PP-0928-组织行为学ch08

Mature Group Characteristics
Behavioral Norms - well-understood standards of behavior within a group
Formal & written Informal but understood
Ground rules for meetings
Cohesiveness & Work-Related Tension
Group Cohesiveness from low to high
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4 Mean tension
“Does your work ever make you jumpy or nervous?”
Characteristics of a WellFunctioning, Effective Group
Relaxed, comfortable, informal atmosphere People express feelings Task well understood & ideas & accepted Consensus decision making Members listen well & participate
Group Formation
Formal groups - official or Informal groups - unofficial assigned groups gathered or emergent groups that to perform various tasks evolve in the work setting to gratify a variety of – need ethnic, gender, cultural, and interpersonal member needs not met by diversity formal groups
• Control & sanctions
– Focus on effective, efficient unit
Mature Group Characteristics
Purpose and Mission • May be assigned or may emerge from the group • Group often questions, reexamines, & modifies mission & purpose • Mission converted into specific agenda, clear goals, & a set of critical success factors
– need professional and geographical diversity
Stages of Group Formation
• Mutual acceptance
– Focus is on the interpersonal relations among the members
Team Task Functions
Task functions - those activities directly related to the effective completion of the team’s work
Initiate activities Give information Seek information Test ideas Summarize ideas Elaborate concepts Coordinate activities Evaluate effectiveness
– Do not require final decision authority – QCs need periodic reenergizing
Quality team - a team that is part of an organization’s structure & is empowered to act on its decisions regarding product & quality service
7
16
52
65
57
19
12
Number of groups
From S. E. Seashore, Group Cohesiveness in the Industrial Work Force, 1954. Research conducted by Stanley E. Seashore at the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. Reprinted by permission.
Chapter 8 Work Team & Groups Nelson & Quick
Strategies for Successful Teams
Groups & Teams
Group - two or more people with common interests or objectives Team - a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common mission, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable
• Decision making
– Focus is on decision-making activities related to tasks
• Motivation & commitment
– Focus on self- and group-motivation, execution, achievement
Empowerment Skills
• Competence skills - mastery and experience in one’s chosen discipline & profession • Process skills - including negotiating skills • Development of cooperative and helping behaviors • Communication skills - skills in selfexpression & skills in reflective listening
Quality Circles & Teams
Quality circles (QC) - a small group of employees who work voluntarily on company time, typically one hour per week, to address work-related problems QCs deal with substantive issues
Mature Group Characteristics
Status structure - the set of authority & task relations among a group’s members • Hierarchical or egalitarian • Often leadership is shared
Group aware of its operation & function
Clear assignments made & accepted
Conflict & disagreement center around ideas or methods
Group Behavior
Norms of behavior - the standards that a work group uses to evaluate the behavior of its members Group cohesion - the “interpersonal glue” that makes members of a group stick together Social loafing - the failure of a group member to contribute personal time, effort, thoughts, or other resources to the group Loss of individuality - a social process in which individual group members lose self-awareness & its accompanying sense of accountability, inhibition, and responsibility for individual behavior
Support others Follow others’ lead Harmonize conflict Set standards Express member feelings Test consensus Test group decisions Reduce tension Gatekeeper communication
– demonstrate lower tension & anxiety – demonstrate less variation in productivity – demonstrate better member satisfaction, commitment & communication