Investigation of the semi-active electromagnetic damper
心理学专业英语
《心理学专业英语》教学大纲王国芳编写应用心理学专业课程教学大纲958 目录前言 (960)chapter 1 PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY (961)1.1 Approaches to psychology (961)1.2 Controversies in psychology (963)1.3 Ethical issues in psychology (964)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (964)Extension readings: (964)Chapter 2 RESEARCH METHODS (965)2. What do psychologists investigate? (965)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (967)Extension readings: (967)Chapter3 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (968)3.1 Perception (968)3.2 Attention (969)3.3 Memory (969)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (971)Extension readings: (971)Chapter 4 Developmental Psychology (972)4.1 Early socialization (972)4.2 Cognitive development (973)4.3 Later Socialisation (974)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (975)Extension readings: (975)Chapter5 Social Psychology (976)5.1 Social influence (976)5.2 Pro- and anti- social behaviour (977)5.3 Social relationships (978)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (979)Extension readings: (979)Chapter 6 Comparative Psychology (980)6.1 Reproductive Strategies (980)6.2 Kinship and social behaviour (981)6.3 Behaviour analysis (982)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (982)Extension readings: (983)Chapter7 Biopsychology (984)7.1 Cortical functions (984)7.2 Awareness (985)7.3 Motivation and emotion (986)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (987)心理学专业英语Extension readings: (987)Chapter8 Abnormal psychology (988)8.1 Conceptions of abnormality (988)8.2 Psychopathologies (989)8.3 Therapeutic approaches (990)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (991)Extension readings: (991)959应用心理学专业课程教学大纲960前言《心理学专业英语》是应用心理学专业的一门专业方向必修课，授课时间为一个学期 36 学时，修 2 学分。
吉林省长春市东北师范大学附属中学2023-2024学年高三上学期第三次摸底考试英语试卷
2023-2024学年上学期东北师大附中（英语）科试卷高三年级第三次摸底考试考试时长：120分钟试卷分值：150分注意事项：1. 答题前，考生须将自己的姓名、班级、考场/座位号填写在答题卡指定位置上，并粘贴条形码。
2. 回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案标号。
3. 回答非选择题时，请使用0. 5毫米黑色字迹签字笔将答案写在答题卡各题目的答题区域内，超出答题区域或在草稿纸、本试题卷上书写的答案无效。
4. 保持卡面清洁，不要折叠、不要弄皱、弄破，不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。
第一部分听力（1-20小题）在笔试结束后进行。
第二部分阅读（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2. 5分，满分37. 5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
ADear Tommy,I am Ole Orvér, Finnair’s chief commercial officer. It’s my pleasure to warmly welcome you back to the skies with Finnair. I’d like to reflect on some of the developments that we hope you find exciting and helpful:·This summer season you can fly with Finnair to over 70 European and five US destinations. In Asia, we serve eight cities, including Guangzhou and newly added Mumbai starting 6 August. We operate over 300 daily flights and I’m excited about the addition of Seattle and Dallas to our US network.·Travel is recovering everywhere, and airports around the world are working hard to manage increased traffic volumes. It is a good idea to reserve some extra time at the airport before your flight. We are doing our very best together with our partners both at Helsinki and in our outstations to offer you a smooth travel experience during this popular travel season.·You are again able to offset flight carbon emissions (碳补偿), this time with a service that combines sustainable aviation (航空) fuel and certified climate projects. We at Finnair have ambitious emissions targets and our customers wish for a simple and transparent way to contribute.·Finnair Plus turned 30 in May. We are committed to developing the programme further to serve you in the best possible way. To make your flight bookings smoother, we recently upgraded the experience of booking award flights in the Finnair app.Finally, I’d like to thank you for your patience when we haven’t got things quite right. Wherever you’re travelling in the next few months, I hope it’s memorable. Thank you for flying Finnair.Kind Regards,Ole Orvér21. Which city is a new addition to the Finnair’s Asian network?A. Guangzhou.B. Mumbai.C. Seattle.D. Dallas.22. What is Finnair doing to help the environment?A. Launching a climate project.B. Developing sustainable fuels.C. Donating to a green programme.D. Offering a carbon offset service.23. Why does Finnair write this letter to Tommy?A. To express sincere gratitude.B. To introduce new routes.C. To apologize for bad service.D. To keep a regular customer.BI’m a talker. I’m into debating, gossiping and teasing. I solve problems by talking them through. This works perfectly well when I have people to talk to. Under lockdown, however, I’ve only had my partner, Peter. We not only lived, worked and traveled together, but mostly socialized together, too. Under the first UK lockdown, our constant closeness began to feel uncomfortable.For the first time in our 10 years together, we needed to be alone. I tried to manufacture this by going on walks on my own, but a short walk in the local park wasn’t doing the job. I considered my options and hit upon an idea: the semi-solo hike. Could we do a circular hike but walk in different directions? This would give us the space and peace of a solo hike. It felt like a promising compromise, so I told him about it. He thought it was thoroughly silly but agreed to give it a try.We started with a four-mile loop(环形) from Reeth. At the start, we parted ways. At first, I was aware of how close we were, which lessened the appeal Walking alone offers freedom and alone time, but here I was with my boyfriend nearby. As I gained ground, however, I found myself very much alone. I set my own pace, and I decided to take my time.I sat on a rock and breathed out. That moment —with the weak sun through the clouds and the breeze blowing across makeshift pools —felt extraordinary to me. I was born and raised in London and had never imagined leaving until I met an outdoorsman. Now, my former life as a city girl felt crazy. Realizing what I had gained, I felt the tension leave me. There, in the chilly air, I no longer needed to talk. The semi-solo hike gave us a shared experience with added room to breathe. I didn’t see Peter on route but reunited back where we started, both of us sheepish (难为情的) but pleased. The semi-solo hike is admittedly silly in theory, but for me it has been a lifeline. It has given me the gift of time alone and, in a year of constant closeness, the joy of reuniting.24. Why did the author decide to do a semi-solo hike?A. To get rid of the lockdown.B. To find some individual space.C. To meet more people to socialize.D. To seek the pleasure of reuniting.25. How did the author feel at the beginning of the hike?A. Curious.B. Thrilled.C. Unsatisfied.D. Relaxed.26. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A. Interest is the best teacher.B. Exercise helps increase confidence.C. Living in the city limits our imagination.D. An appropriate distance creates happiness.27. What is the best title for the text?A. Hiking TogetherB. Spending Time ApartC. Taking Exercise AloneD. Reuniting with My PartnerCWith an abundance of sun and wind, Spain is positioning itself as Europe’s future leader in green hydrogen production to clean up heavy industries. But some energy experts express caution because this process relies on massive availability of zero-carbon electivity.Green hydrogen is created when renewable energy sources power an electrical current that runs through water, separating its hydrogen and oxygen molecules (分子). The process doesn’t produce planet-warming carbon dioxide, but less than 0. 1% of global hydrogen production is currently created in this way.The separated hydrogen can be used in the production of steel, ammonia (氨) and chemical products, all of which require industrial processes that are harder to stop fossil fuels. Hydrogen also can be used as a transportation fuel, which could one day transform the highly polluting shipping and aviation sectors.Spain’s large, windswept and thinly populated territory receives more than 2, 500 hours of sunshine on average per year, providing ideal conditions for wind and solar energy, and therefore green hydrogen production.“If you look at where hydrogen is going to be produced in Europe in the next million years, it’s in two countries, Spain and Portugal,” said Thierry Lepercq, the founder and president of HyDeal Ambition, an industry platform bringing together 30 companies. “Hydrogen is the new oil.”Lepercq is working with companies like Spanish gas pipeline corporation Enagas and global steel giant ArcelorMittal to design an end-to-end model for hydrogen production, distribution and supply at a competitive price. Criticism has centered on green hydrogen’s higher cost compared with highly-polluting “gray hydrogen” drawn from natural gas. Lepercq argues that solar energy produced in Spain is priced low enough to compete.Globally, Lepercq said, “Electricity is 20% of energy consumption. What about the 80% that is not electrified? ... You need to replace those fossil fuels. Not in 50 years’ time. You need to replace them now.”28. Why are some experts cautious about green hydrogen production in Spain?A. It needs large amounts of sun and wind.B. It has an effect on heavy industries.C. It causes conflicts among countries.D. It uses lots of zero-carbon electricity.29. What is the advantage of green hydrogen production in Spain?A. Ideal geographical conditions.B. The support from government.C. Hydrogen production technology.D. Well-developed public transports.30. What can be inferred about green hydrogen in Spain according to Lepercq?A. It is highly priced.B. It is easy to store.C. It is competitive.D. It is highly-polluting.31. What is the passage mainly about?A. Spain manages to use zero-carbon electricity.B. Spain struggles to lead EU in heavy industry.C. Spain takes the lead in preventing air pollution.D. Spain replaces fossil fuel with green hydrogen.DSearch “toxic parents”, and you’ll find more than 38, 000 posts, largely urging young adults to cut ties with their families. The idea is to safeguard one’s mental health from abusive parents. However, as a psychoanalyst (精神分析学家), I’ve seen that trend in recent years becomes a way to manage conflicts in the family, and I have seen the severe impacts estrangement(疏远) has on both sides of the divide. This is a self-help trend that creates much harm.“Canceling” your parent can be seen as an extension of a cultural trend aimed at correcting imbalances in power and systemic inequality. Today’s social justice values respond to this reality, calling on us to criticize oppressive and harmful figures and to gain power for those who have been powerless. But when adult children use the most effective tool they have —themselves —to gain a sense of security and ban their parents from their lives, the roles are simply switched, and the pain only deepens.Often, what I see in my practice are cases of family conflict mismanaged, power dynamics turned upside down rather than negotiated. I see the terrible effect of that trend: situations with no winners, only isolated humans who long to be known and feel safe in the presence of the other.The catch is that after estrangement, adult children are not suddenly less dependent. In fact, they feel abandoned and betrayed, because in the unconscious, it doesn’t matter who is doing the leaving; the feeling that remains is “being left”. They carry the ghosts of their childhood, tackling the emotional reality that those who raised us can never truly be left behind, no matter how hard we try.What I have found is that most of these families need repair, not permanent break-up How can one learn how to negotiate needs, to create boundaries and to trust? How can we love others, and ourselves, if not through accepting the limitations that come with being human? Good relationships are the result not of a perfect level of harmony but rather of successful adjustments.To pursue dialogue instead of estrangement will be hard and painful work. It can’t be a single project of “self-help”, because at the end of the day, real intimacy (亲密关系) is achieved by working through the injuries of the past together. In most cases of family conflict, repair is possible and preferable to estrangement —and it’s worth the work.32. Why do young people cut ties with the family?A. To gain an independent life.B. To restore harmony in the family.C. To protect their psychological well-being.D. To follow a tendency towards social justice.33. What does the underlined word “catch” in Paragraph 4 mean?A. Response.B. Problem.C. Operation.D. Emphasis.34. To manage family conflict, the author agrees that young adults should ________.A. break down boundariesB. gain power within the familyC. live up to their parents’ expectationsD. accept imperfection of family members35. What’s the author’s purpose of writing the passage?A. To advocate a self-help trend.B. To justify a common social value.C. To argue against a current practice.D. To discuss a means of communication.第二节（共5小题；每小题2. 5分，满分12. 5分）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
冻干检查指南(中英文对照)
GUIDE TO INSPECTIONS OFLYOPHILIZATION OF PARENTERALSNote: This document is reference material for investigators and other FDA personnel. The document does not bind FDA, and does no confer any rights, privileges, benefits, or immunities for or on any person(s).INTRODUCTIONLyophilization or freeze drying is a process in which water is removed from a product after it is frozen and placed under a vacuum, allowing the ice to change directly from solid to vapor without passing through a liquid phase. The process consists of three separate, unique, and interdependent processes; freezing, primary drying (sublimation), and secondary drying (desorption).冻干是将产品置于冷冻和真空的状态下，除去水分的过程。
在这个过程中冰有固态直接变为水蒸汽，而不经过液态。
这个过程由三个独立的分开的又相互影响的过程组成。
冷冻、主干燥（生化）和二次干燥（解吸附）。
The advantages of lyophilization include:冻干的优点：Ease of processing a liquid, which simplifies aseptic handling简单的液体过程，无菌处理简单。
反垄断法(中英文对照)
中华人民共和国反垄断法Anti-Monopoly Law of the People'sRepublic of ChinaEnglish Version 中文版发文日期：2007-08-30有效范围：全国发文机关：全国人民代表大会常务委员会文号：主席令[2007]第68号时效性：现行有效生效日期：2008-08-01所属分类：反垄断法（市场竞争法->反垄断法）Promulgation Date：08-30-2007 Effective Region：NATIONAL Promulgator： the Standing Committee of the National People's CongressDocument No：Order of the President [2007] No. 68 Effectiveness：Effective Effective Date：08-01-2008 Category：Anti－Monopoly Law （Market Competition Law->Anti－Monopoly Law）中华人民共和国反垄断法Anti-Monopoly Law of the People'sRepublic of China主席令[2007]第68号Order of the President [2007] No. 68 2007年8月30日August 30, 2007《中华人民共和国反垄断法》已由中华人民共和国第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十九次会议于2007年8月30日通过，现予公布，自2008年8月1日起施行。
中华人民共和国主席胡锦涛The Anti-Monopoly Law of the People's Republic of China was adopted by the 29th session of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's Congress on August 30, 2007 and is hereby promulgated. It shall go into effect as of August 1, 2008.President of the People's Republic of China: Hu Jintao附件：中华人民共和国反垄断法Attachment: Anti-Monopoly Law of thePeople's Republic of China（2007年8月30日第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十九次会议通过）(Adopted by the by the 29th session of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's Congress on August 30, 2007)目录第一章总则第二章垄断协议第三章滥用市场支配地位第四章经营者集中第五章滥用行政权力排除、限制竞争第六章对涉嫌垄断行为的调查第七章法律责任第八章附则CONTENTSCHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS CHAPTER II MONOPOLY AGREEMENTS CHAPTER III ABUSE OF DOMINANT MARKET POSITIONCHAPTER IV OPERATOR CONSOLIDATION CHAPTER V ABUSE OF ADMINSTATIVE AUTHORITY TO ELIMINATE OR RESTRICT COMPETITIONCHAPTER VI INVESTIGATION OF SUSPECTED MONOPOLISTIC PRACTICES CHAPTER VII LEGAL LIABILITIES CHAPTER VIII SUPPELENTARY PROVISIONS第一章总则CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS第一条为了预防和制止垄断行为，保护市场公平竞争，提高经济运行效率，维护消费者利益和社会公共利益，促进社会主义市场经济健康发展，制定本法。
CNTsZIF8新型复合材料的制备及其电化学传感应用
CNTs/ZIF8新型复合材料的制备及其电化学传感应用专业：应用化工技术学号：╳╳╳姓名：╳╳╳指导教师：╳╳╳摘要：本实验利用浓硫酸和浓硝酸混合酸对碳纳米管进行酸化处理，使其表面接枝上羧基和羟基活性基团，并通过水热法制备出C NTs/ZIF 8。
将其超声分散于乙醇溶液中之后滴于打磨好的裸碳玻璃电极之上，红外烘干之后再滴加Nafion烘干制成材料电极。
用三电极体系测试过氧化氢，此方法快速而简便。
在常温常压下检测CNT和CNT/ZIF8对过氧化氢的催化氧化行为和灵敏度，结果未检测到氧化还原峰。
关键词：沸石咪唑酯骨架材料，有机金属框架化合物，过氧化氢检测，循环伏安法1.引言H2O2是过氧化酶参与的酶促反应产物，它的测定对药物、食品和环境分析等具有重要意义。
过氧化氢俗称双氧水，分为了军用、医用和工业用三种。
日常消毒的是医用双氧水，医用双氧水可杀灭化脓性球菌、肠道致病菌，一般都用于物体表面的消毒。
过氧化氢给我带来的不仅仅是便利，其实它本身是具有毒性的，如果不慎吸入或接触高浓度双氧水会对我们的身体造成一定的伤害。
过氧化氢溶液，为无色无味的液体，添加入食品中可分解放出氧，起到了除臭、防腐和漂白等作用。
不法商家利用它的这些特性将一些变质、腐坏的原料浸泡高浓度双氧水漂白后，再添加一些人工色素或亚硝酸盐发色之后出售，过氧化氢可以通过与食品中的淀粉形成环氧化物而导致癌性，特别是消化道癌症。
因此，能快速、便捷检测出过氧化氢对我们的日常生活非常有必要。
目前，检测H2O2的方法有滴定法、色谱法、电化学法、化学发光法、分光光度法等，其中电化学法由于具有快速而稳定的响应信号，良好的线性范围，较高的灵敏度而被广泛的研究[1]。
用作电化学检测双氧水的材料有很多，现在用得比较多而且比较方便、便捷的是碳纳米材料及其改性材料。
由于CNT具有良好的导电性、催化活性和较大的比表面积，尤其对过电位的大大降低及对部分氧化还原蛋白质的直接电子转移现象，因此被广泛用于修饰电极的研究[9~11]。
车辆侧倾、侧翻主动控制(vehicle rollover, roll prevention, active rollover control)
Key words: vehicle rollover, roll prevention, roll control.(Cebon D., Lin, Sampson, Winkler, Stone, E.J., Yoon)Solmaz S. et al. [1] present a robust PI controller for vehicle rollover prevention utilizing active steering of mechatronic-angle superposition type. A linearized bicycle model with a roll degree of freedom is built. Considering the roll dynamics, an exact expression for the vehicle load transfer ratio (LTR) is put forward. Simulation shows that the proposed approach works well.But more work needs to be done. The methodology shall be extended to include differential braking, active suspension and combinations thereof to refine rollover prevention strategy, and analyze the resulting control allocation problem. More about rollover prevention system can be found in reference by Pancake, Corless and Brockman.Sampson, D. J. M. et al. [2] discuss a general purpose numerical model, suitable for simulating the yaw-roll behavior of torsionally fexible heavy goods vehicles with an arbitrary arrangement of vehicle units. A single-unit vehicle model with six degree of freedom can be found in [3] and [4] and multiple-unit vehicle model in [5].Miege et al. [6] present a novel computer-controlled experimental vehicle with mechanical and hydraulic hardware of the active anti-roll system which is developed to investigate the benefits of active roll control for heavy vehicle and the distributed control architecture is detailed. A simple roll-plane model is developed and used to design a controller based on lateral acceleration feedback. Power requirements are also considered in the study. ( pay attention to the reference)Stone et al. [7] discussed the full roll-in (FRI)strategy and steer acceleration control strategy and then developed a ‘modal control strategy’ to increase the critical lateral acceleration while not increasing LTR at other points in a semi-active anti-roll system with a yaw/ roll model of nine degree of freedom.The modal control strategy is able to avoid increasing LTR if the vehicle deviates from its expected course. However, there are some rare circumstances where it is unable to avoid increasing LTR.Goldman et al. [8] present a review of literature pertaining to vehicular rollover. First it introduces dynamics of rollover of simple rigid model and compliant suspension model. Then it comes the articulate and non-articulate vehicles including dynamics and stability metrics. At last, warning system/predicting rollover is introduced.Yoon et al. [9] proposed a rollover index (RI) based on estimated roll angle, estimated roll rate and measured lateral acceleration using phase plane analysis. A three-degree-of freedom model is built to design the roll state estimator to determine the RI which designs the control threshold and vehicle stability control (VSC).Yim et al. [10] present a method for the design of a controller for rollover prevention using active suspension which is designed with linear quadratic static output feedback control methodology an and ESP. Active suspension is uses to attenuate the lateral acceleration while ESP to overcome the drawback that active suspension results in over-steer andloss of maneuverability.In reference [11], the authors design an ARC-based rear air suspension designed using multi-body dynamics models linked with the ARC algorithm for a heavy commercial vehicle which doesn’t require additional power for control. The control mode of ARB is determined by the rollover index which can indicate the danger of rollover based on the wheel lift threshold.Reference[1] Solmaz S., Corless M., Shorten R., A methodology for the designof robust rollover prevention controllers for automotive vehicles with active steering, Source: International Journal of Control, vol. 80, no. 11, p. 1763-1779, November 2007.[2] Sampson, D. J. M. and Cebon D., Achievable roll stability of heavyroad vehicles, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, vol. 217, no. 4, p. 269- 287, 2003.[3] Lin, R. C. An investigation of active roll control for heavy vehiclesuspensions. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, 1994.[4] Segel, L. Theoretical prediction and experimental substantiation ofthe response of an automobile to steering control. Proc. Instn Mech.Engrs, Automotive Div ision, 1956–57, pp. 310–330.[5] Sampson, D. J. M. Active roll control of articulated heavy vehicles.PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, 2000.[6] Miege, A.J.P. and Cebon, D., Active roll control of an experimentalarticulated vehicle, Source: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, vol. 219, no. 6, p. 791-806, June 2005.[7] Stone, E.J. and Cebon D., Control of semi-active anti-roll systemson heavy vehicles, Vehicle System Dynamics, vol. 48, no. 10, p.1215-1243, October 2010.[8] Goldman, R.W., El-Gindy, M. and Kulakowski, B.T., Rolloverdynamics of road vehicles, Heavy Vehicle Systems, vol. 8, no. 2, p.103-141, 2001.[9] Yoon Jangyeol, Kim Dongshin and Yi Kyongsu, Design of arollover index-based vehicle stability control scheme, User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, vol. 45, no. 5, p. 459-475, May 2007, A VEC'06: 8th International Symposium on Advanced Vehicle Control.[10] Yim S, Park Y and Yi K, Design of active suspension and electronicstability program for rollover prevention, International Journal of Automotive Technology, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 147-153, April 2010. [11]Ryu, Y.I., Kang, D.O., Heo, S.J. and In, J.H., International Journal ofAutomotive Technology, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 283-287, April 2010.。
汉英翻译中的重复问题探究
汉英翻译中的重复问题探究付迎雪【摘要】Repetition was an important means of cohesion in Chinese which possesses plenty of reduplication words .This feature of Chi-nese is closely connected with the phonetic characteristics of the Chinese language and thinking patterns of the Chinese people .In con-trast, substitution serves as the main vehicle for cohesion in English and repetition is on the whole utilized for the purposes of empha -sis, clarity and rhetoric.Apart from"explicit repetitions", there are abundant implicit repetitions in Chinese .If this distinction is neg-lected, redundancy will appear in C-E translation, especially when the deep meaning of the Chinese source text is not considered thor-oughly, reducing readability of the translation .This article explores the differences and causes in the employment of repetition in Eng -lish and Chinese and suggests possible ways to deal with this difference in C -E translation.%重复在汉语中是一种重要的语篇衔接手段，除此之外汉语还有着丰富的叠词。
半主动空气悬架的非线性特性及控制算法研究
153第2期2021年2月机械设计与制造Machinery Design & Manufacture半主动空气悬架的非线性特性及控制算法研究元艳玲,樊祺超，范 英,秦维新（太原科技大学交通与物流学院，山西太原030024）摘要:在分析空气弹簧刚度特性的基础上，建立了阻尼可调半主动空气悬架1/4车模型。
针对系统的非线性特性强的特点，同时兼顾平顺性和操纵稳定性,选取理想的混合天地棚控制器作为参考跟踪模型,设计滑模变结构控制器，以弥补传 统控制理论处理非线性问题时的不足。
运用广义误差方程控制滑动模态，确定切换面参数，选择趋近律削减抖振现象并推导出实时等效控制力有效跟踪混合天地棚参考模型。
最后通过仿真验证滑模控制算法，并与传统的Fuzzy-PID 算法和混合天地棚算法进行对比分析。
结果表明，该控制器能有效跟踪参考模型，同时改善悬架的操纵稳定性和舒适性,并表现 出良好的鲁棒性。
关键词:半主动空气悬架;混合天地棚控制;滑膜控制算法;Fuzzy-PID 算法中图分类号:TH16；U463.33+4.2 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1001-3997(2021 )02-0153-04Research on Characteristics and Control Algorithms of the Semi-ActiveAir Suspension Based on Nonlinear Vibration ModelYUAN Yan-ling, FAN Qi-chao, FAN Ying, QIN Wei-xin(School of Transportation and Logistics, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Shanxi Taiyuan 030024, China)Abstract ： On the basis of the analysis of the stiffness characteristics of the car suspension,the 1/4 vehicle of semi —active airsuspension mathematical model with damping adjustable was established.In view of the strong nonlinear characteristics of the system, the basic idea was to take a control algorithm of mixed sky-hook, damping model as a reference model balancing ridecomfort and handling stability ,this system was designed with the sliding mode variable structure control method to improve the shortcomings of t raditional control theory used, in the previous treatment of nonlinear problems.Simulation experiments verifiedthe effect of algorithm about sliding mode and Fuzzy-PID on vehicle ride comfort ,the results of the simulation showed that thesynovium controller acted on nonlinear air suspension with good robustness stability and tracking,it improved not only the smoothness of the damping adjustable semi-active air suspension, but also improved the control stability and driving sc^ety ofthe suspension.Key Words : Semi-Active Air Suspension ； Mixed SkyUook Damping Control; Sliding Mode Control; Fuzzy-TID Control1引言半主动空气悬架相比传统悬架，其固有频率低濒域变化范 围小，车辆行驶过程中车身高度保持不变，其刚度变化呈“S ”型，非线性特性表现明显，可以有效的降低车轮动载荷冋。
半主动悬架的自适应滑模控制算法研究
半主动悬架的自适应滑模控制算法研究摘要：本研究聚焦于半主动悬架的自适应滑模控制算法，旨在通过深入的理论分析和实验验证，提升车辆行驶的平顺性和稳定性。
半主动悬架作为一种先进的汽车悬架系统，能够通过传感器感知路面状况和车身姿态，实时调节阻尼参数，从而优化车辆性能。
而自适应滑模控制算法的应用，则能进一步提升半主动悬架的性能表现。
我们提出了一种基于改进的理想天棚系统的自适应滑模变结构控制算法。
该算法的核心在于在实际被控系统和参考模型之间的误差动力学系统中产生渐进稳定的滑模运动。
通过李雅普诺夫稳定性原理，我们证明了所设计的滑模控制算法的稳定性。
以某重型车辆为例进行的MATLAB 仿真结果显示，与传统被动悬架和最优控制相比，自适应滑模控制器能够显著改善车辆的平顺性，并对模型参数的不确定性和外界扰动展现出良好的适应性和鲁棒性。
滑模控制算法也存在抖振问题，这也是未来研究需要重点关注的方向。
为了解决这一问题，我们探讨了各种削弱抖振的方案，并在实验验证中观察到滑模控制的抖振现象相对较小，这表明所设计的滑模控制器能够很好地改善悬架性能，达到预期效果。
我们还研究了轮胎阻尼对悬架系统性能的影响，提出了一种考虑轮胎非线性阻尼的四分之一车模型。
通过在不同路面条件下的仿真分析，我们深入探讨了滑模控制和天棚控制在不同车速和路面频率下的性能表现。
本研究为半主动悬架的自适应滑模控制算法提供了深入的理论和实验支持，为进一步提升汽车行驶性能提供了新的思路和方法。
滑模控制的抖振问题仍需进一步研究和完善，以适应更复杂的道路和驾驶条件。
Abstract：This study focuses on the adaptive sliding mode control algorithm of semi-active suspension, aiming to improve the smoothness and stability of vehicle driving throughin-depth theoretical analysis and experimental verification. As an advanced automotive suspension system, semi-active suspension can perceive road conditions and body posture through sensors, adjust damping parameters in real time, and optimize vehicle performance. The application of adaptive sliding mode control algorithm can further improve the performance of semi-active suspension. We propose an adaptive sliding mode variable structure control algorithm based on an improved ideal ceiling system. The core of this algorithm lies in generating asymptotically stable sliding mode motion in the error dynamics system between the actual controlled system and the reference model. We have demonstrated the stability of thedesigned sliding mode control algorithm through the Lyapunov stability principle. The MATLAB simulation results using a heavy vehicle as an example show that compared with traditional passive suspension and optimal control, the adaptive sliding mode controller can significantly improve the smoothness of the vehicle, and demonstrate good adaptability and robustness to the uncertainty of model parameters and external disturbances. The sliding mode control algorithm also has the problem of chattering, which is also a focus of future research. To address this issue, we have explored various solutions to reduce chattering and observed in experimental verification that the chattering phenomenon of sliding mode control is relatively small. This indicates that the designed sliding mode controller can effectively improve suspension performance and achieve the expected results. We also studied the effect of tire damping on suspension system performance and proposed a quarter car model that considers tire nonlinear damping. Through simulation analysis under different road conditions, we delved into the performance of sliding mode control and canopy controlunder different vehicle speeds and road frequencies. This study provides in-depth theoretical and experimental support for the adaptive sliding mode control algorithm of semi-active suspension, and provides new ideas and methods for further improving the driving performance of automobiles. The chattering problem of sliding mode control still needs further research and improvement to adapt to more complex road and driving conditions.一、概述随着汽车工业的不断发展，对车辆行驶平顺性和稳定性的要求也在日益提高。
材料科学与工程专业英语单词
abrade磨损abrasives研磨机acicular针状的activator催化剂additive添加剂adhesive粘合剂aerospace航空宇宙agglomerates团聚体alchemy乙醛alternative选择性的aluminium铝aluminosilicate铝硅酸盐amber琥珀amorphous无定性的angstrom埃anhydride酸酐anisotropic各向异性anneal退火anode阳极anodising阳极化apatite磷灰石aqueous chemistry液相化学aroma compound芳香族化合物astronomy天文学astrophysics天文物理学asymmetric不对称的austenitic奥氏体的bactericidal properties 杀菌性能bakeware 烘焙用具ballast 压舱物，沙囊beryllium 铍binary 二进位的，二元的bioassimilation 生物同化作用biodegradability 生物降解能力biomass 生物的数量，生物质、biomimetics 仿生学bioplast 原生体biopolymer 生物高聚物biosensor 生物传感器blade 刀刃，刀片blend 混合block copolymer 嵌段共聚物body fluids 体液boron 硼brittle 易碎的，脆性的bulk material 体相材料calcium hydroxyapatite胶原羟基磷灰石cancellous多孔的capacitor离散的carbide 碳化物carbon dioxide二氧化碳carboxylic acid羧酸cast 铸件cast浇铸castor oil蓖麻油catastrophic悲惨的cathode阴极cation正离子cellulose纤维素cementation黏固作用ceramic陶器的chromium铬cleaving裂开cluster丛生coalesce合并cobalt钴collagen形态colloid 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巨大分子，高分子macroscopical宏观的，肉眼可见的magnetic有磁性的magnetic memory 磁存储器magnetoresistive effect 磁阻效应make advantage of利用malleability 可锻性，延展性malleable 有延展性的，可锻的marine turbine 船用汽轮机matrix.矩阵matrix material 基质材料mediate仲裁，调停memory存储器metalloid非金属；a.非金属的metallurgist冶金家，冶金学者metallurgy冶金，冶金术metalworking 属加工术，金属工methacrylate异丁烯酸盐microbe微生物，细菌microprocessor微处理器microstructure 微观结构，显微结构minic 模仿molten 熔化；a.熔铸的molybdenum 钼moment力矩monoclinic单斜的monolayer单层mould模具nannocomposite纳米复合的nanobiotechnolgy纳米生物技术nanoelectronics光电技术nanoonion纳米葱nanorod纳米管nanotubeconjugated纳米管共轭的negative底片niobium铌noble贵族nucleosynthesis核聚变nucleotide核苷numismatics古币nylon尼龙oleic acid 油酸on the verge of 接近于optimum 最适宜ore 矿石orientation 方向orthogonal 正交的orthopedic 整形外科的orthotropic 正交各向异性的oxidation 氧化oxide 氧化物oxidize 氧化，生锈percolation 过滤permeability 渗透性，磁导率peroxidation 过氧化反应persistence 坚持，持续petrochemical 石化的；石化产品phenol 苯酚photoresist 光阻材料physical law 物理法则physiological 生理的piezoelectric 压电的pin 将~用针别住，钉住pin 将~用针别住，钉住pitting 蚀损斑plasma etching 等离子腐蚀plasma 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EDI对于去除太空用水中弱电解质_氨的研究
图 3 在不同电流下进水总氨与产品水总氨的关系 F ig .3 To tal ammonia contents of influent vs .that
of effluent under different electric current
由图 3 可见 , 进水总氨的质量浓度达到 208.3 mg/ L 的时候 , 经过 EDI 一级处理 , 在运行电流强度 为 4 .4 ～ 4 .8 A 时 , 产品水的总氨质量浓度为 0 .127 ～ 0 .081 mg/ L , 达到了太空用水产品水的总氨质量 浓度低于 0 .5 mg/ L 的要求 .并且当进 水的总氨浓 度降低时候 , 产品水出水的总氨浓度也减少 .产生上 述现象的原因是 , 当进水总氨浓度增高时 , 在同一电 流下 , 电流不足以把增加的氨离子全都迁移到浓室 ,
1 氨在水溶液中的化合物形态分布
当氨溶解于水时 , 其中一部分氨与水反应形成 非离子态氨 , 一部分生成氨离子 .氨在水中的化学平 衡可用下列方程简化表示 :
NH 3(气相)+n H 2 O
Байду номын сангаас
NH 3 ·n H 2O(液相)
收稿日期 :2003-09 -19 修改稿收到日期 :2003-12-15 作者简 介 :闻瑞梅(1933-), 女 , 湖北溪水人 , 教授 , 博士生导师 .长期在 第一线从事 水化学基础 、水处 理及表征 技术 、
据文献[ 6] 报 道 :在进水 的氨离子质量浓 度为 204 mg/ L 时 , 经过两级 EDI 的处理 , 产品水的氨离 子质量浓度达到 0 .2 mg/ L .而我们经过控制流量 、 电压 、电流强度 、pH 等 , 只需经过一级 EDI 处理 , 即 可以 使 得 总 氨 质 量 浓 度 由 208 .3 mg/ L 去 除 到 0.072 mg/ L .
然而自由基聚合本身却有很多缺点
This semilogarithmic plot is very sensitive to any change of the concentration of the active propagating species. A constant [P*] is revealed by a straight line. An upward curvature indicates an increase in [P*], which occurs in case of slow initiation. On the other hand, a downward curvature suggests a decrease in [P*], which may result from termination reactions increasing the concentration of the persistent radical, or some other side reactions such as the catalytic system being poisoned or redox processes on the radical
O C Heat
O O
O C
O N O C O O N
O C O
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ration of the initiating species
Poorly defined nature of initiating sites
Unimolecular Initiators
Nitroxide Mediated Living radical polymerization (NMP)
This radical can initiate the polymerization CH2 S hv S C NEt 2 S Et2N C S Mn M S S C NEt 2
新东方英语词汇5000
第一节一、自我介绍二、关于词汇记忆的方法词汇是英语学习的基础解决词汇难记的关键，就是方法的问题。
为什么单词那么难背呢？一定要用已学过的单词为新词服务形象化记忆法，词根词缀记忆法三、形象化记忆法chrysanthemum形象化记忆法我把它细分为以下5种方法：分别是：1、拆分联想记忆法in no cent a.无辜的天真无邪的re ti cent a.沉默寡言flaw tense morose2、谐音联想记忆法persuade v.劝说mortal a.致命的fatal a.致命的ponderous adj.笨重的、沉重的，文章冗长的labor v/n.劳动disaster n.灾难ca ta s tro phe n.大灾难3、形近对比记忆法adopt adapt adeptadopt v.收养采纳adapt v.适应to 改编She adapted herself to the environmentadept a.娴熟的be adept at be adept at making up the ex`cuses4、冰糖葫芦记法believe – hold – maintain – advocatesignificant – irreplaceable – vital – crucial5、生活实景记忆法rejoice v.使高兴robust a.健壮的，强壮的safeguard safe a. 安全的guard n/v保卫，守侯soft a.柔软的，嫩的五、词根词缀记忆法词根词缀记忆法是除过形象化记忆法之外，在我们词汇速记课堂上主推的一个词汇速记法。
英语进入到中高级语汇，含有大量的词根和词缀。
充分利用单词的构词规律，通过掌握一组单词的共同词根或词缀，达到串记单词的目的。
此外，同一词根的单词不同词性的变化都是相同的，比如以clude结尾的动词变成名词都变成clusion,变成形容词都变为clusive,这样来背单词可以达到事半功倍的效果。
Nobel literature prize
Ｂthe awarding institution：
Swedish academy colleges and the nobel committee
The Swedish king„s iii 古斯塔夫三世 followed after the French College(法兰西学院) and established Swedish academy colleges in Stockholm(斯德哥尔 摩)---the capital of the Sweden--- on Apr.5,1786.
The selection process of Nobel literature prize
Ａ．The awarding basis评奖基准： 诺贝尔遗嘱和诺贝尔基金会章程 The selection of the Nobel prize is not based on any recognized principle, or standard, but it is based on the Nobel‟s desire and thought. The legal basis was his will on Nov.27, 1895.
激光目标指示器
激光目标指示器Laser target designator摘要激光目标指示器的两个主要功能是为寻的武器提供目标指示和测距。
本文以“光电接收器测试系统”和“激光目标指示器光轴校正装置”研究项目为背景，进行了以下研究。
(1)根据系统应用背景，首先论述了半主动激光制导技术的组成结构和基本工作模式。
(2)对激光制导精度和作用距离作了分析。
(3)光电接收器的性能对制导精度和测程有重要影响。
(4)确定了光电接收器的测试方法和测试标准，采用半实物仿真法设计了专用测试系统。
(5)论述了激光光轴校正的基本原理和方法，设计了激光目标指示器光轴校正装置，解决了其中的关键技术：大口径、长焦距离轴抛物面反射镜的设计问题，并设计了可用于多种观瞄装置的十字靶标，最终的校正精度达0.05mrad。
关键词：微位移轴角编码器水平转动垂直转动AbstractLaser target designator device two main function is to provide target the weapons search and ranging. In this paper, "Optical Receiver Test System" and "laser target instruction device optical axis correction device" research project as background, the following studies. (1) according to the system application background and discusses the semi-active laser guidance technology on the organizational structure and basic operation. (2) the role of laser-guided accuracy and distance are analyzed. (3) the performance of optical receivers on the guidance precision and measurement range have a major impact.(4) to determine the optical receiver testing methods and testing standards, using-the-loop simulation method designed a dedicated test system. (5) discusses the basic principle of laser optical axis correction and methods of instruction designed laser target device optical axis correction device addresses the key technologies: large aperture telephoto lens from the axis parabolic reflector design problems, and designed and observation devices can be used for a variety of cross target, the final calibration accuracy 0.05mrad.Key words:Micro-displacement Shaft angle encoder horizontal rotation Vertical rotation Three-dimensional micro-displacement目录第一章绪论 (1)1.1课题来源及研究的目的和意义 (1)1.2国内外该领域研究发展情况 (2)第二章系统的总体方案设计 (3)2.1系统的总体技术指标 (3)2.2三维系统的技术指标 (3)2.3设备的使用要求 (3)2.4系统的总体设计方案 (4)第三章综合系统的工作原理与结构 (7)3.1综合系统的结构和工作原理 (7)3.2器件的选择 (8)3.3水平角度的测量 (16)3.4蜗轮蜗杆 (22)3.5解脱机构 (26)结论 (28)参考文献 (30)致谢 (31)第一章绪论1.1课题来源及研究的目的和意义微位移技术是精密机械与精密仪器的关键技术之—，近年来随着微电子技术、宇航、生物工程等学科的发展而迅速的发展起来。
电力电子外文摘要综述翻译
综述1、Modeling, Control, and Implementation of DC–DC Converters for Variable Frequency Operation频率可变的DC-DC变换器的建模，和实现Abstract—In this paper, novel small-signal averaged models for dc–dc converters operating at variable switching frequency are derived. This is achieved by separately considering the on-time and the off-time of the switching period. The derivation is shown in detail for a synchronous buck converter and the model for a boost converter is also presented. The model for the buck converter is then used for the design of two digital feedback controllers, which exploit the additional insight in the converter dynamics. First, a digital multiloop PID controller is implemented, where the design is based on loop-shaping of the proposed frequency-domain transfer functions. And second, the design and the implementation of a digital LQG state-feedback controller, based on the proposed time-domain state-space model, is presented for the same converter topology. Experimental results are given for the digital multiloop PID controller integrated on an application-specified integrated circuit in a 0.13μmCMOS technology, as well as for the statefeedback controller implemented on an FPGA. Tight output voltage regulation and an excellent dynamic performance is achieved, as the dynamics of the converter under variable frequency operation are considered during the design of both implementations.本文中利用小信号的平均值通过变频开关实现DC-DC的变换，通过单独控制导通和关断时间，并建立了back拓扑模型和boost拓扑模型，该模型的buck转换器用于两个数字反馈控制器，实现变换器的动态控制。
句子的翻译方法 -主语
原文的名词性成分取为译文主语
他突然发现地毯上有个深色斑点。 A dark stain on the carpet caught his eye. 我没有注意到这个错误。 The mistake escaped my notice.
原文的名词性成分取为译文主语
他两天就抽完一包烟。 A packet of cigarettes lasts him only two days. 《黄帝内经》详细阐述了中国传统医学理论。 (1)The Internal Canon of Medicine describes in detail the theory of traditional Chinese medicine. (2) The theory of traditional Chinese medicine is described in detail in The Internal Canon of Medicine.
原文的副词性成分取为译文的主语
2000年奥运会将在悉尼举行。 Sidney will be the host city for the 2000 Olympic Games. 每到元宵节晚上，这条街张灯结彩，热闹非凡。 The night of the lantern festival always finds this street decorated with lanterns and festoons and bustling with noise and excitement.
重新确定主语
胎又瘪了。 We’ve got another flat tire. 语言这个东西，不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。 Language is something difficult to learn well; to learn it well one has to study very hard. 1t is not easy to learn a language well; pains-taking efforts are necessary to master a language. The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort. (Mao)
基于分段仿射模型的非线性悬架预测控制
陈龙 [2] 等将神经网络和自适应控制相结合，设计 了自适应离线神经网络逆控制器对直流 - 直流 (DC-DC) 变换器进行控制，使得电动机电磁阻尼力很好地跟踪 了理想力，从而改善了车辆的平顺性和舒适性；但是离 线神经网络模型只是针对某一特定工况进行训练得到 的模型，如果工况发生变化，其控果就会变差。
286
汽车安全与节能学报
第 10 卷 第 3 期 2019 年
汽车悬架对于改善车辆的平顺性和操纵稳定性起 着至关重要的作用。汽车在通过不平路面时可能因悬 架行程不够而撞击限位块，发生悬架击穿，从而降低 悬架寿命。传统被动悬架无法根据外部信号对悬架动 行程进行调节，因此极易发生悬架击穿。而主动悬架 和半主动悬架则可以根据控制信号产生主动控制力，从 而控制悬架在允许的行程范围内工作。因此，对于主动 悬架的控制研究成为了人们关注的热点 [1]。
Nonlinear suspension predictive control based on piecewise affine model
HU Qiguo, LU Wei
(School of Mechanotronics & Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China)
ISSN 1674-8484 汽车安全与节能学报, 第 10 卷 第 3 期 , 2019 年 CN 11-5904/U J Automotive Safety and Energy, Vol. 10 No. 3, 2019
3/15 285 — 292
基于分段仿射模型的非线性悬架预测控制
部门用英语怎么说
部门用英语怎么说部门，是一个组织的机构。
通常一个公司单位会分成很多部门。
统一体下设的若干分支机构或组织。
那么你知道部门用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
部门英语说法1：department部门英语说法2：division部门英语说法3：branch部门的英语例句：财政不在这个部门的管辖范围之内。
Finance is not within the compass of this department.他已调任部门主任。
He has been transferred to head a department.学校的修缮将由教育部门出资。
The repairs to the school will be financed by the educational department.这个部门搜集有关政治极端分子的情报。
This department collects information on political extremists.财政不在我们这个部门的管辖范围之内。
Finance is not within the compass of our department.所有政府部门的文员举行的罢工A strike by clerical staff in all government departments负责将资源用于社区保健的政府部门Government departments involved in diverting resources into community care环保部门要求我们使用无烟煤。
We are required by environment protecting department touse anthracite.在本部门与跨部门间建立有效的业务伙伴关系;Set up business partnership within the department and between departments.私人部门与公共部门的关系错综复杂。
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Morteza Montazeri-Gh and Omid Kavianipour
Morteza Montazeri-Gha and Omid Kavianipour
Department of mechanical engineering, systems simulation and control laboratory, IUST, Narmak, Tehran 16844, Iran
The device may be alternated between damping and generating device to provide damping as well as extraction of energy. Even the small energy may help in improving the efficiency of vehicle, especially electric and hybrid electric vehicles. There are several types of energy-regenerative suspension systems already under investigation, such as hydraulic storage suspension (Chen et al. 2007), rack and pinion suspension (Chen et al. 2006), ball screw suspension (Zhang et al. 2008) and linear motion suspension (Wu and Cao 2007). Developments achieved in power electronics, permanent-magnet materials, and microelectronic systems enable the possibility of actual implementation of electromagnetic actuators in order to improve the performance of vehicle suspension systems (Martins et al. 2006). Karnopp (1989) and Ryba (1993) studied the electromagnetic dampers of linear motor and rotary motor, respectively. Gupta et al. (2003 and 2006) verified the theoretical researches of Karnopp and Ryba by experiments on a small all-terrain vehicle. Okada et al. (1995-1997) proposed an energy-regenerative active suspension system that applied a linear DC electromagnetic motor as an actuator. Suda et al. (1998) studied a self-powered active vibration control system. The system utilized two electromagnetic DC linear motors. One motor, called the regenerative damper, was placed in the primary suspension, and the other motor, called the actuator, was located in the secondary suspension. Nakano et al. (2003) studied the self-powered active vibration control using a single actuator. The actuator generated power while the speed of the armature is high. The regenerated power would be applied when the speed of the armature is low. Martins et al. (2006, 1999) produced the prototype of permanent-magnet linear actuator and investigated the dynamic performances of the actuator in low- and high-frequency excitation. Bose system equips each wheel with its own linear electromagnetic motor (Jones 2005). This system can effectively prevent body roll during turns and keep the car from dipping forward when braking. Suda and Shiba (1996) proposed a regenerative suspension system in which a rotary DC motor was used as an actuator. The rotary motion of DC motor was converted into the linear motion of suspension by the rack and pinion mechanism. Suda et al. (2000) produced a prototype of an electromagnetic suspension actuator in which ball screw mechanism was used tolinear motion. Nakano and Suda (2004) applied this self-powered active vibration control system to the cab suspension of a truck. Kawamoto and Suda (2007) analyzed the frequency characteristics of energy balance of the electromagnetic damper. Experimental verification of energy-regenerative feasibility for an automotive electrical suspension system was carried out by Zhang et al. (2007). Zhang et al. (2009) investigated the application of the permanent-magnet DC motor actuator in automotive active suspension considering energy regeneration. Mahfoud and Hagopian (2012) investigated the critical speed suppressing by use of the electromagnetic actuators. Due to the several advantages such as simple structure, high responsiveness, energy saving performance, controllability, etc., electromagnetic damper (EMD) or ball screw shock absorber is the future trend of automotive suspension systems. Despite the studies on the EMD, only a few works have considered the semi-active electromagnetic suspension system (SAEMSS). This paper investigates the feasibility of a semi-active EMD in providing adequate damping for isolation of vibration while generates energy from relative motion between sprung and unsprung masses. That is why the nonlinear equations of the SAEMSS must be developed. This work utilizes a simplified quarter vehicle model with linear spring and the EMD to illustrate its performance. The performances are evaluated in terms of ride index (RI), maximum suspension travel (MST) and maximum tyre deflection (MTD). This paper essentially consists of two parts: