流行病专业词汇

安慰剂Placebo安慰剂效应placebo effectsB把握度study power半试验semi-trial保护率protective rate ,PR报告偏倚reporting bias暴露exposure暴露标志exposure marker暴露怀疑偏倚exposure suspicion bias爆发调查outbreak survey被动监测passive surveillance比例研究proportional study比值比Odds Ratio ,OR必需病因necessary factor of cause标点地图spot map标化比例死亡比standardized proportional mortality ratio, SPMR 标化比值比standardized odds ratio, SOR标化死亡比standardized mortality ratio, SMR标准化standardization标准化率比standardized rate ratio, SRR“冰山”现象ice-berg phenomenon丙型肝炎hepatitis C，HC并联试验parallel test病毒性肝炎viral hepatitis病例报告case report病例-病例研究case-case study病例调查case survey病例对照研究case-control study病例交叉设计case-crossover design病例交叉研究case-crossover study病例-系列研究case-series study病死率fatality rate病因causation of disease病因的异质性etiological heterogeneity病因分值etiologic fraction，EF病因链chains of causation病因网web of causation不合格ineligibility不依从noncompliance测量偏倚measurement bias长期变异secular change, trend variation超额死亡率excess mortality超额危险度excess risk巢式病例对照研究nested case-control study成本效果分析cost -effectiveness analysis成本效益分析cost-benefit analysis成本效用分析cost-utility成组匹配category matching抽样调查sampling survey抽样框架sampling frame抽样误差sampling error出生队列birth cohort出生队列分析法birth cohort analysis初级卫生保健primary health care ,PHC传播概率transmission probability传播机制mechanism of transmission传播途径path of transmission传播途径transmission route传播因素transmitting factor传染病communicable diseases传染过程infectious process传染性infectiousness串联试验serial test粗死亡率crude death rate改成crude mortality rate 较好粗一致性crude agreement促成病因contributory factor of cause错分偏倚misclassification bias错误分类misclassificationD大骨节病Kashin-Beck disease大流行pandemic代表性representativeness单倍型haplotype单纯随机抽样simple random sampling单盲single blind单项筛检single screening等位基因allele等位基因频率gene frequency地方病endemic diseases地方病学Endemiology地方性endemicity地方性氟中毒endemic fluorosis地方性砷中毒endemic arsenism点突变point mutation点源流行point source epidemic碘缺乏病iodine deficiency disease调查随访研究survey follow-up study调整一致性adjusted agreement丁型肝炎hepatitis D，HD动态人群dynamic population毒力virulence短期波动irregular variation, rapid fluctuation队列cohort队列研究cohort study对象报告偏倚report bias多归因程序的方法Multiple imputation procedure多国心血管病趋势和决定因素监测Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants inardiovascular Diseases, MONICA 多级抽样multistage sampling多群组比较研究multi-group comparison study多态性polymorphism多项筛检multiple screeningE恶性肿瘤流行病学cancer Epidemiology二代侵袭率,续发率secondary attack rate，SAR二级预防secondary preventionF发病率incidence rate, morbidity发病密度incidence density发病密度incidence density发生率研究incidence study飞沫droplet飞沫核droplet nuclei非即时性non-concurrent非均衡性错分differential misclassification非连续性状Discrete traits肺炎与流感死亡率pneumonia and influenza deaths, 即P&I deaths分层stratification分层抽样stratified sampling分层随机分组stratified randomization分类变量categorical variable分离分析segregation analysis分子流行病学Molecular Epidemiology封闭性抗体blocking antibodies氟斑牙dental fluorosis氟骨症skeletal fluorosis负混杂negative confounding复等位基因位点multiple alles复杂性状complex traitG概念框架conceptual framework干预随访研究intervention follow-up study 感染储主reservoir of infection感染来源source of infection感染力infectivity感染谱spectrum of infection感染梯度gradient of infection感染性腹泻infectious diarrhea感染性腹泻病infectious diarrheal disease 感染症infections or infectious diseases高危人群策略high risk strategy个案case个案调查case study个案调查individual survey个体匹配individual matching工程干预engineering intervention共变法method of concomitant variation共显性codominance构成比proportion固定队列fixed cohort故意伤害intentional injuries关联的合理性plausibility of association关联的可重复性consistency of association 关联的强度strength of association关联的时间性temporality of association 关联的特异性specificity of association关联的一致性coherence of association观察偏倚observational bias观察性研究observational study观察一致率observation agreement广义遗传度broad heritability归因危险度attributable risk归因危险度百分比attributable risk percent, ARP, 或AR%国际病毒分类委员会International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses，ICTV 国际冠心病预防工作组The International Task Force for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease国际疾病分类第十版International Classification of Diseases，ICD-10国家结核病防治项目National Tuberculosis Program，NTP国家卫生统计中心the National Center for Health Statistics, NCHSH合作率cooperation rate核心家系Nuclear families横断面研究cross sectional analysis横断面研究cross-sectional study患病率prevalence rate回顾性研究retrospective studies回忆偏倚recall bias混合型流行mixed epidemic混合研究mixed study混杂confounding混杂偏倚confounding bias混杂因素confounder, confounding factor活跃病区active endemic area获得性免疫缺陷综合症acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS霍桑效应Howthorne effectJ机遇chance基本繁殖率basic reproduction rate基本繁殖数basic reproductive number,R0基本人群base population or population at risk基线信息baseline information基因gene基因毒性genotoxic基因型Genotyping基因型频率genotype frequency及时性timeliness疾病爆发disease outbreak疾病标志Markers of disease疾病的分布distribution of disease疾病的自然史natural history of disease疾病监测surveillance of disease疾病链the disease chain剂量反应关系dose—response relationship季节性seasonal variation, seasonality继发关联secondary association家庭簇研究family cluster study家庭聚集性Familial aggregation家庭聚集性研究familial aggregation study家庭相似性Family resemblance家系研究pedigree study甲型肝炎hepatitis A，HA假阳性率false positive rate假阴性率false negative rate间接传播indirect transmission间接关联indirect association间接接触indirect contact检出症侯偏倚detection signal bias简单随机分组simple randomization简明损伤定级法abbreviated injury scale，AIS健康促进health promotion健康工作者效应healthy worker effect健康监测系统health information system, HIS健康生命损失年years of life lived with disability, YLLD 教育干预educational intervention结局outcome结局变量outcome variable截断点cutoff金标准gold standard经济干预economic intervention经节肢动物媒介vector-borne经空气air-borne经食物food-borne经饮水drinking water-borne经载体vehicle-borne精确性precision聚合酶链式反应polymerase chain reaction，PCR均衡性错分non-differential misclassification均数回归趋势regression to the meanK抗原漂移antigenic drift抗原转变antigenic shift克山病Keshan disease空间、时间集研究space-time cluster study扩大免疫计划expanded program on immunization,EPIL来源同一identity by descent, IBD类试验，准试验quasi-trial，quasi-experiment类推法method of analogy累积发病率cumulative incidence罹患率attack rate礼貌偏倚politeness bias理论流行病学theoretical epidemiology历史性historical连锁linkage连锁不平衡linkage disequilibrium连锁分析Linkage analysis连锁平衡linkage equilibrium联合无应答偏倚combined nonrespondent bias联系率contact rate临床试验clinical trial灵敏度sensitivity领先时间偏倚lead time bias流感病毒influenza virus流行epidemic流行病模型epidemic model流行病学epidemiology流行病学监测epidemiological surveillance流行病学实验epidemiological experiment流行过程epidemic process流行曲线epidemic curve流行性出血热epidemic hemorrhagic fever, EHF流行性感冒Influenza流行性肾病nephropathia epidemica,NE率rate率比rate ratio率差rate difference, RD轮状模式wheel modeM蔓延流行propagated or progressive epidemic盲法blindness美国国家胆固醇教育规划National Cholesterol Education Program，NCEP 描述流行病学descriptive epidemiology描述性研究descriptive study目标人群target populationN内暴露剂量Internal Dose内部有效性internal validity内剂量internal dose内剂量的测定internal dose meters纳入/排除偏倚inclusion/exclusion bias奈曼偏倚Neyman biasP排除exclusions排除法method of exclusion排除偏倚exclusive bias配对pair matching“皮鞋”流行病学shoeleather epidemiology匹配matching匹配变量matching variable匹配过头overmatching匹配因素matching factors偏倚bias频数匹配frequency matching普查censusQ前瞻性prospective 8前瞻性研究prospective study潜伏期incubation period潜隐期latent period潜在工作损失年数Working Years of Potential Life Lost, WYPLL 潜在价值损失年数Valued Years of Potential Life Lost, VYPLL 潜在寿命损失年potential years of life lost，PYLL强制干预enforcement intervention求同法method of agreement求异法method of difference全人群策略population strategy缺课天数days lost from school缺勤天数days lost from work缺失数据missing data确定性检验explicit testing确定性模型deterministic model人传人person to person spread人类传染病anthroponosis人类基因组计划human genome project人类免疫缺陷病毒human immunodeficiency virus,HIV人群population人群病因分值population etiologic fraction, PEF人群的分层population stratification人群归因危险度population attributable risk，PAR人群归因危险度百分比population attributable risk percent，PARP 或PAR% 人群免疫性herd immunity人群易感性herd susceptibility人兽共患病，动物传染病zoonosis人畜共患病anthropozoonosis日期型date type入院率偏倚（伯克森偏倚）admission rate bias （Berkson’s bias）。