北京大学考博儿科学专业介绍,考博真题,真题解析

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北京大学教育博士专业学位(Ed.D)考博真题、考博参考书、考博分数线

教育学院博士研究生考试教育管理教育博士专业学位（Ed.D.）考博复习资料--育明考博一、北京大学教育博士专业学位（Ed.D.）考博招生报考分析（育明考博）招生专业计划招生人数招考方式考试内容045101教育管理（教育博士专业学位）2016年15人2017年13人申请-考核制专业笔试（教育管理综合）专业面试A、学术潜力和研究设想B、学术基础和研究素质）育明教育考博：点击咨询杜老师1、教育管理-教育博士专业学位考博的报录比平均在5:1左右，招生对象为从事教育管理及相关工作经历的考生。

2、2016年实际录取的考生包括15名统考考生，1名港澳台考生。

2017年实际录取15人，其中包括3名专项计划录取学生。

3、从2013年开始北大教育学院的博士招生开始实行“申请-审核制”，与以往的考试制在考查方式、考查测重点方面都有所区别。

“申请制”不代表不考试，也不代表考试不重要，最终决定能否被录取的还是考试成绩（材料审核成绩不计入最终排名的总分）。

4、材料审核中重点打分项：①科研成果（论文、working paper、参与课题）②工作履历③外语水平④本硕院校⑤博士修习计划5、报考北大教育学院博士的考生如果没有能够证明英语能力的材料需参加“北京大学博士研究生英语水平考试”（教育学院单独命题）6、学生须交纳培养费共计人民币10万元，分4年交清，每学年25000元。

交通食宿费用及国外学习考察费用自理。

二、北京大学教育博士专业学位（Ed.D.）考博报考条件1．品行端正，遵纪守法；2．具有硕士学位；3．高等学校中高层管理人员；4．有5年以上教育或相关领域全职工作经历；5．健康状况符合规定的体检标准；6.入学后能脱产学习一学年以上的申请者在同等条件下优先考虑。

三、北京大学教育经济与管理专业考博申请材料（1）通过网上报名系统打印的《报名登记表》；（2）学位、学历证书的复印件；（3）身份证复印件；（4）硕士课程成绩单的原件或复印件（提供复印件的同学须在复试时提交原件）；（5）硕士学位论文；（6）两位与所申请学科相关的副教授（或相当于副教授）以上职称专家的推荐信；（7）攻读博士学位期间本人想致力研究的问题和设想的陈述书；（8）学习和工作经历、经验、能力、特别成就、公开发表的学术论文、所获专利及其他原创性研究成果的陈述和证明；（9）外语水平证明复印件。

北京大学儿科学考博参考书和考博真题

北京大学儿科学考博参考书和考博真题一、专业介绍儿科学属临床医学的二级学科，其研究对象是自胎儿至青春期的儿童，研究内容可以分为以下四个方面：1.研究儿童生长发育的规律及其影响因素，不断提高儿童体格、智力发育水平和社会适应性能力。

2.研究儿童各种疾病的发生、发展规律以及临床诊断和治疗的理论和技术，不断降低疾病的发生率和死亡率，提高疾病的治愈率。

3.研究各种疾病的预防措施，包括免疫接种、先天性遗传性疾病的筛查、科学知识普及教育等，这是现代儿科学最具有发展潜力的内容，将会占据越来越重要的地位。

4.研究儿童中各种疾病的康复可能性以及具体方法，尽可能地帮助这些儿童提高他们的生活质量乃至完全恢复健康。

随着医学研究的进展，儿科学也不断向更深入专业的三级学科细化发展，同时也不断派生出新的专业。

儿科学的三级学科分支类似内科学，主要以系统划分，如呼吸、消化、循环、神经、血液、肾脏、内分泌等。

此外，还有传染病和急救医学等特殊专业。

小儿外科学则为外科学下的三级学科。

上述学科虽然在分类上与内科学相似，但是其研究内容及内在规律与成人差别颇大，应予以注意，不能混淆或替代。

新生儿医学和儿童保健医学是儿科学中最具特色的学科，其研究内容是其他临床学科极少涉及的方面：新生儿期的死亡率仍然非常高，占婴儿死亡率的60%～70%，此期疾病的种类和处理方法与其他时期有诸多不同，是一个非常时期;儿童保健医学是研究儿童各时期正常体格生长、智力和心理发育规律及其影响因素的学科，通过各种措施，促进有利因素，防止不利因素，及时处理各种偏离、异常，保证儿童健康成长。

由于某些年龄阶段的儿童具有特殊的临床特点，近年来发展出了围生期医学。

围生期医学实际上是介于儿科学和妇产科学间的边缘学科，一般指胎龄28周至出生后不满1周的小儿，由于此期受环境因素影响颇大，发病率和死亡率最高，而且与妇产科的工作有密切联系，需要两个学科的积极合作来共同研究处理这一时期的问题。

随着医学科学和技术的不断发展，儿科学必将向各个分支纵深分化，新的学科、边缘性的学科必将继续应运而生。

北京大学考博英语试题及答案解析

专业 ▪ 权威 ▪ 轻松 ▪ 快乐
北大考博英语历年真题
北京大学 2013 年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
Part One: Listening Comprehension
Section A (10%) Directions: In this section you will hear 3 passages. Each passage will be read only ONCE. At
the US
Romanti 1830s British It is centered on strong B9 and imagination rather
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and B8 than B10 thought.
1870s
American works also focus on the B11 and on human
the end of each passage, there will be a pause. Listen carefully to the passages and then answer the questions that follow. Mark your choice on the Answer Sheet. Passage One Questions 1 to 3 are based on the passage you have just heard. 1. Which of the following statements is true about heart disease? A. It kills 2.6 million people all over the world each year. B. It is a major disease in Western countries. C. It is caused by the blood supply that nourishes the heart muscle. D. It can cause the blood vessels to become blocked. 2. What can we learn from the study in England and Scotland? A. There are more meat and fish eaters than vegetarians in the study. B. 32% of the people in the study are vegetarians. C. People who have normal blood pressure and a healthy weight-are eligible for the study. D. No vegetarians died from heart disease in the study. 3. What did Tracy Parker from the British Heart Foundation suggest? A. Eating more vegetables would result in a healthy heart. B. Vegetarians should eat foods high in saturated fat and salt, too. C. We should try to avoid meat in our diet. D. Vegetarians had better eat meat to compensate for any lost vitamins and minerals. Passage Two Questions 4 to 6 are based on the passage you have just heard. 4. Which of the following statements in NOT true about the Chinese version of James Joyce’s novel Finnegans Wake? A. It took the translator 8 years to translate. B. It was so popular among readers that a second edition was being printed. C. The first run of 8,000 copies sold out in less than a month. D. It was one of the bestsellers in Shanghai last week. 5. What did the translator Ms. Dai say about her work? A. Her work was not faithful to the original intent of the novel. B. She had tried to make her work as complex as the original. C. She had tried to make her work easy to understand. D. She was not surprised that her work had become a hit in the country. 6. How did some critics explain the “Finnegans Wake” phenomenon in China? A. It’s because the stream of consciousness style was warmly received by Chinese readers. B. It’s because the demand for translation of foreign-language novels exploded. C. It’s because the translation of the highbrow novel tickled some Chinese readers’ vanity.

北京大学考博儿少卫生与妇幼保健学专业介绍,考博真题,真题解析

考博详解与指导系所名称公共卫生学院招生总数21系所说明本院采取“申请-考核”制方式招收应试生。

招生专业：儿少卫生与妇幼保健学(100404)本专业计划招生4人；限招收推荐直博生。

研究方向指导教师考试科目备注01.孕产妇健康王燕推荐直博生02.儿童早期发展王晓莉推荐直博生03.生长发育及影响因素马军推荐直博生04.儿童青少年健康及影响因素陈晶琦推荐直博生从以下三个方面进行评价：1、语言准确性（语法和用词的准确性、语法结构的复杂性、词汇的丰富程度、发音的准确性）2、话语的长短和连贯性（内容的连贯性、寻找合适词语而造成的停顿频率及长短、表达思想的语言长短等）3、语言的灵活性和适合性（语言表达是否灵活、自然，话语是否得体，语言能否与语境、动能和目的相适应）评价成绩为：a优秀--能用外语就指定的话题进行口头交流，基本没有困难b良好--能用外语就指定的题材进行口头交流，虽有些困难，但不影响交流c及格--能用外语就指定的话题进行简单的口头交流d不及格--不具有口头表达能力中科院招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语口试暂行办法口试内容与结构分为两部分，有两名教师参加口试工作，一名教师主持口试，随时与考生交谈并评分；另一名教师专事评分，不参与交谈。

两名口试教师所给的分数各占口试成绩的50%。

4、面试过程中不要放屁，即使放了，不要承认，让三个老师互相猜疑去。

这是以上三条中最重要的一条，做不到这一条以上三条都白搭。

第一部分：考查学生理解并回答有关日常生活、家庭、工作、学习等问题的能力（3分钟）。

第二部分：考查学生连续表达的能力。

考生从所给你的问题中选择一个话题，就此话题表达自己的看法（3分钟）。

口试用材料（部分,仅供参考）part ainterlocutor(问话者)：------good morning.my name is……,and this is my colleague…..he is just going to listening to us.are your name is…..?------first of all,we’d like to know sth.about you,so i’m going to ask some questions about yourself.(从以下各项问题中选择几个适当的问题提问考生)------hometownwhere are you from?how long have you lived there?how do you like it?why?do you live near here?where about?what do you think are the good points about living in this city?------familycould you tell us sth.about you family?what does your family usually do for the weekend?what do you think about living together with your parents?------leisuredo you have any hobbies?how did you become interested in the hobbies?------study/workwhy do you choose to study at our institute?why do you want to go to graduate school instead of finding a job?what are your favorite subjects?what kind of job did you do?have you ever worked during the vacation?why do you want to go back to study instead of going on with your work?what qualifications are needed in order to do your job well?what did you enjoy most about your campus life?------future planswhat do you expect to achieve during your study if you are enrolled into this institute?do you think english is important for your future plans?in what aspects is it important?part binterlocutor(问话者)：------now i’d like you to talk about sth.for about3minutes.here is a list of topics(将一组话题或问题递给学生)，pls read the topics and choose one from the list you like to talk about.you’ll have5minutes to prepare for your talk.(5分钟后)could you tell me what you want to talk about?all right,you’ll have3minutes to give your talk.would you begin?(the interloculor may intervene only when necessary)topics/questions(只列举了一部分话题)------give your comment on the statement that“a part-time job is an important experience that every college student should have.”------use specific examples to set forth your views on the saying“haste makes waste”.------describe one of your own experiences to demonstrate that“nothing ever becomes real till it is experienced”------explain your understanding of the conventional belief that“age brings wisdom”------what are the current problems of college education?how to resolve them?------some people say there is no absolute truth because“truth”is defined by people and there is no objectivity whenever people are involved.does absolute truth exist or not?why?对策1.自我介绍(self-introduce)。

首都医科大学儿内科学2013--2014,2018年考博真题

5.无助于对评估少尿严重度的：（是个病例）
A静注等渗生理盐水20ml/L B测尿钠浓度C血肌酐及尿肌酐D静注速尿E计算滤过Na排泄分数
三、简答题（5’×7）
1.可造成继发性免疫缺陷病的原因？
2.风湿热诊断标准
3.小儿贫血诊断标准
4.接种卡介苗与自然感染阳性反应主要区别
5心律失常分类
6.婴儿肝炎综合征及可能病因
7.我国规定的儿童计划免疫程序
四、论述题（15’×3）
1.过敏性紫癜与特发性血小板减少性紫癜如何诊断及鉴别诊断？
2.儿童泌尿系感染的诊断及鉴别诊断？
3.叙述化脓性脑膜炎应与哪些疾病相鉴别？
首都医科大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：儿内科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
7氧中毒
8社区获得性肺炎
9气道高反应性
10 BMI
二、简答题
1心律失常分类。
2细菌性痢疾临床分型。
3 AIDS的传播途径。
4小细胞低色素贫血诊断。
5化脓性脑膜炎常见致病菌。
6婴幼儿呼衰血气诊断标准。
7腰穿的适应症、禁忌症及常见并发症。
三、论述题
1引起低钾血症的常见病。
2化脓性脑膜炎的临床表现。
3小儿上呼吸道梗阻的病因有哪些？如何鉴别上下呼吸道梗阻？
首都医科大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：儿科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1 eilepsy
2 tetany of vitamin D deficiency
3 perinatal period

儿科学试题含答案

儿科学试题含答案一、单选题（共100题，每题1分，共100分）1、患儿,男,5岁,反复眼睑水肿2个月尿常规:尿蛋白(++),红细胞满视野,血清中乙肝标志物为大三阳,既往无肾炎病史,家族中无血尿患者。

曾经诊断肾病综合征,使用足量肾上腺皮质激素治疗,水肿无减轻,尿蛋白无减少。

肾活检结果可能是下列哪项?( )A、膜性肾病B、毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎C、膜增生性肾小球肾炎D、IgM肾病E、微小病变型肾病正确答案：A2、系统性红斑狼疮的特异性表现是( )。

A、颊部蝶形皮疹及蛋白尿B、大量龋齿提示C、膝关节受累D、第一趾较剧烈疼痛E、腕、掌指、近指关节受累正确答案：A3、一早产儿,生后窒息,生产史无异常,其母吸毒(注射吗啡类)。

此早产儿出生后窒息的原因最可能是哪项?( )A、早产所致B、宫内缺氧所致C、吗啡中毒D、羊水吸入E、颅内出血所致正确答案：C4、8个月女孩,近2个月腹泻,有异食癖,因皮肤苍白,厌食来诊。

体温正常,心肺未见异常,肝肋下1cm,脾肋下0.5cm.血象:RBC3.9×1012/L,Hb 64/L,MCV 64fl,MCH 25pg,WBC 8.0×109/L,血小板250×109/L。

预防该患儿的贫血应强调( )。

A、及时添加富含B族维生素辅食B、及时添加水果,蔬菜类辅食C、母乳喂养D、牛乳喂养E、及时添加蛋黄、肉类辅食正确答案：E5、患儿,女,5个月,高热、频繁呕吐2天,嗜睡1天,惊厥2次。

查体:精神差,双眼凝视,前囟隆起,心、肺无异常,脑膜刺激征阴性,外周血白细胞16×109/L,中性粒细胞0.90,淋巴细胞0.10,最可能的诊断是( )。

A、上呼吸道感染B、结核性脑膜炎C、病毒性脑炎D、化脓性脑膜炎E、急性胃炎正确答案：D6、患儿,男,2岁半。

因一次误服大量维生素A滴剂发生急性中毒。

下列各项中哪项为其主要表现( )。

A、毛发稀少、干脆、易脱B、头痛,呕吐,眼震颤,复视,眼底视神经乳头水肿C、转移性骨痛、软组织肿胀D、低热,消化紊乱E、皮疹,瘙痒,脱皮正确答案：B7、5个月健康婴儿,系母乳喂养。

中山大学儿科学2013--2014年考博真题

中山大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：儿科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（每题3分，共15分）
反流性肾病、先天性无分流性心脏病，溶血尿毒症性综合症，免疫缺陷病
二、简答题（每题6分，共30分）
1、先天性心脏病“房间隔缺损”心脏杂音听诊特点。
5、病例分析（15分）
5月男婴，1周前有上呼吸道感染病史，3天前发现皮肤出血点，以躯干为主，3小时前便血就诊。生后4周有湿疹病史，6周前接种百白破疫苗。体查：体重7kg，全身散在皮下出血点，面部陈旧性湿疹，右耳黄色分泌物，心肺阴，肝脾不大。血液分析：白细胞12*109/ L，血小板9*109/L，予IVIG5g*2天，血小板升至112*109/L，骨髓细胞学：（具体不记得）
2、潜伏性结核感染的诊断要点。
3、
4、传染性单核细胞增多症严重并发症有哪些。
5、血红蛋白H病的临床特点。
三、问答题（55分）
1、从内外因角度解释自发性免疫缺陷病的发病机制（10分）
2、新生儿呼吸建立后、脐带结扎后立即发生的血循环改变（10分）
3、小儿急性呼吸衰竭的治疗（10）
4、肾病综合征患儿发生急性肾功能衰竭的原因（10）
2.膀胱输尿管返流的分级
3.原发性免疫缺陷病的பைடு நூலகம்床表现
4.小儿颅内高压的治疗
5.感染性休克的治疗原则
6.新生儿颅内出血的病因及临床分型
三、问答题
1.儿童支原体肺炎的临床表现
2.原发性免疫缺陷病的治疗原则
3.婴幼儿结核性脑膜炎的早期表现？如表现为急性起病与化脓性脑膜炎的鉴别诊断
4.儿童孤立性血尿的诊断思路
问题：1、本病的可能诊断和鉴别诊断（依据）

北京大学第二临床儿科学(2)考研招生人数参考书报录比复试分数线考研真题招生简章

爱考机构考研－保研－考博高端辅导第一品牌第二临床医学院儿科学招生目录系所名称第二临床医学院招生总数57～60系所说明本院招生计划中70％为推荐免试。

第三位代码是“５”为专业学位研究生，其他为科学学位研究生。

招生专业及人数100201内科学8 100202儿科学 1100204神经病学1100208临床检验诊断学1100210外科学 5100211妇产科学1105101内科学9 105102儿科学 2105104神经病学1105106皮肤病与性病学2105107影像医学与核医学3105109外科学9105110妇产科学4105111眼科学 3105112耳鼻咽喉科学2105116麻醉学 1105127全科医学3105128临床病理学1第二临床医学院儿科学考试科目系所名称第二临床医学院招生总数57～60系所说明本院招生计划中70％为推荐免试。

第三位代码是“５”为专业学位研究生，其他为科学学位研究生。

招生专业：儿科学 (105102) 人数:2研究方向01.临床医疗技能训练与研究考试科目1 101思想政治理论2 201英语一3 306西医综合第二临床医学院儿科学专业简介本仁恕博爱之怀，导聪明精微之智，敦廉洁醇良之行”——“创建中央医院记”碑文（1918年1月27日）中寥寥数字，为身处首善之区的北京大学人民医院（原北京中央医院）留下了连亘九十四载的历史印迹，激励人民人不断向“建设医疗、教学、科研、管理与国际接轨的大学医院”的发展战略迈进——北京大学人民医院创建于1918年，是中国人自行筹资建设和管理的第一家综合性西医医院，最初命名为“北京中央医院”，中国现代医学先驱伍连德博士任首任院长。

北京大学人民医院94年发展历程，是中国医学进步的见证。

医院成功进行了亚洲第一例、世界第四例异体同基因骨髓移植，诞生了中国第一支乙肝疫苗和中国第一台体外震波碎石设备，为中国医疗卫生事业的发展做出了重要的贡献。

经过94年的艰苦创业，北京大学人民医院发展成为集医疗、教学、科研为一体的现代化综合性大学医院，成为我国重要的医疗诊治、医学教育、医学研究中心。

北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析电子教案

Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%）Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D.seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.A. at itselfB. as itselfC. on itselfD. in itself14．us earlier, your request to the full.A.You have contacted…we could comply withB.Had you contacted…we could have complied withC.You had contacted…could we have complied withD.Have you contacted…we could comply with15．The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy.A. discardB. discreetC. discordD. disgorge16. Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious theirpsychology. No one can shield himself such an influence.A. on…by…atB. by…for…inC. from…in…onD. through…with…from17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears to create.A. boreB. boredC. boredomD. bordom18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz.A. lackedB. lackingC. for lack ofD. lack of19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine.A. that have toB. have toC. having toD. has to20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it.A. none the worseB. none the betterC. never worseD. never better21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color.A. cried out for…cried out forB. cry out for…cry out forC. had cried out for…cried out forD. had cried out for…cry out for22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very .A. triggerB. meagerC. vigorD. linger23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology.A. as much the Africans are detribalizedB. the Africans are much being detribalizedC. as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD. as much as the Africans are detribalized24. We admire his courage and self-confidence.A. can butB. cannot onlyC. cannot butD. can only but25. In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed tonotice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical.A. inundatingB. imitatingC. immolatingD. insulating26. you promise you will work hard, support you to college.A. If only…will IB. Only…I willC. Only if…will ID. Only if…I will27. It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life.A. any concern withB. any concern aboutC. any concern inD. any concern at28. One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simplywhen better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching.A. resolvedB. absolvedC. dissolvedD. solved29. People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to worklonger, live less in retirement or bailed by the government.A. in…for…upB. for…on…outC. by…in…onD. on…for…out30. The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollarsA. soaredB. souredC. soredD. sourcedPart Three: Close Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.2009 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2008, and before that 2007 and 2006. In fact, industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years. Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling.Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy. People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies. These days, high-quality copies are 35 . According to the Pew Internet project, people use file-sharing software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops.I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm. But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse. Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid.38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework. The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract.“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things.”31. A. As B. Same C. Thus D. So32. A. stagnating B. declining C. increasing D. stultifying33. A. taking B. robbing C. stealing D. pirating34. A. upgraded B. inferior C. ineffective D. preferable35. A. numerous B. ubiquitous C. accessible D. effortless36. A. so B. this C. that D. much37. A. satisfy B. help C. reconcile D. equate38. A. Based B. Capitalizing C. Reflecting D. Drawing39. A. match up with B. fill in C. fit into D. set up40. A. constraints B. consciousness C. norm D. etiquettePart IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneCancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A．D．, Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B．C．concluded: “There is no treatment.”The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption”(tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness belie ved to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy.”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”cancer.41. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians .A. called cancer the crabB. were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC. found out the cause of cancerD. knew about a lot of malignant tumors42. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB. In the past, people did not fear cancerC. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD. Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer43. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?A. Modern cancer care is very effectiveB. There is a lot more cancer nowC. People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD. There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world44.“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because .A. they are as fatal as cancerB. they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C. people dread them very muchD.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life45. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. The care and management of cancer have development over timeB. The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC. Cancer s identity has never changedD. Cancer is the price paid for modern lifePassage TwoIf you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U．S．economy had become “very distorted.”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent.This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”.In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U．S．consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”. There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit. And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.46. According to the passage, the U．S．economy .A. fares quite wellB. has completely recovered from the economic recessionC. has its own problemsD. is lagging behind other industrial economies47. Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?A. Today’s plutocrats are the hereditary eliteB. Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselvesC. They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competitionD. They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality48. What can be said of modern technological innovations?A. They have lifted many people into the middle class.B. They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich.C. They have led to a rise of income inequality.D. They have benefited the general public.49. The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath .A. have compromised the rich with the non-richB. have enriched the plutocratic eliteC. have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD. have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich50. The primary purpose of the passage is to .A. present the financial imbalance in the U．S．B. display sympathy for the working classC. criticize the super elite of the Unite StatesD. appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U．S．Passage ThreeCharles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him. It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director.William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Ja n．1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries. While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Ja n．10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it. Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks.Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series.Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality. Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species.”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975.The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection. The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work.This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable.Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber. Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea. Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said.“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose claim to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism.”51. According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that.A. it was the most studied by later scientistsB. it had significant ideas about evolutionC. it was the first to talk about evolutionD. it was well received by the public52. Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to .A. credit the ideas about evolution before hisB. claim himself as the father of evolutionC. introduce his grandfather to the readerD. summarize his predecessors work53. In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in .A. his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionB. his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporariesC. the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”D. the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution54. We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in .A. a much larger bookB. a 400page bookC. scientific termsD. plain language55. Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect .A. coming up with a new ideaB. understanding the significance of the ideaC. making claims to the idea by writing booksD. convincing others of the correctness of the idesPassage FourMany adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire,resulting in sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state. This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic. Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well.For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them. It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like. Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree. Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache.56. According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”?A. To sleep for an average period of time.B. To sleep deeply without dreaming.C. To sleep less than needed.D. To sleep modestly.57. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?A. When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer.B. When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.C. Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system.D. Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.58. Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”?A. It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.B. It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.C. Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep.D. Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when your brain is waking up.59.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?A. Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.B. Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.C. You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep.D. Long term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.60. What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?A. High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.B. Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long term memory.C. Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory.D. High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.Part V: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets )immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answer on the Answer Sheet (2).Examples:eg. 1(61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (61) begun beganeg. 2(62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up .Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3(63) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (63)notWal-Mart announced Thursday afternoon that it would introduce a program nationwide called (61) “Pick Up Today”that allows customers to submit orders online and pick up their items few hours later in their local store. (62) The move is not revolutionary—Sears and Nordstrom, as instance, already have similar programs.(63) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them to sell more products. (64) Nordstrom recently combined its inventory so that if the online stockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship to the Web customer. (65) Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales. (66) Best Buy offers both store pickup and “ship to store,”where items are shipped free from a local store. Ace Hardware, J．C．Penney and Wal-Mart itself are among the others offering “ship to store”programs.In Wal-Mart’s program, (67) that is expected to be nationwide by June, customers can select from among 40,000 items online. (68) They will send a text message or e-mail alerting them when the order is ready, which usually takes about four hours.(69) “Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers, but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to the stores, and incremental sales,”said Steve Nave, senior vice president and general manager of Walmar t．Com.(70) The program will include about 40000 items likewise electronics, toys, home décor and sporting goods. (71) As of now, it does not include groceries, though M r．Nave did dismiss that possibility.(72) “We’re not ready to talk today about everything that’s going on in grocery,”he said“What we’ve tried to do is (73) focus on those categories where customers are most likely to be willing to make the purchase after they touch it or look at it.(74) This is a convenient play, trying to figure out what are the things that are going to drive more customers into the stores.”Wal-Mart also announced that (75) it was shortened the time customers would have to wait for ship-to-store items, to four to seven days, from seven to 10 days.Part VI: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it nearly on the Answer Sheet (2).In China, minimum wage becomes higher in many places. But people disagree over its benefits and drawbacks. Supporters say it increases the worker’s standard of living, while opponents say it increase unemployment. What do you think?Part II Structure and Written Expression（20%）11.【A】A项admits of“容许，有……的可能”；B项requires of“要求，要求得到”；C项needs of“满足需要”；D项seeks for“寻找，追求，探索”。

北京大学2000年眼科学考博真题

北京大学考博专业课试卷2000年眼科学（眼科中心）
一、名词解释
1、Devic氏综合征（3分）
2、雪盲（3分）
3、弱视（3分）
4、眼球萎缩（3分）
5、水眼（3分）
6、交感性眼炎（3分）
7、Sherrington氏定律（2分）
8、Horner 氏综合征（3分）
9、调节作用（3分）
10、Fuchs综合征（2分）
二、填空（共22分，每空一分）
1、脉络膜的Bruch氏膜由外向内依次由下列各层组成-------，--------，--------，--------，-------。

2、急性视网膜坏死的主要临床体征：---------，--------，--------，--------。

3、视网膜色素上皮细胞越过锯齿缘向前延伸为睫状体的-------细胞，继续向前延伸至虹膜，为虹膜-----肌上皮。

4、Zinn总键环位于-------，Zinn小带又叫-----，其生理功能为----------。

Zinn动脉环为-----动脉发出的分支形成的血管环，主要供血给---------
5、泪膜的最外层谓-----层，由-----腺分泌形成；泪膜的中层谓----层，由----腺分泌形成；泪膜的内层谓-----层，由----分泌形成。

三、问答题（共50分，每题10分）
1、试述恶性青光眼的发病机理及临床处理原则。

2、简述糖尿病可能引起致盲的眼部并发症
3、急性虹膜睫状体炎是致盲疾患之一，试述其致盲的临床病理过程
4、简述急性球后视神经炎，前部缺血性视乳头病变及视乳头水肿的鉴别诊断
5、简述眼球的血液供应。

北京大学第一临床医学院儿科学考研解析

系所名称招生总数系所说明
第一临床医学院 97～100 本院招生计划中 65％为推荐免试。第三位代码是“５”为专业学位研究生，其他为科学学位研究生。招生专业：儿科学 (100202) 人数:5 01.小儿神经遗传病、小儿神经临床药理学 02.小儿神经系统疾病 03.小儿惊厥性疾病的机制与神经遗传病的基因突变功能研究 04.内源性气体分子与心血管疾病发病机制 05.局灶节段性肾小球硬化症发生机制
研究方向
考试科目 1 2 3 101 思想政治理论 201 英语一 306 西医综合
官方网址北大、人大、中财、北外教授创办集训营、一对一保分、视频、小班、少干、强军
官方网址北大、人大、中财、北外教授创办集训营、一对一保分

北大博士笔试科目

北大博士笔试科目在北大的博士入学考试中，笔试科目是每位考生都必须面对的挑战。

这场别样的考试既是对知识广度和深度的考察，也是对思维能力和表达能力的综合评估。

下面我将为大家介绍一下北大博士笔试科目的内容以及我的亲身经历。

首先是专业课笔试，这是每个考生最关注的部分。

专业课笔试涵盖了各个学科领域的知识，要求考生对自己所学专业的基础理论和前沿发展有清晰的了解。

对于我来说，作为计算机科学与技术专业的考生，我需要掌握各种算法、数据结构、计算机网络等知识，并能够灵活运用于实际问题的解决中。

在备考过程中，我通过系统地复习教材，做大量的习题和模拟试卷，提高自己的理论水平和应试能力。

除了专业课，北大博士笔试还包括了综合科目的考查。

这是一项考察考生综合素质和思维能力的重要环节。

在这一科目中，考生需要解答一些综合性问题，如社会热点、科技进展等。

这要求考生具备广博的知识储备和分析问题的能力。

在备考过程中，我通过阅读各类书籍、报纸和期刊，积累了大量的知识，并通过与同学和老师的讨论，提高了自己的思维能力和分析问题的能力。

北大博士笔试还有一项重要的科目是英语写作。

这一科目考察考生的英语表达能力和思维逻辑能力。

在考试中，我需要写一篇短文，表达自己对某个问题的观点和看法。

为了备考这一科目，我通过阅读英语原版书籍、听英语新闻和故事，提高了自己的英语水平。

同时，我还通过参加英语写作训练班和模拟考试，提升了自己的写作能力和思维逻辑能力。

北大博士笔试科目的考试形式多样，要求考生具备广博的知识储备和高水平的综合素质。

在备考过程中，我注重理论知识的学习和实践能力的提高。

通过不断的努力和准备，我相信自己能够在北大博士笔试中取得好成绩。

北大博士笔试科目是一场别样的考试，它不仅考察了考生的知识水平，更重要的是考察了考生的思维能力和表达能力。

在备考过程中，我充分发挥自己的优势，不断提高自己的能力。

我相信，只要努力拼搏，就一定能够在北大博士笔试中取得好成绩。

北京大学考博英语真题及答案.docx

Part Two: Structure and Written Expression20Directions: In each question decide which of four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWERSHEET.21.The nuclear family __________ a self-contained, self-satisfying unit composed of father, mother and children.A. refers toB. definesC. describesD. devotes to22.Some polls show that roughly two-thirds of the general public believe thatelderly Americans are________ by social isolation and loneliness.A. reproachedB. favoredC. plaguedD. reprehended23.In addition to bettering group and individual performance, cooperation ________ the quality of interpersonal relationship.A. ascendsB. compelsC. enhancesD. prefers24.In the past 50 years, there ________ a great increase in the amount of research_____on the human brain.A. was⋯ didB. has been⋯ to be doneC. was⋯ doingD. has been⋯ done25. “I must have eaten something wrong. I feel like. ”“ Wetold you not to eat at a restaurant.You’d better _______ at home when you are not in theshape. ”A. to throw up⋯ to eatB. throwing up⋯ eatingC. to throw up⋯ eatD. throwing up⋯ eat26. Parent shave to show due concerns to theirchildren’s creativity and emotional output; otherwise what they think beneficial to the kids might probably _______ their enthusiasm and aspirations.A. hold backB. hold toC. hold downD. hold over27.According to psychoanalysis, aperson ’s attention is attracted ________ by the intensity of different signals ________ by their context, significance, andinformation content.A. not less than ⋯ asB. as⋯ justasC. so much⋯ asD. not so much⋯ as 28.They moved to Portland in1998 and lived in a big house, _______ to the south.A. the windows of which openedB. the windows of it openedC. itswindows opened D. the windows of which opening29.The lady who has_______ for a night in the dead of the winter later turned out to bea distant relation of his.A. put him upB. put him outC. put him onD. put him in30.By standers,_______,_________ as they walked past lines of ambulances.A. bloody and covered with dust, looking dazedB. bloodied and covered with dust, looked dazedC. bloody and covered with dust, looked dazedD. bloodied and covered with dust, looking dazed31.Hong Kong was not a target for terror attacks, the Government insisted yesterday, as the US________ closed for an apparent security review.32.American fans have selected Yao in a vote for the All-Star game ______the legendary O’ Neal,who ______ the “ GreatWall ”at the weekend as the Rockets beat the Los Angeles Lakers.-A. in head of, ran onB. in head of, ran intoC. ahead of, ran ontoD. ahead of, ran into33.Professional archivists and librarians have the resources to duplicate materials in other formats and the expertise to retrieve materials trapped in _________ computers.A. abstractB. obsoleteC. obstinateD. obese34.She always prints important documents and stores a backup set at her house“I. actually think there ’s something about the______ of paper that feels morecomforting. ”She said.A. tangibilityB. tanglednessC. tangentD. tantalization35. “ Theysaid what we alwaysknew, ”said an administration source,___________.A. he asked not to be namedB. who asked not to be namedC.who asked not be named D. who asked not named36.In Germany, the industrial giants Daimler Chrysler and Siemens recently_______their unions into signing contracts that lengthen work hours without increasing pay.A. muscledB. movedC. mushedD. muted37.He argues that the policy has done little to ease joblessness, and has leftthe country_______.38.The more people hear his demented rants, the more they see that he isa terrorist_______.A. who is pure and simpleB. being pure and simpleC.pure and simple D. as pure and simple39.This expansion of rights has led to both a paralysis of the public service and toa rapid and terrible ________ in the character of the population.A. determinationB. deteriorationC. desolationD. desperation40._______ a declining birthrate, there will be an over-supply of 27,000 primary school places by 2010, _______ leaving 35 school sidle.B. Coupling with, equivalent toC. Coupled with, equivalent toD. Coupling with, equals toPart Three: Reading Comprehension 10Passage One The HeroMy mother ’s parents came from Hungary, but my grandfather could trace his origin to Germany and also he was educated in Germany. Although he was able to hold a conversation in nine languages, he was most comfortable in German. Every morning, before going to his office, he read the German language newspaper, which was American owned and published in New York.My grandfather was the only one in his family to come to the United States with his wife and children. He still had relatives living in Europe. When the first world war broke out, he lamented the fact that if my uncle, his only son had to go, it would be cousin fighting against cousin. In the early days of the war, my grandmother begged him to stop taking the German newspaper and to take an English language newspaper, instead. He scoffed at the idea, explaining that the fact it was in German did not make it a German newspaper, but only an American newspaper, printed in German. But my grandmother insisted, for fear that the neighbors may see him read it and think he was German. So, he finally gave up the German newspaper.One day, the inevitable happened and my uncle Milton received notice to join the army. My grandparents were very upset, but my mother, his little sister, was excited. Now she could boast about her soldier brother going off to war. She was ten years old at the time, and my uncle, realizing how he was regarded by his little sister and her friends, went out and bought them all service pins, which meant that they had a loved one in the service. All the little girls were delighted. When the day came for him to leave, his whole regiment, in their uniforms, left together from the same train station. There was a band playing and my mother and her friends came to see him off. Each one wore her service pin and waved a small American flag, cheering the boys, as they left.The moment came and the soldiers, all very young, none of whom had had any training, but who had never the less all been issued uniforms, boarded the train. The band played and the crowd cheered. The train groaned as if it knew the destiny to which it was taking its passengers, but it soon began to move. Still cheering and waving their flags, the band still playing, the train slowly departed the station.It had gone about a thousand yards when it suddenly ground to a halt. The band stopped playing, the crowd stopped cheering. Everyone gazed in wonder as the train slowly backed up and returned to the station. It seemed an eternity until the doors opened and the men started to file out. Someone shouted,“ It the’s armistice. The war is over. ”For a moment, nobody moved, but then the people heard someone bark orders at the soldiers. The men lined up and formed into two lines. They walked down the steps and, with the band playing behind, paraded down the street, as returning heroes, to be welcomed home by the assembled crowd. The next day my uncle returned to his job, and my grandfather resumed reading the German newspaper, which he read until the day he died.41. Where was thenarrator family’s when this story took place?A. In Germany.B. In Hungary.C. In the United StatesD. In New York.42.His grandfather ____________.A. could not speak and read English well enoughB. knew nine languages equally wellC. knew a number of languages, but felt more kin to GermanD. loved German best because it made him think of home43.His grandmother did not want her husband to buy and read newspapers in German, because ________.A. it was war time and Germans were their enemyB. the neighbors would mistake them as pro-GermanC.it was easier to get newspapers in English in AmericaD. nobody else read newspapers in German during the wartime44. The narrator mother’s wanted her brother to go to fight in the war,because________.A. like everybody else at the wartime, she was verypatriotic B. she hated the war and the Germans very muchC. all her friends had relatives in war and she wanted to be likethem D. she liked to have a brother she could think of as a heroPassage TwoWaking Up from the American DreamsThere has been much talk recently about the phenomenon of“ Wal-Martization of”America, which refers to the attempt of America ’s giant Wal-Mart chain store company to keep its cost at rock-bottom levels. For years, many American companies have embraced Wal-Mart-like stratagems to control labor costs, such as hiring temps (temporary workers) and part-timers, fighting unions, dismantling internal career ladders and outsourcing to lower paying contractors at home and abroad.While these tactics have the admirable outcome of holding down consumer prices, they ’ costlyre in other ways. More than a quarter of the labor force, about 34 million workers, is trapped in low-wage, often dead-end jobs. Many middle-income and high-skilled employees face fewer opportunities, too, as companies shift work to subcontract or sand temps agencies and move white-collar jobs to China and India. The result has been an erosion of one ofAmerica ’s most cherished value: giving its people the ability to move up the economic ladder over their life times. Historically, most Americans, even low-skilled ones, were able to find poorly paid janitorial or factory jobs, then gradually climbed into the middleclass as they gained experience and moved up the wage curve. But the number of workers progressing upward began to slip in 1970s. Upward mobility diminished even more in the 1980s as globalization and technology slammed blue-collar wages.Restoring American mobility is less a question of knowing what to do than of making it happen. Experts have decriedschools in’adequacy for years, but fixing them is a long, arduous struggle. Similarly, there have been plenty of warnings about declining college access, but finding funds was difficult even in eras of large surpluses.45. The American dream in this passage mainly refers to____________.A. there are always possibilities offered to people to develop themselves in the societyB. Americans can always move up the pay ladderC. American young people can have access to college, even they arepoor D. the labor force is not trapped in low-wage and dead-end jobs46.Wal-Mart strategy, according to this passage, is to___________.A. hire temps and part-timers to reduce its costB. outsource its contracts to lower price agencies at home andabroad C. hold down its consumer price by controlling its labor costsD. dismantle the career ladder and stop peopl’s mobilityupward 47. Which of the following statements is NOTTRUE?A. Wal-Martization has been successful in keeping costs at rock-bottom levels.B. Upward mobility for low-skilled workers has become impossible in the U.S.C. More business opportunities are given to low-cost agencies in China and India.D. Although people know how to restore American mobility, it ’s difficult to change the present situation.Passage Three Seniors and the CityTens of thousands of retirees are pulling up stakes in suburban areas and fashioning their own retirement communities in the heart of the bustling city. They are looking for what most older people want: a home with no stairs and low crime rates. And theyare willing to exchange regular weekly golf time for rich cultural offerings, young neighbors and plenty of good restaurants. Spying an opportunity, major real-estate developer shave broken ground on urban sites they intended to market to suburbanretirees. These seniors are already changing the face of big cities. One developer,Fran Mc Carthy asks: “ Whoever thought that suburban flight would beroundtrip? ”The trickle of older folks returning to the city has grown into a steady stream. While some cities, especially those with few cultural offerings, have seen an exodus of seniors, urban planners say others have become retirees magnets. Between 1999 and 2000, the population of 64-to-75-year-olds in downtown Chicago rose 17 percent. Austin, New Orleans, and Los Angeles have seen double-digit increases as well. There may be hidden health benefits to city living. A study reveals that moving from suburbs to the city can ward off the byproduct of aging--- social isolation. In the next six years, downtowns are expected to grow even grayer. For affluent retirees, city life is an increasingly popular option.48.Retired seniors are moving back into the city because____________.A. they find there are too many crimes in the suburbsB. unlike the flats in the city, their country house have stairs to climbC. they are no longer interested in playing golfD. in the city, they have more social and cultural life againstloneliness 49. From the passage we can infer that_________.A. the real-estate developers have broken their original contracts of constructionwith senior retireesB. a life in the downtown city is expensive, and most of those retirees who movedback into the city are very well-offC. with more older people living in the city, the city will become gray and less beautifulD. very soon the American suburban areas will face their low population crisis50. Fran Mc Carthy ’s question means: nobody ever thought that__________.A. people who moved out of the city decades ago now would move backB. suburban dwellers when moving back into the city must take roundtripC. suburban flight years ago would go in circlesD. senior people ’s moving back into the city would take place all over theUnited StatesDirections: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your ownEnglish the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answerson ANSWERSHEET(2)15(51)Being angry increases the risk of injury, especially among men, new research says. There searchers gathered data on more than 2,400 accident victims at three Missouri hospitals. They interviewed each subject to determine thepatient ’s emotional statejust before the injury and 24 hours earlier, gathering data on whether the patients felt irritable, angry or hostile, and to what degree. Then they compared the results witha control group of uninjured people.(52)Despite widespread belief in“ roadrage, ”anger did not correlate with injuries from traffic accidents.(53)Not surprisingly, anger was strongly associated with injuries inflicted deliberately. But other injuries–those neither intentionally inflicted nor from falls or trafficaccidents–also showed strong associations with anger.(54)The correlations were significantly weaker for women than for men, but there were no differences by race. The authors acknowledge that their data depend on self-reports, which are not always reliable.(55)Why anger correlates with injury is not known. “I can speculate that the anger may have prompted some behavior that led to the injury, or may have simply distracted the person, leading indirectly to the injury, said” the study ’s lead author.Part Four: Cloze Test10Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numberedblank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on ANSWERSHEET (2).Last year French drivers killed(56)_______ than 5,000 people on the roads for the first time in decades. Credit goes largely(57)________ the 1,000 automated radar cameras planted on the nation ’s high ways since 2003, which experts reckon(58)_______ 3,000 lives last year. Success, of course breeds success: the government plans toinstall 500(59)______radar devices this year.So it goes with surveillance these days. Europeans used to look at the security cameras posted in British cities, subways and buses(60)_______ the seeds of an Orwellian world that was largely unacceptable in Continental Europe. But lastyear ’s London bombing,in which video cameras(61)________a key role in identifying the perpetrators, have helped spuraseachange. A month(62)_______ the London attacks, half of Germans supported EU-wide plans to require Internet providers and telecoms to store all e-mail, Internet and phone data for“ anti-terror” (63) a.InBritish poll, 73 percent of respondents said they were(64)_______ to give up some civil liberty toimprove(65)________.Part Five: Proof reading 10Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash(/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash(/). Put your answer on ANSWERSHEET(2).Examples:eg.1(66)The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWERSHEET(2):(66)begun beganeg.2(67) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up.Correction put on the ANSWERSHEET(2):(67)(Scarcely) had (they)eg.3(68)Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWERSHEET(2):(68)not(66)Application files are piled highly this month in colleges across the country.(67) Admissions officers are poring essays and recommendation letters, scouring transcripts and standardized test scores.(68)But anything is missing from many applications: a class ranking, once amajor component in admissions decisions.In the cat-and-mouse maneuvering over admission to prestigious colleges and universities, (69) thousands of high schools have simply stopped providing that information, concluding it could harm the chances of their very better, but not best, students.(70)Canny college officials,in turn, have found a tactical way to response.(71) Using broad data that high schools often provide, like a distribution of grade averages forentire senior class, they essentially recreate anapplicant class’s rank.(72)The process has left them exasperating.(73)“weIf’ relooking at your son or daughter and you want us to know that theyare among the best in their school, with a rank wedon’t necessarily know that, said” Jim Bock, dean of admissions and financial aid at Swarthmore College.(74)Admissions directors say strategy can backfire.When high schools do not provide enough general information to recreate the class rank calculation, (75) many admissions directors say they have little choice and to do something virtually no one wants them to do: give more weight to scores on the SAT and other standardized exams.Part Six: Writing15Directions: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topicgiven below. Write it neatly on ANSWERSHEET(2).Recently, a newspaper carried an article entitled:“ WeShould No Longer Force Gong Li and Zhang Yimou to Take Part in National Politics The”.article argued that some artists and film stars are unwilling or unqualified to represent the people inthePeople ’s Congress or thePeople ’s Political Consultative Conference, and they should not be forced to do so. What do you think?56. fewer 57. to 58. saved 59. more 60. as 61. played 62. after 63. purposes 64.ready/ willing 65. security北京大学 2006 年博士入学考试试题答案Listening0.5each)1-5BCAAD6-10BADCA11-15CBADA16-20BDCB ＣC1:immune C11:insufficientC2:range C12:accidentsC3:quarter C13:wheelC4:uninterrupted C14:shiftC5:tossing C15:riskC6:destined C16:deterioratesC7:claim C17:snatchC8:fooling C18:skepticalC9:deprivation C19:substituteC10:correlation C20:insomniaStructureandwrittenexpression1pointeach)21-25accdd26-30adaab 31-35cdbab 36-40abcbcReading1pointeach)41-45ccbda 46-50cbdbaParaphrasing:(3pointseach)51.According to new research, getting angry adds to the chances of gettingphysically hurt, particularly for male.52.even people generally believe that people easily get angry when driving on the road, but anger didn ’t have much/anything to do with injuries from traffic accidents,/ but not many injuries from traffic accidents are the results of anger on the road.53.It is not at all surprising that anger is a very important reason for peoplewho intentionally hurt themselves.54.We see this strong link between anger and injury more in men than in women, but different races of people did not show much variation.55.People do not know yet why anger is associated with injury.Cloze:(1pointeach)56.Fewer57.To 58.Saved 59.More 60.As 61.Played 62.After63.Purposes 64.Ready 65.SecurityProofreading:(1pointeach)66.Highly-high 67.Pore-poreover 68.Anything-something 69.Better-good70.Response-respond 71.Forentire-foranentire 72.Exasperating-exasperatedbS73.With-without 74.Strategy-thestrategy 75.And-butWriting:(15points)。

北京大学首都儿科儿科学 (100202)考研招生人数参考书报录比复试分数线考研真题招生简章考研大纲

爱考机构考研－保研－考博高端辅导第一品牌首都儿科研究所儿科学(100202)招生目录系所名称首都儿科研究所招生总数 6系所说明第三位代码是“５”为专业学位研究生，其他为科学学位研究生。

招生专业及人数100202儿科学2105102儿科学4首都儿科研究所儿科学(100202)考试科目系所名称首都儿科研究所招生总数 6系所说明第三位代码是“５”为专业学位研究生，其他为科学学位研究生。

招生专业：儿科学 (100202) 人数:2研究方向01.儿童相关疾病的发病机理研究02.有氧代谢的研究考试科目本专业01方向为推荐免试。

1 101思想政治理论2 201英语一3 306西医综合首都儿科研究所儿科学(100202)专业简介首都儿科研究所的前身是中国医学科学院儿科研究所，成立于1958年，是新中国第一家以医学基础研究、儿科疾病发病机理研究、儿童保健为重点，承担有医疗、教学和预防任务的应用医学研究机构。

研究所于1983年隶属北京市，1986年建立附属儿童医院。

研究所先后8次获得北京市属科研院所“改革与发展”一等奖，16次获得首都及卫生系统“文明单位”的称号。

50年来，经过几代人的不懈奋斗，研究所已发展成为集儿科基础医学、临床医学、高等医学教育、预防保健医学为一体的全国知名的医学研究机构。

研究所和附属儿童医院地处北京市朝阳区雅宝路2号，占地面积28815平方米，建筑面积10万余平方米。

全所院现有员工1200余人，其中专业技术人员占84%，具有高级专业技术职称的有120余人。

所内有国家级和市级突出贡献专家7人，享受政府特殊津贴的专家22人。

研究所是国务院学位委员会批准的儿科硕士、儿科博士学位授权单位，现有博士生、硕士生导师40余名。

目前，已培养博士、硕士200余人，有10名青年科技骨干入选北京市科技新星。

科研、临床人员每年在各种核心期刊、学术会议、专业刊物发表论文百余篇，其中SCI文章30余篇。

现有百余名留学人员学成回国。

北京大学人类学专业考博真题考试内容考试重点整理-育明考博

北京大学社会学系人类学专业考博真题解析一、北京大学社会学系人类学专业考博考试内容分析（育明考博辅导中心)专业招生人数初审复试内容030301社会学年份公开招考硕博连读申请—考核制1、专业知识考查社会学专业知识：社会学理论100分、社会学方法70分专业英语30分2、综合能力面试考察学生的科研素养、专业基础、创新能力、发展潜力及协作精神等2013年11人2人2014年16人2人2015年9人5人育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、北京大学社会学系人类学专业考博的报录比平均在9:1左右（竞争较激烈）2、本专业有5个研究方向：01.社会人类学02.文化研究03.民俗研究04.政治人类学05.法律人类学3、人类学理论：基础理论部分为50分，专业方向部分为50分。

4、同等学力考生须加试报考专业两门硕士专业学位课程和哲学。

5、2016年北京大学继续实行“申请—考核制”，没有提供雅思、托福等英语成绩等级证明的同学，需要参加“北京大学博士研究生英语水平考试”。

6、笔试成绩占50%，面试成绩占50%，且笔试和面试成绩均需及格。

按照成绩排名先后统一录取。

育明教育考博分校针对北京大学人类学专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。

每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。

根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。

（北京大学社会学系考博资料获取、课程咨询育明教育张老师叩叩：柒柒贰陆，柒捌，伍叁柒）二、北京大学社会学系博士招生人数及报考统计年份招生方式及人数公开招考报名人数报录比复试分数线2013年公开招考（16人）硕博连读（2人）160人10:1外语>=50专业课>=602014年公开招考（18人）硕博连读（2人）162人9:12015年公开招考（12人）硕博连读（6人）114人9:1育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、北大社会学系共有3个博士招生专业社会学、人口学和人类学，各专业之间报录比差别还是比较大的。

北大考博北京大学教育学院高等教育学专业考博真题参考书考试重点专家讲解复试分数线-育明考博

北大教育学院高等教育学专业考博备考指导-育明考博一、联系导师联系导师是一个技术活，顺利的话会给你的备考提供很大的帮助，甚至是决定性的帮助，不顺利的话，可能就未考先败。

联系导师的具体方式有很多种，比如第三方介绍、直接蹲守、公开信息查找等，各种方式都有自己的优劣，关键是看你的资源和沟通技巧。

初次联系一般采用邮件的形式，怎么写非常重要，一定要注意措辞、内容和语气。

第一、联系导师的邮件怎么写呢？初次联系导师一般都是采用邮件的形式。

写邮件之前要做大量的准备工作，首要的就是弄明白导师的情况，比如求学的经历、任职的经历、出版的专著、发表的论文、代表性的学术成果等。

在邮件中要表达这么基层意思，第一，做一个自我介绍，突出自己的学术潜质；第二，说一下老师的研究成果，表现出兴趣和仰慕；第三，表达想进一步跟随老师做学问的想法和渴望；第四，希望老师的回应或者预约下次见面的时间和地点。

具体的操作技术性很强，稍有差池就可能功亏一篑。

你可以写一份初稿，我给你找我们经验丰富的专业课老师看看，给你提提修改意见。

第二、联系导师的短信怎么写？你能获得老师的手机号码，说明你对老师也有一定的了解了。

短信不同于邮件和打电话，短信的字数不宜太多，太多了老师看起来不方便。

短信的内容要简明扼要，写短信之前要做大量的准备工作，首要的就是弄明白导师的情况，比如求学的经历、任职的经历、出版的专著、发表的论文、代表性的学术成果等。

在邮件中要表达这么基层意思，第一，做一个自我介绍，突出自己的学术潜质；第二，说一下老师的研究成果，表现出兴趣和仰慕；第三，表达想进一步跟随老师做学问的想法和渴望；第四，希望老师的回应。

具体的操作技术性很强，稍有差池就可能功亏一篑。

我给你一个模板：“尊敬的A老师您好！我是XX,之前拜读过您的XX，我对您研究的XX非常感兴趣，自己也有一些心得和困惑，想当面和您请教，不知老师最近能够在百忙之中赐见？”你可以写一份初稿，我给你找我们经验丰富的专业课老师看看，给你提提修改意见。

北京师范大学文学院儿童文学专业考博真题-参考书-分数线-复习资料-育明考博

5. 外语水平需达到以下条件之一：
（1）外语专业本科(含)以上毕业。
（2）近五年内曾在同一语种国家留学一学年（8—12个月）（需提供进修或经中国留学服务中心认证提供学历证明）。
（3）参加雅思（学术类）、托福、德、法、意、西、日、韩语水平考试，成绩达到以下标准：雅思（学术类）6.5分(3年内有效)，托福90分(3年内有效)，德、法、意、西语达到欧洲统一语言参考框架（CECRL）的 B2级，日语达到二级（N2），韩语达到 TOPIK4级。
（4） GRE 成绩1200分以上(总分为1600)或 GRE 成绩308分以上(总分为340)(3年内有效)。
（5）GMAT 成绩650分以上(3年内有效)。
（6）WSK(PETS 5)考试合格(3年内有效)。

中国考博辅导首选学校
（7）国家英语六级考试在500分以上(3年内有效)。
复试满分值为 200 分，每小组满分各为 100 分。每小组及格分为 60 分，
一组或两组成绩不及格者不予录取。
每小组由 5 位复试教师组成。考生在每个小组的复试成绩，为该组考官
所给的 5 个成绩按照“去掉一个最高分、去掉一个最低分、其余分数加总再
除以 3”的方法得出。考生两个小组复试成绩相加得出其复试总成绩。

中国考博辅导首选学校
四、报考条件及注意事项
1．拥护中国共产党的领导，愿意为社会主义现代化建设服务，品德良好，遵纪守法。
2．已获硕士学位人员，或应届硕士毕业生，或符合条件的同等学力人员（见学校的招生简章），或已获博士学位人员。
3.身体健康状况符合规定的体检标准。
4．年龄一般不超过45周岁（即1969年9月1日以后出生）。
专业代码及名称外国语业务课一业务课二总分

博士儿科试题及答案

博士儿科试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 新生儿黄疸最常见的原因是：A. 溶血性疾病B. 先天性胆道闭锁C. 母乳性黄疸D. 肝脏疾病答案：C2. 小儿肺炎最常见的病原体是：A. 病毒B. 支原体C. 细菌D. 真菌答案：C3. 儿童生长发育迟缓的最常见原因是：A. 遗传因素B. 营养不良C. 慢性疾病D. 内分泌疾病答案：B4. 儿童期最常见的贫血类型是：A. 铁缺乏性贫血B. 地中海贫血C. 再生障碍性贫血D. 溶血性贫血答案：A5. 儿童哮喘的主要诊断依据是：A. 家族史B. 过敏史C. 反复发作的喘息D. 肺部听诊答案：C6. 儿童期最常见的肾脏疾病是：A. 急性肾小球肾炎B. 慢性肾小球肾炎C. 肾盂肾炎D. 肾结石答案：A7. 儿童糖尿病最常见的类型是：A. 1型糖尿病B. 2型糖尿病C. 妊娠糖尿病D. 特殊类型糖尿病答案：A8. 儿童期最常见的先天性心脏病是：A. 室间隔缺损B. 房间隔缺损C. 动脉导管未闭D. 法洛四联症答案：C9. 儿童期最常见的遗传性疾病是：A. 唐氏综合症B. 苯丙酮尿症C. 囊性纤维化D. 血友病答案：A10. 儿童期最常见的肿瘤是：A. 白血病B. 脑瘤C. 肾母细胞瘤D. 神经母细胞瘤答案：A二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 以下哪些是儿童期生长发育的重要指标？A. 体重B. 身高C. 头围D. 血压答案：ABC2. 儿童期常见的感染性疾病包括：A. 麻疹B. 风疹C. 水痘D. 腮腺炎答案：ABCD3. 儿童期常见的消化系统疾病包括：A. 腹泻B. 便秘C. 胃食管反流D. 肠套叠答案：ABCD4. 儿童期常见的神经系统疾病包括：A. 脑炎B. 癫痫C. 脑积水D. 脑肿瘤答案：ABCD5. 儿童期常见的内分泌疾病包括：A. 甲状腺功能亢进B. 糖尿病C. 生长激素缺乏症D. 性早熟答案：ABCD三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述儿童期生长发育的特点。

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北大考博北京大学教育学院高等教育学专业考博真题参考书考试重点专家讲解复试分数线-育明考博

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