水电站 文献翻译 中国水利发电的现状和前景 中英文对照

外文资料
China's hydroelectric power the current situation and prospects
Abstract: The electricity is a modern industrial production and the life of an essential driving force for energy, hydroelectric power industry is a category. The founding of the past 50 years, China's hydropower industry has developed by leaps and bounds, has made remarkable achievements. The rise of hydropower in China there is a profound background.
Key words: Hydro-electric power Status Prospects
First, China has a large-scale utilization of water resources and the need for the conditions. China's abundant hydropower resources, whether they are reserves of hydropower resources, or the possible development of hydropower resources in the countries in the world in the first rank. But China's energy utilization rate is only 13 percent, hydropower prospects are bright. As China's rapid economic growth, total energy consumption is also up sharply, coal, oil and gas these conventional energy consumption growing, or even need to rely on imports. It is estimated that by 2010 China's need to import about 100 million t of oil, and its dependence on imports will reach 40 percent or even higher. In such a situation, the development of new energy was particularly important and urgent. The water is a renewable and new energy, an inexhaustible supply of it.
Second, the development of hydropower is also the need for environmental protection. Conventional power generation, coal combustion emissions in the course of a large number of hazardous substances so that the atmospheric environment is seriously contaminated, and acid rain caused "greenhouse effect", and many other environmental problems. And nuclear power generation have great potential risk, once the pollution caused by leakage, damage to the environment is immeasurable role. Hydro-electric power is not emissions of harmful gases, dust and ash, and no nuclear radiation pollution, is a clean power production, has obvious advantages.
Third, hydro-electric power after more than a century of development, construction technology, manufacturing technology and hydro-generator groups in the transmission technology improved, stand-alone capacity has been increased. And low-cost hydro-electric power, running the high reliability, the extremely rapid development.
1 Overview of China's hydropower resources
China's many rivers, rich runoff, huge gap, contains abundant hydropower resources. According to statistics, China's river water resources reserves 676 million kw, the generating capacity of 592.2 billion kwh; possible development of hydropower resources of the installed capacity of 378 million kw, the generating capacity of 920 billion kwh.
Due to climate and topographical factors such as topography of the impact of China's hydropower resources in different regions and different distribution is very uneven Basin; China's hydropower resources of the river is a prominent characteristic of the steep river, the huge gap, originated the "roof of the world" Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the Yangtze River, Yellow River and Yarlung Zangbo River, Lancang River, Nujiang River, the natural differences are about as high as 5000 m, forming a series of the world's largest rivers divide, which is not found in other countries. Full understanding of the characteristics of China's hydropower resources can be in the development process in light of local conditions, reasonably full use of hydropower resources.
2 status quo of China's hydropower development
A century, particularly since 1949, after several generations of hydropower builders of hard work, China's hydropower construction from small to large and from weak to strong continue to grow and develop. Since reform and opening up, utilities are building more rapid development of projects have been expanding. 1950s to the early 1960s, mainly repairing the dam and power station fullness, Dragon River. Gutian, and other minor works, initiated the development of small and medium hydropower (such as 114-8508, the Huaihe River, Huangtankou, Liuxihe, such as power stations). In the late 1950s in terms gradually mature, a number of rivers cascade development, such as Shizitan, salt Yanguoxia, Tuo River, Xinfengjiang, Xin'anjiang, the West-and cat jumping into a river to river at the works. The mid-1960s to the late 1970s during the period has started Gongzui, Yingxiuwan, Wujiangdu, Bikou, Fung Beach, Longyangxia, Baishan, Dahua and other projects. The early 1970s first
1000 MW installed capacity of the Liujiaxia Hydropower Station production. 2715 MW capacity of the 1980s the completion of the Gezhouba Hydropower Station, after a series of big hydropower stations have been building, 18200 MW capacity of the Three Gorges Project has started in 1994 and by the end of 2000, the 1000 MW larger than the largest hydropower station (not including Storage Power Station) has 18.
In addition to conventional hydropower station, China's pumped-storage power station building has made great achievements. Pumped Storage Power Station was built in the main hydraulic fewer resources, to meet the needs of the power system peak load regulation. The construction of the main Pumped Storage Power Station are as follows:
Guangzhou Pumped Storage Power Station to the total capacity of 2.4 million kw, is the first Block is currently the world's largest pumped-storage power station. Power station construction in two phases with a total capacity of eight, each lasting four and a capacity of 300,000 kw reversible high parameters of pumped storage units, the design of head 535 m, rated speed 500 r / min, comprehensive efficiency of 76 percent.
Jiang Tianhuangping Pumped Storage Power Station, a total installed capacity of 1.8 million kw, a regulation on pure pumped storage power station, power consumption, pumping 4.28 billion kwh. North China Power Grid's largest pumped-storage power plant Ming Tombs Pumped Storage Power Station, "the Ming Tombs Reservoir" for the next pool, using plastic concrete cutoff wall hanging seepage control technology, power plants to install four 200,000 kw Francis River inverse-turbine pumps, an electric generating units, the installed capacity of 800,000 kw.
Hebei Panjiakou hybrid pumped-storage power station, equipped with a conventional Taiwan 150,000 kw hydro-generator group, there are three pumped-storage units, each of 90,000 kw, total installed capacity of 420,000 kw.
In addition, China's construction in Tibet also has the world's highest Pumped Storage Power Station Yangzhuoyong Lake pumped-storage power station. Pumped Storage Power Station is also available in other Baoquan pumped storage power plant in Henan, Anhui Langyashan Pumped Storage Power Station, Shandong Taian Pumped Storage Power Station, Tongbai Pumped Storage Power Station in Zhejiang, Yixing in Jiangsu Pumped Storage Power Station, Hebei Zhang Nihewan Pumped Storage Power Station.
3 China's hydropower development problems facing the
China's hydropower industry in nation-building after a considerable development, but there are still many problems. For example, the Ertan Hydropower Station in Sichuan Province since 1949 is the most intensive investment, the largest engineering, technical difficulty of the highest building projects, but an operation on the face of the enormous waste of resources and enterprises to huge losses this embarrassing position. The situation prevailing in China's hydropower station. The reasons were mainly the following points.
First, the management system, a high degree of monopoly power industry system hindered the development of hydropower. China's Ministry of Water Resources and Ministry of Water and Power and management, and water conservancy and hydroelectric power is the power of the integrated projects, but the Ministry and its subordinate electric power throughout the production and scheduling system none of the staff from thermal power systems, power industry from nature Or that a high degree of monopoly industries, enterprises full control of a single power scheduling, power distribution, electricity sales, electricity billing and other powers. At the same time the electricity market in the period of relative surplus of hydroelectric power, thermal power contradiction between the very sharp and in China under the present circumstances, the priority use of hydropower resources can not be guaranteed, a large number of hydropower resources have been wasted. Hydropower and the Internet generally low tariffs, we can imagine the state of hydropower stations. Opening up the electricity market, breaking the monopoly of the power industry system, water and electricity problem is to solve the fundamental way. At the same time, the Internet tariff for water and electricity reform, "debt service tariff" that electricity tariff structure to a single bi-use electricity price of the electricity tariff structure.
Secondly, in the current economic interests, the number of thermal power production, with the size of the economic benefits are directly related to mine. China's long-term mainly to thermal power, thermal power plants with their long-established fixed in a coal mine, if we use water and electricity to replace thermal power, thermal power plants will face not only the pressure, coal will face great pressure, resulting in thermal power plants and coal mines Two aspects of the economic difficulties. Therefore, departments or units by the economic interests of the drive to form a "protective thermal power and hydropower light" situation, and this
caused a lot of hydropower resources have been wasted, and even disposable loss of electricity consumption significantly higher than the actual Internet.
Third, technically, since the peak shaving or water and electricity load rejection is relatively easy, even a few minutes to complete the start-up of large hydropower generating units and electricity networks, or stopping, and at the same level of capacity thermal power unit may need a few 10 hours to complete the start or stop. Therefore, in the scheduling grid, the hydropower generating units are often used to peak shaving or backup units, in sufficient water to flood when the power generation, but its importance in the era of conventional power generation applications, resulting in the huge waste of water and electricity.
In short, the cause of China's water and electricity problems faced by people in the final analysis is ideologically not aware of the need for the development of hydropower and urgency of water and electricity often because there are one-time investment objective, long construction period, less completed early return The characteristics, and only on the immediate economic interests, water and electricity to the development of multiple objective of the resistance. Therefore, we should vigorously promote the development of hydropower in China is by the great significance of changing the concept of water and electricity, essentially wiping out all kinds of obstacles.
4 China's hydropower development prospects
With the deepening of reform and national economic development, China's electricity market situation has undergone fundamental changes from the previous power and capacity of the "double vacancy" into a relative surplus of electricity and peak shaving a serious shortage of capacity, to the development of hydropower A good opportunity.
4.l general principle
Now and in the future some time, China's hydropower development should be the main priority and good regulation of hydropower stations and power industry from all socio-economic development point of view and consider comprehensive study on hydropower development and strength and to prevent waste; reasonable evaluation Pumped Storage Utility economic benefits, fully aware of the pumped-storage power station filled valley, peak shaving, FM, PM, incidents such as back-up role in the importance of coordinated
development in the eastern part of the pumped-storage power station; further strengthen water and electricity "basins, Cascade, and rolling, comprehensive "way of development; pay more attention to ecological problems.
4.2 ladder to development and construction of hydropower base
China's hydropower resources are mainly located in the western region, accounting for more than three quarters, but the current development rate of eight percent. Especially Yunnan Province, the province's total installed hydropower capacity can be developed about 90 million kw, the country's total installed capacity of hydropower development can be 23.8 percent, ranking the second in the provincial water resources are mainly located in the Jinsha River, Lancang River, Nujiang River, Pearl River, Red River and the Irrawaddy, such as Jiang's six major river systems, in western China is the most potential for hydropower development of the main provinces. However, Yunnan Province's industrial base is relatively backward, electricity and water resources are mainly located in the inconvenience of cross mountains, the development more difficult. With the great western development strategy for the implementation of the West, East project will lose the activation of the rich hydropower resources, and promote the cause of China's hydropower development. Yunnan Province to play the regional advantages, to build China's hydropower energy base, and the West, East lose, both local economic development to meet the demand for electricity, but also optimize the country's energy structure.
At present, Chuan Xinan than the total installed capacity of the Three Gorges Power Station is also a 600,000 kw of the Xiluodu and Xiangjiaba hydropower station two giant project formally approved by the State Council, which will be China's largest hydropower base. Luobo River Power Station in Leibo County in Sichuan Province and Yongshan County in Yunnan Province at the junction of the design capacity of 12.6 million kw, the average annual generating capacity of 57.12 billion kwh; Xiangjiaba Hydropower Station located in Yibin County, Sichuan Province and Yunnan Province Fuxian water at the junction, the capacity of 6 million kw, the average annual generating capacity of 30.7 billion kwh. That the construction of two power stations with a strong ability to adjust, less farmland inundated, immigration and other less one of the advantages of large-scale hydropower stations. The two giant hydropower station project marks the official start of China's large-scale development of
hydropower resources of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the upper reaches of the Yangtze River hydropower resources development will greatly improve China's power structure, lay the West, the East lost the general pattern of nationwide The energy balance and optimize the allocation.
4.3 continue to attach importance to the development of small hydropower
China's small hydropower resources are very rich reserves of around 150 million kw, to develop capacity is about more than 70 million kw, in the corresponding generation of about 200 billion - 250 billion kwh. Small Hydropower in addition to large-sized hydropower is not the atmospheric pollution, the use of renewable energy without the worry of energy depletion, low-cost advantages of its resources, He scattered on the negative impact on the ecological environment, the technology is mature, less investment, easy to build, Therefore suitable for the rural and mountainous areas, especially rural and mountainous areas in developing countries.
China, as developing countries, small hydropower construction has made great achievements, to the end of 1997, China's total installed capacity of small hydropower has reached 20.52 million kw, the generating capacity of 68.3 billion kwh. Small hydropower construction in most cases can be the local building materials to absorb the local labor force building, thereby reducing construction costs, and easier to standardize their equipment, can reduce the cost and shorten the construction period, no complicated expensive technology is conducive to China's economic underdevelopment in the mountains and Achieving rural electrification, which should continue to attach importance to its development and construction.
中国水利发电的现状和前景
摘要：电力是现代化工业生产和生活不可或缺的动力能量，水力发电是电力工业的一个门类。

建国50多年来，我国的水电事业有了长足的发展，取得了令人瞩目的成绩。

水电在我国的兴起是有其深刻的背景的。

关键词：水力发电现状前景
电力是现代化工业生产和生活不可或缺的动力能量，水力发电是电力工业的一个门类。

建国50多年来，我国的水电事业有了长足的发展，取得了令人瞩目的成绩。

水电在我国的兴起是有其深刻的背景的。

首先，我国有大规模利用水能资源的条件和必要性。

我国水能资源丰富，不论是水能资源蕴藏量，还是可能开发的水能资源，在世界各国中均居第一位。

但是目前我国水能的利用率仅为13％，水力发电前景广阔。

随着我国经济的快速增长，能源消耗总量也大幅度增长，煤炭、石油和天然气这些常规能源的消耗量越来越大，甚至需要依靠进口。

预计到2010年我国大约需要进口1亿t石油，并且其进口依存度将达40％左右，甚至更高。

在这样的情势下，发展新能源就显得特别重要而紧迫。

而水能就是一种可再生的新能源，它取之不尽用之不竭。

其次，发展水电也是环境保护的需要。

常规发电方式，煤的燃烧过程中排放出大量的有害物质使大气环境受到严重污染，引发酸雨和“温室效应”等多方面的环境问题。

而核能发电有很大的潜在危险性，一旦泄漏造成污染，对环境的破坏作用是不可估量的。

水力发电不排放有害的气体、烟尘和灰渣，又没有核辐射污染，是一种清洁的电力生产，具有明显的优势。

再次，水力发电经过一个多世纪的发展，其工程建设技术、水轮发电机组制造技术和输电技术于完善，单机容量也不断增大。

并且水力发电成本低廉，运行的可靠性高，故其发展极为迅速。

l 我国水能资源概况
我国河流众多，径流丰沛，落差巨大，蕴藏着丰富的水能资源。

据统计，我国河流水能资源蕴藏量6.76亿kw，年发电量5922亿kwh；可能开发水能资源的装机容量3.78亿kw，年发电量9200亿kwh。

由于气候和地形地势等因素的影响，我国的水能资源在不同地区和不同流域的分布很不均匀；此外我国水能资源的突出特点是河流的河道陡峻，落差巨大，发源于“世界屋脊”青藏高原的大河流长江、黄河、雅鲁藏布江、澜沧江、怒江等，天然落差都高
达5000 m左右，形成了一系列世界上落差最大的河流，这是其他国家所没有的。

充分了解我国水能资源的特点，才能在开发过程中因地制宜，合理地充分地利用水能资源。

2 我国水电开发现状
一个世纪，特别是建国以来，经过几代水电建设者的艰苦努力，中国的水电建设从小到大、从弱到强不断发展壮大。

改革开放以来，水电建设更是迅猛发展，工程规模不断扩大。

50年代至60年代初，主要修复丰满大坝和电站，续建龙溪河。

古田等小型工程，着手开发一些中小型水电（如官厅、淮河、黄坛口、流溪河等电站）。

在50年代后期条件逐步成熟后，对一些河流进行了梯级开发，如狮子滩、盐锅峡、拓溪、新丰江、新安江、西津和猫跳河、以礼河等工程。

60年代中期到70年代末这段时期内开工的有龚嘴、映秀湾、乌江渡、碧口、凤滩、龙羊峡、白山、大化等工程。

70年代初第一座装机容量超过1000 MW的刘家峡水电站投产。

80年代容量2715 MW的葛洲坝水电站建成，之后一系列大水电站相继建设，容量18200MW的三峡工程也于1994年正式开工；到2000年底，全国规模超过1000 MW已建和在建的大水电站（不包括蓄能电站）已有18座。

除了常规水电站以外，我国抽水蓄能电站的建设也取得很大的成绩。

抽水蓄能电站主要建于水力资源较少地区，以适应电力系统调峰的需要。

已建的主要抽水蓄能电站如下：
广州抽水蓄能电站总装机容易240万kw，是中国第一座也是目前世界上最大的抽水蓄能电站。

电站分两期建设，总装机8台，每期4台，采用30万kw容量可逆式高参数抽水蓄能机组，设计水头535m，额定转速500 r／min，综合效率76％。

江天荒坪抽水蓄能电站，总装机容量为180万kw（6X 30万kw），属日调节纯抽水蓄能电站，年抽水耗电量42．80亿kwh。

华北电网最大的抽水蓄能电厂十三陵抽水蓄能电站，以“十三陵水库”为下池，采用悬挂式塑性混凝土防渗墙技术进行防渗处理，电厂安装4台20万kw混流河逆式水泵水轮机、电动一发电机组，装机容量80万kw。

河北潘家口的混合式抽水蓄能电站，装有1台15万kw常规水轮发电机组，还有3台抽水蓄能机组，每台9万kw，合计装机容量42万kw。

此外，我国在西藏还建设了世界上海拔最高的抽水蓄能电站羊卓雍湖抽水蓄能电站。

其它抽水蓄能电站还有河南宝泉抽水蓄能电站、安徽琅琊山抽水蓄能电站、山东
泰安抽水蓄能电站、浙江桐柏抽水蓄能电站、江苏宜兴抽水蓄能电站、河北张河湾抽水蓄能电站。

3 我国水电发展面临的问题
我国的水电事业在建国以后有了长足的发展，但还存在很多问题。

例如二滩水电站是四川省建国以来投资最密集、工程最大、技术难度最高的建设项目，但是一投产就面临着资源的巨大浪费和企业的巨额亏损这样的尴尬境地。

这种情况在我国的水电站中普遍存在。

究其原因，主要有以下几点。

首先，在管理体制上，高度垄断的电力工业体制阻碍了水电的发展。

我国水利部和电力部分别管理水利和电力，而水力发电是水利和电力的综合工程，但是电力部及其下属电力局的整个生产和调度系统的人员却都来自火电系统，电力行业从本质上说还是高度垄断行业，单一企业全面控制着电力调度、电量分配、电力销售、电费结算等权力。

同时电力市场在电力相对过剩时期水电、火电间的矛盾十分尖锐，在我国目前的情况下，优先利用水电资源无法得到保证，大量的水电资源被白白浪费。

而且水电上网电价普遍偏低，水电站的状况可想而知。

开放电力市场，打破垄断的电力工业体制，是解决水电问题的根本途径。

同时，可对水电上网电价进行改革，将“还本付息电价”这种单一电量电价结构改为两部制电量电价的分时电价结构。

其次，在目前经济利益上，火电生产的多少，与各大小煤矿的经济效益直接相关。

我国长期以火电为主，各火电厂长期以来与各自的煤矿建立了固定关系，如果用水电代替火电，不仅火电厂将面临压力，煤矿也会面临很大的压力，造成火电厂和煤矿两方面的经济困境。

因此，部门或单位受经济利益的驱动，形成了“保火电，轻水电”的局面，这样就造成了大量的水电资源被白白浪费，甚至弃损电量大大高于实际上网电量。

三，在技术上，由于水电的调峰或甩负荷相当容易，甚至几分钟即可完成大型水电机组的起动、并网发电或停车，而同级容量的火电机组则可能需要几十个小时来完成起动或停车。

因此在大电网调度上，往往用水电机组做调峰或备用机组，在水量充足时以泄洪代发电，却不重视其在常规时期的发电应用，造成水电的巨大浪费。

总之，我国水电事业面临的问题归根结蒂是人们在思想上还没有认识到发展水电的必要性和紧迫性，往往因为水电客观上存在一次性投资大、建设周期长、建成初期回报少的特点，就只顾及眼前的经济利益，从而给水电的发展造成了多重客观阻力。

因此，我们应该大力宣传在我国发展水电所具有的重大意义，改变人们对水电的观念，从本质上扫除各种障碍。

4 我国水电发展前景
随着改革的深化和国民经济的发展，我国的电力市场形势发生了根本的变化，由过去电量和容量“双缺”演变为电量相对过剩和调峰容量严重不足，这给水电的发展带来了良好的机遇。

4.l 总方针
现在和将来一段时间，我国的水电应该优先并主要开发调节性能好的水电站，并从全电力行业和社会经济发展的角度综合考虑和研究水电开发强度，避免出现浪费；合理评价抽水蓄能电站的经济效益，充分认识抽水蓄能电站的填谷、调峰、调频、调相、事故备用等作用的重要意义，协调发展中、东部地区的抽水蓄能电站；进一步加强水电“流域、梯级、滚动、综合”开发方式的研究；更加注重生态问题。

4.2 进行阶梯开发，建设水电基地
我国的水能资源主要分布在西部地区，占四分之三以上，但目前开发率仅为8％。

尤其是云南省，全省水电可开发装机总容量约9000万kw，占全国水电可开发装机容量的23．8％，居全国第二位，省内水资源主要分布于金沙江、澜沧江、怒江、珠江、红河和伊洛瓦底江等六大水系，是我国西部最具水电开发潜力的主要省份。

但是云南省的工业基础相对落后，水电资源主要位于交不便的崇山峻岭之中，开发难度较大。

随着西部大开发战略的实施，西电东输工程必将激活西部丰富的水力资源，促进我国水电事业的发展。

发挥云南等省的地区优势，将其建设成我国的水电能源基地，实现西电东输，既可以满足当地经济发展对电力的需求，又能优化全国的能源结构。

目前，川西南总装机容量比三峡电站还大60万kw的溪洛渡、向家坝两个巨型水电站正式经国务院批准立项，这将是我国最大的水电基地。

溪洛波电站位于四川省雷波县和云南省永善县的交界处，设计装机容量1260万kw，年平均发电量571．2亿kwh；向家坝电站位于四川省宜宾县与云南省水富县交界处，装机600万kw，年平均发电量307亿kwh。

这两座电站的建设具有调节能力强、淹没耕地少、移民少等其他大型水电站少有的优点。

这两个巨型水电站的正式立项标志着我国开始大规模开发长江上游的水电资源，长江上游水电资源的开发必将大大改善我国的电力结构，奠定西电东输的大格局，促进全国范围内的能源平衡与优化配置。

4.3 继续重视小水电的开发
我国的小水电资源十分丰富，理论蕴藏量约为1．5亿kw，可开发容量约为7000多万kw，相应年发电量约为2000亿--2500亿kwh。

小水电除了具有大水电的不污染大气、使用可再生能源而无能源枯竭之虑、成本低廉等优点外涸其资源分散，对生态环境负影响小，技术成熟，投资少，易于修建，因而适宜于农村和山区，特别是发展中国家的农村和山区。

我国作为发展中国家，小水电建设已经取得了巨大的成绩，到1997年底，我国小水电总装机容量已达2052万kw，年发电量为683亿kwh。

小水电建设多数情况可采用当地建筑材料，吸收当地劳动力建设，从而降低建设费用，并且其设备易于标准化，能降低造价，缩短建设工期，无需复杂昂贵技术，有利于我国经济不发达的山区和农村实现电气化，因而应继续重视其开发和建设。