微观经济学翻译
合集下载
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
P
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00 0
CHAPTER 4
P $0.00 1.00 2.00
Qd (Market) 24 21 18
3.00
4.00 5.00
15
12 9
6.00
6
Q
5 10 15 20 25
7 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
1
Markets and Competition
A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular product. 市场
就是某一个特定产品的同时拥有卖方和买方群体的地方。
A competitive market is one with many buyers and sellers, each has
5
Market Demand versus Individual Demand
The quantity demanded in the market is the sum of the quantities demanded
by all buyers at each price.市场中所有的需求总量，是每一个购买者在每一个价 格点上购买商品的数量的总和。
CHAPTER 4
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
3
The Demand Schedule需求列表
Demand schedule:
A table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.
8
An increase in the number of buyers causes
an increase in quantity demanded at each price, which shifts the demand curve to the right.
Demand Curve Shifters: # of buyers 影响需求曲线的因素：购买者的数量
Suppose Helen and Ken are the only two buyers in the Latte market.
(Qd = quantity demanded)例子：假设海伦和肯是市场中唯一的两个买家，那么他们的 购买量相加就是这个市场的需求总量
Price $0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Demand Curve Shifters
The demand curve shows how price affects
quantity demanded, other things being equal.
These ―other things‖ are non-price determinants
(Demand for an inferior good is negatively related to income. An increase in income shifts D curves for inferior goods to the left.) （特例，对于劣质商品，当收入越高的时候，其购 买量越少，曲线向左移动）
Helen’s Qd 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 + + + + + + +
Ken’s Qd 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 = = = = = = =
Market Qd 24 21 18 15 12 9 6
The Market Demand Curve for Lattes 这个线条，叫做需求曲线，注意它的方向！！
In this chapter, we assume markets are perfectly competitive. 这一章
中，假设或者说背景市场都是完全竞争市场（这个假设其实是为了过滤 掉一些其他影响因素来探究市场的功能，探究供给和需求的关系）
CHAPTER 4
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND 11
prices of related goods 影响需求曲线的因素：相关商品的价格 Two goods are substitutes if
an increase in the price of one causes an increase in demand for the other.
CHAPTER 4
Suppose the number of buyers increases. Then, at each price, quantity demanded will increase (by 5 in this example).
Q
5 10 15 20 25 30
10 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
的需求？哪些因素会影响生产者的供给？？
How do supply and demand determine the price of a good and the
quantity sold? 生产和供给如何影响价格和销量的？？
How do changes in the factors that affect demand or supply affect
Price Quantity of of lattes lattes demanded $0.00 16
1.00
2.00Example:
Helen’s demand for lattes.
4.00
5.00 6.00
8
6 4
Notice that Helen’s
preferences obey the Law of Demand.
4
The Market Forces of Supply and Demand----这一章就进入需求和供给 的内容了★★★★★这个很重要，考 试肯定会出这里的题
PRINCIPLES OF
ECONOMICS
FOURTH EDITION
N. G R E G O R Y M A N K I W
PowerPoint® Slides by Ron Cronovich
a negligible effect on price. 竞争性市场指的是买方和卖方对于价格的 影响微乎其微（由市场做主）
A perfectly competitive market:完全竞争市场
• •
all goods exactly the same所有的商品都是一样的 buyers & sellers so numerous that no one can affect market price – each is a ―price taker‖市场中所有的卖家和买家都不能 影响市场价格，每个人都是“价格的接受者”
Demand Curve Shifters:
如果两种商品互为替代品，那么一种商品价格的上升会使另
一种商品的需求上升。很简单，例如：如果百事可乐的价格 上升，那么人们都会去买可口可乐了。这里需要搞清楚替代 商品（substitus）的概念，并和后面的互补商品进行区分。
An increase in the price of pizza increases demand for hamburgers, shifting hamburger demand curve to the right.
Law of demand: the claim that the quantity demanded
of a good falls when the price of the good rises, other things equal
需求法则，很简单，当其他因素都一样的时候，商品的价
格升高，其需求量就减少。
of demand (i.e., things that determine buyers’ demand for a good, other than the good’s price).
Changes in them shift the D curve…
CHAPTER 4
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
Demand Curve Shifters: income 影响需求曲线的因素：购买者收入 Demand for a normal good is positively related to
income. • An increase in income causes increase in quantity demanded at each price, shifting the D curve to the right. 收入越高，买的越多，所以曲线向右移动
CHAPTER 4
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
4
Helen’s Demand Schedule & Curve 图中可以看出价格越高，需求量越少
Price of Lattes Price Quantity of of lattes lattes demanded $0.00 16
the market price and quantity of a good? 影响供给和需求的因素的改 变是如何影响市场价格和商品产量的
How do markets allocate resources? 市场如何分配（有限）的资源
CHAPTER 4
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
© 2007 Thomson South-Western, all rights reserved
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:这章涉及到的问题
What factors affect buyers’ demand for goods? What factors affect sellers’ supply of goods?哪些因素会影响购买者
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00 0
CHAPTER 4
1.00
2.00 3.00
14
12 10
4.00
5.00 6.00 Quantity 15 of Lattes
8
6 4
5
10
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
购买者数量的增加会使需求曲线移动。很简单，
买的人多了，需求量就多了。
曲线往右移动，看下图
CHAPTER 4
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
9
Demand Curve Shifters: # of buyers
P
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00 0
2
Demand
Demand comes from the behavior of buyers. The quantity demanded of any good is the amount of
the good that buyers are willing and able to purchase. 只 有当购买者愿意并且能够购买的时候，才会有购买数量， 或者说，购买的需求。
Example: pizza and hamburgers.
Other examples: Coke and Pepsi,
laptops and desktop computers, compact discs and music downloads
CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND 12
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00 0
CHAPTER 4
P $0.00 1.00 2.00
Qd (Market) 24 21 18
3.00
4.00 5.00
15
12 9
6.00
6
Q
5 10 15 20 25
7 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
1
Markets and Competition
A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular product. 市场
就是某一个特定产品的同时拥有卖方和买方群体的地方。
A competitive market is one with many buyers and sellers, each has
5
Market Demand versus Individual Demand
The quantity demanded in the market is the sum of the quantities demanded
by all buyers at each price.市场中所有的需求总量，是每一个购买者在每一个价 格点上购买商品的数量的总和。
CHAPTER 4
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
3
The Demand Schedule需求列表
Demand schedule:
A table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.
8
An increase in the number of buyers causes
an increase in quantity demanded at each price, which shifts the demand curve to the right.
Demand Curve Shifters: # of buyers 影响需求曲线的因素：购买者的数量
Suppose Helen and Ken are the only two buyers in the Latte market.
(Qd = quantity demanded)例子：假设海伦和肯是市场中唯一的两个买家，那么他们的 购买量相加就是这个市场的需求总量
Price $0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Demand Curve Shifters
The demand curve shows how price affects
quantity demanded, other things being equal.
These ―other things‖ are non-price determinants
(Demand for an inferior good is negatively related to income. An increase in income shifts D curves for inferior goods to the left.) （特例，对于劣质商品，当收入越高的时候，其购 买量越少，曲线向左移动）
Helen’s Qd 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 + + + + + + +
Ken’s Qd 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 = = = = = = =
Market Qd 24 21 18 15 12 9 6
The Market Demand Curve for Lattes 这个线条，叫做需求曲线，注意它的方向！！
In this chapter, we assume markets are perfectly competitive. 这一章
中，假设或者说背景市场都是完全竞争市场（这个假设其实是为了过滤 掉一些其他影响因素来探究市场的功能，探究供给和需求的关系）
CHAPTER 4
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND 11
prices of related goods 影响需求曲线的因素：相关商品的价格 Two goods are substitutes if
an increase in the price of one causes an increase in demand for the other.
CHAPTER 4
Suppose the number of buyers increases. Then, at each price, quantity demanded will increase (by 5 in this example).
Q
5 10 15 20 25 30
10 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
的需求？哪些因素会影响生产者的供给？？
How do supply and demand determine the price of a good and the
quantity sold? 生产和供给如何影响价格和销量的？？
How do changes in the factors that affect demand or supply affect
Price Quantity of of lattes lattes demanded $0.00 16
1.00
2.00Example:
Helen’s demand for lattes.
4.00
5.00 6.00
8
6 4
Notice that Helen’s
preferences obey the Law of Demand.
4
The Market Forces of Supply and Demand----这一章就进入需求和供给 的内容了★★★★★这个很重要，考 试肯定会出这里的题
PRINCIPLES OF
ECONOMICS
FOURTH EDITION
N. G R E G O R Y M A N K I W
PowerPoint® Slides by Ron Cronovich
a negligible effect on price. 竞争性市场指的是买方和卖方对于价格的 影响微乎其微（由市场做主）
A perfectly competitive market:完全竞争市场
• •
all goods exactly the same所有的商品都是一样的 buyers & sellers so numerous that no one can affect market price – each is a ―price taker‖市场中所有的卖家和买家都不能 影响市场价格，每个人都是“价格的接受者”
Demand Curve Shifters:
如果两种商品互为替代品，那么一种商品价格的上升会使另
一种商品的需求上升。很简单，例如：如果百事可乐的价格 上升，那么人们都会去买可口可乐了。这里需要搞清楚替代 商品（substitus）的概念，并和后面的互补商品进行区分。
An increase in the price of pizza increases demand for hamburgers, shifting hamburger demand curve to the right.
Law of demand: the claim that the quantity demanded
of a good falls when the price of the good rises, other things equal
需求法则，很简单，当其他因素都一样的时候，商品的价
格升高，其需求量就减少。
of demand (i.e., things that determine buyers’ demand for a good, other than the good’s price).
Changes in them shift the D curve…
CHAPTER 4
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
Demand Curve Shifters: income 影响需求曲线的因素：购买者收入 Demand for a normal good is positively related to
income. • An increase in income causes increase in quantity demanded at each price, shifting the D curve to the right. 收入越高，买的越多，所以曲线向右移动
CHAPTER 4
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
4
Helen’s Demand Schedule & Curve 图中可以看出价格越高，需求量越少
Price of Lattes Price Quantity of of lattes lattes demanded $0.00 16
the market price and quantity of a good? 影响供给和需求的因素的改 变是如何影响市场价格和商品产量的
How do markets allocate resources? 市场如何分配（有限）的资源
CHAPTER 4
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
© 2007 Thomson South-Western, all rights reserved
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:这章涉及到的问题
What factors affect buyers’ demand for goods? What factors affect sellers’ supply of goods?哪些因素会影响购买者
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00 0
CHAPTER 4
1.00
2.00 3.00
14
12 10
4.00
5.00 6.00 Quantity 15 of Lattes
8
6 4
5
10
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
购买者数量的增加会使需求曲线移动。很简单，
买的人多了，需求量就多了。
曲线往右移动，看下图
CHAPTER 4
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
9
Demand Curve Shifters: # of buyers
P
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00 0
2
Demand
Demand comes from the behavior of buyers. The quantity demanded of any good is the amount of
the good that buyers are willing and able to purchase. 只 有当购买者愿意并且能够购买的时候，才会有购买数量， 或者说，购买的需求。
Example: pizza and hamburgers.
Other examples: Coke and Pepsi,
laptops and desktop computers, compact discs and music downloads
CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND 12