. The same channel can be used at many locations, provided that interference from nearby transmitters is avoided.Our goal is to minimize the width of the interval in the frequency spectrum that is needed to assugn channels subject to some constraints. This is achieved with the concept of a span. The span is the minimum, over all assignments satisfying the constraints, of the largest channel used at any location. It is not required that every channel smaller than the span be used in an assignment that attains the span.Let s be the length of a side of one of the hexagons. We concentrate on the case that there are two levels of interference.Requirement A: There are several contrainsts on the frequency assignments. First, no two transmitters within distance 4s of each other can be given the same channel. Second, due to spectral spreading, transmitters within distance 2s of each other must not be given the same or adjacent channels: Their channels must differ by at least 2. Under these contraints, what can we say about the span in Figure 1?Requirement B: Repeat Requirement A, assuming the grid in the example spreads arbitrarily far in all directions.Requirement C: Repeat Requirements A and B, except assume now more generally that channels for transmitters within distance 2s differ by at least some given integer k, while those at distance at most 4s must still differ by at least one. What cna we say about the span and about efficient strategies for designing assignments, as a function of k?Requirement D: Consider generalizations of the problem, such as several levels of interference or irregular transmitter placements. What other factors may be important to consider?Requirement E: Write an article (no more than 2 pages) for the local newspaper explaining your findings.2000 ICM: Elephants: When is Enough, Enough?“Ultimately, if a habitat is undesirably changed by elephants, then their removal should be considered -even by culling.”National Geographic (Earth Almanac) –December 1999 A large National Park in South Africa contains approximately 11,000 elephants. Management policy requires a healthy environment that can maintain a stable herf of 11,000 elephants. Each year park rangers count the elephant population. During the past 20 years whole herds have been removed to keep the population as close to 11,000 as possible. The process involved shooting (for the most part) and occasionally relocating approximately 600 to 800 elephants per year.Recently, there has been a public outcry against the shooting of these elephants. In addition, it is no longer feasible to relocate even a small population of elephants each year. A contraceptive dart, however, has been developed that can prevent a mature elephant cow from conceiving for a period of two years.Here is some information about eh elephants in the Park:∙There is very little emigration of immigration of elephants.∙The gender ratio is very close to 1:1 and control measures have endeavored to maintain parity.∙The gender ratio of newborn calves is also about 1:1. Twins are born about 1.35% of the time.∙Cows first conceive between the ages of 10 and 12 and produce, on average, a calf every 3.5 years until they reach an age of about 60.Gestation is approximately 22 months.∙The contraceptive dart causes an elephant cow to come into oestrus every month (but not conceiving). Elephants usually have courtship only once in 3.5 years, so the monthly cycle can cause additional stress.∙ A cow can be darted every year without additional detrimental effects. A mature elephant cow will not be able to conceive for 2 years after thelast darting.∙Between 70% and 80% of newborn calves survive to age 1 year.Thereafter, the survival rate is uniform across all ages and is very high(over 95%), until about age 60; it is a good assumption that elephantsdie before reading age 70.There is no hunting and negligible poaching in the Park.The park management has a rough data file of the approximate ages and gender of the elephants they have transported out of the region during the past 2 years. This data is available on website: icm2000data.xls. Unfortunately no data is available for the elephants that have been shot or remain in the Park.Your overall task is to develop and use models to investigate how the contraceptive dart might be used for population control. Specifically:Task 1: Develop and use a model to speculate about the likely survival rate for elephants aged 2 to 60. Also speculate about the current age structure of the elephant population.Task 2: Estimate how many cows would need to be darted each year to keep the population fixed at approximately 11,000 elephants. Show how the uncertainty in the data at your disposal affects your estimate. Comment on any changes in the age structure of the population and how this might affect tourists. (You may want to look ahead about 30-60 years.)Task 3: If it were feasible to relocate between 50 and 300 elephants per year, how would this reduce the number of elephants to be darted? Comment on the trade-off between darting and relocation.Task 4: Some opponents of darting argue that if there were a sudden loss of a large number of elephants (due to disease or uncontrolled poaching), even if darting stopped immediately, the ability of the population to grow again would be seriously impeded. Investigate and respond to this concer.Task 5: The management in the Park is skeptical about modeling. In particular, they argue that a lack of complete data makes a mockery of any attempt to use models to guide their decision. In addition to your technical report, include a carefully crafted report (3-page maximum) written explicitly for the park management that responds to their concerns and provides advice. Also suggest ways to increase the park managers confidence in your model and your conclusions.Task 6: If your model works, other elephant parks in Africa would be interested in using it. Prepare a darting plan for parks of various sizes (300-25,000 elephants), with slightly different survival rates and transportation possibilities.2001 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题2001 MCM A: Choosing a Bicycle WheelCyclists have different types of wheels they can use on their bicycles. The two basic types of wheels are those constructed using wire spokes and those constructed of a solid disk (see Figure 1) The spoked wheels are lighter, but the solid wheels are more aerodynamic. A solid wheel is never used on the front for a road race but can be used on the rear of the bike.Professional cyclists look at a racecourse and make an educated guess as to what kind of wheels should be used. The decision is based on the number and steepness of the hills, the weather, wind speed, the competition, and other considerations. The director sportif of your favorite team would like to have a better system in place and has asked your team for information to help determine what kind of wheel should be used for a given course.Figure 1: A solid wheel is shown on the left and a spoked wheel is shown on the right.The director sportif needs specific information to help make a decision and has asked your team to accomplish the tasks listed below. For each of the tasks assume that the same spoked wheel will always be used on the front but there is a choice of wheels for the rear.Task 1. Provide a table giving the wind speed at which the power required for a solid rear wheel is less than for a spoked rear wheel. The table should include the wind speeds for different road grades startingfrom zero percent to ten percent in one percent increments. (Roadgrade is defined to be the ratio of the total rise of a hill divided by thelength of the road. If the hill is viewed as a triangle, the grade is the sine of the angle at the bottom of the hill.) A rider starts at the bottom of the hill at a speed of 45 kph, and the deceleration of the rider is proportionalto the road grade. A rider will lose about 8 kph for a five percent grade over 100 meters.∙Task 2. Provide an example of how the table could be used for a specific time trial course.∙Task 3. Determine if the table is an adequate means for deciding on the wheel configuration and offer other suggestions as to how to make this decision.2001 MCM B: Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath (An Ill Wind...)Evacuating the coast of South Carolina ahead of the predicted landfall of Hurricane Floyd in 1999 led to a monumental traffic jam. Traffic slowed to a standstill on Interstate I-26, which is the principal route going inland from Charleston to the relatively safe haven of Columbia in the center of the state. What is normally an easy two-hour drive took up to 18 hours to complete. Many cars simply ran out of gas along the way. Fortunately, Floyd turned north and spared the state this time, but the public outcry is forcing state officials to find ways to avoid a repeat of this traffic nightmare.The principal proposal put forth to deal with this problem is the reversal of traffic on I-26, so that both sides, including the coastal-bound lanes, have traffic headed inland from Charleston to Columbia. Plans to carry this out have been prepared (and posted on the Web) by the South Carolina Emergency Preparedness Division. Traffic reversal on principal roads leading inland from Myrtle Beach and Hilton Head is also planned.A simplified map of South Carolina is shown. Charleston has approximately 500,000 people, Myrtle Beach has about 200,000 people, and another 250,000 people are spread out along the rest of the coastal strip. (More accurate data, if sought, are widely available.)The interstates have two lanes of traffic in each direction except in the metropolitan areas where they have three. Columbia, another metro area of around 500,000 people, does not have sufficient hotel space to accommodate the evacuees (including some coming from farther north by other routes), so some traffic continues outbound on I-26 towards Spartanburg; on I-77 north to Charlotte; and on I-20 east to Atlanta. In 1999, traffic leaving Columbia going northwest was moving only very slowly. Construct a model for the problem to investigate what strategies may reduce the congestion observed in 1999. Here are the questions that need to be addressed:1.Under what conditions does the plan for turning the two coastal-boundlanes of I-26 into two lanes of Columbia-bound traffic, essentiallyturning the entire I-26 into one-way traffic, significantly improveevacuation traffic flow?2.In 1999, the simultaneous evacuation of the state's entire coastal regionwas ordered. Would the evacuation traffic flow improve under analternative strategy that staggers the evacuation, perhapscounty-by-county over some time period consistent with the pattern of how hurricanes affect the coast?3.Several smaller highways besides I-26 extend inland from the coast.Under what conditions would it improve evacuation flow to turn around traffic on these?4.What effect would it have on evacuation flow to establish moretemporary shelters in Columbia, to reduce the traffic leaving Columbia?5.In 1999, many families leaving the coast brought along their boats,campers, and motor homes. Many drove all of their cars. Under whatconditions should there be restrictions on vehicle types or numbers ofvehicles brought in order to guarantee timely evacuation?6.It has been suggested that in 1999 some of the coastal residents ofGeorgia and Florida, who were fleeing the earlier predicted landfalls ofHurricane Floyd to the south, came up I-95 and compounded the traffic problems. How big an impact can they have on the evacuation trafficflow? Clearly identify what measures of performance are used tocompare strategies. Required: Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed two pages, explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public.Clearly identify what measures of performance are used to compare strategies. Required: Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed two pages, explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public.2001 ICM: Our Waterways - An Uncertain FutureZebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, are small, fingernail-sized, freshwater mollusks unintentionally introduced to North America via ballast water from a transoceanic vessel. Since their introduction in the mid 1980s, they have spread through all of the Great Lakes and to an increasing number of inland waterways in the United States and Canada. Zebra mussels colonize on various surfaces,such as docks, boat hulls, commercial fishing nets, water intake pipes and valves, native mollusks and other zebra mussels. Their only known predators, some diving ducks, freshwater drum, carp, and sturgeon, are not numerous enough to have a significant effect on them. Zebra mussels have significantly impacted the Great Lakes ecosystem and economy. Many communities are trying to control or eliminate these aquatic pests. SOURCE: Great Lakes Sea Grant Network /.Researchers are attempting to identify the environmental variables related to the zebra mussel infestation in North American waterways. The relevant factors that may limit or prevent the spread of the zebra mussel are uncertain. You will have access to some reference data to include listings of several chemicals and substances in the water system that may affect the spread of the zebra mussel throughout waterways. Additionally, you can assume individual zebra mussels grow at a rate of 15 millimeters per year with a life span between 4 - 6 years. The typical mussel can filter 1 liter of water each day.Requirement A: Discuss environmental factors that could influence the spread of zebra mussels.Requirement B: Utilizing the chemical data provided at:ap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeAChem1.xls, and the mussel population data provided at:ap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeAPopulation 1.xls model the population growth of zebra mussels in Lake A. Be sure to review the Information about the collection of the zebra mussel data. Requirement C: Utilizing additional data on Lake A from another scientist provided at :ap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeAChem2.xls and additional mussel population data provided at:ap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeAPopulation 2.xls corroborate the reasonableness of your model from Requirement B. As a result of this additional data, adjust your earlier model. Analyze the performance of your model. Discuss the sensitivity of your model. Requirement D: Utilizing the Chemical data from two lakes (Lake B and Lake C) in the United States provided atap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeB.xls and ap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeC.xls determine if these lakes are vulnerable to the spread of zebra mussels. Discuss your prediction.Requirement E: The community in the vicinity of Lake B (in requirement D) is considering specific policies for the de-icing of roadways near the lake duringthe winter season. Provide guidance to the local government officials regarding a policy on “de-icing agents.”In your guidance include predictions on the long-term impact of de-icing on the zebra mussel population. Requirement F: It has been recommended by a local community in the United States to introduce round goby fish. Zebra mussels are not often eaten by native fish species so they represent a dead end ecologically. However, round gobies greater than 100 mm feed almost exclusively on zebra mussels. Ironically, because of habitat destruction, the goby is endangered in its native habitat of the Black and Caspian Seas in Russia. In addition to your technical report, include a carefully crafted report (3-page maximum) written explicitly for the local community leaders that responds to their recommendation to introduce the round goby. Also suggest ways to help reduce the growth of the mussel within and among waterways.Information about the collection of the zebra mussel dataThe developmental state of the Zebra mussel is categorized by three stages: veligers (larvae), settling juveniles, and adults. Veligers (microscopic zebra mussel larvae) are free-swimming, suspended in the water for one to three weeks, after which they begin searching for a hard surface to attach to and begin their adult life. Looking for zebra mussel veligers is difficult because they are not easily visible by the naked eye. Settled juvenile zebra mussels can be felt on smooth surfaces like boats and motors. An advanced zebra mussel infestation can cover a surface, even forming thick mats sometimes reaching very high densities. The density of juveniles was determined along the lake using three 15×15 cm settling plates. The top plate remained in the water for the entire sampling season (S - seasonal) to estimate seasonal accumulation. The middle and bottom plates are collected after specific periods (A –alternating ) of time denoted by “Lake Days”in the data files.The settling plates are placed under the microscope and all juveniles on the undersides of the plate are counted and densities are reported as juveniles/m^2.2002 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题2002 MCM A: Wind and WatersprayAn ornamental fountain in a large open plaza surrounded by buildings squirts water high into the air. On gusty days, the wind blows spray from the fountain onto passersby. The water-flow from the fountain is controlled by a mechanism linked to an anemometer (which measures wind speed and direction) located on top of an adjacent building. The objective of this control is to provide passersby with an acceptable balance between an attractive spectacle and a soaking: The harder the wind blows, the lower the water volume and height to which the water is squirted, hence the less spray falls outside the pool area. Your task is to devise an algorithm which uses data provided by the anemometer to adjust the water-flow from the fountain as the wind conditions change.2002 MCM B: Airline OverbookingYou're all packed and ready to go on a trip to visit your best friend in New York City. After you check in at the ticket counter, the airline clerk announces that your flight has been overbooked. Passengers need to check in immediately to determine if they still have a seat.Historically, airlines know that only a certain percentage of passengers who have made reservations on a particular flight will actually take that flight. Consequently, most airlines overbook-that is, they take more reservations than the capacity of the aircraft. Occasionally, more passengers will want to take a flight than the capacity of the plane leading to one or more passengers being bumped and thus unable to take the flight for which they had reservations. Airlines deal with bumped passengers in various ways. Some are given nothing, some are booked on later flights on other airlines, and some are given some kind of cash or airline ticket incentive.Consider the overbooking issue in light of the current situation: Less flights by airlines from point A to point B Heightened security at and around airports Passengers' fear Loss of billions of dollars in revenue by airlines to dateBuild a mathematical model that examines the effects that different overbooking schemes have on the revenue received by an airline company in order to find an optimal overbooking strategy, i.e., the number of people by which an airline should overbook a particular flight so that the company's revenue is maximized. Insure that your model reflects the issues above, andconsider alternatives for handling “bumped”passengers. Additionally, write a short memorandum to the airline's CEO summarizing your findings and analysis.2002 ICM: Scrub LizardsThe Florida scrub lizard is a small, gray or gray-brown lizard that lives throughout upland sandy areas in the Central and Atlantic coast regions of Florida. The Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants classified the scrub lizard as endangered.You will find a fact sheet on the Florida Scrub Lizard at/undergraduate/contests/mcm/contests/2002/problem s/icm2002data/scrublizard.pdfThe long-term survival of the Florida scrub lizard is dependent upon preservation of the proper spatial configuration and size of scrub habitat patches.Task 1: Discuss factors that may contribute to the loss of appropriate habitat for scrub lizards in Florida. What recommendations would you make to the state of Florida to preserve these habitats and discuss obstacles to the implementation of your recommendations?Task 2: Utilize the data provided in Table 1 to estimate the value for Fa (the average fecundity of adult lizards); Sj (the survivorship of juvenile lizards- between birth and the first reproductive season); and Sa (the average adult survivorship).Table 1Summary data for a cohort of scrub lizards captured and followed for 4 consecutive years. Hatchling lizards (age 0) do not produce eggs during the summer they are born. Average clutch size for all other females is proportional to body size according to the function y = 0.21*(SVL)-7.5, where y is the clutch size and SVL is the snout-to-vent length in mm.Year Age Total NumberLivingNumber of LivingFemalesAvg. Female Size(mm)1 0 972 495 30.32 1 180 92 45.83 2 20 11 55.84 3 2 2 56.0Task 3: It has been conjectured that the parameters Fa , Sj , and Sa , are related to the size and amount of open sandy area of a scrub patch. Utilize the data provided in Table 2 to develop functions that estimate Fa, Sj , and Sa for different patches. In addition, develop a function that estimates C, the carrying capacity of scrub lizards for a given patch.Table 2Summary data for 8 scrub patches including vital rate data for scrub lizards. Annual female fecundity (Fa), juvenile survivorship (Sj), and adult survivorship (Sa) are presented for each patch along with patch size and the amount of open sandy habitat.Patch Patch Size (ha) Sandy Habitat (ha) Fa Sj Sa Density (lizards/ha)a 11.31 4.80 5.6 0.12 0.06 58b 35.54 11.31 6.6 0.16 0.10 60c 141.76 51.55 9.5 0.17 0.13 75d 14.65 7.55 4.8 0.15 0.09 55e 63.24 20.12 9.7 0.17 0.11 80f 132.35 54.14 9.9 0.18 0.14 82g 8.46 1.67 5.5 0.11 0.05 40h 278.26 84.32 11.0 0.19 0.15 115Task 4: There are many animal studies that indicate that food, space, shelter, or even reproductive partners may be limited within a habitat patch causing individuals to migrate between patches. There is no conclusive evidence on why scrub lizards migrate. However, about 10 percent of juvenile lizards do migrate between patches and this immigration can influence the size of the population within a patch. Adult lizards apparently do not migrate. Utilizing the data provided in the histogram below estimate the probability of lizards surviving the migration between any two patches i and patch j.Table 3HistogramMigration data for juvenile lizards marked, released, and recaptured up to 6 months later. Surveys for recapture were conducted up to 750m from release sites.Task 5: Develop a model to estimate the overall population size of scrub lizards for the landscape given in Table 3. Also, determine which patches are suitable for occupation by scrub lizards and which patches would not support a viable population.Patch size and amount of open sandy habitat for a landscape of 29 patches located on the Avon Park Air Force Range. See:/undergraduate/contests/icm/2002problem/map.jpg for a map of the landscape.Patch Identification Patch Size (ha) Sandy Habitat (ha)1 13.66 5.382 32.74 11.913 1.39 0.234 2.28 0.765 7.03 3.626 14.47 4.387 2.52 1.998 5.87 2.499 22.27 8.44。
BAE系统公司宣布将用“鹰”128投标美国空军高级教练机替换项目
定未来 什么时候需要一种新 的教练机。”Ｌ ｒ ｚ 出，一架Ｆ ２的新驾 驶员 可以通过Ｔ ３进行训练 ， ｏｅ 指 ｎ 一２ 一８
但是 之后必须用Ｆ ６ 一１ 飞机飞 行一定数量架 次 ，然后才 能飞Ｆ ２ 或最终飞Ｆ ５ 一２ －３ 。有一种 关于取代Ｔ ８ 一３ 新 的分析是考虑 通过现代化升 级现役教 练机 ，以研 ￣ Ｔ ］ －Ｘ。如果选 择 了Ｔ— ｘ，军方 将不需要 一一替换 ４０ ５架Ｔ－ ８ ｏ ｅ ｚ ３ 。Ｌ ｒｎ 上将表示 ，同选择 的模拟器一样 ，这将依赖于所需要 的飞行小 时数和环境 。
此外 ，Ｂ 系统公 司以主合同商身份投标 的想法 也有可能落 空。去年这个时候 ，阿莱 尼亚一 ＡＥ 马基飞 机公 司也 曾计划 以主合 同商 身份 向美 国空军提供Ｍ－３ ６ ４ ，但 它在 今年年初放弃了这一计划 ，现在正在寻 找一家美 国企业作为合作伙伴 ，￣ Ｍ－ ４ 中选 ，该美 国企业将成为与美 国空军签约 的主合 同商 。ＢＡ 系 Ｎ ３６ Ｅ 统公司的官员也暗示说 ，公司会根据客户要求调整 自己的角色 。
。 司宣布将用 “ ＂ １８ ＡＥ 鹰 投标 ２ 美 国空军 高级教练机替换项 目
据报 道 ，英 国ＢＡＥ 系统 公司正 式宣布它将 用 “ ”１ ８ 鹰 ２ 高级 教练机投 标美 国空军的Ｔ一 ８ “ ３ 禽爪 ” （ ａｏ ）高级 教练机替 换项 目，并且 目前 计划 以主合同商身份投 标。 Ｔ ｌｎ Ｂ 系统公司宣布这～决定的时 间恰逢美 国空军协会年会举办前夕 ，美国空军最高层领导将参加该 ＡＥ 年会 。该公司预计 美国空军最早 可能在一年 后启动Ｔ一 ８ 换机招标 ，但在未来 的几个月 ，美 国空军可 ３替 能仍不能确定该项 目的采办策略 ，而且这一项 目的研制和生产费用 尚未包括在美 国空军长期预算 中。 “ ”１ ８ “ ”系列高级教练机 的最新 改进 型之一 ，该系列诞生 已有 ３ 年。在Ｔ ８ 鹰 ２是 鹰 ６ －３ 教练机替换 项 目中，该机 的竞争对手将是意大利 阿莱尼亚一 马基 飞机公司的Ｍ一３ ６“ ４ 大师” （ ｓｅ ）和韩国航宇 Ｍａｔｒ
英国皇家空军 10HP “TILLY”
AK711掉漆色细心点涂在第一层
19 浅色掉漆上即可。
20 21
Copyright©博看网 . All Rights ResMeIrNvIeAdT.URES / 77
锈迹
22-23.合理的掉漆效果能够大幅提升模型的真 实性与吸引力。先用木质牙签沾取Abt070暗锈 色油画颜料在车体点画，再用沾过AK011稀释 剂的01号画笔进行混色。可以拉出至上而下的 垂直线条，模仿典型的锈色垂纹。
料可以用沾过稀释剂的画笔擦
除。该步骤可以多层覆盖，但每
两层之间必须留出足够的干燥时间。
油污
3 6 -3 7.我 用A K0 8 4引擎油污 效 果液、A K0 2 5 燃 油污 渍 效 果液 等珐琅颜料，加上Abt160引擎
润滑油油画颜料等各种涂料，
做出全车的燃油污渍、机油、润滑
油及其它湿润效果。在一个容器里将这
33. 做到这个程度就差 不多可 以了，后 续 我 们 还要加上泥土、润滑油 及机油等各种效果。
78 / MINCIAoTpUyrRiEgSht©博看网 . All Rights Reserved.
34-35.用画笔和牙签将AK017泥
泥土
土效果液喷溅在模型下部，直 至得到满意的外观，过多的颜
英国皇家空军
10HP
“Tilly”
Francisco J. Martínez
二战中，英军用一种民用车底盘衍生出许多军用车辆。虽说它 们由众多不同厂商制造，但英军统一称呼这类车辆为“Tilly”。这 类车型一般使用 10 到 30 马力发动机，采用后轮驱动。由于只是二 轮驱动车辆，它们无法真正实现越野行驶，所以这种车辆主要用于 远离前线的地方，而四轮驱动的车辆主要供前线士兵使用。
美空军征集GPS-3替代方案
美空军征集GPS-3替代方案
阳光
【期刊名称】《太空探索》
【年(卷),期】2014(000)008
【摘要】美国空军航天与导弹系统中心近日在《联邦商业机会》网站上发布通告，正式开始寻找能在下一批导航卫星建造方面挑战洛马公司的厂家，条件是用新的有效载荷方案，替代由洛马航天系统公司承包的8颗GPS-3卫星所采用的由埃克塞勒斯公司提供的有效载荷。
埃克塞勒斯地理空间系统公司在该有效载荷研制方面遇到困难，迫使洛马考虑从第9颗GPS-3卫星起更换供货商。
【总页数】1页(P8-8)
【作者】阳光
【作者单位】
【正文语种】中文
【相关文献】
1.美空军再订购两颗GPS-3卫星
2.美空军重新考虑GPS-3卫星的发射日期
3.美国空军征集商业技术,着眼地月空间作战
4.洛马将为美空军再造两颗GPS-3卫星
5.美国空军启动联合空地防区外导弹的替代方案
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“There is just absolutely no question in my mind that we are the best Air Force on the planet -- precisely because of who we are, what we believe and what we do,” she said.
“Or it might be humanitarian disasters anywhere around the world,” James added, “or the very important mission of protecting Americans right here at home.”
“You also heard General Welsh talk about our aging aircraft,” she said. “The average age is about 27 years and that’s the oldest that they have ever been in our history.”
“These are all serious facts,” James said. “There’s no ignoring these facts. We are the best on the planet, but we are also an Air Force under strain and something’s got to give.”
Saving Taxpayers’ Dollars
The proposed increase in its budget will enable the Air Force to better support its top priorities, which include taking care of its people, striking the right balance between maintaining today’s readiness level and preparing for tomorrow’s anticipated threats, and ensuring that every taxpayer-provided dollar counts, James said.
“So, in short, the way I put it is, everybody wants more Air Force,” James said.
Stand Against Sequestration
James explained what the Air Force is doing about a “perfect storm” of factors that are coming together as the budget forms.
Speaking during the Air Force Association Air Warfare Symposium and Technology Exposition, James discussed why the Air Force is taking its strongest stand to date against sequestration.
Air Force Seeks $10 Billion Over Sequestration Funding
By Army Sgt. 1st Class Tyrone C. Marshall Jr.
DoD News, Defense Media Activity
WASHINGTON, Feb. 13, 2015 – The demand for Air Force capabilities is increasing, therefore the service is requesting $10 billion more than sequestration-level funding provides, Air Force Secretary Deborah Lee James said today in Orlando, Florida.
The Air Force cannot meet the national defense strategy with $10 billion less in the proposed budget as currently written, James said. The additional funding being requested, she added, “recognizes just how important the Air Force is in every joint operation around the world as well as how important the Air Force is in protecting the homeland.”
James said she’s aware of today’s difficult budget environment. But, she added, the Air Force is under fiscal pressure and it needs more funding to perform its missions.
Force Readiness
The previous day at the Orlando event, James noted, Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Mark A. Welsh III discussed the Air Force’s reduced end strength, making it the smallest Air Force since its establishment in 1947.
“We are trying to take the strongest stand yet, that we have taken, to date, on sequestration,” she said. “We have said many, many times that sequestration, if it is implemented in [Fiscal Year] ’16, will damage our national security.”
The Air Force’s readiness level is also “not where we want it to be,” James said, “especially not for what we call the high-end fight that we might, one day, have to fight.”
Consequently, James said, the Air Force has submitted a proposed FY ’16 budget that contains $10 billion more than sequestration-level funding would provide.
Regardless, she said, the demand for Air Force capabilities across all three of its warfighting domains -- air, space and cyber space -- continues to rise.
Fully Engaged Air Force
“Today, our Air Force is fully engaged in joint operations around the world,” James said, to include participating in the fight against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in the Middle East, contributing to the maintenance of a strong NATO alliance or deterring possible conflict in the Asia-Pacific region.
The Air Force also requires more funding to modernize, she said, while always keeping an eye on spending taxpayer dollars in the most efficient manner.
“Now, $10 billion more represents the difference between a force that our Air Force combatant commanders require and our nation expects, as compared to an Air Force that, with $10 billion less, will not be able to meet the defense strategy -- period,” James said.