第四章planning and strategic management计划和战略管理

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归纳Strategic Management(战略管理-中英文).ppt

归纳Strategic Management(战略管理-中英文).ppt
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Market entry: 市场进入 •Across borders 跨国 •Alliances 联盟
•Entrepreneurship 创业
3
Strategic Management Process 战略管理过程
Vision 愿景 Leadership 领导
Environments: 环境 •Internal内部 •External 外部
Strategic Management 战略管理
Leadership in Enterprise for Asian Development 亚洲发展中的企业领导
Leonard D. Van Drunen June 2008
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What Is Strategic Management? 什么是战略管理
4
Strategic Leadership 战略领导
– Developing a vision for the firm – 为企业制定愿景 – Designing strategic actions to achieve this vision – 设计战略行动来达成愿景 – Empowering others to carry out those strategic
Vision 愿景 Leadership 领导
Environments: 环境 •Internal内部 •External 外部
Competing via 竞争方
式…
Rivalry: 竞争 •Business level strategies 经营层次战略 •Multiproduct strategies 产品多元化战略
•Mergers & acquisitions 并购

管理学原理滚动计划法名词解释

管理学原理滚动计划法名词解释

管理学原理滚动计划法名词解释Rolling planning, also known as continuous planning, refers to the process of continuously updating and adjusting a company's plans and strategies based on ongoing changes in the business environment. This approach enables businesses to adapt to unforeseen events, take advantage of new opportunities, and address emerging threats in a timely manner. In essence, rolling planning allows companies to be more agile and dynamic in their decision-making processes, ensuring that they remain competitive and relevant in their respective industries.滚动计划,又称连续计划,是指根据业务环境持续变化,不断更新和调整公司的计划和战略的过程。

这种方法使企业能够适应不可预见的事件,利用新机遇,并及时应对新威胁。

实质上,滚动计划允许公司在决策过程中更加敏捷和动态,确保它们在各自的行业中保持竞争力和相关性。

One of the key benefits of rolling planning is its ability to promote flexibility and responsiveness within an organization. By continuously updating plans in response to changes in the business environment, companies can avoid being locked into rigid strategies that may nolonger be viable. This flexibility allows organizations to quickly pivot and adapt to new market conditions, customer demands, and competitive pressures, ultimately leading to better business outcomes.滚动计划的一个关键好处是它能够在组织内促进灵活性和响应能力。

第四章planning and strategic management计划和战略管理-PPT课件

第四章planning and strategic management计划和战略管理-PPT课件

The outcome of this step is the identification and diagnosis of planning assumptioቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱs, issues, and problems. 这一步骤的结果是对计划假设、存在的问 题进行确认和诊断。
Step two: alternative goals and plans 可选择的目标和计划
Because planning is a decision process, the important steps followed during formal planning are similar to the basic decisionmaking steps 因为计划是决策过程,所以正式计划的重 要步骤与基本决策步骤是相似的。
Goal A target or end that management desires to reach 目标:管理者期望达到的目标或最终结果。 Goals should be specific, challenging, and realistic.目标应该是明确的、具有挑战性并 且是可以实现的。
Based on the situational analysis, the planning process should generate alternative goals that may be pursued in the future and the alternative plans that may be used to achieve those goals. 基于情况分析,计划过程产生在未来要实 现的可选择的目标和为达到这些目标所制 定的可选择的计划。
Plans The actions or means that managers intend to use to achieve organizational goals 计划:管理者为达到组织目标所采取的行动和方 法。 At a minimum, this step should outline alternative actions that may lead to the attainment of each goal, the resources required to reach the goal through those means, and the obstacles that may develop.至少,这一步骤应明 确为达到每一个目标应采取的行动、通过那些方 式达到目标所需要的资源、以及可能遇到的障碍。

管理学英文术语

管理学英文术语

[转载]管理学核心概念中英文对照原文地址:管理学核心概念中英文对照作者:jaywang第一章管理总论Manager 管理者First-line managers 基层管理者Middle managers 中层管理者Top managers 高层管理者Management 管理Efficiency 效率Effectiveness 效果Planning 计划Organizing 组织Leading 领导Controlling 控制Management process 管理过程Management roles 管理角色Interpersonal roles 人际关系角色Informational roles 信息传递角色Decisional roles 决策制定角色Technical skills 技术技能Human skills 人事技能Conceptual skills 概念技能System 系统Closed systems 封闭系统Open systems 开放系统Environment 环境Special environment 具体环境General environment 一般环境Contingency perspective 权变观Organization 组织Universality of management 管理的普遍性Nonmanagerial employees / Operatives 操作者第二章管理的历史Division of labor 劳动分工Industrial revolution 产业革命Scientific management 科学管理Therbligs 基本动作元素General administrative theorists 一般行政管理理论家Principles of management 管理原则Bureaucracy 官僚行政组织、层级组织Quantitative approach 定量方法Organizational behavior (OB) 组织行为Hawthorne Studies 霍桑研究Workforce diversity 员工多样化Entrepreneurship 企业家e-business (electronic business) 电子商务e-commerce (electronic commerce) 电子贸易、电子商务Intranet 内部互联网Total quality management (TQM) 全面质量管理Learning organization 学习型组织Knowledge management 知识管理Workplace spirituality 团队精神第三章计划Decision 决策Decision-making process 决策过程Problem 问题Decision criteria 决策标准Implementation 实施Rational decision making 理性决策Bounded rationality 有限理性Satisficing 满意Escalation of commitment 承诺升级Intuitive decision making 直觉决策Well-structured problems 结构良好问题Programmed decision 程序化决策Procedure 程序Rule 规则Policy 政策Poorly structured problems 结构不良问题Nonprogrammed decisions 非程序化决策Certainty 确定性Risk 风险性Uncertainty 不确定性Directive style 指导性风格Analytic style 分析性风格Conceptual style 概念性风格Behavioral style 行为性风格Planning 计划Goals 目标Plans 计划Strategic plans 战略计划Operational plans 作业计划Long-term plans 长期计划Short-term plans 短期计划Specific plans 具体性计划Directional plans 指导性计划Single-use plan 单一目标计划Standing plans 标准计划Traditional goal setting 传统目标设定Means-ends chain 手段-结果链Management by objectives (MBO) 目标管理Mission 使命Commitment concept 承诺概念Formal planning department 正式计划部门Strategic management 战略管理Strategic management process 战略管理过程Opportunities 机会Threats 威胁Core competencies 核心能力Strengths 优势Weaknesses 劣势SWOT analysis SWOT分析Corporate-level strategy 公司层战略Stability strategy 稳定战略Growth strategy 增长战略Related diversification 相关领域多元化经营Unrelated diversification 不相关领域多元化经营Retrenchment strategy 收缩战略BCG matrix BCG矩阵波士顿咨询集团矩阵Business-level strategy 事业层战略Strategic business units 战略经营单位Competitive advantage 竞争优势Cost leadership strategy 成本领先战略Differentiation strategy 差异化战略Focus strategy 集中化战略Functional-level strategy 职能层战略Environmental Scanning 环境扫描Competitor intelligence 竞争者情报、竞争者信息Forecasts 预测Quantitative forecasting 定量预测Qualitative forecasting 定性预测Forecasting Techniques 预测技术Benchmarking 基准化、标杆Resources 资源Budget 预算Revenue Budgets 收入预算Expense Budgets 费用预算Profit Budgets 利润预算Cash Budgets 现金预算Scheduling 进度计划、规划Gantt Charts 甘特图Load Charts 负荷图PERT network 计划评审技术网络Events 事件Activities 活动Slack time 松弛时间Critical path 关键线路Breakeven analysis 盈亏平衡分析Linear programming 线性规划Project 项目Project Management 项目管理Scenario 设想方案第四章组织Organizing 组织Organizational structure 组织结构Organizational design 组织设计Work specialization 劳动分工Departmentalization 部门化Functional departmentalization 职能部门化Product departmentalization 产品部门化Geographical departmentalization 地区部门化Process departmentalization 过程部门化Customer departmentalization 顾客部门化Cross-functional teams 跨职能团队Chain of command 指挥链Authority 职权Responsibility 职责Unity of command 统一指挥Span of control 管理幅度Centralization 集权化Decentralization 分权化Formalization 正规化Mechanistic organization 机械式组织Organic organization 有机式组织Unit production 单件生产Mass production 大量生产Process production 连续生产Simple structure 简单结构Functional structure 职能型结构Divisional structure 分部型结构Team-based structure 团队结构Matrix structure 矩阵结构Project structure 项目结构Autonomous internal units 内部自治单位Boundaryless organization 无边界组织Learning organization 学习型组织High-performance work practice 高绩效的工作实践Human resource management process 人力资源管理过程Labor union 工会Human resource planning 人力资源规划Job analysis 职务分析Job description 职务说明书Job specification 职务规范Recruitment 招聘Decruitment 解聘Selection process 甄选过程Validity 效度Reliability 信度Work sampling 工作抽样Assessment centers 测评中心Orientation 定向、导向Performance management system 绩效管理系统Written essay 书面描述法Critical incidents 关键事件法Graphic rating scales 评分表法Behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) 行为定位评分法Multiperson comparisons 多人比较法Group order ranking 分组排序法Individual ranking 个体排序法Paired comparison 配对比较法360 degree feedback 360度反馈skill-based pay 按技能付酬Career 职业生涯、职业Organizational change 组织变革Change agents 变革推动者Organizational development (OD) 组织发展Stress 压力Creativity 创造Innovation 创新第五章领导Behavior 行为Organizational behavior 组织行为学Attitudes 态度Cognitive component 认知成分Affective component 情感成分Behavioral component 行为成分Job satisfaction 工作满意度Job involvement 工作投入Organizational commitment 组织承诺Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) 组织公民行为Cognitive dissonance 认知失调Attitude surveys 态度调查Personality 人性Big-five model 重要的五大模型Emotional intelligence (EI) 情感智商Locus of control 控制点Machiavellianism 马基雅维里主义Self-esteem 自尊Self-monitoring 自我监控Perception 知觉Attribution theory 归因理论Fundamental attribution error 基本归因错误Self-serving bias 自我服务偏见Selectivity 有选择地接受、选择性Assumed similarity 假设相似性Stereotyping 刻板印象Learning 学习Operant conditioning 操作性条件反射Social learning theory 社会学习理论Shaping behavior 行为塑造Motivation 动机Need 需要Hierarchy of needs theory 需要层次理论Physiological needs 生理需要Safety needs 安全需要Social needs 社会需要Esteem needs 尊重需要Self-actualization needs 自我实现需要Theory X X理论Theory Y Y理论Motivation-hygiene theory 激励-保健理论Hygiene factors 保健因素Motivators 激励因素Three-needs theory 三种需要理论Need for achievement (nAch) 成就需要Need for power (nPow) 权力需要Need for affiliation (nAff) 归属需要Goal-setting theory 目标设定理论Reinforcement theory 强化理论Reinforcers 强化物Job design 职务设计Job scope 职务范围Job enlargement 职务扩大化Job enrichment 工作丰富化Job depth 职务深度Job characteristic model (JCM) 职务特征模型Skill variety 技能多样性Task identity 任务同一性Task significance 任务重要性Autonomy 自主性Feedback 反馈Equity theory 公平理论Referents 参照对象Expectancy theory 期望理论Compressed workweek 压缩工作周Flexible work hours 弹性工作制Job sharing 职务分担Contingent workers 应急工Telecommuting 电子通信,远程办公Pay-for performance programs 基于绩效的薪酬管理Open-book management 公开帐簿管理Leader 领导者Leadership 领导Behavioral theories 行为理论Autocratic style 权威式Democratic style 民主式Laissez-faire style 放任式Initiating structure 定规维度Consideration 关怀维度High-high leader 高-高型领导者Managerial grid 管理方格论Fiedler contingency model 菲德勒权变模型Least-preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire 最难共事者问卷Leader-member relations 领导者-成员关系,上下级关系Task structure 任务结构Position power 职位权力Situational leadership theory (SLT) 情景领导理论Readiness 准备状态Maturity 成熟度Leader participation model 领导者参与模型Path-goal theory 路径-目标理论Transactional leaders 事务型领导者Transformational leaders 变革型领导者Charismatic leader 超凡魅力的领导者Visionary leadership 愿景领导者Legitimate power 法定权Coercive power 强制权Reward power 奖赏权Expert power 专长权Referent power 模范权Credibility 可信度Trust 诚信、信任Empowerment 授权Communication 沟通Interpersonal communication 人际沟通Organizational communication 组织沟通Message 信息Encoding 编码Channel 通道、渠道Decoding 解码Communication process 沟通过程Noise 噪音Nonverbal communication 非言语沟通Body language 体态语言Verbal intonation 语调Filtering 过滤Selective perception 选择性知觉Information overload 信息超载Jargon 行话Active listening 积极倾听Formal communication 正式沟通Informal communication 非正式沟通Downward communication 下行沟通、向下交流Upward communication 上行沟通、向上交流Lateral communication 平行沟通、横向交流Diagonal communication 斜行沟通、越级交流Communication networks 沟通网络Grapevine 小道信息、谣言E-mail 电子邮件Instant messaging (IM) 即时信息Voice mail 声音邮件Fax 传真Electronic data interchange (EDI) 电子数据交换Teleconferencing 电信会议Videoconferencing 视频会议Intranet 内部互联网Extranet 外部互联网第六章控制Control 控制Market control 市场控制Bureaucratic control 官僚组织控制、层级控制Control process 控制过程Management by walking around (MBWA) 走动式管理Range of variation 偏差范围Immediate corrective action 立即纠正行动Basic corrective action 彻底纠正行动Feedforward control 前馈控制Concurrent control 同期控制、现场控制Feedback control 反馈控制。

strategic planning and management in public administuation的译文

strategic planning and management in public administuation的译文

第九单元公共管理的战略计划与手段预习问题:1、什么是战略计划?2、战略计划的目的是什么?3、战略计划的好处是什么?课文A战略计划的目的与好处一、重点词语释义:1. to draw on: to use something that you have gradually gained or saved 利用;动用例句:As an actor, you often draw on your own life experiences. 作为演员,你经常要利用你自己的生活经历。

2. to deliver: to give forth or produce制造,生产例句:The oil well delivered only 50 barrels a day.这口油井每天只产原油五十桶。

3. to facilitate: to make it possible or easier for something to happen 使便利;推动;促进例句:The counselor may be able to facilitate communication between the couple. 顾问也许能促进这对夫妇之间的交流。

4. to foster: to promote the growth and development of; cultivate促进,培养,促进生长、发展例句:The teacher‟s duty is to detect and foster artistic talent of his students. 教师的责任是发展并培养学生的艺术才能。

5. at one‟s best: when someone is feeling most intelligent or effective, or when something is showing its most impressive or attractive qualities 处于某人/某物的最佳状态例句:I‟d only just got out of bed, so I wasn‟t at my best. 我刚刚起床,所以我不是处于最佳状态。

最新战略规划(Strategic-Planning)

最新战略规划(Strategic-Planning)

战略规划(S t r a t e g i c-P l a n n i n g)战略规划(Strategic Planning)错误!未找到引用源。

错误!未找到引用源。

什么是战略规划?所谓战略规划,就是制定组织的长期目标并将其付诸实施,它是一个正式的过程和仪式。

一些大企业都有意识地对大约50年内的事情做出规划。

制定战略规划分为三个阶段,第一个阶段就是确定目标,即企业在未来的发展过程中,要应对各种变化所要达到的目标。

第二阶段就是要制定这个规划,当目标确定了以后,考虑使用什么手段、什么措施、什么方法来达到这个目标,这就是战略规划。

最后,将战略规划形成文本,以备评估、审批,如果审批未能通过的话,那可能还需要多个迭代的过程,需要考虑怎么修正。

制定战略规划的方式制定战略规划的方式有五种:第一种是领导层授意,自上而下逐级制定,这种方式在很多企业里都运用;第二种是自下而上,以事业单位为核心制定;第三种是领导层建立规划部门,由规划部门制定;第四种是委托负责、守信、权威的咨询机构制定,当然这里所说的负责、守信、权威是一些必要的条件,可能还会有更多的条件,如果咨询机构不具备这些必要的条件,那么对企业来说是非常危险的;第五种是企业与咨询机构合作制定。

在实际制定规划的过程中,这五种方式往往是相互结合在一起来操作的。

确定公司战略目标的步骤首先是确定战略目标,然后是制定战略规划,最后对制定好的战略规划文本进行评估、审批,如果有需要的话还要进行修改。

这其中第一个步骤就是怎么确定企业的战略目标。

确定战略目标的第一步是对企业的现状进行分析,最常见的是进行SWOT分析,所谓SWOT分析就是分析企业的优势、劣势、竞争对手是谁,以及竞争对手的长处和短处,机会在什么地方,市场状况等等,然后基于分析的结果给出一个判断,主要是考虑在这样一个分析结果下,在未来的三年、五年(根据你制定战略规划的周期长短)如果企业不进行变革,那么企业的领导者或者股东们会不会满意?如果满意的话,就保持企业现有战略,不做变革;如果不满意,那么就要考虑在目前分析结果的情况下,企业可以对内部做哪些变革,再分析一下企业可以对外部做哪些变革,将内部和外部变革所能导致的结果与不变革的结果进行比较,寻找变化和差别,这些变化和差别是不是能使企业满意,最后再来决定是不是要变革,怎么变革,并确定变革的目标。

商务英语入门第四章_外教社修订版

商务英语入门第四章_外教社修订版

4
Chapter
Management
What is management?
Planning
— The SWOT analysis is an extremely useful tool for understanding and decisionmaking for all sorts of situations in business and organizations.
4
Chapter
Management
What is management?
Planning
Planning answers several fundamental questions for managers: — What is the situation now? — What is the state of the economy and other
— Tactical (short-range) planning (战术规划/短期规划) ✓ It is the process of developing detailed, shortterm strategies about what is to be done, who is to do it, and how it is to be done.
environments? — What opportunities exist for meeting people’s needs? — What products and customers are most profitable? — Why do people buy (or not buy) our products? — Who are our major competitors? — What threats are they to our business?

Strategic Management(战略管理-中英文)

Strategic Management(战略管理-中英文)

storage costs固定成本高
或仓储成本高
• High exit barriers 退出壁
Industry
垒高
Environment
工业环境
a
Suppliers 供应商
Rivalry 竞争 Competitor Analysis 分析竞争对手
Buyers 买方
Subst Products 替代品
a
1
What Is Strategic Management? 什么是战略管理
The process companies use to: 企业用于达到目标的过程
Form a vision – view of how the current firm will look in the future 形成愿景—当前企业如何展望未来
Benefits of outsourcing: 外包益处 Same quality or better at a lower cost. 同等或较好的品质,但成本较低。 Higher quality because of supplier specialization.供货商专业,品质较好。 Economies of scale that the specialization produces. 专业化产生的经济比 Increased flexibility, reduced risks, decreased capital requirements. 机动性增加,风险降低,资本需求降低 Allows the firm to focus on its core competencies. 发展核心竞争力
战略管理过程
Vision 愿景 Leadership 领导

4-第四章(公共部门战略管理)

4-第四章(公共部门战略管理)

(三)公共部门战略管理的问题与改进 战略管理作为一种管理工具,受到许多政府部门、 非营利部门的重视,并得到广泛应用。从实务方面 来看,战略管理在公共部门的应用的确产生了许多 正面的效益,同时也有一些负面的缺点。 1、战略管理在公共部门应用的正面效果 许多学者对战略管理在公共部门中的作用给予了充 分的肯定。综合而言,战略管理对公共部门有下列 正面的效果:
2、SWOT分析与战略规划 SWOT分析是目前战略管理与规划领域广泛 使用的分析工具。SWOT分析是通过了解自 己组织的优势与弱势,掌握外部机会,规避 威胁,从而制定良好战略的方法。SWOT分 的主旨在于给出一个有关组织内外环境、问 题的集中图画,并激励组织调动其优势,以 便利用机会,规避风险。
进行SWOT分析的过程有八步骤: (1)列出组织的关键外部机会。 (2)列出组织的关键外部威胁。 (3)列出组织的关键内部优势。 (4)列出组织的关键内部弱点。 (5)将组织内部优势与外部机会相匹配,形成SO战略。 (6)将组织内部弱点与外部机会相匹配,形成WO战略。 (7)将组织内部优势与外部威胁相匹配,形成ST战略。 (8)将组织内部弱点与外部威胁相匹配,形成WT战略。 经过SWOT分析,一个组织可有不同战略匹配与选择。
一、私部门战略管理发展的回顾
(一)私部门战略管理的演进 “战略”(strategy)一次源于军事术语,本 意是指实现战争胜利的目标,与此相对应的 是“战术”——使具体战斗获得胜利的较低 —— 层次的目标。 把战争与企业活动进行分析比较的方法,源 于早先苏格拉底将司令官和商人职责进行的 比较:两者都是通过计划利用资源来达到目 的。
3、企业战略计划(20世纪60年代) 形成与发展:20世纪60年代,由于政府严格 的限制以及各种调节政策,企业失去了对环 境的控制,而且由于外部环境的复杂性和交 互作用,使得企业难以预测环境的变化。企 业要发展,必须具有对外部环境变化做出迅 速反应的能力并且要适应环境的变化,选择 灵活性战略。因此,长期计划被战略计划所 取代。

strategic planning的定义

strategic planning的定义

strategic planning的定义
战略规划(Strategic Planning)是一种制定组织长期目标并将其
付诸实施的管理方法。

战略规划通常涉及组织整体战略、竞争战略、市场定位、资源配置等方面,旨在帮助组织在不断变化的外部环境中保持竞争力和可持续发展。

战略规划的主要步骤包括:
1. 确定组织使命和愿景:明确组织的目标、核心价值观和未来发展方向。

2. 分析外部环境:评估组织所处行业的市场、技术、社会和政策等方面的变化趋势,以了解组织的竞争环境和市场机会。

3. 分析内部资源:评估组织的资源、能力、文化和制度等方面的优劣势,以了解组织的竞争能力和瓶颈。

4. 制定战略目标:根据外部环境和内部资源情况,制定组织的中长期战略目标,包括市场定位、产品创新、财务指标等方面。

5. 制定战略方案:为实现战略目标,制定具体的战略方案,包括资源配置、组织变革、营销策略等方面。

6. 实施和评估战略:将战略方案付诸实施,并定期评估战略执行效果,根据实际情况调整和优化战略方案。

战略规划对于组织的管理和发展具有重要意义,可以帮助组织保持竞争力和可持续发展,实现长期成功。

战略管理 Strategy Management

战略管理 Strategy Management
– – – – – Attract and please customers Stake out a market position Conduct operations Compete successfully Achieve organization objectives
12
Why Are Strategies Needed?
Power school
Constrained and influenced by
Planning School Strategic Program
Decomposition
Strategy implementation
Cultural School Learning School
cognitive school Environmental School
第三阶段 核心竞争力建立 全球配置资源 世界一流航运公司
300 亿 美 元
第二阶段 经营规模成长 进入世界500强 第一阶段 明确战略方向 确定业务发展
2年 3-5年
时间安排
5-10年
缺口分析与预测:如果以2015年进入世界500强为目标,则 中国海运集团营业收入未来三年的复合增长率需要达到40%
远景性企业的竞争优势
愿景性企业(Visionary Firm):所有活动都围绕使命而展开的企业。
愿景企业: 3M American Express Boeing Ford General Electric IBM Johnson & Johnson Sony
投资回报
1926
1995
时间
Missions vs. Strategic Visions
• To proactively shape how a company’s business will be conducted • To mold the independent actions and decisions of managers and employees into a coordinated, company-wide game plan

Strategic Management Process战略管理课件

Strategic Management Process战略管理课件
1,低成本或者说成本领先(cost leadership)战略;
2,差异化(differentiation)战略;
3,集中化或者说聚焦(focusing)战略。
此外,在显著不同的产业发展阶段上, 可供选择的战略方案亦不同。例如:
处于萌芽期、 胎期的产业,建立先占优 势(first mover advantage)的必要性和 可能性;在成熟期产业里,市场警讯 (market signaling)、价格领导、维持 竞争优势的产品差异化等战略。
内部环境分,探 索竞争优势的来源,特别是能够产生竞 争优势的资源(resources)和潜能 (capabilities),以及特异能力(distinctive
competencies)
SWOT分析的目的在于寻找能够使公司 的资源与潜能可以和所处市场环境相吻 合(fit,match or align)的战略。易言之, 经由SWOT分析所产生的战略方案,应 该是建立在公司的优势之上,充分利用 机会,避免劣势,对抗威胁。
structure
战略 执行 组织结构与战略控制
设计: Control system
战略管理程序由两大部分组成, 即:
1,战略的形成 2,战略的执行
Strategy formulation 战略形成
使命:说明组织存在的理由,界定组织 营运的范围,即组织应从事何种事业。
主要目标:明确指出组织所希望达成的 长期目标。营利组织多以层级目标的方 式来运作。如General Electric公司在Jack Welch执政时期,将“股东财富极大化” 摆在最高层,在目标层级的第二层上是
1,多国本土化(multidomestic)战略; 2, 国际化(international)战略;

计划的英语单词,写目录

计划的英语单词,写目录

计划的英语单词,写目录Title: The Essence of Planning in English.Introduction.The art of planning is fundamental to the success of any endeavor, whether it's a personal goal, a business project, or a complex strategic initiative. The English language, rich in vocabulary and nuance, offers a plethora of words to describe the various facets of planning. Inthis article, we delve into the intricacies of planning, examining key terms and concepts through the lens of the English language.1. The Fundamentals of Planning.Planning Definition: The process of setting goals, developing strategies, allocating resources, and scheduling activities to achieve those goals.Importance of Planning: It ensures a coordinated approach, reduces risks, and increases the chances of success.Types of Planning: Strategic, Operational, Tactical, and Contingency Planning.2. Key Terms in Planning.Goal Setting: The process of defining specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) objectives.Strategy Development: Crafting a plan of action to achieve the desired goals.Resource Allocation: The distribution of financial, human, and material resources to support the plan.Scheduling: Determining the timeline for activities and milestones.Risk Management: The identification, assessment, and mitigation of potential risks to the plan.3. The Planning Process.Identifying Needs: Understanding the requirements and objectives of the plan.Gathering Information: Researching and analyzing relevant data to inform the plan.Formulating Options: Generating potential solutions or courses of action.Evaluating Options: Assessing the feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and likely success of each option.Selecting a Strategy: Choosing the most suitable option based on the evaluation.Implementing the Plan: Executing the plan, monitoring progress, and making adjustments as necessary.4. The Role of Communication in Planning.Stakeholder Engagement: Involving key stakeholders in the planning process to ensure their buy-in and support.Clear Communication: Providing clear, concise, and timely information to all relevant parties.Feedback Loops: Establishing mechanisms for collecting and responding to feedback during implementation.5. Challenges and Solutions in Planning.Uncertainty: Dealing with unexpected changes and unexpected outcomes.Resource Constraints: Managing limited resources effectively.Stakeholder Divergence: Bridging differences and aligning stakeholders' interests.Time Pressures: Working efficiently under tight deadlines.Conclusion.Planning is a dynamic and iterative process that requires a deep understanding of the context, stakeholders, and resources involved. The English language, with its rich vocabulary and precision, offers a powerful toolset to describe, analyze, and improve the planning process. By mastering these terms and concepts, we can enhance our ability to plan effectively and increase the chances of achieving our goals.。

Strategic Market Planning and Marketing Management

Strategic Market Planning and Marketing Management

Threat Matrix
Probability of Occurrence
High Lቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱw
Threats
Seriousness
High
1
2
Low
3
4
1. Competitor develops a superior lighting system 2. Major prolonged economic depression 3. Higher costs 4. Legislation to reduce number of TV studio licenses
Relative Market Share Industry Growth Strategies for Portfolio Management
BCG Portfolio Strategies
Grow Maintain Harvest Divest
Boston Consulting Group Analysis
Market Growth Rate
20%18%16%14%12%10%8%6%4%2%0 10x
Stars
4
Question marks
3
5
Cash cow
?2
7
?
1
Dogs
8 6
4x 2x 1.5x 1x .5x .4x .3x .2x .1x
Relative Market Share
Boston Consulting Group Analysis
Implementation
Organizing
Control
Measuring results Diagnosing results
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The outcome of this step is the identification and diagnosis of planning assumptions, issues, and problems.
这一步骤的结果是对计划假设、存在的问 题进行确认和诊断。
Step two: alternative goals and plans 可选择的目标和计划
基本的计划过程
Because planning is a decision process, the important steps followed during formal planning are similar to the basic decisionmaking steps
因为计划是决策过程,所以正式计划的重 要步骤与基本决策步骤是相似的。
Step one: situational analysis 情况分析
Situational analysis A process planners use, within time and resource constraints, to gather, interpret, and summarize all information relevant to the planning issue under consideration.
Step three: goal and plan evaluation 目标和计划评估
Next,decision makers must evaluate the advantages, disadvantages, and potential effects of each alternative goal and plan. Decision makers must prioritize those goals or even eliminate some from further consideration. At the same time, the manager needs to consider the implications of alternative plans designed to meet high-priority goals.
接下来,决策者必须对每一个可选择目标和计划 优势、劣势和潜在的效果进行评估。决策者必 须为这些目标按优劣进行排序,甚至去掉一些不 值得进一步考虑的目标。同时,管理者需要考虑 那些具有较高优先次序的备选方案的隐含内容。
At a minimum, this step should outline alternative actions that may lead to the attainment of each goal, the resources required to reach the goal through those means, and the obstacles that may develop.至少,这一步骤应明 确为达到每一个目标应采取的行动、通过那些方 式达到目标所需要的资源、以及可能遇到的障碍。
第四章:Planning and Strategic Management计划与战略管理
计划是管理的重要职能之一,本章对计划 进行了系统的介绍。战略管理是管理学中 的一门新兴学科,正日益受到企业界、理 论界的重视。本章包括的内容主要有:基 本的计划过程、计划的层次、战略管理的 步骤 。
第一节:The basic planning process
基于情况分析,计划过程产生在未来要实 现的可选择的目标和为达到这些目标所制 定的可选择的计划。
Goal A target or end that management desires to reach
目标:管理者期望达到的目标或最终结果。
Goals should be specific, challenging, and realistic.目标应该是明确的、具有挑战性并 且是可以实现的。
Based on the situational analysis, the planning process should generate alternative goals that may be pursued in the future and the alternative plans that may be used to achieve those goals.
情况分析:指在一定的时间和资源的限制 下,计划制定者收集、解释并概括所有与 计划问题相关的信息的一个过程。
Planning begins with a situational analysis.
A thorough situational analysis studies
past events, examines current conditions, and attempts to forecast future trends 计划 从情况分析开始。一项完整的情况分析要 研究过去的事件、分析现有的条件并试图 对未来趋势进行预测。
目标也应被量化并与一定的时间相联系。 它们应该被管理者和员工所接受,并在每 个工作单位内部和各个单位之间保持一致。
Plans The actions or means that managers intend to use to achieve organizational goals
计划:管理者为达到组织目标所采取的行动和方 法。
Goals should also be quantified and linked to a time frame. They should be acceptable to the managers and employees, and they should be consistent both within and among work units.
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