从翻译审美陌生化原则论徐志摩译哈代诗歌的翻译艺术

湘潭大学硕士学位论文从翻译审美陌生化原则论徐志摩译哈代诗歌的翻译艺术姓名：付悦申请学位级别：硕士专业：英语语言文学指导教师：陈琳20080603Descriptive Chinese Abstract摘要徐志摩是20世纪初新诗运动的先驱之一，也是中国现代文学史上用白话诗体写作和翻译的重要开拓者。

他既是一位伟大的诗人，也是一位杰出的译者。

然而，在国内外关于徐志摩的研究中，他的诗歌创作往往是评论家关注的焦点。

而他在翻译上，例如诗歌翻译上做出的成绩，却经常为诗名所掩，得不到足够的重视。

对徐志摩诗歌翻译的研究，无论从广度还是深度上都无法与他的诗歌创作的研究相提并论。

在为数不多的徐氏诗歌翻译研究里，大多也是对他诗歌翻译的负面评价。

本文将徐志摩翻译的汤姆斯・哈代的诗歌作为研究对象，试图从陌生化翻译角度分析徐氏诗歌翻译的特征，从而客观地认识徐志摩作为诗人译者在新诗运动及白话诗体写作和翻译方面做出的积极贡献。

本文根据陌生化翻译策略，探讨陌生化翻译原则在徐志摩翻译哈代诗歌作品上的具体表现。

徐志摩作为诗人译者，其诗歌创作和翻译密不可分。

文章重在分析徐将哈代作品作为其主要翻译对象的原因，介绍哈代是徐志摩最为欣赏且经常模仿的作家。

在徐翻译的61首外文诗歌中，有21首是哈代的作品。

哈代的写作手法和创作风格在徐志摩的诗歌创作和翻译实践上均产生了深远的影响。

笔者根据徐志摩翻译求新求奇的特点，分析陌生化翻译策略在徐译哈代诗歌的形式，韵律，白话诗体的使用和主题选取等方面上的具体表现。

作为新诗诗人的徐志摩，不仅将源语文本的格律形式翻译进目的语文本，而且还将自由诗体和不规则的诗行缩进等英语诗歌韵律形式运用于译诗。

同时，徐在译诗中根据个人喜好，对原诗词语进行改造及增减，并大量运用白话诗体和口语词汇。

此外，在主题选取方面，当时中国社会的期待规范是翻译西方警示作品以唤醒中国人民反抗外敌的斗志，徐则背离这一选材规范，将哈代阴郁消极的诗歌作品作为源语文本。

这些陌生化特征，均可延长目的语受众的关注时间，增加审美难度；从而激活目的语读者的阅读兴趣，产生新奇的阅读感受和陌生化翻译效果。

作为新文化运动时期的一位诗人译者，徐志摩的诗歌翻译重在追求译本的新奇性和陌生化效果，其在诗歌翻译上的积极探索，对新格律诗的形成与发展，以及用白话诗体写作和翻译的推广做出了积极贡献。

关键词：陌生化；间离效果；陌生化翻译；诗歌翻译；徐志摩；哈代AbstractXu Zhimo is a pioneer of the New Poetry Movement in the 1920s and makes sustained effort in using vernacular Chinese in his creation and poetry translation. Xu is a great poet as well as an excellent translator. His literary achievement has received a great deal of favorable comments. However, the researches on Xu Zhimo mainly focus on his poetry creation, while his identity as a poet translator and achievement in poetry translation have long been neglected. And the relatively few comments on his poetry translation mainly seem to be negative. It forms a sharp contrast to the abundant researches on his poetry writings and his literary fame. The thesis intends to analyze the features of Xu’s translation of Thomas Hardy’s poems from the perspective of alienizing translation, so as to give a relatively objective evaluation of Xu Zhimo’s poetry translation.By addressing the aesthetic principle of alienizing translation, the writer explores the alienizing effect in Xu Zhimo’s translation of Hardy’s poems. As a poet-translator, Xu’s poetry creation is closely linked with his poetry translation. The thesis analyzes the factors that influence Xu’s selection of Hardy’s poems. To Xu Zhimo, Hardy is his most admired poet. Twenty-one of his translated poems are of Hardy’s, which account for one-third of the whole number of Xu’s translated poems. Xu Zhimo imitates Hardy’s originality in versification and poetic forms both in his poetry creation and translation practice. Xu’s creativity in poetry creation and translation is positively affected by Hardy.The thesis focuses on the strategy of alienizing translation in Xu’s translation of Hardy’s poems. Xu not only imitates Hardy’s poetic form and keeps the alien rhyme schemes of the source texts, but also adopts the free verse and irregular indentations of English poetry in his translations. He makes some certain bold additions, deletion and alternation of the diction in the source text, and uses colloquialisms and vernacular Chinese in his renditions. Additionally, While the New Chinese literature calls on all Chinese to come together to fight for their country, Xu Zhimo breaks the expectancy of the target audience and selects Hardy’s melancholy and sentimental poems as his source texts of translation. These features of Xu’s translation make the target texts unusual, and appealingly fresh and new, help to increase the difficulty of perception and arouse the target audience’s interest to appreciate the beauty of thetarget text, hence achieve the alienizing effect in his poetry translation.Xu Zhimo’s use of vernacular Chinese and the experiment with the new versification through his practice in poetry translation make a significant contribution to the formation and development of the New Poetry of his day.Key words: defamiliarization; alienation effect; alienizing translation; poetry translation; Xu Zhimo; Hardy湘潭大学学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。

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作者签名：日期：年月日导师签名：日期：年月日Introduction0.1 Significance of the ResearchXu Zhimo徐志摩(1897-1931), Is a talented and great poet in the early 20th century in China and his literary achievement as a poet had been widely acknowledged. However, the position that he is also an excellent translator has long been ignored, either concerning the large number of his translation or his unconventional translation methods and translation theory, which greatly contributes to the formation and development of the New Poetry of his day. In The Complete Works of Xu Zhimo compiled by Han Shishan韩石山 (2005), his translations account for nearly one-fourth of the whole volume. According to Guo Zhuzhang 郭著章(1999), Xu is one of the sixteen major translators since the beginning of the twentieth century. What’s more, Xu not only involved himself in poetry translation practice but also worked hard on the theory of poetry translation, most of which appeared in the prefaces to his poetry translation volumes.Nevertheless, Xu Zhimo’s role as a great translator has long been neglected, and the studies of his poetry translation are still largely overlooked by translation studies scholars. Tan Fengxia谈凤霞(2001) concludes that the research into Xu’s translation practice and theory is neither extensive enough nor convincing enough after having conducted the studies on Xu Zhimo. According to Liu Quanfu 刘全福(1999), the underlying causes may be analyzed as follows: (a) Xu’s achievement in translation is overshadowed by his prominence as a forerunner of the New Poetry in modern Chinese literature and by his unconventional translation features; (b) Xu’s preference for pessimistic and passive theme in his poetry translations and creations, which does not respond to the society need and the expectancy norms of translations of his day; (c) although Xu has a good mastery in both English and Chinese and has profound literary cultivation, it is generally agreed that his translation of English poetry is not good on the whole, and his use of the vernacular Chinese is not mature. And there is a kind of “translationese” in his translations of poems.Unlike the critics who criticized Xu’s poetry translation, the author attempts to make detailed study of the distinct features of Xu Zhimo’s poetry translation, focusing on his translations of Thomas Hardy’s poems from the perspective of the strategy of alienizing translation.0.2 Literature Review of Relevant ResearchesHaving surveyed a variety of resources, including databases like Wanfang Digital Full-text of Chinese Dissertations and Theses万方中国学位论文全文数据库, CNKI Digital Dissertations and Theses 中国优秀博硕士论文全文数据库, Digital Catalogue of Dissertations and Theses at the National Library of China中国国家图书馆馆藏博硕士论文数据库, China Digital Full-text of Chinese Academic Journals中国期刊全文数据库 and VIP Digital Full-text of Chinese Academic Journals 维普中文科技期刊数据库, the writer found a number of documents on Xu’s poetry translation, including one doctoral dissertation “Alienizing Translation: Xu Zhimo’s Translation,” which was written by Chen Lin陈琳 in 2007, one Master’s thesis “The Poet Translates Poems. Is it Right or Wrong?” written by Yang Quanhong杨全红in 2001; four academic journal papers: “Xu Zhimo and Poetry Translation” by Liu Quanfu 刘全福 in 1999, “A Study on Xu Zhimo’s Theory and Practice of Poetry Translation” by Yang Quanhong杨全红in 2001, “On Xu Zhimo’s Translation of Thomas Hardy’s ‘A Reflection on My Eighty-sixth Birthday’ in Light of the Appropriateness Principle” by Akokato加滕阿幸, a Japanese professor at SEIWA University, Japan, in 2001, and ‘May 4th’ Cultural Context and Xu Zhimo’s Translation” by Dai Yongjun戴拥军 and Zhang Derang张德让in 2004; two chapters in two monographs, namely, “Xu Zhimo” in Liu Quanfu (1999) and “Concepts of Translation and Media” in Liu Jiemin 刘介民 (2003); and quite a few commentaries in essays on Xu Zhimo and in prefaces to his translations.The literature review that had done on Xu Zhimo’s poetry translation seemed to be negative in most cases. Liu Quanfu (1999) expresses his viewpoint on Xu’s poetry translation in “Xu Zhimo and Poetry Translation.” In Liu Quanfu’s eyes, though Xu has a good mastery in both English and Chinese and has profound literary cultivation, his translation of English poetry is not good on the whole, and his use of the vernacular Chinese is immature. There is a kind of “translationese” in his translations of poems. Lin Yiliang 林以亮(1984) also makes the unfavorable comment that “his [Xu Zhimo] translations are for from mature” (216).1 According to Bian Zhilin 卞之琳 (1982), Xu Zhimo’s poetry translations sound extremely awkward and clumsy and are full of translationese. There are far more failures than successes in Xu Zhimo’s poetry translations.However, unlike the majority of Xu’s translation critics who criticized his unconventional translations in light of translation equivalence, a number of scholars, including Liang Shiqiu 梁实秋(1903-1987), Lu Yaodong 陆耀东(1986), Chen Lin (2007), AKOKATO (2001), have made positive evaluation of Xu Zhimo’s poetry translation. Liang Shiqiu (1931) expresses his appreciation of Xu’s translations: “Zhimo has published so many works within a few years and his publications have covered poetry, fiction, prose, drama and translation. He has tried all of those varieties and all the resultant works have turned out to be excellent” (qtd. in Chen Lin 4). Liang’s favorable comment affirms that, including his translations, Xu’s literary works are brilliant. In Lu Yaodong’s opinion, Xu Zhimo has a good mastery of English and a thorough understanding of English culture. Xu’s translations of Hardy’s poems are so successful that the spirit and shades of meaning of the source text have been rendered. In addition, Chen Lin concludes the particular features of Xu’s poetry translation that:The imagery in his [Xu Zhimo] translations is always startling and his poetrytranslations are always arresting and surprising. [. . .] Xu is a poet-translator insearch of artistic newness, freshness and estrangement in the context of the NewCulture Movement, and that his alienizing translation makes an importantcontribution to the formation and development of the New Metrical Verse, whichis one innovative aspect of the New Poetry. (XI)According to Chen Lin, Xu Zhimo’s translated poems are of the artistic and cultural significance and he is a distinctive poet-translator in the history of modern translation literature. Even Liu Quanfu, who once made unfavorable allegation of Xu’s poetry translation, also remarked in favor of Xu Zhimo’s use of baihua白话(the vernacular Chinese) in the practice of poetry translation. What’s more, Akokato highly praises Xu’s translation of Thomas Hardy’s poem “A Reflection on My Eighty-sixth Birthday” that Xu achieves the highest degree of appropriateness of the application of various rhetorical devices and retains both the spirit and the content of the source text in his poetry translation.0.3 Problems Addressed and ObjectivesThough the research into Xu Zhimo’s poetry translation has been exclusively focused onhis poetry translation, a few of his translation of Thomas Hardy’s poems have been critiqued. As a foremost modern Chinese poet and translator, Xu Zhimo, who has access to further studies in Great Britain and the United States, is unanimously held to be a very figure of the Chinese literary translation. In his short span of life, he not only proposed his own theory of poetry translation, but also tried his best to put what he proposed into practice by translating a large number of English poems into Chinese. It can be said that Xu is one of the greatest contributors in terms of poetry translation and should therefore be treated accordingly. What is strange in the relevant academic fields in China now is that relatively few scholars get themselves engaged in the study of Xu’s translation theory and practice, especially his translations of Thomas Hardy’s poems. In fact, Xu’s translations of Hardy’s poems take up one-third of the whole number of his translated poems. It forms a sharp contrast to the abundant researches on his poetry writings. After a careful study of Xu’s translations of Hardy’s poems, especially the six poems which have more translation versions than other ones, the present writer intends to highlight the artistic features of Xu’s poetry translations in light of the strategy of alienizing translation, so as to give a relatively fair evaluation of Xu’s translation practice.0.4 Methods and Organization of the ThesisThe methodology of this thesis is the combination of conceptual research and empirical research. On the one hand, the conceptual research aims to the introduction of the new concept of alienizing translation, which was advanced by Dr. Chen Lin in her doctoral dissertation “Alienizing Translation: Xu Zhimo’s Translation” in 2007. The hypothesis, alienizing translation, is a translation strategy which aims at making the choice of source texts and translation procedures conducive to producing freshness and unexpectedness, that is to say, to provide newness and estrangement to the readership in poetry translation. This new concept is based on Shklovsky’s theory of defamiliarization and Brecht’s theory of alienation effect. Chen Lin re-evaluates these two theories, and demonstrates the shared nature of literary translation and other literary forms in terms of their pursuit of the new and the unusual. On the other hand, the empirical research helps to seek evidence in Xu Zhimo’s translation of Thomas Hardy’s poems which supports the hypothesis and get a better understanding of Xu’spoetry translation practices.The thesis is divided into three chapters in addition to the introduction and conclusion. The introduction is the literature review on the studies of Xu’s translations of Thomas Hardy’s poems, containing the significance, the methodology, the problems addressed and the objectives of this research.Chapter one gives a brief introduction to Xu Zhimo’s poetry translation thinking and practice from the perspective of the alienizing translation strategy. It examines the close relationship between Xu’s poetry translation and his poetry creation, and analyzes his identity as a poet-translator and the factors that influence his selection of Thomas Hardy’s poems as his source texts.Chapter two will make a re-evaluation of Shklovsky’s theory of defamiliarization and Brecht’s theory of alienation effect, and analyze the difference between these two definitions. Then the author will provide the definition of alienizing translation which was put forward by Dr. Chen Lin.Chapter three is a study of Xu Zhimo’s translations of Hardy’s poems in light of the alienizing translation. The illustration focuses on: (a) the variety of verse forms employed by Xu makes his translation works alien; (b) the impeded movement rendered by the alternation of the poetic diction in the source texts, and the adoption of the vernacular Chinese in the target text provides the audience with a sense of strangeness; and (c) the unexpected themes of the source texts break the expectancy of the target audience, and arouse their interest to appreciate the beauty of the target texts. Xu’s distinctive translation methods make his poetry translations different from the traditional and expected ones, and arouse a sense of originality and strangeness, then achieve the desired alienizing effect.The conclusion concludes that Xu Zhimo is a poet-translator who is in the pursuit of originality, freedom and freshness in his translations of Thomas Hardy’s poems, and claims that Xu greatly contributes to the formation and development of the New Poetry in modern Chinese literature.Additionally, unless otherwise noted, all English translations of quotations from sources in Chinese are my own, including the titles of Xu Zhimo’s poems.Chapter 1: Xu Zhimo as a Poet-translator of Hardy’s PoemsThe phrase, the early 20th century, is highlighted by a wholesale production of translated English poems and different schools of poetry translation theories. During this period, Xu Zhimo not only become one of the forerunner of English poetry translation, but also advotes his own views towards poetry translation. In view of this, this chapter will introduce Xu’s notion of poetry translation, analyze the relationship between his poetry translation and poetry creation and address the aspects influence his choice of source texts.1.1 Xu Zhimo as a Poet-translator1.1.1 Xu Zhimo’s Notion of Poetry TranslationAs a forerunner of English poetry translation, Xu Zhimo is a great translator not only in translation practice, but also in translation theory. In the short span of his life, Xu devoted himself enthusiastically to poetry translation. Through his own translation practice, he puts forward serious thinking on poetry translation and develops his own translation theory. In 1925, he wrote an essay on poetry translation entitled “A Problem of Poetry Translation” <一个译诗的问题>. Xu remarked:The most difficult translation is poetry translation, for the difficulty is that thetranslator cannot only retains the form, but also the spirit of the poem. You musttransfer the spirit through the form just as coloring dissolves in water; and theform must convey the spirit, just as a delicate perfume bottle hold the perfume.Some poetry translations have succeeded only in reproducing the form, with theregular wording and rhythm, at the expense of the spirit, while other poetrytranslations have focused exclusively on reproducing the spirit at the expense ofthe form of the original. In either case, the resulting work is another poemaltogether, far different from the original. That is not the translation proper.翻译难不过译诗，因为诗的难处不单是他的形式，也不单是他的神韵，你得把神韵化进形式去，像颜色化入水，又得把形式表现神韵，像玲珑的香水瓶子盛香水。