川大MTI百科知识 样题+参考答案(背景)
2015年四川大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(题后含
2015年四川大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)全部题型 3. 名词解释5. 应用文写作7. 现代汉语写作名词解释1.古希腊人把对过去进行思考的回忆视作人类固有的本能。
古希腊人很早就有了历史意识,殊不知荷马就扮演了一部分史学家的角色,他的诗虽有文学成分,但也不乏众多的历史事实。
特洛伊的成功发掘,本身就证明了荷马记载的真实性。
希罗多德和修昔底德成就出两部古典史学名著《希波战争史》和《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》。
正确答案:(1)荷马:古希腊盲诗人。
相传创作了公元前12世纪至公元前1l 世纪的特洛伊战争以及关于海上冒险故事的古希腊长篇叙事代表史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》,实际上是他根据民间流传的短歌综合编写而成的。
这两部杰作被合称为《荷马史诗》,并在很长时间里影响了西方的宗教、文化和伦理观。
(2)特洛伊:也称“伊利昂”,古希腊殖民城市。
公元前16世纪前后为古希腊人所建,公元前13世纪至公元前12世纪时,颇为繁荣。
特洛伊城遗在今土耳其,位于恰纳卡莱南部,北临达达尼尔海峡,坐落在平缓的城堡山脚下。
特洛伊城遗址的发掘,始于19世纪中期,延续到20世纪30年代。
考古学家找到了公元400年罗马帝国时期的雅典娜神庙以及议事厅、市场和剧场的废墟等。
(3)《希波战争史》:即古希腊著名历史学家希罗多德所著的《历史》,是西方史学中最早的一部历史著作。
《希波战争史》取材广泛、规模宏大、史料充实,文字生动流畅、富于文采且充满了浪漫想象。
整本书内容丰富,不仅记载了政治、军事、外交等有关希波战争的史实,还广泛涉及古代埃及、巴比伦、叙利亚、波斯和小亚细亚各国的自然地理、风俗民情、宗教文化和社会经济情况。
其视野扩大到当时希腊及其周边世界,展示了古代近20个国家和地区的民族生活图景,被西方学者誉为“第一部世界性的社会文化史”和“百科全书式”的著作。
(4)《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》:古希腊史学家修昔底德的代表作。
全书讲述了以雅典为首的提洛同盟与以斯巴达为首的伯罗奔尼撒联盟之间的一场战争。
川大MTI汉语写作与百科知识
2017川大MTI汉语写作与百科知识众所周知川大的汉语写作与百科这一科难,准备起来最棘手。
以名词解释为例范围比天空还广,比海还深。
这也就算了,川大改卷还比较压分,撑死不过120+,而低分低至80+,老师真是心狠手辣,比起某些学校动辄上120,130来说,考川大的孩纸确实吃不少苦头。
名词解释25个,每个写80-120个字才保险,这样下来就是2000-3000字,应用文450字,大作文800字,总共加起来最少也有3200字。
正常考试是3个小时,你造吗?写的我手都发抖了,而且还是属于思维流畅状态,所以考前的准备尤其重要,因为只有准备充分了,才能行文流畅!今年也是非常有幸考上川大,备考百科算是有点心得比较高效的,特发出希望对大家有所帮助。
首先试卷分为三大部分:名词解释,应用文写作,现代汉语写作。
名词解释2010-2013年4年共考名词解释91个,其中10年考21个,11年20个,12年25个,13年25个,据我14年的实战经验也是25个,所以按此推理15年应该也是25个。
把考过的所有名词解释可以分为6类。
分别是:中国历史文化,政治经济贸易法律常识,国内外时局热点,欧州历史文化宗教,美国历史文化,世界国家组织会议公约。
具体分类请看详单:1.中国历史文化:共20个2.政治经济贸易法律常识:共16个3.国内外时局热点:共12个4.欧州历史文化宗教科学:30个(文艺复兴和人文主义多次考到!!)5.美国人文地理:共6个6.世界国家组织会议公约:共7个从上可以看出川大出题的侧重点:即中国历史文化,政经贸法常识,和欧洲文史科三个方面,你知道该看什么,不该看什么了吧。
名词解释答题技巧:1。
每个要写80-120个字,休想一句话就得两分,字要写好,别被扣卷面分。
2.名词解释重点在解释二字,就像是下定义,做概念。
.以人物为例,要说明这个人物是干什么的,是什么时期的人物,有什么重要作品,对人类社会有何突出贡献及影响,这样下来就八九不离十了。
四川大学外国语学院MTI翻译硕士357英语翻译基础448汉语写作与百科知识考
四川大学外国语学院MTI翻译硕士357英语翻译基础448汉语写作与百科知识考研全套资料真题答案辅导笔记模拟卷2015年弘毅考研川大分部研究生团队已达50多人,涵盖经济、法学、文学、新传、外国语、艺术、历史、旅游、数学、化学、生物、电子、材料、机械、电气、计算机、环境、水土、水利、化工、发酵、行管、教经、社保、商院、体育、马克思、护理、口腔、公卫、预防、药学等30多个院系专业,是目前专业课考研最权威的专业团队,以“弘毅川大考研论坛”为基石,各个专业的学长学姐给您答疑解惑。
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2015年四川外国语大学翻译硕士(MTI)入学考试《汉语写作与百科知识》真题及详解
2015年四川外国语大学翻译硕士(MTI)入学考试《汉语写作与百科知识》真题(总分:100.00,做题时间:90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数:25,分数:50.00)1.下列中国早期文化中,位于现今河南省境内的是( )。
(分数:2.00)A.红山文化B.良渚文化C.仰韶文化√D.大汶口文化【解析】红山文化是起始于公元五千多年前的农业文明,是华夏文明最早的文化痕迹之一。
北起内蒙古中南部地区,南至河北北部,东达辽宁西部。
良渚文化是新石器文化类型,分布的中心地区在太湖流域,而遗址分布最密集的地区则在太湖流域的东北部、东部和东南部。
仰韶文化是黄河中游地区重要的新石器时代的一种彩陶文化,分布在整个黄河中游,从今天的甘肃省到河南省之间。
大汶口文化是新石器时代文化,分布地区东至黄海之滨,西至鲁西平原东部,北达渤海南岸,南到江苏淮北一带。
2.福建莆田市一带的民宅上有些嵌有"颍川流芳"四个字,请问这家姓什么?( )(分数:2.00)A.刘B.陈√C.周D.王【解析】"颍川流芳"中的"流芳"是指流传美名,而"颍川"是郡望,也就是指某一姓氏世居某郡县而为人们所仰望,实际指某一姓氏的社会影响。
如韩姓以昌黎为郡望,刘姓以彭城为郡望,陈姓以颍川为郡望,周姓以汝南为郡望,张姓以南阳为郡望,王姓以太原为郡望,杜姓以京兆为郡望,等等。
不管这些姓氏分布在什么地方,他们都会以"彭城刘""颍川陈""汝南周""太原王""京兆杜"为荣耀。
"颍川流芳"就代表这家姓陈。
3."术""势"是哪一个学说强调的观念?( )(分数:2.00)A.道家B.墨家C.儒家D.法家√【解析】在韩非子之前,法家分三派。
一派以慎到为首,主张在政治与治国方术之中,"势",即权力与威势最为重要;一派以申不害为首,强调"术",即政治权术;一派以商鞅为首,强调"法",即法律与规章制度。
翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识(科技生活)历年真题试卷汇编
翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识(科技生活)历年真题试卷汇编1(题后含答案及解析)题型有:1. 单项选择题 3. 名词解释 4. 简答题单项选择题1.现代乒乓球运动以( )为一局。
A.21分B.25分C.11分D.20分正确答案:C解析:在一局乒乓球比赛中,先得11分的一方为胜方;10平后,先多得2分的一方为胜方。
知识模块:科技生活2.我国医疗卫生机构分为三级(一、二、三级)二等(甲、乙等),其中( )最高。
A.一级甲等B.一级乙等C.三级甲等D.三级乙等正确答案:C解析:我国医疗卫生机构分为三级二等,三级甲等为最高等级,属省级以上医院,是承担高等医学院校和科研任务的医疗机构。
知识模块:科技生活3.下列( )不属于西方世界四大通讯社之一。
A.法新社B.美联社C.塔斯社D.路透社正确答案:C解析:当前的世界四大通讯社分别是:美国的美联社、英国的路透社、法国的法新社、美国的合众国际社。
以上的世界四大通讯社的排名依据是:通讯社的规模、发展历史及影响力、订户数量、日发稿量和年发稿量等。
知识模块:科技生活4.索尼公司创始人之一是( )。
A.松下幸之助B.稻盛和夫C.盛田昭夫D.本田宗一郎正确答案:C解析:松下幸之助是“松下电器”的创始人,稻盛和夫创立了盛和塾,本田宗一郎是本田汽车的创始人。
知识模块:科技生活5.英国的传播媒介比较丰富,其中每周评论是英国出版业的重要组成部分,( )是历史最悠久的周刊。
A.《观察家》B.《每周新闻》C.《旁观者》D.《读者文摘》正确答案:C解析:《旁观者》1828年由英国著名文学家、诗人约瑟夫.艾迪生和他的好朋友理查德.斯蒂尔创办,是英国人周刊中历史最悠久的杂志。
知识模块:科技生活6.英国首都伦敦的地铁是世界上最早的地铁,它建成于( )。
A.1863年B.1873年C.1864年D.1874年正确答案:A解析:伦敦地铁是世界上第一条地下铁道。
总长超过400千米。
1856年开始修建,1863年1月10日正式投入运营。
2012年四川大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷
2012年四川大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(总分:16.00,做题时间:90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数:1,分数:12.00)请简要解释以下段落中画线部分的知识点:(分数:12.00)(1).宋词是继唐诗后的又一种文学体裁,兼有文学与音乐两方面的特点,是中国古代文学皇冠上光辉夺目的一颗宝石,历来与唐诗并称双绝,代表一代文学之盛。
按照传统的风格进行划分,宋词可以划分为“ 豪放派”和“ 婉约派”,至苏轼时期达到其发展高峰。
后辑有《全宋词》荟萃宋代三百年间的词作。
(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案:(正确答案:豪放派:豪放派是宋词的风格流派之一,与婉约派并称为宋词两大词派。
其特点是题材广泛,内容丰富,表现方法以铺叙直抒为主,风格恢弘沉雄,气势豪纵,成就颇高。
豪放派的代表人物有苏轼、辛弃疾等。
婉约派:婉约派为中国宋词的一个流派。
婉约派继承了晚唐五代花间派词风,主题多写风花雪月、男欢女爱和悲欢离愁,风格则清丽柔媚、委婉含蓄,结构深细缜密,音律谐婉,语言圆润,具有一种柔婉之美,但内容比较窄狭。
婉约派的代表人物有李清照、柳永、秦观、李煜等。
苏轼:字子瞻,号东坡居士,中国北宋文豪,“唐宋八大家”之一,在诗、词、赋、散文方面均有极高成就,且善书法和绘画,是中国文学艺术史上罕见的全才,也是中国数千年历史上被公认为文学艺术造诣最杰出的大家之一。
其散文与欧阳修并称“欧苏”;诗与黄庭坚并称“苏黄”,又与陆游并称“苏陆”;词与辛弃疾并称“苏辛”;其画则开创了湖州画派。
苏轼的代表作品有《水调歌头.中秋》、《念奴娇.赤壁怀古》、《赤壁赋》等。
唐宋八大家:是唐宋时期八大散文作家的合称,即唐代的韩愈、柳宗元和宋代的苏轼、苏洵,苏辙、欧阳修、王安石、曾巩。
2012年四川大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(题后含
2012年四川大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)全部题型 3. 名词解释5. 应用文写作7. 现代汉语写作名词解释请简要解释以下段落中画线部分的知识点:1.宋词是继唐诗后的又一种文学体裁,兼有文学与音乐两方面的特点,是中国古代文学皇冠上光辉夺目的一颗宝石,历来与唐诗并称双绝,代表一代文学之盛。
按照传统的风格进行划分,宋词可以划分为“豪放派”和“婉约派”,至苏轼时期达到其发展高峰。
后辑有《全宋词》荟萃宋代三百年间的词作。
正确答案:豪放派:豪放派是宋词的风格流派之一,与婉约派并称为宋词两大词派。
其特点是题材广泛,内容丰富,表现方法以铺叙直抒为主,风格恢弘沉雄,气势豪纵,成就颇高。
豪放派的代表人物有苏轼、辛弃疾等。
婉约派:婉约派为中国宋词的一个流派。
婉约派继承了晚唐五代花间派词风,主题多写风花雪月、男欢女爱和悲欢离愁,风格则清丽柔媚、委婉含蓄,结构深细缜密,音律谐婉,语言圆润,具有一种柔婉之美,但内容比较窄狭。
婉约派的代表人物有李清照、柳永、秦观、李煜等。
苏轼:字子瞻,号东坡居士,中国北宋文豪,“唐宋八大家”之一,在诗、词、赋、散文方面均有极高成就,且善书法和绘画,是中国文学艺术史上罕见的全才,也是中国数千年历史上被公认为文学艺术造诣最杰出的大家之一。
其散文与欧阳修并称“欧苏”;诗与黄庭坚并称“苏黄”,又与陆游并称“苏陆”;词与辛弃疾并称“苏辛”;其画则开创了湖州画派。
苏轼的代表作品有《水调歌头.中秋》、《念奴娇.赤壁怀古》、《赤壁赋》等。
唐宋八大家:是唐宋时期八大散文作家的合称,即唐代的韩愈、柳宗元和宋代的苏轼、苏洵,苏辙、欧阳修、王安石、曾巩。
《全宋词》:由当代词学大师、著名中国文史学家、教育家、词人唐圭璋编著,中华书局于2009年出版,是中国近百年来最重要的古籍整理成果之一。
全书共四册,荟萃宋代三百年间的词作。
《全宋词》是图书馆基本的藏书,也是了解宋代文学史、文化史的重要典籍。
[考研类试卷]2015年四川大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷.doc
[考研类试卷]2015年四川大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷一、名词解释1 古希腊人把对过去进行思考的回忆视作人类固有的本能。
古希腊人很早就有了历史意识,殊不知<u>荷马</u>就扮演了一部分史学家的角色,他的诗虽有文学成分,但也不乏众多的历史事实。
<u>特洛伊</u>的成功发掘,本身就证明了荷马记载的真实性。
希罗多德和修昔底德成就出两部古典史学名著<u>《希波战争史》</u>和<u>《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》</u>。
2 在古代世界文明史上,<u>玛雅文明</u>似乎是从天而降,在最为辉煌繁盛之时,却又戛然而止。
20世纪以来,一批又一批的考古人员来到洪都拉斯,随后又把寻幽探胜的足迹扩大到整个南美大陆。
1519年,西班牙军队横扫墨西哥,征服正处于鼎盛时期的<u>阿斯特克文明</u>;1526年,一支西班牙探险队前往<u>尤卡坦半岛</u>,试图用暴力建立西班牙殖民地,并强制推行<u>基督教</u>信仰。
不肯屈服的玛雅人展开了长达百余年的游击战,直到1697年,最后一个玛雅城邦才在西班牙人的炮火中灰飞烟灭。
3 唐代是我国古典诗歌发展的全盛时期,是我国优秀的文学遗产之一,也是全世界文学宝库中的一颗灿烂的明珠。
300年间,诗才辈出,作品繁多,题材广泛,形式多样,风格各异。
唐诗的形式是多种多样的。
唐代的古体诗,基本上<u>五言</u>和<u>七言</u>两种。
近体诗也有两种,一种叫作<u>绝句</u>,一种叫作<u>律诗</u>。
4 2005年10月,第33届<u>联合国教科文组织</u>大会上通过的《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约》意味着<u>文化多样性</u>原则被提高到国际社会应该遵守的伦理道德高度。
四川大学翻译硕士英语考试样题
翻译硕士英语考试科目:211翻译硕士英语适用专业:英语口译(MTI)、英语笔译(MTI)(试题共14页)(注意:答案必须写在答题纸上,写在试题上不给分)I. Vocabulary and grammar (30’)Multiple choiceDirections: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.1. The forests were very dry because of the dry spell.A. tree lineB. explorersC. draftD. drought2. Self-denial is one of their tenets.A. reasonsB. doctrinesC. rentersD. figures3. The Iranians did not see eye to eye with the Americans about releasing the hostages.A. viewB. scareC. agreeD. quarrel4. The most pressing problem any economic system faces is how to use its scarce resources.A. puzzlingB. difficultC. terrifyingD. urgent5. The firm of Bonnin and Morris in Philadelphia was probably the first American company to manufacture porcelain.A. silverwareB. crystalC. chinaD. linen6. Children who come from deprived families are frequently poor readers.A. without respectB. without experienceC. without fundsD. without legs7. They raised a hue and cry just outside the gate.A. surrenderedB. built a temporary shelterC. made a great deal of noiseD. flew the flag8. Carlo showed us his diagram if the machine.A. insidesB. screwsC. sketchD. masterpiece9. The beggar solicited passers-by for money.A. requestedB. scowled atC. bargained withD. chased10. He took on so much work, he had no time for pleasure.A. allowedB. increasedC. accomplishedD. assumed11. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of _________realityA. what it is conceivedB. that is conceivedC. what is conceived to beD. that is being conceived of12. Using many symbols makes _______ to put a large amount of information on a single map.A. possibleB. it is possibleC. it possibleD. that possible13. A vacuum tube is a glass tube from which most of the air has been removed, _______ an almost complete vacuum.A. creatingB. createsC. is creatingD. it creates14. Booker T. Washington, acclaimed as a leading educator at the turn of the century, _____ of a school that later became the Tuskegee Institute.A. took chargeB. taking chargeC. charge was takenD. taken charge15. True hibernation takes place only among _______ animals.A. whose blood is warmB. blood warmC. warm-bloodedD. they have warm blood16. In central Georgia, archaeological evidence indicates that Native Americans first inhabited the area________.A. since thirteen centuriesB. thirteen centuries agoC. the previous thirteen centuriesD. thirteen centuries were before17. In ________, the advent of the telephone, radio, and television has made rapid long-distance communication possible.A. one hundred years laterB. one hundred years agoC. the one hundred years sinceD. the last one hundred years18. ________, The Yearling, won a Pulitzer Prize.A. Marjorie Rawlings’best work wasB. Marjorie Rawlings’best workC. Her best work was Marjorie Rawlings’D. That Marjorie Rawlings’best work19. Abstraction goes into the making of any work of art, ________ or not.A. whether the artist being aware of itB. the artist is being aware whetherC. whether the artist is aware of itD. the artist is aware whether20. Not until 1931 ________ the official anthem of the United StatesA. “The Star-spangled Banner”did becomeB. when “The Star-spangled Banner”becameC. did “The Star-Spangle Banner”becomeD. became “The Star-spangled Banner”II. Reading comprehension (40’)Section 1 Multiple choice (20’)Directions: In this section there are reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage AJustice and injustice in criminal adjudication are more than abstract concept; in modern America each term conjures up its own paradigm image. Justice occurs in a somber courtroom where a robber reaches a legal decision. Injustice is a bloodthirsty mob bearing lit torches, intimidating on the doors of the jail desperate to wreak revenge upon the suspected wrongdoer held within.This image of injustice provides many normative insights. One that courts have frequently drawn is that in criminal adjudication emotion is unalterably opposed to reason and thus to justice itself. Taking this principle a step farther, courts have urged that the more a legal issue might provoke popular rage, the harder courts must work to insulate the legal decision from emotive influence. The classic example is capital sentencing, an occasion which evokes strong emotions. Here the Supreme Court has worked to ensure that “any decision to impose the death sentence be, and appear to be, based on reason rather than caprice or emotion”. The Court has, over a period of years, undertaken an extensive regulatory project aimed at suppressing emotive influence in capital cases by mandating rationalistic ruled to guide sentencing. This insistence upon the injustice of all emotion stems from a misconception of emotion and its influence upon criminal punishment. Although the mob at jail scene illustrates that anger can lead to injustice, it does not support the proposition that all decisions influenced by anger are morally tainted. Anger can be justified and have moral decision making is complex; untangling it involved a close examination of emotion than the law has generally undertaken.This has obvious significance for criminal law as a form of social concord. But it is also important or its alleged role as a restraint on power. Criminal law does little or nothing to restrict the efforts of the various professionals now responsible for preventing and reshaping deviant behavior. Rather it is them who have colonized its territory, as in the welfare of the professional authority that legitimates them and because they enter into the enabling role of the state as dispenser of benefits. This is to say nothing of other forms of market and bureaucratic power and social control exercised by groups other than government. Under these conditions the alleged protections of the criminal law seem premised on a nineteenth century view of the state and society; those interested in the law in the twentieth century must look to the potential of administrative law rather than to criminal law. Either way critical writers would be wasting their time here.Whilst there is a lot of truth in this picture of the declining importance of criminal law, it issensible not to exaggerate its loss of functions. From a critical point of view it would seem to retain a crucial ideological significance as being the form of closet touch with public. It is hard to credit the idea that these central liberal (bourgeois) notions have been displaced by the newer disciplines and strategies.1.The reason for the insulation of emotions in criminal adjudication is due to_______.A. the severity of the possible punishmentB. the social concern for the adjudicationC. the Supreme Court decisionD. the ideal of keeping order2. According to the author’s opinion, the origination of the insistence upon the injustice of all emotion is __________.A. that emotion is inevitably against reason and justiceB. the misunderstanding of emotion and its influenceC. the courts’hard work to prevent the legal decision from emotive influenceD. that the death sentence was based on reason through suppressing emotive influence3. Regards to the role of anger in adjudication, which statement is INCORRECT?A. Only part of the decisions is influenced by anger, though it can bring biases.B. Though moral decision-making is complex, anger can be justifiedC. Some decisions influenced by anger can be morally taintedD. Because of anger, moral decision-making is quite complicated4. The declining importance of criminal law is a consequence of ___________.A. the loss of importance of criminal law and increase of interest in government as a benefit dispenserB. the exaggeration of the importance of criminal law and decrease of interest in government affairsC. the new trend in legal studiesD. the new ideas pouring out in the administrative law field5. The review is primarily ___________.A. dubiousB. objectiveC. partialD. criticalPassage BThe Eskimos believe that a human being is made up of a body, a soul, and a name, and it not complete unless it has all three. This belief has a great effect on the Eskimo’s daily life and runs like a golden thread through the Eskimo culture.As for the soul of man, the Eskimos do not claim to know exactly what it is—but then, who does? They see it, however, as the beginning of life, the initiator of all activities within a being, and the energy without which life cannot continue.An Eskimo’s name is believed to have a life of its own. It combines all the good qualities and talents of all the persons who have been called by it. One may imagine it as a procession ofancestors stretching into the dim past and surrounding the present bearer of the name with a sort of magic protective aura.Many Eskimos believe that a newborn baby cries because it wants its name and will not be complete until it gets it. Immediately after a birth the angakok (medicine man) or some wise elders of the tribe gather to name the child. The name that is selected must be the name of someone who has died recently. The choice may in some cases call for much conjuring and soothsaying, and in other cases be self-evident. When my son was born, everyone realized that it was his great-grandfather, Mequsaq, who had died a few months before, who had been reborn in him. The newborn infant had a slight squint in the very same eye that old Mequsaq had lost to the cannibals in Baffin Land. This was taken as a sign from the name spirit that the baby should be called Mequsaq.When, in 1927, I returned to Thule for a visit, I found that no fewer than five little girls had been named Navarana after my dear late wife. So great was the confidence in Navarana’s ability and character that there was believed to be enough for all five children. It was thus a beautiful and touching memorial to her, though a slightly expensive one for me, since I had to give all the little girls presents.More often he newborn child was given several names, so as to have the highest possible protection, and certain names became great favorites. Calling so many by the same name was often very confusing. This custom was continued in Christianized Greenland. In the little settlement of Kook, in the Upernavik district, all five hunters were called Gaba (after the archangel Gabriel). I was told that some years before, a great man called Gaba had died, and after his death several unmistakable signs indicated that his spirit was still active. To please the spirit, many boy babies were named after it. In order to distinguish between them they called them “fat Gaba,”“Little Gaba,”etc.A Polar Eskimo would never mention himself by name. Doing so could break the name’s magic protection. And since the ever jealous spirits are always listening, it could cause great trouble. It seemed strange to me in the beginning, when I met somebody in the dark of winter, that I was never able to get any information other than “Oanga”(it is I). Finally I learned to know them all by their voices.The Eskimo people believe also in the magic protective power of amulets, However, it isn’t the amulet itself that protects from harm—it is the properties that the amulet possesses. It is almost always the boys and the men who are given amulets, for they are the ones who expose themselves to all the dangers of nature while the women stay at home. When a girl is given amulets, it is usually to insure that she have strong sons. Great care goes into the selection of amulets. My wife Navarana carried a little ball of polished wood with her always. Wood cannot feel pain, and possession of it means great wealth; thus it is thought that a wooden amulet can insure the owner a rich and painless life.One of the most popular amulets is the foot of a raven, which is put on a string around the necks of newborn babies. This is believed to be a very valuable charm because no bird can get along under as hard conditions as does the raven. The raven finds food where other animals starve to death—it can live on almost nothing.At the end of my first walrus hunt at Thule, Ayorsalik, one of the hunters, decided that raven meat was to be eaten in my honor. The purpose of the raven feast, he said, was to make sure that the good luck I had had that morning would continue indefinitely.Two of the younger men shot three ravens that had been hovering expectantly near our campfire. Ayorsalik out the pot on to boil, and the ravens were skinned and cooked.Their taste was revolting, and later I ate that bird only in times of great hunger. On this occasion Ayorsalik handed me all three hearts and livers with his fingers; they went down, but they almost came up again. I don’t know whether this ritual had any effect. But later on, whenever I had sizable game, Ayorsalik claimed I would lose the ravens’power if I were not to share with him.Another interesting custom of the Eskimos is their ceremony of reverence for ancestors. On the rock of Agpat, near Thule, where the burial ground was, both men and women would sit for hour after hour in quiet meditation. Dressed in their finest clothing, they would stare out over the horizon without moving. They believed that during this stillness they received the wisdomof their ancestors. It is the nearest thing to religious devotion I have seen among them, and it is, I think, the most beautiful form of worship I have ever seen.To the Eskimo, nature is full of evil spirits ready to work ill if a sin or breach of taboo is committed. When a tribe is afflicted with sickness or bad weather or starvation, it is up to the angakok to find out how the people, knowingly or unknowingly, have offended the spirits. He can summon his helping spirits, he can travel to the underworld, under the sea, and through rocks, and thus find out where the trouble is.Essentially, angakoks are people who are experienced in the state of trance. I have often observed even the people serving in our house at Thule in a state of trance, sometimes for days on end. To understand the Eskimos, it is necessary to remember the long depressing winter with its black darkness and its aura of lurking evil, and the summer with its perpetual sunshine that wearies the mind and confuses the senses. Every fall we had a veritable epidemic of evil spirits along with the storms and the darkness of winter setting in. There was always panic at this time.The Eskimos know no benevolent god. They believe that the spirits of the angakoks and the protective spells of names and amulets are their only defense against a cold and hostile land.6. If asked “Who is it?”an Eskimo would answer only “It is I,”because______.[A] he would not want anyone to know who he was[B] if he said his own name he would break its spell[C] he did not know his actual name[D] Both A and B.7. There is evidence in the passage that the author’s wife had______.[A] won the Eskimos’approval during several visits[B] many names[C] been accepted by the Eskimos only because of their love for her husband.[D] been an Eskimo herself8. According to the passage, Eskimos depend most heavily on______.[A] evil spirits[B] charms and magic[C] a helpful god[D] nature9. The word “revolting”in paragraph 12 means______.[A] shocking[B] rebellious[C] nauseating[D] wicked10. The Eskimo believed that sitting quietly near their buried ancestors_______.[A] was the best way to express faith in God[B] helped the hunters to find food[C] gave them the wisdom of their ancestors[D] was the best way to pay tribute to the dead.Section 2 Answering questions (20’)Directions: Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your answer sheet.Questions 1~3What do we mean by leisure, and why should we assume that it represents a problem to be solved by the arts? The great ages of art were not conspicuous for their leisure-at least, art was not an activity associated with leisure. It was a craft like any other, concerned with the making of necessary things. Leisure, in the present meaning of the word, did not exist. Leisure, before the Industrial Revolution meant no more than “time”or “opportunity”; “If your leisure serv'd, I would speak with you”, says one of Shakespeare's characters. Phrases which we still use, such as “at your leisure”, preserve this original meaning.But when we speak of leisure nowadays, we are not thinking of securing time or opportunity to do something; time is heavy on our hands, and the problem is how to fill it. Leisure no longer signifies a space with some difficulty secured against the pressure of events: rather it is a pervasive emptiness for which we must invent occupations-Leisure is a vacuum, a desperate state of vacancy--a vacancy of mind and body. It has been commandeered by the sociologists and the psychologists: it is a problem.Our diurnal existence is divided into two phases, as distinct as day and night. We callthem work and play. We work so many hours a day, and, when we have allowed the necessary minimum for such activities as eating and shopping, the rest we spend in various activities which are known as recreations, an elegant word which disguises the fact that we usually do not even play in our hours of leisure, but spend them in various forms of passive entertainment or entertainment--not football but watching football matches; not acting, but theatre-going; not walking, but riding in a motor coach.We need to make, therefore, a hard-and-fast distinction not only between work and play but, equally, between active play and passive entertainment. It is, I suppose, the decline of active play —of amateur sport—and the enormous growth of purely receptive entertainment which has given rise to a sociological interest in the problem. If the greater part of the popu1ation, instead of indulging in sport, spend their hours of leisure ‘viewing' television programmes, there will inevitably be a decline in health and physique. And, in addition, there will be a psychologicalproblem, for we have yet to trace the mental and moral consequences of a prolonged diet of sentimental or sensational spectacles on the screen. There is, if we are optimistic, the possibility that the diet is too thin and unnourishing to have much permanent effect on anybody. Nine films out of ten seem to leave absolutely no impression on the mind or imagination of those who see them: few people can give a coherent account of the film they saw the week before last, and at longer intervals they must rely on the management to see that they do not sit through the same film twice.We have to live art if we would be affected by art. We have to paint rather than look at paintings, to play instruments rather than go to concerts, to dance and sing and act ourselves, engaging all our senses in the ritual and discipline of the arts. Then something may begin to happen to us: to work upon our bodies and our souls.It is only when entertainment is active, participated in, practiced, that it can properly be called play, and as such it is a natural use of leisure. In that sense play stands in contrast to work, and is usually regarded as an activity that alternates with work. It is there that the most fundamental error enters conception of daily life.Work itself is not a single concept. We say quite generally that we work in order to make a living: to earn, that is to say, sufficient tokens which we can exchange for food and shelter and all the other needs of our existence. But some of us work physically, tilling the land, minding the machines, digging the coal; others work mentally, keeping accounts, inventing machines, teaching and preaching, managing and governing. There does not seem to be any factor common to all these diverse occupations, except that they consume our time, and leave us little leisure.We may next observe that one man's profession or work is often another man’s recreation or play. The merchant at the week-end becomes a hunter (he has not yet taken to mining); the clerk becomes a gardener; the machine-tender becomes a breeder of bull—terriers. There is, of course, a sound instinct behind such transformations. The body and mind are unconsciously seeking compensation--muscular coordination, mental integration. But in many cases a dissociation is set up and the individual leads a double life--one half Jekyll, the other half Hyde. There is a profound moral behind that story of Stevenson's for the compensation which a disintegrated personality may seek will often be of an anti-social nature. The Nazi party, for example, in its early days was largely recruited from the bored--not much from the unemployed as from the street-corner society of listless hooligansScientific studies have been made of street-corner society, out of which crime, gangsterdom, and fascism inevitably develop. It is a society with leisure--that is to say, spare time--and without compensatory occupation. It does not need a Satan to find mischief for such idle hands to do. They will spontaneously itch to do something: muscles have a life of their own unless they are trained to purposeful actions. Actions, or rather activities, are the obvious reflex to leisure; they consume it, and leave the problem solved.But work is also activity, and if we reach the conclusion that all our time must be filled with one activity or another, the distinction between work and play becomes rather meaningless, and what we mean by play is merely a change of occupation. We pass from one form of activity to another; one we call work, and for that we receive pay; the other we call play, and for that we receive no pay--on the contrary, we probably pay a subscription.1. The author points out two kinds of danger that may arise from the misuse of leisure. One of them is the result of purely passive entertainment; the other results when work and play are not properly coordinated What are the two dangers? Which of them is particularly harmful to society?2. The author says that most films are not good enough to leave a permanent impression on our minds. Is this, in his opinion, a good thing or a bad thing? In what way?3. What, in the author’s opinion, is the real difference between work and play? Or is there no difference at all between them? .Questions 4~5History tells us that in ancient Babylon, the cradle of our civilization, the people tried to build a tower that would reach to heaven. But the tower became the tower of Babel, according to the Old Testament, when the people were suddenly caused to speak different languages. In modern New York City, a new tower, that of the United Nations Building, thrusts its shining mass skyward. But the realization of the UN’s aspirations—and with it the hopes of the peoples of the world—is threatened by our contemporary Babel: about three thousand different languages are spoken throughout the world today, without counting the various dialects that confound communication between peoples of the same land.In China, for example, hundreds of different dialects are spoken; people of some villages have trouble passing the time of day with the inhabitants of the next town. In the new African state of Ghana, five million people speak fifty different dialects. In India more than one hundred languages are spoken, of which only fourteen are recognized as official. To add to the confusion, as the old established empires are broken up and new states are formed, new official tongues spring up at an increasing rate.In a world made smaller by jet travel, man is still isolated from many of his neighbors by the Babel barrier of multiplying languages. Communication is blocked daily in scores of ways. Travelers find it difficult to know the peoples of other nations. Scientists are often unable to read and benefit from the work being carried on by men of science in other countries. The aims of international trade, of world accord, of meetings between nations, are blocked at every turn; the work of scholars, technologists, and humanists is handicapped. Even in the shining new tower of the United Nations in New York, speeches and discussions have to be translated and printed in the five official UN languages—English, French, Spanish, Russian and Chinese. Confusion, delay, suspicion, and hard feelings are the products of the diplomatic Babel.The chances for world unity are lessened if in the literal sense of the phrase, we do not speak the same language. We stand in dire need of a common tongue a language that would cross national barriers, one simple enough to be universally learned by travelers, businessmen, government representatives, scholars, and even by children in school.Of course, this isn’t a new idea. Just as everyone is against sin, so everyone is for a common language that would further communication between nations. What with one thing and another —our natural state of drift as human beings, our rivalries, resentments, and jealousies as nations —we have up until now failed to take any action. I propose that we stop just talking about it, as Mark Twain said of the weather, and do something about it. We must make the concerted, massive effort it takes to reach agreement on the adoption of a single, common auxiliary tongue. Let’s take a quick look at the realities of the problem. One of the main barriers to the adoption of the common language is the fact that there is Babel even among the possible languages we canchoose. A number of different simplified languages vie for the spot of the language, and their respective advocates defend and attack with the fervor of political campaigners. Basic English, for example, with its vocabulary of only 850 words with which virtually anything can be expressed, has many advocates. But the Soviet Union and many nations of Asia and South America object to it. Why English? They ask. Why not Basic Russian, Basic Spanish, even Basic Latin?In addition to the “basics”of languages now in use, there is another type—the so-called “constructed languages,”of which some six hundred have made their appearance since the end of the nineteenth century, most of them almost immediate failures. The two best-known survivors among them are, of course, Esperanto and Interlingua.Esperanto was published in 1887 by a Russian-Polish physician names Zamenhof, who had worked on it for ten years. He gave it to the world not under his own name but under the pseudonym Doktoro Esperanto, meaning “Doctor Hopeful.”Esperanto is based on regularity and ease of grammar, with a vocabulary from Roman-Germanic roots. By the end of the century Esperanto had taken hold in western Europe.Interlingua made its appearance much later—in 1951. A group of linguists from many nations took nearly thirty years to perfect it. Essentially, Interlingua is Latin stripped of its difficulties. Its introducer, Dr. Alexander Gode, refers to it as “a kind of twentieth century kitchen Latin.”Indeed, Interlingua can be read by most college-trained people almost at sight.I do not by any means consider myself an authority on the relative merits of the various proposed common languages, but Dr. Mario Pei, of Columbia University in New York City, has written a fine book on the subject called One Language for the World. In this book Dr. Pei says he believes that it makes little difference which language or what kind of language becomes the international language, as long as agreement can be reached among the people of the world on any one.For my own part, it seems to me that the main requirement of an international language is that it be easily learned. Thus it should have the simplest possible spelling and grammar and pronunciation, and the smallest possible vocabulary. An adult should be able to master such a language within three months if he gives several hours a day to the study of it.What can be done concretely to achieve the goal of a working common language? I believe that the UNESCO arm of the United Nations should call a meeting of leading linguists from each of its member nations. (This would include most of the major populated areas of the world.) As Dr. Pei recommends, the purpose of the conference would be to select an already existing language agreeable to a preponderance of the nations represented. Such an agreement won’t come without determined effort: it may take more than one conference to reach agreement; it may take many more. The important thing is that some positive action be taken.Such a conference should be called without further delay; we are sorely in need of this first step. Only with an international language in use, with the proceedings of the UN published in it, with children in schools all over the world learning it as their second language, can we close the gap between the “one world”so recently established in terms of travel time and the one world we hope for in terms of human understanding and co-operations.Because I believe strongly that without the closing of this gap international accord is only a vain hope, I’ve taken it upon myself to try to implement this proposal. Since it is most unlikely that either UNESCO or the nations involved have funds to finance the linguists’conference, I think that one of the great philanthropic foundations, such as the Ford, Carnegie, or Rockefeller Foundation, should undertake to make it possible.。
川大MTI样题参考答案23页word
《汉语写作与百科知识》样题第一部分百科知识(50’)请简要解释以下段落中划线部分的知识点1.这次股市波动在全球都有一定的关联影响,这说明全球化在逐步进展。
过去中国认为自己的市场是一个相对比较小型的市场,也是一个正在建设中的、比较幼年的市场,或者说是在转轨经济中逐步发展的新兴市场。
由于全球经济一体化的进展,股市波动相互之间关联密切,这也说明中国的市场还需要加速发展,我们要进一步提高直接融资的比重,进一步把资本市场建设得更好、更快、更加国际化。
关于流动性过剩问题。
流动性偏多是全球的现象,中国也存在流动性偏多的问题。
美国财政赤字那么大,它那儿的流动性也很丰富,产油国资金也很丰富。
因此,资金面上的宽松是全球一体化之下相互影响的现象。
宏观调控当局都应该重视这个问题,做好自己的工作,对于过剩的流动性应该采取稳健的、适当收缩的政策。
2.端午原是个防病防灾的日子,却因大诗人屈原增添了纪念层面的意义,增添了爱国情怀和报国无门的悲情、齐心协力救助生命的悲壮;因了陶渊明酷爱重阳,因了他酷爱的菊的勾连,重阳节衍生了“颂陶”的文化意蕴,歌颂他“人淡如菊”的精神境界,“重阳无酒”也成了知识分子安贫乐道的形象写真。
3.1994年起,比尔·盖茨开始了他的收藏爱好。
作为拥有600亿美元财富的收藏者,盖茨想买什么就可以买什么,而他购买艺术品似乎也完全凭个人的兴趣,没有明确的学术或商业性目标。
还有很多不知名的微软富翁也有收藏艺术品的爱好,这些微软人囊中的巨额财富和近乎疯狂的收藏行为对美国艺术市场产生巨大的推动作用,证明了微软公司在文化市场中有多重要。
一个软件公司创造的巨额财富使大量重要艺术作品流向微软人手中,流向西雅图。
4.2009年3月的全国“两会”上,吴邦国提出,今年要着力加强社会领域立法,继续完善经济、政治、文化领域立法。
社会领域的公平正义,变化并没有那么快,我们只需要翻找出过去的研究和报道,就可以看到今天的问题所在。
2013年四川外国语大学翻译硕士考研真题,参考书目,招生人数,汉语写作与百科知识真题答案
2010年四川外国语大学汉语写作与百科知识真题答案1 “五经”,指儒家的五圣经,即《周易》、《尚书》、《诗经》、《礼记》、《春秋》。
温柔宽厚,《诗》教也;疏通知远,《书》教也;广博易良,《乐》教也;洁静精微,《易》教也;恭俭庄敬,《礼》教也;属词比事,《春秋》教也。
汉武帝立五经博士,儒教国家化由此谓开端。
“五经”还是中医名词,指肝、心、脾、肺、肾五脏的经脉。
3 《黄帝内经》分《灵枢》《素问》两部分,为古代医家托轩辕黄帝名之作,为医家、医学理论家联合创作,一般认为成书于春秋战国时期。
在以黄帝、岐伯、雷公对话、问答的形式阐述病机病理的同时,主张不治已病,而治未病,同时主张养生、摄生、益寿、延年。
是中国传统医学四大经典著作之一(《黄帝内经》、《难经》、《伤寒杂病论》、《神农本草经》),是我国医学宝库中现存成书最早的一部医学典籍。
它是研究人的生理学、病理学、诊断学、治疗原则和药物学的医学巨著。
在理论上建立了中医学上的“阴阳五行学说”、“脉象学说”“藏象学说”等。
公元3世纪初,张仲景博览群书,广采众方,凝聚毕生心血,写就《伤寒杂病论》一书。
中医所说的伤寒实际上是一切外感病的总称,它包括瘟疫这种传染病。
该书成书约在公元200年~210年左右。
在纸张尚未大量使用,印刷术还没有发明的年代,这本书很可能写在竹简上。
《神农本草经》简称《本草经》或《本经》,是中国现存最早的药物学专著。
《神农本草经》成书于东汉,并非出自一时一人之手,而是秦汉时期众多医学家总结、搜集、整理当时药物学经验成果的专著,是对中国中草药的第一次系统总结。
其中规定的大部分药物学理论和配伍规则以及提出的“七情合和”原则在几千年的用药实践中发挥了巨大作用,被誉为中药学经典著作。
因此很长一段历史时期内,它是医生和药师学习中药学的教科书,也是医学工作者案头必备的工具书之一。
《本草纲目》,药学著作,五十二卷,明·李时珍撰,刊于1590年。
全书共190多万字,载有药物1892种,收集医方11096个,绘制精美插图1160幅,分为16部、60类。
翻译硕士MTI汉语写作与百科知识历史文化历年真题试卷汇编2_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识(历史文化)历年真题试卷汇编2(总分62, 做题时间90分钟)2. 填空题1.中医学是我国传统文化中珍贵的遗产之一,它的特点是在:“________”的基础上,依照“八纲”之间相互对立统一的关系,对病人进行综合的辩正治疗。
(北外2011翻泽硕士)SSS_FILL该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案:四诊2.中国的饮食文化十分发达,按照各地饮食习惯和食物条件,形成了各地不同的风味,其中最著名的便是:“___________”。
(北外2011翻译硕士)SSS_FILL该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案:八大菜系3.现代汉语有各种不同的方言,它们分布的区域很广。
各方言之间的差异表现在语音、词汇、语法各个方面,语音方面尤为突出。
我国根据语音方面来划分了____________。
(北外2011翻译硕士)SSS_FILL该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案:七大方言地区4.______时,在南方和河东地区,先后存在过十个割据政权(不包括一些小的割据势力),史称“十国”。
(北外2010翻译硕士)SSS_FILL该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案:五代5.唐代书法作品流传至今者也比前代为多,留下了大量宝贵的艺术珍品。
“初唐四大家”、“_______”并称,成为书法史上的高峰。
(北外2010翻译硕上) SSS_FILL该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案:颜柳6.《___________》共分16部60类,以部为纲,以类为目。
每一种药又以正名、余名为目。
这个纲目分类法已经具有与现代科学双名法相同的性质,有的科学史家将之与林标的分类法相提并论。
(北外2010翻译硕士)SSS_FILL该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案:本草纲目7.______________是我国之所以成为文明古国的标志之一。
古代,我国的科学技术在许多方面居于世界的前列。
四川大学翻译硕士真题
川大考试科目: 451汉语写作与百科知识适用专业:英语口译(MTI)、英语笔译(MTI)(试题共 3 页)(注意:答案必须写在答题纸上,写在试题上不给分)第一部分百科知识(50’)请简要解释以下段落中划线部分的知识点:1、秦汉是中国文学的形成期。
秦代文学成就甚微,稍有成就的仅李斯一人。
汉代是我国文学自觉的萌动期,汉赋是汉代文学的代表,政论散文和史传文学也取得了突出的成就,诗歌远不及前二者,但在文学史上亦有重要地位及影响,尤其是乐府民歌。
汉赋经过了骚体赋、大赋、小赋三个发展阶段。
代表两汉史传文学文学的最高成就的是《史记》,在史学、文学方面都有显著的成就,被鲁迅先生誉为“史家之绝唱,无韵之《离骚》”。
《汉书》是继《史记》之后我国古代又一部重要史书,与《史记》、《后汉书》、《三国志》并称为“前四史”。
2、《联合国气候变化框架公约》中将“气候变化”定义为:“经过相当一段时间的观察,在自然气候变化之外由人类活动直接或间接地改变全球大气组成所导致的气候改变。
”1979年,第一次世界气候大会呼吁保护气候;1992年通过的《联合国气候变化框架公约》确立了发达国家与发展中国家“共同但有区别的责任”原则;1997年通过的《京都议定书》确定了发达国家2008年~2012年的量化减排指标。
在人为因素中,气候变化主要是由于工业革命以来人类活动,特别是发达国家工业化过程的经济活动引起的。
化石燃料燃烧和毁林、土地利用变化等人类活动所排放温室气体导致大气温室气体浓度大幅增加,温室效应增强,从而引起全球气候变暖。
全球变暖将导致地球气候系统的深刻变化,使人类与生态环境系统之间业已建立起来的相互适应关系受到显著影响和扰动。
3、二十国集团(G20)伦敦金融峰会2009年4月2日落下帷幕,与会领导人就国际货币基金组织增资和加强金融监管等、全球携手应对此次金融危机的议题达成多项共识。
二十国集团领导人同意为国际货币基金组织和世界银行等多边金融机构提供总额1.1万亿美元资金,以帮助陷入困境的国家。
[考研类试卷]2012年四川大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷.doc
[考研类试卷]2012年四川大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷一、名词解释0 请简要解释以下段落中画线部分的知识点:1 宋词是继唐诗后的又一种文学体裁,兼有文学与音乐两方面的特点,是中国古代文学皇冠上光辉夺目的一颗宝石,历来与唐诗并称双绝,代表一代文学之盛。
按照传统的风格进行划分,宋词可以划分为“<u>豪放派</u>”和“<u>婉约派</u>”,至<u>苏轼</u>时期达到其发展高峰。
后辑有<u>《全宋词》</u>荟萃宋代三百年间的词作。
2 在公元1、2世纪,罗马统治者认为<u>基督教</u>无非是犹太人的教派,对基督教和犹太教一律迫害。
自君士坦丁大帝定基督教为国教后,特别是从6世纪起,基督教迫害犹太教,历次十字军东征把犹太人与穆斯林同样视为敌人。
2世纪以后,基督教又从希腊文化吸取营养。
<u>柏拉图</u>对现实世界的唯心主义解释,<u>亚里士多德</u>关于存在和知识的论述,都渗入基督教义。
3 美国是世界上<u>教育产业化</u>最发达的国家之一,是全球拥有外国留学生最多的国家。
在众多院校中,“<u>常春藤盟校</u>”最受学生青睐,为世界各地学生所追捧。
翻开美国历史,不难发现,这些名校都是盛产美国总统的摇篮:<u>西奥多.罗斯福</u>、比尔.克林顿、乔治.布什以及现任总统奥巴马等十几位总统。
除了培养总统之外,这些学校还培养了大量的诺贝尔奖、<u>普利策奖</u>得主,各政界要人、经济学家、商业领袖以及活跃在各个领域上的精英分子。
4 欧美地区是国际上主要的<u>离岸业务</u>发包市场,而语言能力目前是中国<u>服务外包</u>产业在国际市场竞争中处于劣势的主要因素之一,因此,提高语言能力是中国成为国际离岸外包交付地的必要手段。
翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识(环境、自然地理、科技)历年真题试卷汇编1.doc
翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识(环境、自然地理、科技)历年真题试卷汇编1(总分:74.00,做题时间:90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数:14,分数:28.00)1.冰岛首都雷克雅未克是世界上著名的“无烟城市”,满足当地居民的能源需求主要靠利用( )资源。
(南京航空航天大学2011翻译硕士)(分数:2.00)A.煤B.地热C.石油D.核动力2.2009年12月的联合国气候变化大会在哪里召开?( )(湖南大学2010翻译硕士)(分数:2.00)A.日内瓦B.巴黎C.哥本哈根D.伦敦3.“世界环境日”是( )。
(湖南大学2010翻译硕士)(分数:2.00)A.3月5日B.4月5日C.5月5日D.6月5日4.什么是低碳生活?( )(湖南大学2010翻译硕士)(分数:2.00)A.是指生活作息时要注意保护环境,要少用碳、煤等有污染的燃料B.是指生活作息时所耗用能量要减少,从而减低二氧化碳的排放C.是指生活作息时要节约用水.要保护地球的水资源D.是指生活作息时要注意身心健康,要多到大自然去呼气新鲜空气,以减少体内的二氧化碳5.英国最长的河流是( )。
(对外经贸201l翻译硕士)(分数:2.00)A.赛文河B.泰晤士河C.克莱德河D.莱茵河6.五大湖指的是( )。
(对外经贸2011翻译硕士)(分数:2.00)A.密歇根湖、苏必利尔湖、伊利湖、休伦湖、安大略湖B.密歇根湖、苏必利尔湖、伊利湖、尼斯湖、安大略湖C.密歇根湖、苏必利尔湖、谢湖、尼斯湖、安大略湖D.密歇根湖、奇安湖、伊利湖、尼斯湖、安大略湖7.美国的新英格兰地区不包括下面哪个州?( )(对外经贸2011翻译硕士)(分数:2.00)A.缅因州B.新罕布什尔州C.佛蒙特州D.北卡罗莱纳州8.美洲最高峰为高达6187米的麦金利山峰,该山峰位于( )。
(对外经贸2011翻译硕士)(分数:2.00)A.阿拉斯加的中部B.夏威夷的中部C.科罗拉多的中部D.怀俄明的中部9.1935年红军长征胜利到达陕北,毛泽东写下了七律《长征》:“红军不怕远征难,万水千山只等闲。
2014年四川外国语大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(
2014年四川外国语大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有:1. 单项选择题 5. 应用文写作9. 材料作文单项选择题1.“黄河,你千百年来坚韧地浇灌着华北大地,养育着华夏子孙,就如一位慈祥、坚韧的伟大母亲护养着她生养的儿女!”运用了()A.比喻、对比B.比喻、拟人C.明喻、夸张D.拟人、夸张正确答案:B解析:句中将“黄河”比作“母亲”,运用了比喻的修辞手法;另外,黄河“养育华夏子孙”则是将其拟人化,运用了拟人的修辞手法。
2.象形、指事、会意、形声都有的一组字是()A.益盂戌朱B.涉伐豕疫C.布刃取囤D.易甘贼旗正确答案:A解析:一般来说,汉字的造字方法有象形、指事、会意、形声。
象形造字即用描摹客观实体的外形来表达词义的一种造字方法。
指事是用象征性的符号或在图形上加上指示性符号来表示意义的造字法。
会意法就是把两个或两个以上的字,按意义合起来表示一个新的意义的造字法。
形声法就是由形旁和声旁拼合而成的造字法。
本题四个选项中只有A项符合条件,其中,“益”为象形,“朱”为指事,“戌”为会意,“盂”为形声。
3.跟“野生”词性相同的是()A.女式B.男士C.出生D.野游正确答案:A解析:“野生”为形容词,只有“女式”与其词性一致。
“男士”、“野游”为名词,“出生”为动词。
4.“他会英语”、“他会说英语”和“他会来的”中的三个“会”字的词性分别是()A.动词、助动词、助动词B.助动词、助动词、动词C.助动词、动词、动词D.动词、助动词、动词正确答案:A解析:“他会英语”中“会”作动词,表体力或智力方面“能”。
如:他会滑冰;他会读;他会弹钢琴;“他会说英语”和“他会来的”中“会”则作助动词,修饰后面的实义动词“说”和“来”。
5.划分汉语词类的标准应该是()A.语法意义B.语法功能C.形态标志D.音节结构正确答案:B解析:通常提到的划分依据有三种:形态依据、意义依据、语法功能。
2017年四川大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(题后含
2017年四川大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)全部题型 3. 名词解释5. 应用文写作名词解释1.从明代开始,小说这种文学形式充分显示出其社会作用和文学价值,打破了正统诗文的垄断,在文学史上,取得与唐诗、宋词、元曲并列的地位。
清代则是中国古典小说盛极而衰,向近现代小说转变的时期。
正确答案:(1)唐诗:是唐代诗歌的总称,代表了中国古典诗歌的最高成就,也是唐代文学最重要的文体之一。
现存唐诗有近5万首,内容涉及社会生活的各个方面,如实反映了唐代历史的风貌。
其基本形式有:五言古体诗、七言古体诗、五言绝句、七言绝句、五言律诗、七言律诗。
唐诗大体分初唐、盛唐、中唐、晚唐四个时期。
初唐时期的代表作家是“初唐四杰”。
盛唐时期出现“边塞诗派”与“田园诗派”等。
伟大的浪漫主义诗人李白和伟大的现实主义诗人杜甫,是这一时期最杰出的代表。
中唐时期出现“韩孟诗派”以及白居易、元稹领导的新乐府运动。
晚唐时期的著名诗人有温庭筠以及被称为“小李杜”的李商隐、杜牧等。
(2)宋词:词亦称长短句,是诗歌的一种,形成于唐代,是继唐诗之后中国文学史上又一创作高峰。
宋词是宋代盛行的一种文学体裁,代表了宋代文学的最高成就。
其题材广泛、风格各异、名家迭出,现存留有两万余首。
宋词大体上可分为婉约派和豪放派。
婉约派的代表词人有柳永、晏殊等,豪放派的代表词人有苏轼、辛弃疾等。
(3) 元曲:是一种新兴的韵文文学,代表了元代戏剧文学的主要成就。
其形式近于宋词,用长短句,但格律较自由、语言较通俗。
元曲包括杂剧和散曲两部分。
元杂剧是元代用北方流行的曲调演唱的戏曲形式,是在宋杂剧和金院本的基础上,广泛融合了诸宫调等多种说唱、音乐、舞蹈形式而形成的一种成熟的综合性的戏剧样式。
元杂剧形式精炼、体制严整。
散曲是在中国北方民歌基础上,吸收了女真、蒙古等少数民族乐曲而形成并兴起于元代的一种可以入乐的新诗体。
元代杂剧的成就远高于散曲,文学史上与唐诗、宋词并称的“元曲”,主要指的是元杂剧。
川大MTI百科知识 样题+参考答案(背景)
《汉语写作与百科知识》样题第一部分百科知识(50’)请简要解释以下段落中划线部分的知识点1. 这次股市波动在全球都有一定的关联影响,这说明全球化在逐步进展。
过去中国认为自己的市场是一个相对比较小型的市场,也是一个正在建设中的、比较我的推动作用,证明了微软公司在文化市场中有多重要。
一个软件公司创造的巨额财富使大量重要艺术作品流向微软人手中,流向西雅图。
4. 2009年3月的全国“两会”上,吴邦国提出,今年要着力加强社会领域立法,继续完善经济、政治、文化领域立法。
社会领域的公平正义,变化并没有那么快,我们只需要翻找出过去的研究和报道,就可以看到今天的问题所在。
例如,上文提到的新华社2006年那篇文章中,对社会领域立法促进公平正义列举了五个方面:一是保障公民权利,尊重和保障人权;二是发展社会事业,提高公共服务的能力和水平;三是健全社会保障,发展慈善事业;四是规范社会组织,使各类具有公益或互益性质的社会组织,纳入规范化、法制化管理的轨道;五是重视社会管理,包括加强公共安全、应对突发事件等。
社会领域立法以促进公平正义,也许更加直接地体现了孟德斯鸠在《法的精神》中强调的重点:限权。
也就是保障私权利,限制公权力。
从新华社列举的五项内容可以看出,每前进一步的关键都是公私权界。
显然,在这方面还有相当漫长的路要走。
第二部分应用文写作(40’)根据下面的文字说明写一篇450字左右的应用文,要求包含标题、正文、结尾语、落款等几个要素。
中国×进出口商会于×月×日至×月×日派人去××,了解了××汽车索赔案的谈判结果。
根据中国××办公室和对外经济贸易部××司的指示,现要给其上级部门即中国××办公室的答复报告《关于××汽车索赔案谈判结果的报告》,要求介绍谈判过程及结果,并指出产生“索赔案”的原因等。
MTI百科知识题
1、四大佛教名山:五台山(山西)、峨眉山(四川)、九华山(安徽)、普陀山(浙江)2、五岳:东岳泰山(山东)、西岳华山(陕西)、北岳恒山(山西)、南岳衡山(湖南)、中岳嵩山(河南)。
它们各具特色,向以泰山之雄、华山之险、恒山之幽、嵩山之峻、衡山之秀而闻名于世。
明代旅行家徐霞客就有“五岳归来不看山”的赞叹。
3、世界第一高峰——珠穆朗玛峰(西藏、海拔8848米)4、岩溶地貌在国际上通常称之为喀斯特地貌。
它是在特定的地理环境中,由可溶性岩石(如石灰岩)受到含有二氧化碳的水的溶解和冲刷作用形成的。
5、广西桂林到阳朔漓江两岸是世界上规模做大,风景优美的岩溶景区,向有“甲天下”之誉。
6、我国第一大江——长江:注入东海,全长6300公里7、长江三峡:瞿塘峡、巫峡和西陵峡。
8、我国第二大河——黄河:注入渤海,全长5464公里9、我国五大淡水湖:潘阳湖(江西)、洞庭湖(湖南)、巢湖(安徽)、太湖(江苏)、洪泽湖(江苏)。
我国最大的咸水湖——青海湖。
我国海拔最高的湖泊——纳木错湖。
10、我国古代四大水利工程:都江堰(四川)、灵渠(广西)、京杭大运河(北京——杭州)、坎儿井(新疆)。
11、我国最著名的三大石窟:敦煌的莫高窟、洛阳的龙门石窟、大同的云岗石窟。
12、我国的三大古建筑群:北京故宫、承德避暑山庄、曲阜孔庙。
13、少数民族节日:那达慕大会(蒙古族)、泼水节(傣族)、三月街(白族)、火把节(白、彝、哈尼族等)、歌圩节(壮族)、请祖节(畲族)、芦笙节(苗族)、雪顿节(藏族)。
14、伊斯兰教的三大传统节日:开斋节、古尔邦节和圣纪节15、我国的七大古都:西安、洛阳、开封、杭州、南京、北京、安阳。
16、我国四大名绣:苏州的苏绣、长沙的湘绣、成都的蜀绣、佛山的粤绣。
17、三大名锦:南京的云锦、成都的蜀锦、杭州和苏州的宋锦。
18、三大传统手工艺品:景德镇的瓷器、北京景泰蓝、福州脱胎漆器。
19、景德镇素有“瓷都”之称。
江苏宜兴有“陶都”之称。
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《汉语写作与百科知识》样题第一部分百科知识(50’)请简要解释以下段落中划线部分的知识点1. 这次股市波动在全球都有一定的关联影响,这说明全球化在逐步进展。
过去中国认为自己的市场是一个相对比较小型的市场,也是一个正在建设中的、比较我的推动作用,证明了微软公司在文化市场中有多重要。
一个软件公司创造的巨额财富使大量重要艺术作品流向微软人手中,流向西雅图。
4. 2009年3月的全国“两会”上,吴邦国提出,今年要着力加强社会领域立法,继续完善经济、政治、文化领域立法。
社会领域的公平正义,变化并没有那么快,我们只需要翻找出过去的研究和报道,就可以看到今天的问题所在。
例如,上文提到的新华社2006年那篇文章中,对社会领域立法促进公平正义列举了五个方面:一是保障公民权利,尊重和保障人权;二是发展社会事业,提高公共服务的能力和水平;三是健全社会保障,发展慈善事业;四是规范社会组织,使各类具有公益或互益性质的社会组织,纳入规范化、法制化管理的轨道;五是重视社会管理,包括加强公共安全、应对突发事件等。
社会领域立法以促进公平正义,也许更加直接地体现了孟德斯鸠在《法的精神》中强调的重点:限权。
也就是保障私权利,限制公权力。
从新华社列举的五项内容可以看出,每前进一步的关键都是公私权界。
显然,在这方面还有相当漫长的路要走。
第二部分应用文写作(40’)根据下面的文字说明写一篇450字左右的应用文,要求包含标题、正文、结尾语、落款等几个要素。
中国×进出口商会于×月×日至×月×日派人去××,了解了××汽车索赔案的谈判结果。
根据中国××办公室和对外经济贸易部××司的指示,现要给其上级部门即中国××办公室的答复报告《关于××汽车索赔案谈判结果的报告》,要求介绍谈判过程及结果,并指出产生“索赔案”的原因等。
请以中国×进出口商会的名义起草一份兼具情况性和答复性的报告,注意要写标题、发文字号、主送机关正文、结尾语、落款等公文要素。
第三部分现代汉语写作(60’)根据下面的文字要求写一篇现代文,题材不限(诗歌、戏剧除外)。
生活当中,有许多事情当你亲临其境之后,往往思想受到启迪,身心感到愉悦。
偶然忆起,就如品香茗,又如含青榄,清香久远,令人难忘⋯⋯请以“值得品味”为题,写一篇不少于800字的文章。
《汉语写作与百科知识》考试样题参考答案第一部分:百科知识(50’)全球化:全球化是使产品或服务进入全球市场而进行的有关的商务活动,包括正确的国际化设计,本地化集成,以及在全球市场进行的市场推广、销售和支持的全部过程。
企业通过全球化实现其全球化发展战略,实现全球化业务,扩大市场规模,降低服务成本,提升综合竞争力,展现企业发展实力,增强用户信心,树立市场形象。
新兴市场:新兴市场指的是发展中国家的股票市场。
按照国际金融公司的权威定义。
只要一个国家或地区的人均国民生产总值(GNP)没有达到世界银行划定的高收入国家水平,那么这个国家或地区的股市就是新兴市场。
有的国家,尽管经济发展水平和人均GNP水平已进入高收入国家的行列,但由于其股市发展滞后,市场机制不成熟,仍被认为是新兴市场。
直接融资:直接融资是指拥有暂时闲置资金的单位(包括企业、机构和个人)与资金短缺需要补充资金的单位,相互之间直接进行协议,或者在金融市场上前者购买后者发行的有价证券,将货币资金提供给所需要补充资金的单位使用,从而完成资金融通的过程。
流动性过剩:简单地说,流动性过剩就是货币当局货币发行过多,货币量增长过快,银行机构资金来源充沛,居民储蓄增加迅速。
在宏观经济上,它表现为货币增长率超过GDP增长率;就银行系统而言,则表现为存款增速大大快于贷款增速。
财政赤字:财政就是一国政府的收支状况。
一国政府在每一财政年度开始之初,总会制定一个当年的财政预算方案,若实际执行结果收入大于支出,为财政赢余;支出大于收入,为财政赤字。
宏观调控:宏观调控是国家为了保持国民经济持续、稳定、健康、迅速地发展,促进经济结构的优化,引导推动社会全面进步而采取的经济措施。
国家能够实行强有力的宏观调控。
国家采取宏观调控的手段通常有:(1)法律手段与经济政策,如:调整税率,金融、财政补贴等;(2)计划指导,如:国家大的投资规划,或在某些行业和领域实行配额制度;(3)行政手段,如:利用工商、商检、卫生检疫、海关等部门禁止或限制某些商品的生产与流通。
端午:阴历每年的五月初五是端午节。
端午节又称“重午节”、“端阳节”、“五月节”、“天中节”、“天长节”、“地腊节”、“五毒日”、“娃娃节”、“女儿节”等。
端午节是我国民间三大饮食节之一。
在端午节这天,人们以吃粽子表示庆祝。
屈原:屈原(约公元前304-公元前278),战国末期楚国人,杰出的政治家和爱国诗人。
名平,字原,丹阳(今湖北秭归)人。
屈原的代表作包括《离骚》、《天问》、《九歌》、《九章》、《招魂》等。
屈原是中国文学史上第一位伟大的爱国诗人,他的作品开创了我国诗歌的浪漫主义传统。
他的崇高精神和人格千百年来感召和哺育着无数中华儿女,人民永远景仰他,热爱他。
中国民间于每年农历的5月5日端午节包粽子、赛龙舟的习俗就是源于对他的纪念。
陶渊明:陶源明(365-427),字元亮,别号五柳先生,晚年更名潜,卒后亲友私谥靖节。
东晋浔阳柴桑(今九江市)人。
陶渊明是汉魏南北朝800年间最杰出的诗人之一。
陶诗今存125首,多为五言诗。
从内容上可分为饮酒诗、咏怀诗和田园诗三大类。
陶渊明的作品感情真挚、朴素自然,有时流露出逃避现实、乐天知命的老庄思想,有“田园诗人”之称。
重阳节:农历九月九日为传统的重阳节。
因为《易经》中把“六”定为阴数,把“九”定为阳数,九月九日,日月并阳,两九相重,故而叫重阳,也叫重九,古人认为是个值得庆贺的吉利日子,并且从很早就开始过此节日。
庆祝重阳节的活动多彩浪漫,一般包括出游赏景、登高远眺、观赏菊花、遍插茱萸、吃重阳糕、饮菊花酒等活动。
今天的重阳节,被赋予了新的含义。
1989年,我国把每年农历的九月九日定为老人节,传统与现代巧妙地结合,成为尊老、敬老、爱老、助老的老年人的节日。
比尔·盖茨:威廉·(比尔)H. 盖茨是全球个人计算机软件的领先供应商——微软公司的创始人、前任董事长和首席执行官。
盖茨出生于1955年,曾从哈佛大学辍学创办微软公司。
目前,盖茨已从微软公司引退,专注于比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会的慈善事业。
微软:微软(Microsoft)公司由比尔·盖茨与保罗·艾伦创建于1975年,是世界PC机(Personal Computer,个人计算机)软件开发的先导,目前是全球最大的电脑软件提供商,其主要产品为Windows操作系统、Internet Explorer网页浏览器及Microsoft Office办公软件套件。
文化市场:是指按价值规律进行文化艺术产品交换,和提供有偿文化服务活动的场所。
是文化艺术产品生产和消费的中介。
它必须具备三个条件:一是要有能供人们消费并用于交换的劳动产品和活动;二是要有组织这种活动的经营者和需求者;三是要有适宜的交换条件。
西雅图:西雅图位于美国本土48个州中最西北角的华盛顿州,是美国西北部重要城市和海港。
西雅图已有150年的发展历史,一直以来都给人以浪漫多情的印象,好莱坞电影《西雅图夜未眠》(Sleepless in Seattle)之后尤其如此。
西雅图的地标是为1962年在此举行的世界博览会而设计的太空针塔。
西雅图拥有领先的经济群体,其中微软是世界上最大的私人计算机软件公司,世界最大的飞机制造厂家波音公司是该地区最大的雇主。
“两会”:“两会”是“全国人民代表大会”和“中国人民政治协商会议”的简称。
每年3月份“两会”先后召开全体会议一次,每五年称为一届,每年会议称X届X次会议。
“两会”召开的意义在于:将“两会”代表从人民中得来的信息和要求进行收集及整理,传达给党中央。
“两会”的代表委员们代表着广大选民的利益,他们代表选民在召开两会期间向政府有关部门提出选民们自己的意见和要求。
地方每年召开的人大和政协也称为“两会”,通常召开的时间比全国“两会”时间要早。
吴邦国:男,汉族,1941年生,安徽肥东人,清华大学无线电电子学系毕业,大学学历,工程师。
现任中共中央政治局常委,十一届全国人大常委会委员长、党组书记。
新华社:新华社全称为新华通讯社,是中华人民共和国的国家通讯社,是中国最大的新闻信息采集和发布中心。
新华社前身是“红色中华通讯社”,创建于1931年11月,1937年改现名。
新华社总社设在中国首都北京,全社的新闻采集和处理系统由总社、国内分社、国外分社三部分组成。
法制化:法制化就是把法律规制的应用制度化、程序化,将这些行为纳入到法律规制的范畴,由相应的制度对其进行规定、制约,这既利于行为的规范化、程序化,提高效率,也利于对其进行监督与约束,更利于保障人民的合法权利。
孟德斯鸠:孟德斯鸠(1689-1755),法国伟大的启蒙思想家、法学家。
孟德斯鸠不仅是18世纪法国启蒙时代的著名思想家,也是近代欧洲国家比较早的系统研究古代东方社会与法律文化的学者之一。
他的著述虽然不多,但其影响却相当广泛,尤其是《论法的精神》这部集大成的著作,奠定了近代西方政治与法律理论发展的基础,也在很大程度上影响了欧洲人对东方政治与法律文化的看法。
其他作品包括《波斯人信札》,1734年发表的《罗马盛衰原因论》。
公私权界:公共领域和私人领域的划分是处理国家和公民关系的核心问题之一。
公共领域归公共领域,私人领域归私人领域,前者通行民主规则,后者通行自由规则,这个权界是一定要分清的。
从社会学的角度上说,现实中任何一个社会人都在从事着几种角色扮演,譬如在一定的社会情景里医生有时也是病人,记者有时也是受访者。
因此这种角色扮演必须分得清楚,否则就会出现悖论与逻辑混乱。
在官员这个群体身上这种划分必须体现得更加清楚。
公权只能公用而不能私用,其前提是对官员身份边界及其背后的权力边界的清楚定义。
第二部分:应用文写作(40’)这类报告内容要有针对性,不能答非所问。
因此,主体部分即报告事项部分依来文要求作答即可。
结尾用“专此报告”或“以上报告,请审阅”之类的习惯语收尾。
中国××进出口商会关于××汽车索赔案谈判结果的报告××字…200-‟×号中国××××办公室:根据你办和商务部××司的指示,我会于×月×日至×月×日派人去××,了解了××汽车索赔案的谈判结果,现将有关情况报告如下:××进出口公司和××进出口总公司自去年以来订购了××型载重卡车×辆,其中,××公司×辆,××公司×辆。