美国文学史总结
(完整版)美国文学史-知识点梳理
Part I The Literature of Colonial AmericaI．Historical IntroductionThe colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.)II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds:1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American WriterThe first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians.Captain John Smith is the first American writer.A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608)A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612)General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess PocahontasCaptain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers.One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England LiteratureWilliam Bradford and John WinthropJohn Cotton and Roger WilliamsAnne Bradstreet and Edward TaylorV．Puritan Thoughts1. The origin of puritanIn the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce hiswife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church ofEngland. But there was no radical difference between the doctrines of the Church of England and the Catholic Church. A group of people thought the Church of England was too Catholic and wanted to purify the church. Then came the name Puritans.2. Puritanism -- based on Calvinism(1) predestination: God's electPuritans believed they are predestined before they were born.Nothing or no good work can change their fate.They believed the success of one's business is the sign to show he is the God's elect. So the Puritans works very hard, spend very little and invest more for the future business. They lived a very frugal life. This is their ethics.(2) Origianl sin and total depravityMan is born sinful. This determines some puritans pessimistic attitude towards life.(3) Limited atonement (the salvation of a selected few)(4) theocracyThey combined state with religion. Their government is at least not a liberal one.The Puritans established American tradition -- intolerant moralism. They strictly punished drunks, adultery & heretics.Puritans changed gradually due to the severity of frontier environment3. Influence on American Literature(1) Its optimismAmerican literature was from the outset conditioned by the Puritan heritage. It can be said American literature is based on the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. After that, man have an illusion to restore the paradise. The puritans, after arriving at America, believing that God must have sent them to this new land to restore the lost paradise, to build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. Fired with such a strong sense of mission, they treated life with a tremendous amount of optimism. The optimistic Puritan has exerted a great influence on American literature.(2) Puritan's metaphorical mode of perception changed gradually into a literary symbolism.Part II The Literature of Reason And RevolutionI．Historical IntroductionWith the growth, especially of industry, there appeared the intense strain with England. The British government did not want colonial industries competing with those in England. The British wanted the colonies to remain politically and economically dependent on the mother country. They took a series of measures to insure this dependence. They prevented colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country. Politically, the British government forced dependenceby ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.However, by the mid-eighteenth century, freedom was won as much by the fiery rhetoric of Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the eloquence of the Declaration of Independence as by the weapons of Washington. In the seventies of the 18th century, the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their mother country. The War for Independence lasted for 8 years (1776-1783) and ended in the formation of a federative bourgeois democratic republic -- the United States of America. II．American EnlightenmentIt was supported by all progressive forces of the country which opposed themselves to the old colonial order and religious obscurantism.It dealt a decisive blow upon the puritan traditions and brought to life secular education and literature. The spiritual life during that period was to a great degree moulded by it.The representatives set themselves the task of disseminating knowledge among the people and advocating revolutionary ideas.The writers injected an invigorating vein into the English language in America as they aimed at clarity and precision of their writings.At the initial period the spread of the ideas of the Enlightenment was largely due to journalism. Writings of Europe were widely read in America. The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of Benjamin Franklin.III．Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)The AutobiographyPoor Richard’s AlmanacLifeBenjamin Franklin came from a Calvinist background.He was born into a poor candle-maker’s family. He had very little education. He learned in school only for two years, but he was a voracious reader.At 12, he was apprenticed to his elder half-brother, a printer.At 16, he began to publish essays under the pseudonym “Silence Do good” .At 17, he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune.He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher. In 1727 he founded the Junto club.Multiple identities:a printera leading authora politiciana scientista inventora diplomata civic activistFranklin’s Contributions to SocietyHe helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital.He founded an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania.And he helped found the American Philosophical Society.Franklin’s Contributions to ScienceHe was also remembered for volunteer fire departments, effective street lighting, the Franklin stove, bifocal glasses and efficient heating devices.And for his lightning-rod, he was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire from heaven.”Franklin’s Contributions to the U.S.He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States:The Declaration of Independence,The Treaty of Alliance with France,The Treaty of Peace with England,The ConstitutionThe AutobiographyThe Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin was probably the first of its kind in literature. It is the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man.The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. The meticulous chart of 13 virtues he set for himself to cultivate to combat the tempting vices, the stupendous effort he made to improve his own person, the belief that God helps those who helps themselves and that every calling is a service to God – all these indicate that Franklin was intensely Puritan. Then, the book is also a convincing illustration of the Puritan ethic that, in order to get on in the world, one has to be industrious, frugal, and prudent.The Autobiography is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenth-century enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free by nature, endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.A look at the style of The Autobiography will readily reveal that it is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness and concision. The plainness of its style, the homeliness of imagery, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression are some of the salient features we cannot mistake. The lucidity of the narrative, the absence ofornaments in wording and of complex, involved structures in syntax, and the Puritan abhorrence of paradox are all graphically demonstrated in the whole of the book. Taken as a whole, it is safe to say that the book is an exemplary illustration of the American style of writing.IV．Thomas Paine (1737-1809)Common SenseAmerican CrisisV．Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)The Declaration of IndependenceVI．Philip Freneau (1752-1832)“Poet of the American Revolution”“Father of American Poetry”“Pioneer of the New Romanticism”“A gifted and versatile lyric poet”Works“The Wild Honey Suckle”“The Indian Burying Ground”“To a Caty-Did”Freneau as Father of American Poetry: His major themes are death, nature, transition, and the human in nature. All of these themes become important in 19th century writing.Life Experience►He was born in New York.►At 16, he entered the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). He decided to do a postgraduate study in theology. But two years later he gave it up. While still an undergraduate, he wrote in collaboration with one of his friends (H. H. Brackenridge) a poem entitled “The Rising Glory of America”.►Later he attended the War of Independence, and he was captured by British army in 1780.►After being released, he published “The British Prison Ship” in 1781.►In the same year, he published “To the Memory of the Brave Americans”.►After war, he supported Jefferson, and contributed greatly to American government.►But after 50 years old, he lived in poverty. And at last he died in a blizzard.Main Works►“The Rising Glory of America” (1772) 《美洲光辉的兴起》►“The House of Night” (1779,1786) 《夜之屋》►“The British Prison Ship” (1781) 《英国囚船》►“To the Memory of the Brave Americans” (1781) 《纪念美国勇士》►“”The Wild Honey Suckle” (1786) 《野忍冬花》►“The Indian Burying Ground” (1788) 《印第安人墓地》野忍冬花（黄杲炘译）►美好的花呀，你长得：这么秀丽，却藏身在这僻静沉闷的地方——甜美的花儿开了却没人亲昵，招展的小小枝梢也没人观赏；没游来荡去的脚来把你踩碎，没东攀西摘的手来催你落泪。
美国文学史期末总结
美国文学史美国文学全书的焦点集中于南太平洋一条名叫莫比·迪克的白鲸,以及捕鲸船皮廓德(Pequod)号的船长阿哈(Ahab)如何对它有不共戴天的仇恨.阿哈在一次航行中被莫比·迪克咬掉一条腿,立志报仇,指挥皮廓德号环航全球追踪,终于发现了它.经过三天放下小艇紧追.虽然刺中了这条白鲸,但它十分顽强狡猾,咬碎了小艇,也撞沉了大船.它拖着捕鲸船游开时,绳子套住阿哈,把他绞死了.全船人尽皆灭顶.只有一个水手借着由棺材改制的救生浮子而逃得性命.整个故事以这个水手伊希梅尔(Ishmael)自述的方式展开.The book focuses on a whale named Moby Dick lived in south pacific and the captain of whaler Pequod—Ahab. Ahab was once bite by Moby Dick and lost a leg, determined to revenge,he commanded whaler pequod do global tracking, and finally found it. After three days of hot pursuit with the skiff,while they stabbed this white whale, but it was very tenacious and cunning, eventually chewed the skiff, also sank the ship. It dragged whaler swimming away, the rope was around Ahab, he was hanged. Almost all of people on the boat drowned, only a sailor called Ishmael survived .。
美国文学史整理资料
Colonial Period 殖民时期Background: Puritanism 背景：清教主义1. features of Puritanism 特征宿命论:上帝决定一切之前发生的事情(1). Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2). Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation. 原罪论:人类生来就是邪恶,这原罪(3). Total depravity 性恶说有限的赎罪:可以通过一代一代(4). Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved.只有选举才能得救2. Influence 影响(1). A group of good qualities –hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. 一群好的品质——努力工作、节俭、虔诚、节制(严重的和深思熟虑的)美国文学的影响。
(2). It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. 它导致了永恒的神话。
所有的文学是基于一个神话——伊甸园。
(3). Symbolism: the America n puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. 象征意义:美国清教徒的隐喻认知模式主要是在调用形成一个文学象征这是典型的美国人。
美国文学史总结
美国文学史总结从第二次世界大战后到新世纪，美国文学还有一个值得一提的发展现象——通俗文学（Popular Literature）日益受到重视，过去以低级杂志（pulps）为阵地的通俗小说有了平装本和精装本，进了图书馆和大学。
战后兴起的后现代主义思潮为研究通俗文学起了推波助澜的作用，学术界和思想界对于通俗文学观念的变化，刺激了通俗文学的进一步发展。
不但许多传统的通俗小说保持强劲的发展势头，而且诞生了许多新型通俗小说。
这些传统型和创新型的小说，很多都进入了《纽约时报》的“畅销书排行榜”（New York Times Best Sellers）。
每一本畅销小说诞生后，都会被改编成电影、电视剧；原创电影、电视剧在走红后也很快派生出同名畅销小说。
畅销小说和火爆的影视剧交相辉映，构成战后美国通俗文学的繁荣景象。
50年代，历史西部小说（Historical Western）占据了通俗文学的主导地位，随后现代犯罪小说（Modern Crime Fiction）迅速崛起，在60年代末和70年代初压倒了其他一切通俗小说。
70、80年代是美国通俗小说大发展时期，诞生了诸如甜蜜野蛮小说（Sweet-Savage Romance）、高科技惊险小说（High-Technical Thriller）之类的新型通俗小说。
此外，传统的女性言情小说（Women's Fiction）、科幻小说（Science Fiction）和恐怖小说（Horror Fiction）也出现有力回潮。
90年代，社会暴露小说（Social Expose Fiction）逐渐成为美国通俗文学领域的主导力量，如此格局一直维持到世纪末。
像马里奥·普佐（Mario Puzo）的《教父》（The Godfather）、斯蒂芬·金（Stephen King）的系列恐怖小说、迈克尔·克莱顿（Michael Crichton）的《侏罗纪公园》（Jurassic Park）和《失落的世界》（The Lost World）、玛格丽特·杜鲁门（Margaret Truman）的“谋杀案”系列政治暴露小说等，都是我国读者较为熟悉的美国通俗文学作品。
美国文学史总结
●American Puritanism（清教主义）◆Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans wereoriginally members of a division of the Protestant Church, who came intoexistence in the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James I. The first settlerswho became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few ofthem Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons, but it should beremembered that they were a group of serious, religious people, advocatinghighly religious and moral principles.◆As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs andpractices. They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Churchof Rome in doctrine form of worship, and organization of authority.◆The American Puritans, like their brothers back in England, were idealists,believing that the church should be restored to complete “purity”. Theyaccepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, andlimited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. But in thegrim struggle for survival that followed immediately after their arrival inAmerica, they became more and more practical, as indeed they had to be.◆Puritans’lives were extremely disciplined and hard. Puritans tended tosuspect joy and laughter as symptoms of sin: a Puritan woman was oncethreatened with banishment for smiling in church. They drove out of theirsettlements all those opinions that seemed dangerous to them, and history hascriticized their actions. Yet in the persecution of what they considered error,the Puritans were no worse than many other movements in history. As aculture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the earlyAmerican mind.◆American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature. Ithad become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of thenational cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets.● Influence of American Puritanism on literature◆Basis of American literature: the dream of building an Eden of Garden onearth (Early American literature were mainly optimistic because theybelieved that God sent them to the new continent to fulfill the sacred task sothey would overcome all the difficulties they met at last. GraduallyAmericans found that their dreams would not be successful, so lots ofpessimistic literary works were produced.)◆Symbolism(象征主义): lots of American writers liked to employ symbolismin their works. (typical way of Puritans who thought that all the simpleobjects existing in the world connoted deep meaning.) Symbolism meansusing symbols in literary works. The symbol means something represents orstands for abstract deep meaning.◆Style: simple, fresh and direct (just as the style of the Authorized Version ofHoly Bible)1.3 Colonial Literature● General features◆Humble origins: diaries, histories, letters etc.◆In content: serving either God or colonial expansion or both◆In form: imitating English literary traditionsAmerican Romanticism● General features of Romanticism◆ Stressing emotion rather than reason◆ Stressing freedom and individuality◆ Stressing idealism rather than materialism◆Writing about nature, medieval legends and with supernatural elements1.2 Features of American Romanticism (P43-44)● Imitative◆against the literary forms and ideas of classicism, developing some relativelynew forms of fiction and or poetry, emphasizing upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature, a liking for the picturesque, the exotic, the sensuous, the sensational, and the supernatural (P41)● Independent◆peculiar American experience (landscape, pioneering to the West, Indiancivilization, new nation’s democracy and dreams) (P41-42)◆Puritan heritage (more moralizing, edifying more than mere entertainment)(careful about love and sex. example: Scarlet Letter) (P42)◆American national consciousness—the sense of missionTRANSCENDENTALISM:Nature’s voice pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England Transcendentalism, the summit of American Romanticism.⏹First, the Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul，as the mostimportant thing in the universe.⏹Secondly, the Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. They weretelling people to depend upon themselves for spiritual perfection.⏹Thirdly, the Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of theSpirit or God.⏹New England Transcendentalism was the product of a combination of foreign influencesand native American Puritan tradition⏹Transcendentalism was a way of knowing —the belief that man can intuitivelytranscend the limits of the senses and of logic and receive directly higher truths and greater knowledge denied to other methods of knowing.⏹On the other hand, transcendentalism had some glaring weaknesses.⏹The transcendentalists believed in living close to nature and taught the dignity of manuallabor.1.4 The Scarlet Letter●Sample: Scarlet Letter (A: Adultery to Able to Angel)●Characters:◆Hester Prynne (heroine, attractive, active towards the sin)◆Roger Chillingworth (Hester’s husband, emotionless, only thinking aboutrevenge, real villain in the novel, signifying pure intellect which was merciless in Hawthorne’s mind)◆Arthur Dimmesdale (a handsome and admirable young priest, contradictory onthe sin he made with Hester, being a brave man at last)●Theme:(Ask students: Is this a love story? No)◆The theme of the story should be the moral, emotional and psychologicaleffects of the sin on people. (P76)(对于《红字》的主题，有很多种不同的说法，这和这本小说的复义性有关。
美国文学期末复习知识点-绪论
绪论1.一般认为，美国文学史大致可分为七个时期，分别是殖民地时期、独立战争前后时期、南北战争时期、南北战争后至第一次大战前时期、两次大战之间时期、第二次大战后至越南战争前时期、越南战争后至新世纪初时期。
2.殖民地时期的美国文学主要有三类，它们是原住民印第安人口头文学和民间故事、欧洲探险者到北美的探险日记和航海记录、早期到北美殖民地的英国官员和牧师的散文和游记。
3.在殖民地英国官员和牧师作家们中大致可分为两类，即清教主义作家和反清教主义作家。
4.独立战争前后的美国文学中，发展成果最为突出的文学类型是散文。
5.第一位获得国际声誉的美国小说家是华盛顿·欧文，他的短篇小说代表作是《瑞普·凡·温克尔》、《睡谷传奇》。
6.詹姆斯·范·库柏创作了“皮袜子五部曲”：《开拓者》、《最后一个莫希干人》、《草原》、《探路人》、《逐鹿者》；他是第一位描写美洲殖民地历史的历史小说家、第一位刻画印第安人形象的小说家。
7.爱默生的散文《论自然》是美国超验主义运动的宣言，在该文中，爱默生提出新大陆需要精神独立。
超验主义是民主思想在哲学上的表现。
8.美国诗人瓦尔特·惠特曼的诗集《草叶集》的问世标志着美国浪漫主义运动达到高潮，爱默生欢呼的伟大的美国诗人诞生了。
9.惠特曼去世标志着浪漫主义文学时代的结束，美国文学迅速走进一个现实主义和自然主义文学发展新时代。
10.马克·吐温的小说《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》开创了美国文学的一代新风；威廉·豪威尔斯被认为是美国现实主义文学的奠基人，他最先指出“金钱成了时代的史诗”，“当个百万富翁成了美国人的理想”；而亨利·詹姆斯则开创了20世纪美国心理小说的新方向。
11.欧·亨利被誉为“美国短篇小说之父”，与法国作家莫泊桑和俄国作家契诃夫并列为世界三大短篇小说家。
12.弗兰克·诺里斯是第一个名副其实的美国自然主义作家，西奥多·德莱赛被称为第一次世界大战前最优秀的自然主义作家，其代表作品有《嘉莉妹妹》、《美国的悲剧》。
美国文学史简述五篇范文
美国文学史简述五篇范文第一篇：美国文学史简述A Short Summary of the History of American LiteratureIn American Literature, Colonial and Revolutionary period, American Romanticism, The Realistic Period and American Modernism are the four important periods.During 17C and 18C is the American colonial and Revolutionary Period.Puritanism is the main school of this period, which is the practices and belief of puritans.The American puritans accept the doctrine and practice of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God.But due to the grim struggle for living in the new continent, they become more and more practical.American Puritanism is so much a part of the national atmosphere rather than a set of tenets.Jonathan Edwards was one of the great writers of the Puritanism, his works include The Freedom of the Will, The Nature of True Virtue and so on.Philip Freneau is “a poet of the American Revol ution” and “the father of American Poetry”.The Rising Glory of American and The Wild Honey Suckle are his famous works.Puritanism gradually declined at the end of 18C.As a result of the impact of European Literary Romanticism, there rapidly came into being the rise of romanticism in American.The American romanticism flourished from 1815 to 1865, which advocated importance to individual dignity and value, and they shared some characteristics— moral enthusiasm, individuality and intuitive perception.Transcendentalism, which appeared after 1830, marked the maturity of American Romanticism and the first Renaissance in the American literary history.It laid emphasis onspirit, individual and nature.Washington Irving is a writer of this period, who has been called “the father of American Literature”.He wins the international fame for The Sketch Book, which marked the beginning of American Romanticism.Ralph Waldo Emerson is the New England Transcendentalist.Nature, his famous work, is regarded as the “manifesto of Am erican Transcendentalism”.American industrialization was one of the important factors of the development of American Realistic Literature, which was the beginning of what Mark Twain called “The Gilded Age” from 1865 to 1914.American Realism came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism.It turned from an emphasis on the faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the common place and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.A realistic writer is more objective than subjective, more descriptive than symbolic.Realists looked for truth in any place.William Dean Howells is the champion of realism.He writes about the rising middle class and the way they live.The Rise of Silas Lapham, his masterpiece, is a fine example of the American realism.Mark Twain is a great literary artist and social critic.He writes about the story of the low class and is famous for his colloquial style and localism.The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn is his famous fiction, which has been regarded as one of the greatest books of western literature and western civilization.After the WWI, some young writers wondered pointlessly and restlessly, while at the same time the y were called the “Lost Generation”.Then, there came into being the modernism from 1914 to 1945, it is used to show the literary art possessing outstanding characteristics in conception, feeling, form and style after the WWI.It meanscutting off history and a sense of despair and loss.It refused to accept the traditional ideological influences.F.Scott Fitzgerald is widely regarded as one of the 20th century’s greatest writers.This Side of Paradise is his first novel, it became immensely popular for the simple reason that it caught the tone of the age.Ernest Hemingway is the famous writer of this period.He received the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 for The Old Man and the Sea.A Farewell to Arms is his masterpiece in which the author deals with the war directly.This is what I want to say about the history of American literature.第二篇：美国文学史梗概美国文学史梗概一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒，二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处，但他们都信奉加尔文主义：人生在世只是为了受苦受难，而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”，死后进天国，相信“原罪”。
美国文学史梗概
美国文学史梗概一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒,二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处，但他们都信奉加尔文主义：人生在世只是为了受苦受难，而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”,死后进天国,相信“原罪”。
这时的文学作品也主要反映了这些思想，和欧洲文学一脉相承.代表作家：考顿·马瑟,乔纳森·爱德华兹，安妮·布拉兹特里特，爱德华·泰勒.二、18世纪独立战争胜利后，美国经济社会进入稳步发展时期这一时期是启蒙主义文学运动的时期，主要文学指导思想是“自然神论"(Deism）,强调理性，认为“宇宙的运动始于上帝"；自然万物是“神的体现”,人生在世，不再是受苦受难以换取来世的新生，而是要消灭种族、性别和信仰的不平等，建立自己的“人间乐园”。
主要特点:作家多是美国独立战争的积极拥护者和参加者；文学指导思想除了自然神论之外还有“唯理主义"和“新古典主义”，18世纪末还开始萌发了“早期浪漫主义”;文学种类主要有历史、日记和政论，也有诗歌，讽刺小品和劝人向善的故事，18世纪末还产生了话剧。
启蒙运动中出现大量优秀的散文作品，并多出自开国元勋之手,如本杰明·富兰克林，托马斯·潘恩,以及托马斯·杰斐逊。
三、19世纪南北战争时期这一时期的文学先后发展了浪漫主义，现实主义和自然主义。
浪漫主义：18世纪70年代－19世纪30年代是浪漫主义发展的初期，南北战争前30年（1830－1860）为极盛时期，南北战争后10年逐渐衰微并向现实主义过度。
浪漫主义注重“想象"、“激情”和“个性解放”，认为人本质是善良的，铲除邪恶和拯救人类的手段是抛弃一切传统束缚，摧毁一切陈规陋习而回归到“自然的原始状态中去。
超验主义是其一分支，强调“天人合一”，认为上帝、人类和自然都是“超灵”的组成部分。
(完整版)美国文学史总结
ⅠColonial America(17th century)殖民主义时期文学1.In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America and he mistook the native people onthe new continent for Indians.Character of colonial literature:a.content: religious, politicalb.form: diary, journal, letters, travel books, sermons, history (personalliterature)c.Style: simple. direct, concised.out of humble originsEarly in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.The earliest settlers in America included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians and Portuguese.The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)2.Captain Town Smith, the first American writer3.Puritan Thoughts: hard work, thrift(节俭), piety(虔诚), sobriety(节制), 这些也成了早期美国作品主导思想.典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William, John Cotton was called “the Patriarch of New England(新英格兰教父)”清教徒采用的文学体裁：narratives(日记) and journals(游记)清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）Their voyage to the new land2）Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3）About dealing with Indians4）Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit4.Private literature: theological, moral, historical, political5.The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of realpoetry. Anne Bradstreet is one of the most interesting of the early poets, 英国最早移民到美国的诗人. The best of the Puritan poets was Edward Taylor.ⅡReason and Revolution(18th century)理性和革命时期文学1.The War for Independence (1776-1783) ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeoisdemocratic republic - the United States of America.2.Bourgeois Enlightenment3.Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanac(穷人理查德的年鉴), an annual collection ofproverbs.The Autobiography, 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传⏹The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a recordof self-examination and self-improvement. The Puritans, as a type, were very much given to self-analysis.⏹The Autobiography shows Franklin was spokesman for the new order of 18th-centuryEnlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.⏹It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision. The plainness of its style,the homeliness of imagery, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression are some of the obvious features we cannot mistake.⏹Tone: OptimismThe American dream began with the settlement of the American continent –the Promised Land – the Garden of Eden – optimistic about the future4.Thomas Paine: The American Crisis, 极大恢复士气5.Thomas Jefferson:The Declaration of Independence6.Philip Freneau, Father of American Poetry: The Indian Burring Ground(印第安人的坟地)The Wild Honey Suckle(野忍冬花)⏹The poem is an indication of the poet’s dedication to American subjectmatter and the natural scenes on the new continent.⏹Here in this poem Freneau deals with the themes of loveliness and thetransience of life.⏹This poem, well within the melancholy genre, consists of the poet’s pensivemusings on the flower’s story.⏹The first two stanzas picture the advantages of the flower’s country retreat.⏹The next two stanzas unite the theme of the seasons with the thought that allmust die. Death and decay, as well as creation, are so common, so much a part of the universal law.ⅢRomanticism(end of the 18th century——Civil War)浪漫主义文学1.Washington Irving, Father of American literature: Sketch Book(见闻札记, the firstmodern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature, a collection of essays, sketches, and tales)2.James Fenimore Cooper: The Leatherstocking Tales(皮袜子故事集, the AmericanNational Epic) contains of The Deerslayer(杀鹿者), The Last of the Mohicans(最后的莫希干人), The Pathfinder(探路人), The Pioneers(拓荒者), and The Prairie(大草原).3.Edgar Allan Poe: The Raven(乌鸦), Annabel Lee(安娜贝尔·李), The Fall of the House ofUsher(鄂榭府崩溃记)To Helen○Edgar Allan Poe wrote “To Helen” as a reflection on the beauty of Mrs. Jane Stith Stanard, of Richmond, Va., who died in 1824. She was the mother of one of Poe’s school classmates, Robert Stanard. When Robert invited Edgar, then 14, to his home (at 19th and East Grace Streets in Richmond) in 1823, Poe was greatly taken with the 27-year-old woman, who is said to have urged him to write poetry. He was later to write that she was his first real love.○ 1 stanza⏹Helen: An allusion to Helen of Troy in Greek mythology.⏹Nicean: Of or from Nicea (also spelled Nicaea), a city in ancient Bithynia (nowpart of present-day Turkey) near the site of the Trojan War.⏹Barks: small sailing vessels.⏹End rhyme: A, B, A,B, B.○ 2 stanza⏹wont: accustomed to⏹Naiad: Naiads were minor nature goddesses in Greek and Romanmythology. They inhabited and presided over rivers, lakes, streams, and fountains.⏹Naiad airs: Peaceful, gentle breezes or qualities⏹The glory that . . .Rome: These last two lines, beginning with the glorythat was, are among the most frequently quoted lines in world literature.⏹End rhyme: A, B, A, B, A.Half rhyme: Face and Greece○ 3 stanza⏹Psyche: In Greek and Roman mythology, Psyche was a beautifulprincess dear to the god of love, Eros (Cupid), who would visit her in a darkened room ina palace. One night she used an agate lamp to discover his identity. Later, at the urging ofEros, Zeus gave her the gift of immortality. Eros then married her.⏹End rhyme: A, B, B, A, B.⏹from the regions which are Holy Land: from ancient Greece and Rome;from the memory Poe had of Mrs. Stanard○Theme■Beauty, as Poe uses the word in the poem, appears to refer to the woman's soul as well as her body. On the one hand, he represents her as Helen of Troy–the quintessence of physical beauty–at the beginning of the poem. On the other, he represents her as Psyche–the quintessence of soulful beauty–at the end of the poem. In Greek, psyche means soul.4.Transcendentalism(超验主义):❖19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. In their religious quest, the Transcendentalists rejected the conventions of 18th-century thought; and what began in dissatisfaction with Unitarianism developed into a repudiation of the whole established order.❖Representative figures: some 30 men and a couple of women such as Emerson, Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, and Margaret Fuller, most of them teachers or clergymen, radicals against rigid rationalism of Unitarianism.❖Time: 1836-1855❖Essence: “Transcendentalism is idealism” in essence❖Major Features:A.Emphasis on spirit;B.The importance of the individual as the most important element ofsociety;C．N ature as symbolic of the Spirit or GodRalph Waldo Emerson, Father of American Essay, Essayist, poet, philosopher, orator, critic : Nature(the Bible and manifesto(宣言) of the New England Transcendentalism), Self-relianceHenry David Thoreau(The Prophet(提倡者) of Non-Violence Movement, he wasEmerson’s truest disciple, who put into practice many of Emerson’s theories): Walden5.Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter⑴女主角honest, calmly face fault 诚实，坦然的面对罪过。
(完整word版)美国文学史-知识点梳理(word文档良心出品)
Part I The Literature of Colonial AmericaI．Historical IntroductionThe colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.)II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds:1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American WriterThe first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians.Captain John Smith is the first American writer.A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608)A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612)General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess PocahontasCaptain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers.One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England LiteratureWilliam Bradford and John WinthropJohn Cotton and Roger WilliamsAnne Bradstreet and Edward TaylorV．Puritan Thoughts1. The origin of puritanIn the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce hiswife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church ofEngland. But there was no radical difference between the doctrines of the Church of England and the Catholic Church. A group of people thought the Church of England was too Catholic and wanted to purify the church. Then came the name Puritans.2. Puritanism -- based on Calvinism(1) predestination: God's electPuritans believed they are predestined before they were born.Nothing or no good work can change their fate.They believed the success of one's business is the sign to show he is the God's elect. So the Puritans works very hard, spend very little and invest more for the future business. They lived a very frugal life. This is their ethics.(2) Origianl sin and total depravityMan is born sinful. This determines some puritans pessimistic attitude towards life.(3) Limited atonement (the salvation of a selected few)(4) theocracyThey combined state with religion. Their government is at least not a liberal one.The Puritans established American tradition -- intolerant moralism. They strictly punished drunks, adultery & heretics.Puritans changed gradually due to the severity of frontier environment3. Influence on American Literature(1) Its optimismAmerican literature was from the outset conditioned by the Puritan heritage. It can be said American literature is based on the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. After that, man have an illusion to restore the paradise. The puritans, after arriving at America, believing that God must have sent them to this new land to restore the lost paradise, to build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. Fired with such a strong sense of mission, they treated life with a tremendous amount of optimism. The optimistic Puritan has exerted a great influence on American literature.(2) Puritan's metaphorical mode of perception changed gradually into a literary symbolism.Part II The Literature of Reason And RevolutionI．Historical IntroductionWith the growth, especially of industry, there appeared the intense strain with England. The British government did not want colonial industries competing with those in England. The British wanted the colonies to remain politically and economically dependent on the mother country. They took a series of measures to insure this dependence. They prevented colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country. Politically, the British government forced dependenceby ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.However, by the mid-eighteenth century, freedom was won as much by the fiery rhetoric of Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the eloquence of the Declaration of Independence as by the weapons of Washington. In the seventies of the 18th century, the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their mother country. The War for Independence lasted for 8 years (1776-1783) and ended in the formation of a federative bourgeois democratic republic -- the United States of America. II．American EnlightenmentIt was supported by all progressive forces of the country which opposed themselves to the old colonial order and religious obscurantism.It dealt a decisive blow upon the puritan traditions and brought to life secular education and literature. The spiritual life during that period was to a great degree moulded by it.The representatives set themselves the task of disseminating knowledge among the people and advocating revolutionary ideas.The writers injected an invigorating vein into the English language in America as they aimed at clarity and precision of their writings.At the initial period the spread of the ideas of the Enlightenment was largely due to journalism. Writings of Europe were widely read in America. The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of Benjamin Franklin.III．Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)The AutobiographyPoor Richard’s AlmanacLifeBenjamin Franklin came from a Calvinist background.He was born into a poor candle-maker’s family. He had very little education. He learned in school only for two years, but he was a voracious reader.At 12, he was apprenticed to his elder half-brother, a printer.At 16, he began to publish essays under the pseudonym “Silence Do good” .At 17, he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune.He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher. In 1727 he founded the Junto club.Multiple identities:a printera leading authora politiciana scientista inventora diplomata civic activistFranklin’s Contributions to SocietyHe helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital.He founded an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania.And he helped found the American Philosophical Society.Franklin’s Contributions to ScienceHe was also remembered for volunteer fire departments, effective street lighting, the Franklin stove, bifocal glasses and efficient heating devices.And for his lightning-rod, he was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire from heaven.”Franklin’s Contributions to the U.S.He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States:The Declaration of Independence,The Treaty of Alliance with France,The Treaty of Peace with England,The ConstitutionThe AutobiographyThe Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin was probably the first of its kind in literature. It is the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man.The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. The meticulous chart of 13 virtues he set for himself to cultivate to combat the tempting vices, the stupendous effort he made to improve his own person, the belief that God helps those who helps themselves and that every calling is a service to God – all these indicate that Franklin was intensely Puritan. Then, the book is also a convincing illustration of the Puritan ethic that, in order to get on in the world, one has to be industrious, frugal, and prudent.The Autobiography is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenth-century enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free by nature, endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.A look at the style of The Autobiography will readily reveal that it is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness and concision. The plainness of its style, the homeliness of imagery, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression are some of the salient features we cannot mistake. The lucidity of the narrative, the absence ofornaments in wording and of complex, involved structures in syntax, and the Puritan abhorrence of paradox are all graphically demonstrated in the whole of the book. Taken as a whole, it is safe to say that the book is an exemplary illustration of the American style of writing.IV．Thomas Paine (1737-1809)Common SenseAmerican CrisisV．Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)The Declaration of IndependenceVI．Philip Freneau (1752-1832)“Poet of the American Revolution”“Father of American Poetry”“Pioneer of the New Romanticism”“A gifted and versatile lyric poet”Works“The Wild Honey Suckle”“The Indian Burying Ground”“To a Caty-Did”Freneau as Father of American Poetry: His major themes are death, nature, transition, and the human in nature. All of these themes become important in 19th century writing.Life Experience►He was born in New York.►At 16, he entered the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). He decided to do a postgraduate study in theology. But two years later he gave it up. While still an undergraduate, he wrote in collaboration with one of his friends (H. H. Brackenridge) a poem entitled “The Rising Glory of America”.►Later he attended the War of Independence, and he was captured by British army in 1780.►After being released, he published “The British Prison Ship” in 1781.►In the same year, he published “To the Memory of the Brave Americans”.►After war, he supported Jefferson, and contributed greatly to American government.►But after 50 years old, he lived in poverty. And at last he died in a blizzard.Main Works►“The Rising Glory of America” (1772) 《美洲光辉的兴起》►“The House of Night” (1779,1786) 《夜之屋》►“The British Prison Ship” (1781) 《英国囚船》►“To the Memory of the Brave Americans” (1781) 《纪念美国勇士》►“”The Wild Honey Suckle” (1786) 《野忍冬花》►“The Indian Burying Ground” (1788) 《印第安人墓地》野忍冬花（黄杲炘译）►美好的花呀，你长得：这么秀丽，却藏身在这僻静沉闷的地方——甜美的花儿开了却没人亲昵，招展的小小枝梢也没人观赏；没游来荡去的脚来把你踩碎，没东攀西摘的手来催你落泪。
美国文学史总结
美国文学史总结Part I The Literature of Colonial America（殖民地时期的文学）Chapter 1→John Smith 约翰.史密斯1. A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened inVirginia Since the First Planting of That Colony 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》（1608）2. A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》（1612）3.The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles 《弗吉尼亚通史》（1624）Chapter 2→William Bradford （威廉.布拉德福德）→Of Plymouth Plantation 《普利茅斯开发史》（1826）→John Winthrop （约翰.温思罗普）→The History of New England from 1630 to 1649 《新英格兰史》（1856）Chapter 3→John Cotton （约翰.科登）→Roger Williams （罗杰.威廉姆斯）→ A Key into the Language of America 《开启美国语言的钥匙》/《美国新英格兰地区土著居民语言指南》Chapter 4→Anne Bradstreet（安妮.布雷兹特里特）（女性作家）→The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America 《在美洲诞生的第十位缪斯》→Edward Taylor （爱德华.泰勒）（女性作家）→Psalms 《诗篇》Part II The Literature of Reason and Revolution（理性和革命时期文学）Chapter 5→Benjamin Franklin （本杰明.富兰克林）1.Poor Richard ’s Almanac 《穷理查德年鉴》（1732-1758，1729年正式出版）2.The Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》（Franklin & Jefferson 杰弗逊）3.The Autobiography 《自传》4.Collect Works 《作品选集》Chapter 6→Thomas Paine （托马斯.佩因）1.The Case of the Officers of the Excise 《收税官的案子》（1772）（his first pamphlet）mon Sense 《常识》（1776）3.The America Crisis 《美国危机》（1776-1883）（a series of sixteen pamphlets）（signed“Common Sense” ）4.Rights of Man 《人权》（I 1791年， II 1792年）5.The Age of Reason 《理性时代》6.Agrarian Justice 《土地公平》（his last important treatise 他最后一部重要著作）Chapter 7→Thomas Jefferson （托马斯.杰弗逊）The Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》（Benjamin Franklin & Jefferson 杰弗1.该集子并不是按写作顺序来安排的，而是按事件发展的先后顺序重新编排，即：TheDeerslayer（《杀鹿者》）；The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》；The Pathfinder 《探路人》；The Pioneers《拓荒者》；The Prairie《大草原》}Chapter 11→William Cullen Bryant （威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特）1.Thanatopsis《死亡思考/死之思考》（1817）2.To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》（is perhaps the peak of his work 是其巅峰之作）Chapter 12→Edgar Allan Poe （埃德加.艾伦.坡）1.MS. Found in a Bottle 《金瓶子城的方德先生》2.The Fall of the House of Usher《鄂榭府崩溃记》3.Tales Of the Grotesque and Arabesque《述异集》（1840）4.The Raven《乌鸦》（1845）5.To Helen《给海伦》6.Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔.李》Chapter 13→Ralph Waldo Emerson（拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生）1.Nature《论自然》（1836）2.Two speeches（正真让他功成名就的是两次演讲）：The American Scholar《美国学者》（a great statements 一篇优秀的论说文）& Divinity School Address《神学院致辞》3.Poem《诗集》（1847）4.Essay《随笔录》5.Representative Men《代表》（1850）6.English Traits《英国人》（1856）7.Nature《论自然》8.Self-Reliance《论自助》Chapter 14→Henry David Thoreau（亨利.戴维.梭罗）1.Walden《沃尔登》（1854）Chapter 15→Nathaniel Hawthorne （纳撒尼尔.霍桑）1.The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》2.Mosses from an Old Manse《古厦青苔》（1846）3.The Scarlet Letter 《红字》（1850）The Scarlet Letter is the introductory chapter of The Scarlet Letter. 《海关》是《红字》的前言。
美国文学知识
美国文学知识一．殖民地时期（The Literature of Colonial American）北美的第一本书：《海湾圣诗》（The Bay Psalmbook）约翰·史密斯（John Smith）：被誉为美国文学的第一位作家。
代表作《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》（A True Relation of Virginia）是美国文学第一书。
纳撒尼尔·沃德（Nathaniel Ward）：被誉为“北美讽刺文学第一笔”。
代表作《北美的阿格瓦姆鞋匠》（The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in America）。
威廉·布拉福德（William Bradford）：被誉为“美国历史之父”。
代表作《普利茅斯种植园史》（History of Plymouth Plantation）。
安妮·布拉德斯特里特（Anne Bradstreet）：殖民地时期的第一位诗人。
代表作《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》（The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America）。
迈克尔·威格尔斯沃斯（Michael Wigglesworth）：诗人。
代表作《判决日》（The Day Of Doom）。
爱德华·泰勒（Edward Taylor）：诗人。
代表作《上帝对其选民有影响的决定》（Gods Determinations Touching His Elect）。
乔纳森·爱德华兹（Jonathan Edwards）：“大觉醒”（The Great Awakening）运动中的主要思想家。
代表作《愤怒是上帝手中之罪人》。
二．独立战争到南北战争（American Literature between the War of Independence and the Civil War）本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）：美国启蒙运动的开创者、科学家、实业家、政治家和革命家，参与撰写了《独立宣言》（Declaration of Independence）。
美国文学史
美国文学史美国文学作为世界文学中的一支重要力量，具有独特的发展历程和风格。
从殖民地时期开始，美国文学就逐渐形成了自己的特色，逐步走向独立和多元化。
本文将从不同时期和流派的角度，对美国文学史进行探讨。
殖民地文学时期在殖民地时期，北美洲最早由英国、荷兰和法国等欧洲国家殖民，形成了各具特色的殖民地文学。
早期殖民者主要是宗教领袖和移民，他们的文学作品大多与宗教和生活有关。
其中，《普利茅斯纪事》是北美最早的历史文学作品之一，记录了普利茅斯殖民地的建立和发展历程。
独立战争与浪漫主义美国独立战争的胜利为美国文学的繁荣奠定了基础。
浪漫主义在19世纪初发展起来，强调个人主义、自然和民族主义，代表作品有爱默生的《自然》和露易丝·梅·奥尔科特的《小女亨丽特》等。
这一时期的作品多表现出对自由、民主和原生态的向往，具有强烈的思想性和感情色彩。
现实主义和自然主义19世纪中后期，美国文学逐渐发展出现实主义和自然主义两大流派。
现实主义作品关注于社会生活和人性，代表作品有马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》和亨利·詹姆斯的《彭伯顿夫人》等。
自然主义则更加强调环境和遗传的影响，代表作品有杰克·伦敦的《野性的呼唤》和斯蒂芬·克莱恩的《红字》等。
这一时期的作品在探讨社会问题和人性方面展现出了深度和广度。
现代主义和后现代主义20世纪初，现代主义在美国兴起，表现出对传统文学形式和观念的挑战。
代表作家有欧内斯特·海明威、弗吉尼亚·吴尔芙和威廉·福克纳等，他们的作品多以流畅的叙述和复杂的心理描写为特点。
后现代主义则更加强调对现实的怀疑和对语言的实验，代表作家有托马斯·品钦和唐·德里罗斯等，他们的作品反映出了当代社会的多样性和碎裂性。
结语美国文学历经多个阶段和流派的发展，呈现出了多样的表现形式和思想内涵。
从殖民地时期到现代，美国文学逐渐形成了独具特色的风格和传统。
美国文学史考试总结
•Brief introduction of his life•Eliot（1888-1965）•American-born English poet，literary critic, and dramatist，who is best known for his poem The Waste Land. He was born in St. Louis，Missouri.•Features of his poetry••Eliot’s poetry was becoming noted for its fresh visual imagery视觉表象, its flexible 灵活tone语气音调and highly expressive rhythm.韵律•His famous principle “objective correlative”客观相关物i.e. using related有关联的objects, situations情境, events, all external外部的事实facts, to expressemotions.情感•His criticism他善于以精辟和富于权威性的语言表达其他人经常想到和提到，然而不能准确讲出的论点•Eliot was a distinguished literary critic. He became “a giver of laws and the arbiter of taste”in the new poetry and criticism.•His criticism possessed an air of authority and offered a measure of reassurance•The basic them of his criticism•the relationship of between tradition and individual talent, and between the past, the present and the future•His famous doctrine on poets and poetry•“impersonal theory" or the theory of impersonality and objectivity.•To Eliot, what the poet has to express, is not a “personality,个性”but a particular 方法medium in which impressions印象and experiences经历combine结合in 奇特peculiar and unexpected 出乎意料的ways.•Poetry is not a turning loose释放of emotion, but an escape from it; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from it.•The influence of his theory•Lead to the emergence of the New Criticism新批评主义in later years and influence a whole generation of poets.一代•His theory became something like a law for American poets for over two decades from mid 1920s through the 1950s.••The waste land is a reprehensive谴责work of the high modernism of 1920s, impersonal, 客观的discontinuous间断的with its fragments片段, full of literary allusions暗示and ancientmyths古代神话, measuring测量modern life against the historical past and finding itwanting不足in many ways.••The change of these five parts is abrupt 生硬and jerky, with no hint of logical order逻辑次序的暗示and causal relationship.因果关系•Through gaps, absence of connective tissues连接词, and discordant不和谐juxtapositions并列, the poet intends the reader to see and feel the 碎片agmentary nature of life.His influence on American literature•He was the most successful literary dictator独裁者in American literature history,one who wielded the most decisive influence over literary development for a long time.∙《普鲁弗洛克及其他》（Prufrock and Other Observations，1917年）∙《诗集》（Poems，1919年）∙《荒原》（The Waste Land，1922年）∙《诗集1909-1925》（Poems 1909-1925，1925年）∙《圣灰星期三》（Ash Wednesday，1930年）∙《老负鼠的猫经》（Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats，1939年）∙《焦灼的诺顿》（Burnt Norton，1941年）∙《四个四重奏》（Four Quartets，1943年）《诗集》（Collected Poems，1962∙《圣林》（The Sacred Wood，1920年）∙《安德鲁·马维尔》（Andrew Marvell，1922年）∙《但丁》（Dante，1929年）∙《当代文学的传统和尝试》（Tradition and Experimentation in Present-Day Literature，1929年）∙《朗伯斯后的沉思》（Thoughts After Lambeth，1931年）∙《约翰·德莱顿》（John Dryden，1932年）∙《古典与现代散文》（Essays Ancient and Modern，1936年）∙《诗与剧》（Poetry and Drama，1951年）∙∙《岩石》（The Rock，1934年）∙《大教堂中的谋杀》（Murder in the Cathedral，1935年）∙《家庭聚会》（The Family Reunion，1939年）∙《鸡尾酒会》（The Cocktail Party，1950年）∙《老政治家》（The Elder Statesman，1958年）托马斯·艾略特是英国20世纪影响最大的诗人。
了解美国文学史分期,简述各期 文学创作特点 (120字左右
了解美国文学史分期,简述各期文学创作特点(120字左右1、第一阶段：殖民时期（约1607-1765）这一时期大约从1607年JohnSmith船长带领第一批移民在北美大陆建立第一个英国殖民地Jamestown到1765殖民地人们愤怒抗议英国政府颁布的印花税法。
2、第二阶段：启蒙时期与独立战争时期（1765-18世纪末）这是北美人民争取独立、建立美利坚和中和国的时期。
18世纪30年代，在欧洲启蒙主义和自然神论等哲学思潮的影响下，上帝的作用大大削弱，清教徒们掀起一场“大觉醒”运动。
18世纪末期，北美大陆的政治形势发展很快，从1765年英国殖民者第一次反对英国政府的印花税到1789年美国联邦政府成立，文学作品主要围绕着革命的必要性、革命的前途和方向、政府的形式与性质等问题。
3、浪漫主义时期（1800-1865）19世纪初，美国完全摆脱了对英国的依赖，以独立国家的身份进入世界政治舞台。
民族文学开始全面繁荣，逐渐打破英国文学在美国的垄断局面。
这时期作家们跟英国浪漫主义作家一样，强调文学的想象力和感情色彩，反对古典主义的形式和观点，歌颂大自然，崇尚个人和普通人的思想感情，并且寻根问祖，发幽古之思情。
特别是以爱默生为代表的超验主义（Transcendentalism）的倡导, 这些作家们主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理，摒弃以神为中心的清教教义。
4、现实主义时期（1865-1918）南北战争（1861-1865）以后到第一次世界大战爆发，美国完成了从农业社会到工业社会的转化，社会面貌和经济生活开始发生急剧的变化。
工业化带来了蓬勃兴旺的发展，同时也带来了政治日趋腐败，政界丑闻屡见不鲜，是人们重新认识新的生活和新开发的土地。
于是乡土文学得到了很大的发展。
5、现代主义时期（1918-1945）自20世纪开始，美国文学进入新的时代。
第一次世界大战对美国人的思想和精神面貌产生极大的影响。
人们对于自由民主的信念开始动摇，普遍感到迷茫，甚至绝望。
美国文学史考点整理
美国文学研究一、作者及其主要作品梭罗《瓦尔登，或林中生活》霍桑《红字》短篇小说如《教长的黑面纱》《小伙子布朗》等麦尔维尔《白鲸》爱伦·坡《怪诞故事集》惠特曼《草叶集》亨利·詹姆斯《一位女士的画像》马克·吐温《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》《神秘的陌生人》德莱塞《美国的悲剧》杰克·伦敦《马丁·伊登》、《野性的呼唤》、《海狼》、《白牙》T·S·艾略特《荒原》（诗歌）菲茨杰拉德《了不起的盖茨比》海明威《太阳照常升起》福克纳《喧哗与骚动》尤今·奥尼尔《毛猿》《琼斯皇》《进入黑夜的漫长旅程》（戏剧）斯坦贝克《愤怒的葡萄》索尔·贝娄《洪堡的礼物》、《挂起来的人》诺曼·梅勒《裸者与死者》塞林格《麦田里的守望者》厄普代克《兔子，跑吧》（“兔子四部曲”）海勒《第二十二条军规》纳博科夫《洛丽塔》凯鲁亚克《在路上》威廉斯《玻璃动物园》（戏剧）米勒《推销员之死》（戏剧）拉尔夫·埃里森《看不见的人》托尼·莫里森《所罗门之歌》爱丽丝·沃克《紫色》谭恩美《喜福会》独立战争前后的文学富兰克林《自传》《穷查理历书》《致富之路》托马斯·潘恩《常识》《人的权利》《理性的时代》托马斯·杰弗逊《独立宣言》克里夫古尔《一个美国农夫的信》弗瑞诺《野忍冬花》《印第安人墓地》《纪念英勇的美国人》查尔斯·布罗克丹·布朗《韦兰德》二、简答题+论述题1.美国文学的诞生及一般特色1)历史背景：1775-81年的北美独立战争；1783年美利坚合众国的成立；1861-65年的南北战争。
独立战争以后，特别是进入19世纪之后，独立的美国文学开始诞生。
2)美国文学的一般特色：A.早期人少地多，为个人理想的实现提供了很大的空间和可能性，因此美国文学富于民主自由精神，个人主义、个性解放的观念较为强烈；B.这是一个由各国移民组成的国家，所以文学的内容、思想倾向和艺术风格都呈现出多样性、庞杂性；C.许多作家直接来自社会下层，使得文学的生活气息浓郁，平民色彩鲜明，具有开朗、豪放的特点；D.由于美国作家的敏感、好奇，使得美国文学浪潮迭起，日新月异，瞬息万变。
（完整版）美国文学史-知识点梳理
（完整版）美国文学史-知识点梳理Part I The Literature of Colonial AmericaI．Historical IntroductionThe colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.)II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds:1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American WriterThe first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians.Captain John Smith is the first American writer.A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608)A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612)General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess PocahontasCaptain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders ofthe colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers.One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England LiteratureWilliam Bradford and John WinthropJohn Cotton and Roger WilliamsAnne Bradstreet and Edward TaylorV．Puritan Thoughts1. The origin of puritanIn the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church ofEngland. But there was no radical difference between the doctrines of the Church of England and the Catholic Church. A group of people thought the Church of England was too Catholic and wanted to purify the church. Then came the name Puritans.2. Puritanism -- based on Calvinism(1) predestination: God's electPuritans believed they are predestined before they were born.Nothing or no good work can change their fate.They believed the success of one's business is the sign to show he is the God's elect. So the Puritans works very hard, spend very little and invest more for the future business. They lived avery frugal life. This is their ethics.(2) Origianl sin and total depravityMan is born sinful. This determines some puritans pessimistic attitude towards life.(3) Limited atonement (the salvation of a selected few)(4) theocracyThey combined state with religion. Their government is at least not a liberal one.The Puritans established American tradition -- intolerant moralism. They strictly punished drunks, adultery & heretics.Puritans changed gradually due to the severity of frontier environment3. Influence on American Literature(1) Its optimismAmerican literature was from the outset conditioned by the Puritan heritage. It can be said American literature is based on the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. After that, man have an illusion to restore the paradise. The puritans, after arriving at America, believing that God must have sent them to this new land to restore the lost paradise, to build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. Fired with such a strong sense of mission, they treated life with a tremendous amount of optimism. The optimistic Puritan has exerted a great influence on American literature.(2) Puritan's metaphorical mode of perception changed gradually into a literary symbolism.Part II The Literature of Reason And RevolutionI．Historical IntroductionWith the growth, especially of industry, there appeared the intense strain with England. The British government did not wantcolonial industries competing with those in England. The British wanted the colonies to remain politically and economically dependent on the mother country. They took a series of measures to insure this dependence. They prevented colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country. Politically, the British government forced dependenceby ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.However, by the mid-eighteenth century, freedom was won as much by the fiery rhetoric of Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the eloquence of the Declaration of Independence as by the weapons of Washington. In the seventies of the 18th century, the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their mother country. The War for Independence lasted for 8 years (1776-1783) and ended in the formation of a federative bourgeois democratic republic -- the United States of America. II．American EnlightenmentIt was supported by all progressive forces of the country which opposed themselves to the old colonial order and religious obscurantism.It dealt a decisive blow upon the puritan traditions and brought to life secular education and literature. The spiritual life during that period was to a great degree moulded by it.The representatives set themselves the task of disseminating knowledge among the people and advocating revolutionary ideas.The writers injected an invigorating vein into the English language in America as they aimed at clarity and precision oftheir writings.At the initial period the spread of the ideas of the Enlightenment was largely due to journalism. Writings of Europe were widely read in America. The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of Benjamin Franklin.III．Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)The AutobiographyPoor Richard’s AlmanacLifeBenjamin Franklin came from a Calvinist background.He was born into a poor candle-maker’s family. He had very little education. He learned in school only for two years, but he was a voracious reader.At 12, he was apprenticed to his elder half-brother, a printer.At 16, he began to publish essays under the pseudonym “Silence Do good” .At 17, he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune.He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher. In 1727 he founded the Junto club.Multiple identities:a printera leading authora politiciana scientista inventora diplomata civic activistFranklin’s Contributions to SocietyHe helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital.He founded an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania.And he helped found the American Philosophical Society.Franklin’s Contributions to ScienceHe was also remembered for volunteer fire departments, effective street lighting, the Franklin stove, bifocal glasses and efficient heating devices.And for his lightning-rod, he was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire from heaven.”Franklin’s Contributions to the U.S.He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States:The Declaration of Independence,The Treaty of Alliance with France,The Treaty of Peace with England,The ConstitutionThe AutobiographyThe Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin was probably the first of its kind in literature. It is the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man.The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. The meticulous chart of 13 virtues he set for himself to cultivate to combat the tempting vices, the stupendous effort he made to improve his own person, the belief that God helps those who helps themselves and that every calling is a service to God – all these indicate that Franklin was intensely Puritan. Then, the book is also a convincing illustration of thePuritan ethic that, in order to get on in the world, one has to be industrious, frugal, and prudent.The Autobiography is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenth-century enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free by nature, endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.A look at the style of The Autobiography will readily reveal that it is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness and concision. The plainness of its style, the homeliness of imagery, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression are some of the salient features we cannot mistake. The lucidity of the narrative, the absence ofornaments in wording and of complex, involved structures in syntax, and the Puritan abhorrence of paradox are all graphically demonstrated in the whole of the book. Taken as a whole, it is safe to say that the book is an exemplary illustration of the American style of writing.IV．Thomas Paine (1737-1809)Common SenseAmerican CrisisV．Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)The Declaration of IndependenceVI．Philip Freneau (1752-1832)“Poet of the American Revolution”“Father of American Poetry”“Pioneer of the New Romanticism”“A gifted and versatile lyric poet”Works“The Wild Honey Suckle”“The Indian Burying Ground”“To a Caty-Did”Freneau as Father of American Poetry: His major themes are death, nature, transition, and the human in nature. All of these themes become important in 19th century writing.Life ExperienceHe was born in New York.At 16, he entered the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). He decided to do a postgraduate study in theology. But two years later he gave it up. While still an undergraduate, he wrote in collaboration with one of his friends (H. H. Brackenridge) a poem entitled “The Rising Glory of America”.Later he attended the War of Independence, and he was captured by British army in 1780.After being released, he published “The British Prison Ship” in 1781.In the same year, he published “T o the Memory of the Brave Americans”.After war, he supported Jefferson, and contributed greatly to American government.But after 50 years old, he lived in poverty. And at last he died in a blizzard.Main Works“The Rising Glory of America” (1772) 《美洲光辉的兴起》“The House of Night” (1779,1786) 《夜之屋》“The British Prison Ship” (1781) 《英国囚船》“To the Memory of the Brave Americans” (1781) 《纪念美国勇士》?“”The Wild Honey Suckle” (1786) 《野忍冬花》“The Indian Burying Ground” (1788) 《印第安人墓地》野忍冬花（黄杲炘译）美好的花呀，你长得：这么秀丽，却藏身在这僻静沉闷的地方——甜美的花儿开了却没人亲昵，招展的小小枝梢也没人观赏；没游来荡去的脚来把你踩碎，没东攀西摘的手来催你落泪。
期末复习-美国文学简史汇总
4) With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. The Puritan style of writing was characterized by simplicity. (The use of metaphors was only to explain the writer’s opinions rather than to decorate.)
2) Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation.
3) Total depravity: Humanity’s utter corruption since the Fall.
They are optimistic.
A
14
American Dream
The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of American that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and /or happiness.
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Part I The Literature of Co Ion ial Amer ica （殖民地时期的文学）Chap ter 1John Smith约翰.史密斯1. A True Relatio n of Such Occurre nces and Accide nts of Note as Hath Happe ned inVirgi nia Si nee the First Pla nting of That Colo ny 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》（1608）2. A Map of Virgi nia with a Description of the Cou ntry 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》（1612）3. The Gen eral History of Virgi nia. New En gla nd, and the Summer Isles 《弗吉尼亚通史》（1624）Chapter 2William Bradford （威廉.布拉德福德）Of Plymouth Pla ntatio n 《普利茅斯开发史》（1826）Joh n Win throp （约翰.温思罗普）The History of New En gla nd from 1630 to 1649 《新英格兰史》（1856）Chapter 3Joh n Cotton （约翰.科登）Roger Williams （罗杰.威廉姆斯）A Key into the Language of America 《开启美国语言的钥匙》/《美国新英格兰地区土着居民语言指南》Chapter 4Anne Bradstreet （安妮.布雷兹特里特）（女性作家）The Te nth Muse Lately Spru ng Up in America 《在美洲诞生的第十位缪斯》Edward Taylor （爱德华.泰勒）（女性作家）Psalms《诗篇》Part II The Literature of Reason and Revolution （理性和革命时期文学）Chapter 5Benjamin Franklin （本杰明.富兰克林）1. Poor Richard ' s Almanac 《穷理查德年鉴》（1732-1758，1729年正式出版）2. The Declarati on of In depe ndence 《独立宣言》（Fran klin & Jeffers on 杰弗逊）3. The Autobiography 《自传》4. Collect Works 《作品选集》Chapter 6Thomas Paine （托马斯.佩因）1. The Caseof the Officers of the Excise 《收税官的案子》（1772）（his first pamphlet）2. Com mon Se nse《常识》（1776）3. The America Crisis 《美国危机》（1776-1883）（a series of sixteen pamphlets）（signed“ Com mon Sens” ）4. Rights of Man 《人权》（I 1791 年，II 1792 年）5. The Age of Reas on 《理性时代》6. Agrarian Justice 《土地公平》（his last important treatise 他最后一部重要着作）Chapter 7Thomas Jefferson （托马斯.杰弗逊）The Declarati on of In depe ndence 《独立宣言》（Benjamin Fran kli n & Jeffers on 杰弗逊）（1776）Chapter 8Philip Freneau （菲利普.弗瑞诺）1. The Power of Fancy 《想象的力量》（1770）2. The House of Night 《英国囚船》（1781）His earlier poems were collected in The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly ________ During the Late War这些早期作品后来于1786年一起被收录在《战争后期弗洛诺主要诗歌集》中。
3. Miscellaneous Works 《札记》（1788）4. The Wild Honey Sukle 《野忍冬花》5. The In dia n Buryi ng Grou nd 《印第安人的坟地》6. To a Caty-Did 《致凯提■迪德》Part III Literature of Roma nticismChapter 9Washington Irving （华盛顿.欧文）1. The Sketch Book 《见闻札记》2. Jonathan Oldstyle 《老古董乔纳森》/《乔纳森.欧尔德斯泰尔》3. A History of New York 《纽约外史》（1809）（by Diedrich Knickerbocker 所用笔名：迪德里奇.尼克博克）4. Bracebridge Hall 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》（1822）5. Tales of a Traveller 《旅行者故事》（1824）6. Charles the Seco nd《查理二世》or The Merry Mo narch《快乐君主》（Washi ngton Irving&John Howard Payne华盛顿.欧文&约翰.霍华德.佩恩）7. A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus 《克里斯托弗.哥伦布生平及航海历史》（1828）8. A Chronic of the Conquest of Granada 《格拉纳达征服编年史》（1829）9. Voyages and Discovery of the Companionsof Columbus《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》（1831）10. The Alhambra《阿尔罕伯拉》（1832）11. Lege nds of the Co nquest of Spai n （in The Crayon Miscella ny, 1835 ）《西班牙征服传说》（1832）（收录在1835年的《见闻札记》12. A Tour on the Prairies 《草原游记》（1835）13. Astoria 《阿斯托利亚》（1836）14. The Adventures of Captain Bonneville 《博纳维尔船长历险记》（1837）15. Life of Oliver Goldsmith 《奥利弗.戈尔德史密斯》16. Life of Gorge Washington 《乔治.华盛顿传》17. The Author ' s Account of Himself 《作者自叙》18. The Lege nd of Sleepy Hollow 《睡谷传奇》Chapter 10James Fenimore Cooper （詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀）1. The Spy《间谍》（1821）2. The Pilot 《领航者》（1823）3. The Leatherstocking Tales《皮袜子故事集》（1823-1841）｛该故事集由5部小说组成，该集子并不是按写作顺序来安排的，而是按事件发展的先后顺序重新编排，即：The Deerslayer （《杀鹿者》）；The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》；The PathfinderWilliam Culle n Brya nt （威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特）1. Thanatopsis《死亡思考/死之思考》（1817）2. To a Waterfowl 《致水鸟》（is perhaps the peak of his work 是其巅峰之作）Chapter 12Edgar Alla n Poe （埃德加.艾伦.坡）1. MS. Found in a Bottle 《金瓶子城的方德先生》2. The Fall of the House of Usher 《鄂榭府崩溃记》3. Tales Of the Grotesque and Arabesque 《述异集》（1840）4. The Raven《乌鸦》（1845）5. To Helen《给海伦》6. Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔.李》Chapter 13Ralph Waldo Emerson （拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生）1. Nature《论自然》（1836）2. Two speeches （正真让他功成名就的是两次演讲）：The American Scholar《美国学者》（a great stateme nts —篇优秀的论说文）& Divi nity School Address 《神学院致辞》3. Poem《诗集》（1847）4. Essay《随笔录》5. Representative Men 《代表》（1850）6. English Traits 《英国人》（1856）7. Nature《论自然》8. Self-Relianee 《论自助》Chapter 14Henry David Thoreau （亨利.戴维.梭罗）1. Walden《沃尔登》（1854）Chapter 15Nathaniel Hawthorne （纳撒尼尔.霍桑）1. The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖角阁的房子》2. Mosses from an Old Manse《古厦青苔》（1846）3. The Scarlet Letter 《红字》（1850）The Scarlet Letter is the in troductory chapter of The Scarlet Letter. 《海关》是《红字》的前言。
4. The Blithedale Roma nee 《睡谷传奇》（1852）5. The Marble Faun《玉石神像》（1860）6. Ethan Bland《伊桑.布兰德》7. You ng Goodman Brow n《好小伙子布朗》8. Dr. Heidegger ' s Experiment《海德格博士的体验》9. The Ambitious Guest《野心勃勃的客人》10. The Great Stone 《巨石脸》（allegorical stories 寓言性小说）Chapter 16Herman Melville （赫尔曼.麦尔维尔）1. Moby-Dick《白鲸》2. Typee《泰比》（1846）3. Omo《〈欧穆》（1847）4. Redburn《雷德本》（1849）5. White-Jacket 《白外衣》（1850）6. Billy Budd 《比利.伯德》（1924）（short novel 短篇小说）7. Benito Cere no《班内托.西兰尼》（short novel 短篇小说）8. Mardi《玛地》9. Pierre《皮埃尔》..1. A Psalm of Life 《人生礼赞》2. The Slave ' s Dream《奴隶的梦》3. My Lost Youth《逝去的青春》4. The Song of Hiawatha 《海华沙的禁食》5. Outre-Mer《海外游记》（1833-1835）6. The Poets and Poetry of Europe 《欧美诗人及诗歌》（1845）7. Hyperion《许珀里翁》（1839）（prose散文）8. The Wreck of the Hesperus 《金星号遇难》9. A Psalm of Life 《人生礼赞》10. Excelsior《精益求精》11. The Village Blacksmith 《乡村铁匠》12. My Lost Youth《逝去的青春》Part IV The Literature of Realism （现实主义文学）Chapter 18Walt Whitman （沃尔特.惠特曼）1. Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》（In the cluster of poems he called Leaves of Grass hegave America its first genuine epic poem 其《草叶集》以一系列诗歌成为美国文学史上第一部地道的史诗）2. Song of Myself 《自己之歌》3. I Sit and Look Out 《我坐在这眺望着》4. Beat! Beat! Beat! 《敲呀！敲呀！敲呀！》Chapter 19Emily Dickinson （艾米莉.狄金森）1. I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed 《我品尝未经酿造的饮料》2. I Felt a Funeral, in My Brain 《我感受了一场葬礼，在脑中》3. A Bird Came Down the Walk《鸟儿沿着小径过来》4. I Dead for Beauty —But Was Scarce《我为美而死》5. I Heard a Fly Buzz —When I Died —《我听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声一在临死之前》6. Because I Could Not Stop for Death 《因为我不能停下来等候死神》Chapter 20Harriet Beecher Stowe （哈丽雅特.比彻.斯托）女性作家1. Uncle Tom' s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》or The Man That Was a Thing 《一个卑贱者的生活》（as it was origi nally en titled 《一个卑贱者的生活》是它初始的冠名）2. A Key to Un cle Tom ' s Cab in《汤姆叔叔小屋题解》3. A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp 《德雷德，阴暗大沼地的故事》Chapter 21Mark Twin （马克'吐温）1. The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 《跳蛙》（1867）2. Innocents Abroad 《傻子出国记》（1869）3. Roughing It《艰苦岁月》（1872）4. The Gild Age《镀金时代》（1873）5. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 《汤姆.索亚历险记》（1876）6. Life on the Mississippi 《密西西比河上的生活》（1883）7. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝里.费恩历险记》（1884）8. Pudc T nhead Wilson《傻瓜威尔逊》（1894）9. The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg 《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》（1900）10. What Is Man? 《什么是人》（1906）11. The Mysterious Stranger 《神秘来客》（1916）.1. The Four Million 《四百万》（Probably his best volume is The Four Million.百万》可能是他最好的小说集）2. An Unfinished Story 《未完成的故事》3. A Retrieved Reformation 《旧知》4. The Gift of the Magi 《麦琪的礼物》5. A Municipal Report 《市政报告》6. Phoebe《月亮女神》7. A Lickpenny Lover《吝啬爱人》8. The Furnished Room《装饰过的房间》Chapter 23Henry James （亨利.詹姆斯）1. Watch and Ward《观察和守护》（his first novel ）2. Roderick Hudson《罗德里克.赫德森》（1875）《四Some of his best3. The American《美国人》（1877）4. Daisy Miller 《黛西.米勒》（1878）5. The Portrait of a Lady 《一个贵妇人的画像》（1881）6. The Bostonians《波士顿人》（1886）7. The Princess Casamassima《卡萨玛西玛公主》（1886）8. The Tragic Muse《悲惨的缪斯》（1890）9. The Wings of the Dove 《鸽翼》（1902）10. The Ambassadors《大使》（1903）11. The Golden Bowl《金碗》（1904）Chapter 24Jack Lon don （杰克.伦敦）1. The People of the Abyss 《深渊中的人们》（1903）2. The Iron Heel 《铁蹄》（1908）3. The War of the Classes 《阶级的斗争》（1905）4. Revolution 《革命》（1910）5. The Call of the Wild 《荒野的呼唤》（1903）6. The Sea Wolf《海狼》（1904）His most popular novels 他最受欢7. The Son of the Wolf 《狼子》（1900）（his first collection of stories 他的第一本故事集）8. White Fa ng《白牙》（1906）9. The Law of Life 《生活的法则》Theodore Dreiser （西奥多.德莱塞s e）1. Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》（1900）2. Nigger Jeff 《尼吉尔.杰夫》3. Butcher Bogaum' s Daughter《巴塞尔.洛格劳的女儿》4. Jannie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》（1911）（that marked his turn to writing as a full-timecareer这本作品是他走上专职作家创作道路的标志5. The Financier 《金融家》（1912）6. The Tian《巨人》（1914）_ 、7. The Stoic《斯多葛》（1947）“ Trilogy of Desire ”这三部作品并称8. The “ Genius”《天才》（1915）9. An American Tragedy《美国悲剧》（1925）（Dreiser ' s greatest and most successfulnovel德莱塞最为辉煌、最为成功的小说10. Dreiser Looks at Russia 《德莱塞访苏印象记》（1927）Part V Twen tieth-Ce ntury Literature （二十世纪文学）Chapter 26Ezra Pou nd （埃兹拉.庞德）1. Waste La nd《荒原》（1922）2. Homage to Sextus Propertius 《向赛克斯图.普罗佩提多斯致敬》3. Personae《人物》或《人格面具》（a volume诗集）4. The Cantos《诗章》（1917）The Pisan Canto《比萨诗章》（1948）Rock-Dill 《石锯》（1955）5. A Virgi nal《处女无暇》6. Salutation the Seco nd 《再次致意》7. A Pact《合同》8. In a Station of the Metro 《在地铁车站》9. The River-Merchant ' s Wife: A Letter 《长干行》Chapter 27Edwin Arlington Robinson （埃德温.阿林顿.杰克逊）1. The House on the Hill 《山上的古屋》2. Richard Cory《查理.珂理》3. Mi niver Cheevy《米尼弗契维》were good examples of his realistic4. Tilbury Town《蒂尔伯里小镇》5. Captain Craig 《克雷格舰长》（1904）6. Merlin《默林》7. Lancelot《兰斯洛特》8. Tristram 《特拉斯特拉姆》Chapter 28Robert Froster （罗伯特.弗洛斯特）1. A Boy' s Will《少年的心愿》（1913）2. North of Boston 《波士顿以北》（1914）3. Mountain Interval 《山间洼地》（1916）4. New Hampshire《新罕布什尔》（1923）5. West-Running Brook《西流的溪涧》（1928）6. A Further Range《又一片牧场》（1936）7. A Witness Trees 《见证树》（1942）8. Steeple Bush《绒毛绣线菊》（1947）9. In the Clearing 《空旷地》（1962）10. After Apple-Picking 《摘苹果之后》11. The Road Not Taken《没有走的路》12. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 《雪夜林边小立》13. Departmental《职责分明，各管各的》14. Design《天意》Carl Sa ndburg （卡尔.桑德堡）1. Chicago《芝加哥》（1914）2. Chicago Poem《芝加哥诗集》（1916）3. Cornhuskers《剥玉米的人》（1918）4. Smoke and Steel《烟与钢》（1920）5. Slabs of the Sunburnt West 《大峡谷石壁夕照》（1922）6. Cool Tombs《冰冷的墓》7. Flash Crimson《闪烁的深红》8. The American Songbag《美国歌谣汇编》（1927）9. The People, Yes 《人民，是的》（1936）10. Rootabaga Stories 《路特拜故事集》11. Steichen the Photographer 《摄影家斯泰肯》（1929）12. Marry Lincoln 《玛丽.林肯》（1932）13. Abraham Lincoln《阿伯拉罕.林肯》（His major works in prose 他的散文代表作）It beg in with two-volume The Prairie Year （1926）cul min ati ng in The War Years （1939）该书开头部分是1926年出版的两卷本《大草原岁月》，高潮部分则是1939年出版的四卷本《战争岁月》14. The Prairie Year 《大草原岁月》（1926）15. The War Years《战争岁月》（1939）（won the Pulitzer Prize in 1940 ）16. The Harbor《港湾》17. Fog《雾》18. Cool Tombs《冰冷的墓》19. Flash Crims on《闪烁的深红》.斯蒂文斯）1. Harmonium《风琴》（1923）2. Ideas of Order 《关于秩序的思想》（1935）3. The Man with the Blue Guitar 《带蓝吉他的人》（1937）4. Parts of a World 《世界的各个部分》（1942）5. Transport to Summer 《入夏》（1947）6. The Auroras of Autumn 《秋天的曙光》（1950）7. The Necessary Angle 《必要的天使》（1951）8. Collected Poem《诗歌合集》（1954）9. Opus Posthumous《遗着》（1957）10. Letters 《书信集》（1966）11. Sun day Morni ng《星期日早晨》12. Peter Quinee the Clavier 《彼得.昆士弹琴》13. Anecdote of the Jar 《坛子的轶事》14. The Emperor of Ice-Cream 《冰淇淋皇帝》Chapter 31T. S. Eliot （托马斯.斯特恩斯.艾略特）1. Prufrock and Other Observations 《普鲁弗洛克及其他一些观察》（his first book of poems2. Gerontion《小老头》3. The Sacred Wood《圣林》（1920）4. Traditi on al a nd the In dividual Tale nt 《传统与个人天才》5. The Waste Land《荒原》（1922）6. The Hollow Men《空心人》（1925）7. Ash-Wednesday《圣灰星期三》（1930）8. Four Quartets 《四个四重奏》（1936-1942；1943）9. Homage to John Dryden《向德莱顿致敬》（1924）10. For Lancelot Andrewes 《致兰斯洛特.安德鲁斯》（1928）11. Sweeney Agonistes《斯威尼的论战》12. Marina《玛丽娜》（1930：Chapter 32Chapter 33Chapter 34Chapter 35。