苏教版牛津高二英语语法总结

牛津高中英语－模块五
第一单元
一动词不定式：带to的动词不定式
带to-的动词不定式的结构是to+动词原形，如，to do, to work.它可以单独使用，也可以组成动词不定式短语。

如：I was determined to be cheerful.
1．带to-的动词不定式可以做：
1）句子的主语
如：To find a best friend is difficult. = It is difficult to find a best friend. 2）句子的宾语
如：I need to sleep for eight hours every night.
1）宾语不足语
如：I asked him to come over.
2）定语
如：I have a very important meeting to attend.
3）同位语
如：His intention was to cheer me up.
4）状语
如：My dad arranged some swimming lessons to surprise me.
2．带to-的动词不定式有进行时态和完成时态
如：Things seem to be getting better.
John pretended not to have seen me.
二动词不定式：不带to的动词不定式
1．可用于不带to的动词不定式的动词有：
1）let make have（有时候）
如：I let her borrow my book.
She made me promise to write every day.
The teacher often has his students read aloud in class.
2)感官动词：feel hear see watch
如：I saw her talk to her new friends.
3）would rather had better why not
如：I would rather go swimming.
You had better tidy your bedroom
Why not visit your cousin in Japan?
注：感官动词后可以接v-ing
如：I saw her talk to her new friend. (见证谈话的整个过程)
I saw her talking to her new friend. (见证谈话正在发生，但不一定见证整个谈话过程)
2．当有and, or, except, but, than, rather than, 连接两个动词不定式时，后一个不定式往往省略to。

如：She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side.
Do you want to go shopping or watch a film?
We had nothing to do but watch TV?
I decided to write rather than phone.
三 V-ing 作名词
1．V-ing可以充当名词用。

可以被用做：
1）做主语（指一般性的动作）
如：Swimming is good for your health.
2）做宾语（指一般性的动作）
如：I love swimming in the sea during the summer.
3) 介词之后
如：I keep fit by swimming every day.
4）物主代词之后
如：Her swimming has improved since she started training every day.
注：如果所谈论的人比较明确，那么物主代词可以省略。

如：Thank you for coming.
5）组成复合名词
如：There is a shoe in the swimming pool.
2．以下动词后面接v-ing
Admit dislike imagine delay consider mind understand avoid enjoy practice miss finish keep suggest
3．以下常用词组后面接v-ing
Would you mind cannot help look forward to feel like cannot stand it is no use/good put off keep on
如：Would you mind helping me with my homework?
I cannot help wondering why she does not like me.
I look forward to seeing you at the party.
I don’t feel like doing anything now.
She cannot stand seeing that boy.
I think it is no use crying about your exam results now.
I had to put off shopping for a while.
He kept on asking me for my phone number.
4．以下动词后面可以接v-ing或to do，意思上几乎没有区别。

Continue prefer begin hate like start
5．一些动词后面既可以接v-ing，也可以接to do，但意义和用法上有区别。

在使用时要
确保形式的正确。

如，forget regret remember mean try go on
forget+ to do (事情还没做)
如：He forgot to close the door when he left.
Forget+ doing (事情已经做了)
如：I’ll never forget winning my first gold medal.
第二单元
一 V-ing 充当形容词或副词
1．v-ing可作：
1）定语
v-ing 可以放在名词前，像形容词一样修饰名词。

如：This will have a lasting effect.
有时候会把一个副词放在v-ing前。

如：That was an extremely interesting speech.
v-ing 可以和副词或名词构成复合词。

如：The fast-growing economy has caused environmental problems.
A wood-burning stove is environmentally friendly.
v-ing 可以放在名词后，像定语从句一样修饰名词，v-ing还可以被改成定语从句。

如：people running these factories are very concerned about the environment.= People who run these factories are very concerned about the environment. 2）表语
如：This destruction is frightening.
1）宾语补足语
如：We all found his argument convincing and interesting.
2．v-ing可放在stand, sit, lie 的后面，表示动作同时发生。

如：They stood talking to each other.=They stood when they were talking to each other.
3．v-ing有完成时态，如，having worked
如：Having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environment and stable economy should be possible at the same time.
二V-ing 短语
v-ing短语可以单独使用，后面也可以接宾语或状语。

如：They sat there smiling.
They sat there smiling at each other.
1．v-ing短语可以表示：
1）时间
如：Asking around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for
things that are environmentally friendly. =When I ask around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly. Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time. = After he observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.
2）原因
如：We are making bigger holes in the nets, hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown. = We are making bigger holes in the nets, because we hope to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.
3）结果
如：The factory keeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty. = The factory keeps releasing smoke. As a result, the air is made dirty.
4)条件
如：Preparing fully, we can achieve great things. = If we prepare fully, we can achieve great things.
2．连词+v-ing 也可以来表示时间。

常用的连词有：when whenever while once until 如：We have to take environmental protection into consideration when developing the economy.
3．v-ing 从句的逻辑主语通常和主句的主语一致。

如：He traveled on the plane like this, keeping the tortoise in a blanket. = When he traveled on the plane like this, he kept the tortoise hidden in a blanket. 4．否定形式是： not+v-ing
如：He sat there, not knowing what to say.
第三单元
一 V-ed形式
v-ed在句中可以充当形容词和副词的用法。

1．v-ed可以被用作：
1）定语
v-ed放在名词的前面，像形容词一样修饰名词。

V-ed可以改成定语从句。

如：If I had the chance, I would have a cloned baby.= if I had the chance, I would have a baby who is cloned.
大部分名词前的v-ed表达被动的含义。

但有些v-ed 表达过去的含义，如，escaped retired fallen。

比较下面的短语：
表被动：the highly praised scientist ( The scientist has been highly praised.) 表过去：the retired scientist (The scientist has retired.)
有时候可以把副词放在v-ed之前。

如：well-trained teachers
v-ed 可以和副词或名词连用构成复合词。

如：underdeveloped region handmade furniture
v-ed可以像定语从句一样放在名词后修饰名词。

如：I think the scientific advances mentioned in your article are interesting.=
I think the scientific advances that are mentioned in your article are
interesting.
2）表语
如：My grandfather was delighted to hear I passed my exams.
3）宾语补足语
如：After the robbery, they found the front windows broken.
2．v-ed可以接在动词后面表示动作同时发生。

如：stand sit lie
如：She lay trapped under the building for three days. (She lay there and was trapped.)
二 V-ed短语
v-ed短语可以是v-ed单独使用，也可以后面接宾语和/或状语。

如：She left the restaurant, disappointed.
She left the restaurant, disappointed with the bad service.
1．表被动的v-ed短语可以表示：
1）时间
如：The scientist has copied a human cell, assisted by recent advances in medical science. = The scientist has copied a human cell, and at that time was assisted by recent advances in medical science.
2）原因
如：Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper. = The woman wrote a letter to the newspaper because she was shocked by the article.
3) 条件
如：Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.= If it is treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts. 2．v-ed形式有一个逻辑主语。

在上述例子中，逻辑主语都是主句的主语。

如：the scientist who was assisted by recent advances in medical science the woman who was shocked by the article
the cell tissue which is treated with electricity
所有这些主语都跟主句的主语一致。

三 V-ed和V-ing 都可以做形容词
1．v-ing形式用来描述某人或某物给人造成某种感觉，在意义上通常是主动的。

如：I noticed an amazing difference.
Some people find it exciting that they could make copies of themselves in the future.
2．v-ed形式用来表达我们对某人或某事的感觉，在意义上通常是被动的，因为它表示我们
被一个动作所影响。

如：I was surprised to learn that they had copied a human cell.
The boy was more frightened than hurt.
牛津高中英语－模块六
第一单元
时态的概要1：现在时态
现在时态可以用来谈论现在的时间，包括一般现在时态，现在进行时态，现在完成时态和现在完成进行时态。

1．我们用一般现在时态来谈论：
1）现在或一直是正确的事情。

如：I am at a comedy show.
The sun rises in the east.
2）经常发生的事情。

如：The Academy Awards show is on television every year.
Every time a prop comedian tells a joke, he or she uses a thing, called a prop.
2．我们用现在进行时态来谈论：
1）现在正在发生或正在进行的动作
如：The audience is laughing at the joke.
I don’t understand why I am not losing weight!
2）现在正在被计划，但在将来发生的动作。

如：The Comedy Club is giving a lecture about stand-up next month.
They are going to the Academy Awards show in February.
3）重复发生的动作，和always一起使用，通常带有否定的附加含义
如：You are always making the same mistakes!
Sue is always changing her mind.
3．我们用现在完成时态来谈论过去和现在是如何联系起来的。

它用于：
1）重复的经历。

如：He has hosted the show eight times.
Billy Crystal has been in many films and television show.
2）过去发生的事情，但对现在有影响的事情。

如：Doctors have found that people who laugh a lot live longer!
Some stand-up comedians have become famous as television and film actors later on in life.
3）过去开始，但现在仍在发生的事情。

如：People have always enjoyed laughing.
Comedian have always told jokes and performed comic acts.
4．我们用现在完成进行时态来谈论从过去开始，持续到现在，并且还有可能继续进行的事情。

如：Doctors have been researching that question.
The curtains finally open—the audience have been waiting an hour for the show to start.
第二单元
时态的概要2：过去和将来时态
过去时态用来谈论过去的事情，包括一般过去时态，过去进行时态，过去完成时态等。

1．我们用一般过去时态来谈论发生在过去并且现在已经结束的事情。

如：Sang Lan was born in Ningbo, China in 1981.
2．我们用过去进行时态来谈论发生在过去，并且持续了一段时间的事情。

如：She knew that in those years she was making her parents proud.
3．我们用过去完成时态来谈论：
1）在过去的过去发生并且在过去的某一个动作发生之前就已经结束的事情。

如：Instead of crying about what she had lost, Sang Lan thought abut what she could do to get better.
2) 在过去的一个动作发生的同时所发生的事情。

如：By the time she competed in the New York Goodwill Games, she had been a dedicated junior gymnast for eleven years.
将来的时态用来讨论将来的事情，包括一般将来时态，将来进行时态，过去将来时态等。

1．我们用一般将来时态来讨论将来将要发生的事情。

如：She will come with us to watch the football match tomorrow.
一般将来时态的结构：
1）will shall （用于提供有关将来的信息）
如：I know I will think about her whenever my life feels unbearable.
I shall work hard and learn to become a gymnast.
2）be going to+do （用于谈论将来的计划和意图）
如：Today, I’m going to talk about how to find happiness.
2．我们用将来进行时态来谈论始于将来并且要持续一段时间的动作。

如：Dr Brain will be talking about success next time.
3．我们用过去将来时态来谈论在过去的时间被提起的时候发生在将来的事情。

如：Before she went to the Goodwill Games, Sang Lan told her parents she was going to win her event.
非真实条件句
非真实条件句阐述的条件或情况是不真实的或是想象的。

1．我们用非真实条件句来阐述不真实的或想象的一个现在的条件。

如：If I got married in the USA, I would expect a present.
I could reach the book if I were a bit taller.
If I had the chance, I might want to be a translator.
2．我们用非真实条件句来指代一个想象的过去的动作。

如：If you had joined the chat room ten minutes ago, you would have known what we were talking abut!
If the man had pointed with his first finger while he was in Brunei, everyone would have thought that he was very rude.
3．我们用非真实条件句来谈论想象的将来的情况。

如：If I had time tomorrow, I would certainly help you.
4．非真实条件句的构成：
现在 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do…
过去 If… had been/done… , … would/could/might have done…
将来 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do…
注：would，could，might经常可以互换，但在意思上有一些不同。

Would表意图，计划；could表能力，可能性；might表可能性
非真实条件句还有几点需要注意：
1．在书面英语或正式的场合中，我们通常用were来代替条件句中的was.但在日常谈话中，was也经常用到。

如：If he was/were here, he would be able to help us.
2．在表将来的非真实条件句中，还可以用were to/should
如：If I were to fail my Maths test, I would have to take it again at the end of the term.
If he should come tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.
3．在非真实条件句中，可以把if省略，把should，were， had放在条件句的前面。

如：Should you make a mistake, you should not be embarrassed.
Had you told me earlier, I would not have this problem now.
Were you to take the train, you would be there much sooner.
4．在if从句中还可以用到could+ have done 来表示非真实的条件。

如：If I could have told you about cultural differences between Italy and the UK, I would have.
非真实条件句：其它情况
非真实条件句还有以下其它情况。

1．当主句是有关现在发生的事情，而从句是有关过去发生的事情，或相反，我们可以用混合的条件句。

如：If you had listened to the talk about the UN yesterday, you would know the answer to the question now.
If Tang Ning were in town, I would have heard about it.
2．我们用otherwise, or，及以with，without，but for 开头的短语来替代if条件句，来表达隐含的条件的意思。

如：With (if I had) more money, I could help more people in need.
Without (If we didn’t have) the UN Goodwill, Ambassadors, people working
on projects would not be encouraged.
But for the ( If there was no ) help from the UN, those women would not have been able to set up their mind.
I’m too busy now, otherwise/or (If I weren’t so busy) I would help you do the work.
3．我们也可以用even if， as if，as though，if only 来引导非真实条件句。

如：I would never go there even if I were given the chance to.
Nicholas is smiling as if he knew nothing about.
Mike talks as though he had been to the Great Wall before.
If only I were a Goodwill Ambassador!
4．Wish和would rather后面可以表达非真实的情况。

如：I wish there were no wars in the world.
I would rather you hadn’t told me about it.
牛津高中英语－模块七
第一单元
一介词
介词可以放在名词或名词短语的前面来表达时间，地点，行动等等。

介词也可以放在v-ing 的前面。

1．时间介词
at, in, on, for, by 和since 可以被用来表示时间。

At后接点时间，in后接段时间，on 后接具体某一天。

For用来表示某事延续了多长时间，by指的是不晚于什么时间（到为止），since指从过去某个时间到稍晚的某个时间或现在为止。

其它表示时间的介词还有during，after，before，between，from， until等。

如：At that time, the record player had to be wound up by hand.
Regular public TV broadcasting first began in 1928.
The first record players only played a record for two minutes.
By 1967, most TV broadcasts were in color.
Since the beginning of 1999, the popularity of MP3 has increased greatly. 注：我们经常说in the morning/afternoon/evening,但当谈论具体的早上，下午和晚上时，则要用on，如on Sunday morning on the afternoon of 5th June.
2．地点介词
at，in和on是表示地点的介词。

At后接小地方或一个场合，in后接大地方，on表示在某个东西的表面。

其它表示地点的介词还有above, against, behind, between, by, near, opposite, under 等。

如：I’ll meet you at the department store.
Wang Li is at a media and technology exhibition.
Cable TV began in 1948 in the USA, but it took 50years before 66percent of USA families had it in their homes.
This new type of TV can be hung on the wall.
3．行动介词
介词to经常用来表示行动，意思是“朝着方向”。

其它的介词还有across, along, down, into, off, over, out of, past, round, through, under, up 等。

如：The invention of the transistor led to the development of cassette recorders. 二介词短语
介词可以和动词，名词，和形容词连用构成介词短语。

1．介词与动词连用
许多介词可以跟动词连用构成词组，如：agree with, look for, look into, head for, stand for.
如：Scientists agree with each other that the development of TV will not stop.
I am looking for the most recent model. Do you have any in store?
The British Association for the Advancement of Science will look into the case.
The ship set sail and headed for Shanghai.
MD stands for MiniDisc.
2．介词与名词连用
介词可以跟名词连用，如：in time for, on time, by means of, by accident/mistake, for/on sale, on the market, in that case, up to date
如：We thought we would be late, but we were in time for the programme.
The products were delivered on time.
You can connect the CD player to the computer by means of a special jack.
Be careful not to press “delete” by accident/mistake!
When will the new model be for/on sale?
There are several new model on the market.
You want a TV linked with the Internet? In that case, get a Web TV!
This technology is quite up to date.
注：当up to date出现在名词前时，要用连字符，如：up-to-date products
3．介词与形容词连用
一些介词可以和形容词连用，如：good at, capable of, fond of, satisfied/happy with 如：I am good at science.
The program is of capable of calculating our budget for the year.
I am fond of watching black-and-white films.
Su Mei is satisfied with her new job.
第二单元
动词短语
动词短语是由一个动词加副词或介词构成的。

动词+副词：If you open up any medicine cupboard in the world, there is a high probability that you will find asprin.
动词+介词：It was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the great drug of the 20th century.
在使用动词短语时有一些规则需要注意：
1．在动词短语里，副词可以放在名词的前面或后面。

如：Fleming tried out this mould on another bacterium.
Fleming tried this mould out on another bacterium.
注：如果宾语是代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。

如：Fleming tried it out on other bacteria.
2．动词短语后面不一定要接宾语。

如：The fire broke out at midnight.
Fleming did not give up.
3．在有介词的动词短语里，介词的宾语总是放在介词的后面
如：Doctors are looking into the case for new treatment.
Sometimes people ask for medicine that they do not really need.
4．有时候动词短语里的副词后会接一个介词。

如：How can you put up with this for so long?
It is not right to look down up those who have AIDS.
1．动词词组有特殊的含义，如：
动词词组含义例句
try out test Don’t try the drug out on animals.
give up stop doing something Tell your father to give up.
wash up clean plates, bowls, etc. after a meal She is washing up in the
kitchen.
talk over discuss thoroughly Let’s talk the issue over.
set up create or start Dr Armstrong set up his own surgery in 2000. look after take care of I spent a whole day looking after my sick dog.
turn up arrive They did not turn up until 10 o’clock. 6．许多动词短语的意思不止一个，如，make out 就有许多不同的意思，以下列举其它三个意思：
1）能够看见或听见某事
如：It was too dark, and I couldn’t make out the words written on the wall. 2）理解某事（用于否定句和疑问句中）
如：I can’t make out what the article says.
3) 阐述可能不是正确的事情
如：He made out that he was a famous doctor.
第三单元
系动词
系动词是连接主语和说明主语是什么样状态的成分的动词。

最常用的系动词是“to be （be/am/is/are/was/were/been）”
如：The information is true and acute.
1．Appear, seem, prove, keep, stay, remain 是系动词。

如：Now it seems very common for families to spend a lot of time apart.
They appear in favor of the Internet.
The internet proved of great value to us during our project.
You shouldn’t keep quiet in a debate.
People stayed silent and listened to us, and applauded at the end.
For these reasons, I believe the Internet remains a positive tool that helps make our lives better.
2．感官动词是系动词，sound， taste， feel，look，smell
如：That sounds wonderful, but some people claim that the internet is a waste of time.
If you always eat fast food, vegetables may not taste delicious to you.
It feels good to sit in front of the TV after a hard day’s work.
When he got up on stage, he looked a little nervous.
The air often smells bad in Internet cafes.
3．暗指变化的词是系动词：turn，go，fall，grow，get，become
如：Leaves turn green in spring.
The boy will go mad if you don’t allow him to use the computer.
Alisha fell asleep the moment she got into bed.
Your son has grown much taller.
John gets easily excited when he plays computer games.
The amount of false information on the Internet becomes more of a problem every day.
1．大多数情况下，系动词后面接形容词。

但有时也接名词或介词短语。

如：I feel it remains important for us either or limit our use of the Internet, or to learn how to solve the problems it has caused.
He became a teacher after graduation from college.
The article is about using the Internet to help people or all ages.
第四单元
V-ed和V-ing
v-ed和v-ing通常被称作分词。

分词可以做定语修饰名词，或做时间，原因，结果和方式状语。

1．v-ed和v-ing可以像形容词一样使用
1）v-ing通常表达正在进行的动作，或某事是什么样子。

如：she sat beside the window, watching the falling leaves floating in the air.
It was an exciting development.
2) v-ed通常表达被动的含义，或指代一个完成的动作，或告诉别人我们对某事的感觉。

如：The police found the stolen car.
There was a thick layer of fallen leaves on the ground.
Many excited wanted to travel on the underground.
3）分词短语通常放在它所修饰的名词的后面。

如：The trains going to London stop at the edge of the city.
In 1933, a public organization called the London Passenger Transport Board was created.
2．v-ed和v-ing可以像副词一样使用。

1）v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示原因。

如：Realizing he would have to take two different trains, he decided to take a taxi instead.
Encouraged by the success of the Metropolitan Railway Company, the Metropolitan District Railway opened another line in 1868.
2）v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示时间。

如：Traveling through the tunnel, the man felt uncomfortable because of the noise.
When asked how old the underground system was, she made no reply.
3）v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示方式。

如：The train headed for London, puffing and rattling.
4) v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示条件。

如：Turning to the left at the crossroad, you will see the railway station on your right.
注：v-ing也可以表达紧随主句动作之后的动作。

如：Arriving at the airport, he started looking for the tourist guide.
3．v-ing有被动和完成形式。

1）being+v-ed表示进行时态的被动态。

如：The underground system being built in the city will be open next year. 2）having+v-ed表示完成时态的主动形式：having been+ v-ed表示完成时态的被动形式。

如：Having seen the situation , a wealthy American businessman, Charles Yerkes, tried to improve the system.
Having been developed over many years , the underground system is now able to transport millions of people effectively.
4．当v-ed和v-ing被用做状语时，它的逻辑主语就是主句的主语。

如：Having been trapped in traffic, he was late for work.
Given enough time, we will see the whole city.
5．否定形式：not+v-ing/v-ed
如：Not knowing which line to take, she turned to me for help.
牛津高中英语－模块八
第一单元
否定句
否定句用来改正一个错误的观点。

如：Money does not buy happiness.
在这句话里，钱能买来幸福的错误观点被改正了。

注：否定句有是表达肯定含义。

如：He didn’t leave anything to his son but a big library of books.
我们有几种方式来表达否定含义。

最常用的否定词有：no，not，never，和neither。

1．助动词+not
在最简单的否定句里，not或n’t放在助动词后表否定。

如：They might not( mightn’t) have been written last year.
I do not (don’t) think so.
2．Not和其它词连用
1）当把not放在一个前面加上否定前缀（如：un- dis- in-）的单词的时候，意思就变成肯定的了。

但这种肯定没有直接的肯定句强烈。

如：It is not uncommon to find her reading the newspaper. ( It is quite common to find her reading the newspaper.)
2）当not放在表示时间，距离，数量的短语前时，则起到了强调否定含义的作用。

如：Not many people heard the speech. (Very few people heard the speech.) 3．If-从句中额外的否定含义
有时候，我们把否定的表达放在whether和if的后面来表达对一种情况的怀疑。

这种表达更加随意而且常被用在英语口语中。

如：I wonder whether /if I shouldn’t bring an umbrella. ( I wonder whether /if
I should bring an umbrella.)
I wouldn’t be surprised if they didn’t move soon. (I wouldn’t be surprised
if they moved soon.
注：当表达有关自己的事情时，用I wonder whether/if…,当表达有关别人的事情时，用I wouldn’t be surprised if…
4．还有许多其它的否定表达。

一些常用的有hardly，far from， seldom, unless，free from, 和would rather…than。

如：Pip can hardly wait to begin his new life.
The classic are far from disappearing.
Pip’s sister seldom has a kind word to say.
Unless you read the novel yourself, you will never know what happens at the end.
The fortune sets him free from financial worries.
Joe would rather die than se any harm come to Pip.
第二单元
省略
当我们不想重复含义比较明显的单词或短语时，我们就用省略。

省略是使句子简明的有效的方法。

1．省略可以用于
1）祈使句中，主语常被省略。

如：(I) Thank you very much. (You) Come here, please.
2) 答句，省略助动词后面的单词。

如：“Did you enjoy the opera?”“Yes, I did ( enjoy it).”
3) 动词不定式短语中，省略to后的内容。

如：Although he would like to ( break his promise), the emperor cannot break his promise.
4）非正式英语中，省略句中的某些单词。

如：(Are you ) Ready?
How (is it) about the result?
5）hence后
如：Hence (comes) the happy ending of the story.
6) 在介词或than之后。

如：Mum: Could you water the plants for me?
Son: What about ( watering them ) after I finish my homework?
The opera house now looks better than ( it did) when I visited it last year.
7) 同一个句型和同一个动词后的两个从句中。

如：Puccini wrote Turandot and ( he also wrote) Madam Butterfly.
The actor was born in 1961, and his wife ( was born) in 1964.
2．为了节省空间和时间，一些单词被省略，包括：
1）标志和标签
如：No smoking (No smoking is allowed here.)
2) 报纸标题
如：Turandot on stage ( The opera Turandot is being performed on stage.)
3) 说明
如：Do not bend (Do nor bend this envelope.)
4）明信片和日记
如：Have not had time to write diary ( I have not had time to write my diary.)
5) 笔记
如：Opera OK, costumes great ( The opera was OK and the costumes were great.)
第三单元
倒装
倒装就是改变句子中单词的顺序。

当我们用倒装的时候，我们把谓语提到主语的前面，因此我们强调的是谓语而不是主语。

倒装用于以下情况。

1．最常见的倒装的形式出现在问句里
如：Did you go to visit the Louvre?
What do you know about van Gogh?
2．在以下情况下，我们把助动词放在主语的前面
1）以否定词或短语开头的句子，如：neither, nor, never, not, at no time, seldom, hardly 如：He did not like the painting. Neither did I .
Neither am I impressed by the paintings nor do I like them.
Never in my life have I seen such wonderful pictures.
Not a word did he say about his visit to the art museum.
At no time during the tour was I bored.
Seldom does he paint now.
Hardly had I got to Amsterdam when it began to snow.
2）以so和only开头的句子
如：Li Ming enjoyed the museum. So did his grandmother and aunt.
So crowded was the art gallery that I could hardly move about.
Only on such a trip can you learn as much about European artists.
注：当only修饰主语时，不需倒装。

如：Only teachers went to the art gallery yesterday.
3 在以下情况，主语放在动词的后面
1）句子是直接引语或部分是直接引语。

如：“I’d like to come back and see Monet’s garden,” said my aunt.
“This, “said the artist “is the most beautiful place I have ever seen.”
2) 主语太常。

如：Present at the party were a group of young people who called themselves pioneers of modern art.
3) 以here，there， in，out，up， down， on 等开头的句子。

如：Look! Here comes the bus.
The door opened and in came Mr. Smith, the artist.
Out rushed the children.
Down came the water from the top of the mountain.
注：当主语是代词时，不需要倒装。

如：Here I am in Amsterdam. There it goes.
4）在正式的非真实条件句中，我们把should, were， had to 放在句子的开头。

如：Should you have gone on the trip, you would have learnt a lot about painting.
Were the picture unique, it would be valuable.
Had the museum been closed, we would have been upset.
第四单元
强调句
当我们需要用英语表达自己观点的时候，我们必须要考虑的不止是词汇和发音。

我们选择强调的单词和句子成分能改变我们想要传达的含义。

1．强调句可以借助某些单词来表达，如：so，such，really，和just。

如：Everyone was so excited about her speech.
It was such an interesting television show.
I really want to see it again.
Actually, the festival in Venice doesn’t just feature Hollywood films. 2．如果强调的不是动词，而是句子某一成分，我们可以用以下句型“ It + be+强调部分+that从句。

如：It was because of his Hollywood background that he knew how many small, unknown actors
were being ignored by Hollywood.
1) 上述句型可以用来强调主语，宾语或状语。

如：Robert Redford took over the festival in 1981.
强调主语：It was Robert Redford that/who took over the festival in 1981.
强调宾语：It was the festival that Robert Redford took over in 1981.
强调状语：It was in 1981 that Robert Redford took over the festival.
2) 当强调的主语是代词时，代词通常要用宾格。

如：It was me who represented the Toronto International Film Festival last year. 注：当强调的是人时，引导词用that或who。

3) 强调结构还可以用语问句。

如：Is it the Cannes Film Festival that gives awards mostly to American films? How often is it that famous actors and directors come to Toronto?
Who was it that told him what had happened?。