2010年北京大学CCER考研真题及答案解析(微观)

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2010年北京大学CCER考研真题及答案解析(宏观)

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均货币余额为
1 m 1 Pc T c T 2 ，两边除以价格水平 P，则 P 2 。这笔钱本来可以获取利息，但是因为消 R m 1 Rc T P 2 。
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1 PcT * 1 % 1 1 1 ( ) Rc T Rc T 0 . c 01 T P 2 T P 2 ，为了使成本最小化，得
官方网址北大、人大、中财、北外教授创办集训营、一对一保分、视频、小班、少干、强军
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当雇主更难解雇工人时，那么离职率就下降了，那么自然失业率下降了。但是如果我们考虑这么一个情形：如果企业难以解雇工人，那么他们在招聘的时候，就更加的谨慎。是的就职率也会相应的下降。那么这时候对于分析自然失业率就变得模糊了。其实按照我的理解，如果雇主更难解雇工人，会造成劳动力市场的僵化，不适合劳动力的流动。但与整个劳动市场几乎没有好处。宏观第四题凯恩斯学派分析方法：通过政府借贷为减税对经济有许多影响。减税的直接影响是刺激了消费者支出。较高的消费者支出会在短期与长期中影响经济。在短期中，较高的消费者支出会增加物品与劳动的需求，从而增加产出与就业。但是，由于投资者为较少的储蓄流量而竞争，利率也会上升。更高的利率抑制了投资，并鼓励国外资本注入。美元相对于外国通货的价值将会上升，而且，美国企业在世界市场的竞争力变小了。在长期中，减税所引起的国民储蓄减少意味着资本存量较小和国外债务较多。因此国家的产出也会较少，而且，产出中归于外国人的比例如会加大。减税对经济福利的整体影响难以判断。尽管通货膨胀会较高，但现在这一代人会从消费更多和就业更多中获益。子孙后代将要承担今天预算赤字的大部分负担：他们将出生在一个资本存量较小而外债较多的国家里国。供给学派（用李嘉图等价分析）只要政府税收的现值保持不变，税收的时间路径对家庭预算约束没有影响，从而也不会影响私人消费支出。如果政府想在当期通过赤字融资的减税政策以刺激经济或影响利率。那么这种政策没有任何的效果，因为当期的减税或引起以后的增税，家庭会把减税所得额外可支配收入的增加看做暂时的增加而全部储蓄起来（或者购买政府债券或者直接存在银行）。推导（使用两时期的预算约束）：在家庭生活于两时期的框架下，给定政府消费支出 G1和G 2 ，政府 I1 和I2 投资支出第二期政府债务Ｄ２，则税收的时间路径对家庭预算约束没有影响。证明：在家庭生活于两时期框架下，令 D0 0,

北京大学2010年社会工作硕士考研真题

2010 年北京大学社会工作硕士考研试题（回忆版）
社会工作原理
一、名词解释（10 个，ms 每个6 分）
1 、接纳
2 、社会角色
3 、家庭生命周期
4 、科层制
5 、社会工作专业化
6 、文化相对主义
7 一10 想不起来了
二、简答
1 、什么是社会化，青少年社会化过程中可能遇到的问题
2 、什么是社会环境，简述人类成长的社会环境
3 、简述社会工作的专业伦理，并说明它与中国文化相冲突的地方
4 、社会工作的要素
（应该还有1 一2 个题目，我想不起来了）
三、论述（每题20 分）
1 、案例分析题：请用生态结构（图）分析案主，并写出简要评估报告
2 、什么是社会分层，简述韦伯的社会分层理论。

社会工作实务
一、名词解释（5 个）1 、互助小组
2 、残补型社会福利
3 、个案管理
4 -
5 忘了
二、简答
1 、小组工作的过程，小组的功能
2 、符号互动论
3 、政府在社会政策中的作用
4 、想要研究配偶双方年龄差距与离婚率的关系，需要调查哪些方面的数据？给出理由，以及可能的结果。

（还有1 个想不起来了）
四、选择（10 个，每个1 分）六、选择判断（5 个，每个3 分）
［三、四、五部分都是统计的题目，只是概念的理解和运用，没有计算题］
特别说明：由于试题均为网友回忆版，本站所提供的所有试卷信息仅供参考，敬请考生以权威部门公布的正式信息为准。

北京大学CCER经济学考研历年真题回忆

北京大学CCER经济学考研历年真题回忆目录96年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (2)97年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (5)98年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (8)1999年北京大学研究生入学考试试题 (11)00年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (14)01年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (18)2002年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (21)2004年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (23)2005年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (26)2006年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (28)2007年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (29)2008年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (29)09年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (30)2010年年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (31)11年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (32)2012北京大学国家发展研究院经济学理论947 (33)2013北京大学国家发展研究院经济学理论947 (35)2014北京大学国家发展研究院经济学理论947 (36)96年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题97年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题98年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题1999年北京大学研究生入学考试试题(微观经济学及其应用)一.(本题25分,每题5分)请判断下列说法是正确,错误或者两可,并且简要解释你的答案,没有解释将不得分.1.“实际利率即名义利率减同期的通货膨胀率.即如果名义利率是20%,通货膨胀率是15%那么实际利率就是5%.”2.“如果一个行业属于自然垄断的行业,那么就应该由政府经营.”3.“如果一个社会中的每个消费者的偏好都是理性(ratiaonal)的,那么按照多数票原则决定的集体偏好也一定是理性的.”4.“在竞争型的市场中,如果一个厂商的生产技术具有规模报酬不变的特性,那么如果最大的利润存在,他一定为零.”5.“公共物品(public good)的提供,如果没有政府出钱或者出面组织,是不可能实现怕;帕累托最有的.”二.(本题27分,每题9分)简要回答下列问题:1.假定劳动力的供给和需求函数分别是工资的增函数和减函数,证明如果劳动力市场是买方垄断的,那么最低工资法有可能带来劳动就业的增加.2.收获后,农民决定是卖粮存钱还是存粮.假定农民预期一年后的粮价将涨20%(不考虑粮食质量的差异),而存粮一年期间老鼠将吃掉10%的粮食,银行存款的年利率是10%.计算当预期的通货膨胀率为5%时,农民将如何选择?通货膨胀率到什么水平时,农民将选择存钱?3.如果一个市场中的消费者都具有拟线性偏好(quasilinear utility),即其中I=1,…,n, n代表第I个消费者, 和分别代表第I个消费者对商品x和y的消费量,证明商品x的市场需求曲线一定不可能有正斜率.三.(本题20分)我国政府近年来实行了粮食价格保护政策,即制定了一个高于市场均衡价格之上的价格,要求国有粮食部门按此价格敞开收购粮食.假定市场需求与供给函数都是正常的单调函数.1.如果这个政策不折不扣地实行,抬高市场价格是可行的,如何实现?对政府(中央与地方之和)的负担如何衡量(画图说明)?在同样的图上衡量经济效率的改进或损失.2.由于部分负担由地方负责,或者中央政府的补贴与地方粮库的收购行为分离等因素,致使发生地方粮库拒绝收购的行为,在这种情形下为什么私营粮贩屡禁不绝(画图说明)?这个政策执行的结果为什么可能损害农民的利益?四.(本题28分,每题7分)假定平板玻璃市场有J个厂商,它们的成本函数都是,其中代表第j个厂商的产量,c为正常数.市场的反需求函数p(Y)是递减函数.1.如果这个市场是完全竞争的,那么市场价格,每个企业的销售量和利润额将是多少?2.这个行业里的厂商认为低价”倾销”使它们的利润受损失,于是成立行业协会规定最低限价,那么将由什么原则决定各自的产量定额和自律价标准?它们各自的利润较前有多少变化?3.这种合谋定价,如果没有政府支持,可能长久吗?为什么?(用数学表达)4.从社会经济效率的角度看,政府是否应该帮助此行业实行价格”自律”?为什么?(用图形或数学表达)(宏观经济学及其应用)一.“1994年中国通货膨胀率高达21.7%,此后逐年回落,1995年为14.8%,1996年为6.1%,到1997年10月,中国开始出现价格水平的负增长.与此同时,中国的经济增长率在下降,1996年为9.6%,1997年为8.8%,1998年提出的目标是8%;中国的失业率上升,下岗人员增加.另外,中国银行的不良资产比例已经高达24%,为了促进经济增长,中国人民银行1998年的一个重要手段是灵活调整利率.但在开放经济条件下,利率手段对经济的调节必须结合国际国内的实际情况.中国自1996年以来6次下调利率,最近一次是在1998年12月7日.”中国的现实经济可用宏观经济学理论作多种解释.读完上面的论述,请回答以下几个基本问题.(25分)1.菲利蒲斯曲线的含义,并说明这一理论对中国现实的解释力有多强.2.中国目前是否出现了通货紧缩?通货紧缩有哪些主要特征?试列出三次你所知道的通货紧缩案例(只需列出发生的时间和国家).3.中国金融的不良资产包括那几类?按国际通用做法(巴塞尔协议),银行的资产分哪几类?其中有哪几类属于不良资产?4.解释理性预期的含义.假定中国人民银行准备使货币供给增加10%,这一举动完全被人们预期到了,产量和价格水平将会有何变化.5.给出利率平价的定义,并解释其意义,指出其局限性.试用该理论分析中国降息考虑的因素.二.1956年,美国经济学家Solow对古典经济增长理论做出了非常有意义的修正,从而为新古典经济增长模型奠定了理论模型.假设生产函数为柯布-道格拉斯生产函数(20分)1.新古典增长模型的两个最重要的假设.并理解其假设有何现实意义.2.写出的新古典生产函数形式.3.计算函数的资本变化率,劳动力增长率,人均资本占有增长率.4.写出稳态均衡条件,并计算均衡增长状态下的人均产出.三.1994年中国汇率并轨后,我国外汇储备迅速上升,由1993年底的216亿上升到1998年的1400多亿美元,1994-1997年间,我国经常项和资本项下出现双顺差,在亚洲金融危机中,人民币承受住了贬值的压力,汇率保持了稳定,试分析以下几个问题.(25分)1.给出相对购买力平价的数学表达式.相对购买力平价能解释人民币的走势吗?2.给出实际汇率的数学表达式,并用它分析人民币的走势.3.写出国际收支平衡的基本关系(即经常项,资本项,官方储备之间的关系),并用来分析我国1994-1997年国际收支和外汇储备的情况.4.在固定汇率下,资本完全流动,分析内部均衡与外部均衡的关系.(用图说明)四.用IS-LM模型分析中国当前的政策.(30分)1.推导IS曲线(1). 用乘数表示投资方程(2). 净出口方程(3). 总产出等于总支出的基本关系式(提示:总产出和利率R之间的函数)(4). 写出IS曲线的表达式,并说明含义.2.推导LM曲线(1). 货币市场的均衡关系式.(2). 写出LM曲线的表达式(3). 谈谈你对LM曲线中利率与总产出关系的理解.3.解释”流动性陷阱”.(用数学公式或图说明)4.解释财政政策的挤出效应. (用数学公式或图说明)5.用IS-LM模型的基本原理分析货币政策在中国是否失效?如果认为失效,请说明理由;如果认为没有失效,请说明其发挥作用的条件.00年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题十、中国正处于由消费不足导致的经济不景气之中.问1.是否应用扩张政策?2.如果货币需求对收入弹性大,用何种政策(财政?货币?)?3.如果货币需求对利率弹性大,用何种政策?(财政政策还是货币政策?)01年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题k和q的函数，解释该函数的意义。

北京大学CCER-中级微观经济学-期中考试试题

P Q4.
1） What are the equilibrium price and quantity? 2） Suppose the government provides a subsidy of $0.5 per unit. What would be the new equilibrium quantity? What would be the effective buying price and selling price? What would be the change in welfare of each participant in this society, as well as that of the whole country? 3） Suppose the country is now open to the world and the world price of this good, Pw=1, what would be the change in the social welfare of this country? 4） If the government imposes an import quota of 2 on this good, how much would be the change in social welfare of this country?
2/3
2. Assume that Alice needs two spoons of sugar (S) for each cup of coffee (C) and she feels better the more she drinks this kind of mixed coffee. She feels indifferent if more than two spoons of sugar are mixed with one cup of coffee, but feels as if she drinks nothing if fewer than two spoons are used. Prices for a cup of coffee and a spoon of sugar are Pc=2 and Ps=1 respectively. Alice’s income is 120. 1) Please graph Alice’s indifference curves. What is her optimal consumption bundle in this case? 2) Now suppose the price of coffee declines from 2 to 1. Please figure out the gross effect of this price change to Alice’s demand of coffee and sugar respectively. Could you please graphically demonstrate how these two gross effects are respectively decomposed into substitution and income effects, according to the Hicks compensation? Furthermore, can you calculate the values of substitution and income effects for coffee and sugar due to this price change? 3. A perfectly competitive industry has 80 firms in the short run. Each firm has an identical short-run cost function C (q) 0.1q3 2q 2 15q 150 . Total market demand is given by Q 1650 20 p . 1) Derive an individual firm’s supply function. 2) Calculate each firm’s output in the short run, the short-run equilibrium price and total industry output. 3) Calculate each firm’s short-run profit. 4) Express an individual firm’s producer surplus as a function of price ( P ). 4. Suppose the demand curve of one good is P 10 Q , and the supply curve is

北京大学经济学2010(回忆版)年考研试题

2010年北京大学经济学院真题二、知识点政治经济学，74分，资本主义部分：剩余价值的定义，生产价格的定义，级差地租的定义和形式。

社会主义部分：我国产业结构的变化，个人分配制度的变化的理论宏观经济学：索罗模型，储蓄率的变化对人均产值和其增长率的影响，财政政策和货币政策的组合类型。

需求拉动型通货膨胀的原因和对策。

微观经济学：规模报酬和规模经济的区别和联系，个人最有产量和社会最有产量的区别，帕累托改进，双寡头模型，三、考试特点今年的题目比较注重基础，总体不是很难，特别是政经资本主义部分，社会主义部分考得是经院院长刘伟的一本中国经济分析一书的内容，去年考过一次。

收入分配也是老题目了，要求学生对时政熟悉。

四、题目回忆政治经济学，74分，资本主义部分：1，剩余价值的定义，为什么说剩余价值不再流通过程产生，但是又离不开流通？2.生产价格的定义，为什么说价值转化为生产价格并不是对价值规律的否定？3，级差地租的定义和形式，并简述。

社会主义部分：1，简述改革开放后我国产业结构的变化对经济增长的影响。

2，试论改革开放后我国个人分配制度的变化的理论和实践。

宏观经济学：1，索罗模型，考察储蓄率的变化对人均产值和其增长率的影响，并求导数，作图。

2，凯恩斯主义的IS—LM模型中，财政政策和货币政策的组合有多少种类型，其对利率R和产量Y的直接影响、间接影响和合成影响。

并分别作图分析。

3，需求拉动型通货膨胀的原因和对策。

分析需求拉动型通胀如何转变为成本推动型，其短期、中期、长期影响是什么？并作图分析。

提出对策。

微观经济学：1，规模报酬和规模经济的区别和联系，并分别举例，分别分析形成的原因。

2，存在负外部性的情况下，个人最有产量和社会最有产量的区别。

原因是什么？并作图分析。

提出对策。

并说明对策为什么是帕累托改进？3，双寡头模型，单位成本为2，厂商1欲引进一项新技术，会使成本降为1，厂商2会发觉厂商一得举措。

给出了需求函数P=14-Q,Q=q1+q2。

北京大学CCER考研模拟题库

北大、人大、中财、北外、中传中传教授创办教授创办集训营、一对一保分、视频、小班北京大学CCER 考研模拟题（一）
微观部分
1.一个消费者的效用函数为，221x x u =，1,121==p p ，收入为60元
（1）求当1p 升至2时价格变化引起的替代效应和收入效应。

（2）求当2p 升至2时消费者剩余的变化时消费者剩余的变化、、补偿变换和等价变换补偿变换和等价变换（（可以保留根号可以保留根号、
、ln 等运算符号）
（1）m x p x p t s x x u =+=2211221..max ，解得22113,32p m x p m x ==
60,1,121===m p p 时，20
,4021==x x 60,1,221===m p p 时，20,2021==x x （2分）使得价格上升时保持购买力不变需要的收入100
1*202*40'=+=m 100,1,121===m p p 时，3
100,310021==
x x （2分）3204031001−=−=∆s x ，3403100201−=−=∆s x （4分）（2）
2
220p x =，2,1'22==p p 2ln 2020)(212'22∫∫===∆dp p
dp p x CS p p （4分）价格变化前选择20,4021==x x ，32000
20*4020==u 价格变化后选择10,40'2'1==x x ，16000
10*402'==u 设补偿变化为CV ，等价变化为EV
0'22
133)(2u p CV m p CV m =+⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡+602603−=CV （4分）。

北大ccer考研历年试题含答案微观题目

一、简答题(共15分)1、(5分)如果生产函数是不变规模报酬的生产函数，企业长期平均成本曲线是否一定是下降的？为什么？2、(5分)有人说，在出现了污染这种外部性的条件下，没有政府的干预，就不可能达到帕累托效率条件。

这种说法是否正确？为什么？3、(5分)即使不存在逆选择问题，财产保险公司通常也不开办旨在为投保人提供全额赔偿的保险。

为什么？二、计算题(共35分)1、(8分)假定某垄断厂商可以在两个分隔的市场上实行价格歧视。

两个分隔的市场上，该厂商所面临的需求曲线分别表示如下：市场1：q1=a1-b1p1; 市场2：q2=a2-b2p2假定厂商的边际成本与平均成本为常数c。

请证明，垄断者无论是实行价格歧视(在两个市场上收取不同的价格)，还是不实行价格歧视(在两个市场上收取相同的价格)，这两种定价策略下的产出水平都是相同的。

2、(5分)如果某种股票的β值是1.2；整个股票市场的年盈利率是20%;无风险资产的年盈利率是10%。

按照资本资产定价模型，该种资产的期望年盈利率是多高？如果该股票一年后的期望值是20元，该股票的现在市场价格应该是多少？3、(8分)假定某种产品市场上有两个寡头，两寡头生产相同产品，进行产量竞争。

两个寡头的行为遵从斯泰克伯格模型。

寡头1为领导者，寡头2为跟从者。

产品的市场价格为：p=200-(q1+q2),其中，q1、q2分别为寡头1与寡头2的产量。

如果两个寡头边际成本与平均成本相同，并保持不变，即AC=MC=60。

求两个寡头利润最大化的产量。

4、(6分)在竞赛者1与竞赛者2所进行的二人竞赛中，竞赛者1可以采取上或下两种策略，竞赛者2可以采取左或右两种策略。

两竞赛者的支付矩阵如下：竞赛者2竞赛者1左右上(9，14) (5，2)下(7，-10) (17，-15)问，竞赛者1是否存在优势策略，为什么？5、(8分)对某钢铁公司某种钢X的需求受到该种钢的价格Px、钢的替代品铝的价格Py，以及收入M的影响。

北京大学汇丰商学院考研真题经济学含宏微观部分(2010-2011年)

2010年北大汇丰经济学真题微观经济学部分（75分）：请回答如下所有问题1．（8分）名词解释（每个小名词各2分）（a ）替代效应（substitute effects ）（b ）期望效用（expected utility ）（c ）风险厌恶（risk averse ）（d ）消费者剩余（consumer surplus ）2．（12分）如果某人的效用函数可写为2),(BN B N U =这里B 代表此人的自传体书籍消费量，N 代表此人的小说体书籍消费量。

假设此人的消费行为遵循效用最大化原则。

如果小说体书籍的价格从40元下降到20元（下降了一半）且自传体书籍的价格不变，他的效用变化了多少？3．（10分）以下表格包含了在两个不同的年份对两种产品（X 和Y ）的消费量以及两种产品的价格（Y X P P 和）。

检查下列数据是否满足显示性偏好的弱公理（weak axiom of revealed preference ）。

年份产品X 产品Y 价格X P 价格Y P 1943 100 100 2 3 1993 80 200 10 54．（10分）如果香蕉的市场需求函数是220PQ = 其中Q 代表数量需求，P 代表价格。

当P=2时计算自价格弹性。

5．（12分）某人的效用（utility ）函数是212),(2X X Y Y X U -+=，其中X 和Y 是此人对两个不同商品的消费水平。

（a ）此人对商品X 的需求函数是什么？（3分）（b ）如果此人将消费3单位的商品X ，他能得到多少效用（utility ）？（3分）（c ）如果商品X 的价格是9元，此人对商品X 的自价格弹性是什么？（3分）（d ）如果商品X 的价格从7元上升到9元，付给此人多少才能补偿他的的损失？（3分）6．（13分）以下是一个两人的策略式博弈矩阵，其中一个人的博弈策略式选择t 和b ，另一人的博弈策略是选择L 和R 。

请找出所有的纳什均衡（纯策略或混合策略）。

2010年CCER研究生入学考试试题(完整版)

2010年CCER 研究生入学考试试题（完整版）By guolizhou 2010.1.15宏观部分1、A 国采用浮动汇率的小型开放经济，若发生一个技术面上的冲击，请问该国汇率、产出、投资、净出口、经常账户余额会有什么变化？2、通货膨胀率和失业率的关系在短期和长期有何不同？如何解释这些不同？3、若有一劳动法通过，使得雇主更难解雇工人（比如，解雇时须向工人支付赔偿金），那么自然失业率将如何变化？4、供给学派（Real Business Cycle ）和凯恩斯学派关于减税能提高产出的分歧在哪里？5、在solow 模型中，如果一个经济体在初始时候处于稳定状态，现在一场自然灾害夺取一部分人的生命，但资本总量未损失，求人均资本、人均产出在短期和长期的变化趋势。

6、Baumol-Tobin 货币需求函数的推导过程中，如果每次取钱除了固定成本外，还要支付相当于钱数额的1%的手续费，货币需求函数和取钱次数将如何变化？微观部分1、完全竞争市场中，企业使用两种原材料1和2，其市场价格均为1，每个企业的固定成本F=32，生产函数f(x1，x 2)=x i 是原材料的i 的使用量，消费者对产品的需求Q=280-5P P 为市场价，求市场长期均衡价格和企业的个数。

2、某垄断产品供应商下面有两个零售商，零售商的批发价为w ，两零售商的销售价格为r 1和r 2，两零售商面临的需求函数分别为q 1=12-2r 1+r 2,q 2=12-2r 2+r 1;首先，供应商宣布批发价w ，然后，两零售商同时宣布销售价r 1和r 2;最后，消费者购买，假设两零售商有足够的库存，随时补充。

求“子博弈完美”的均衡批发价和零售价格。

3、如果决策人在面临消费不确定性时，追求事前的期望效用最大化，其初始财富为w ，事后效用函数（即“贝努利效用函数”）为u （*），满足u’（*）>0,考虑以下两个“赌”赌A:输赢概率均为0.5，赢回报2，输损失1赌B:输赢概率均为0.5，赢回报101，输损失2请证明如果此决策人对任意w Є[100，200]均拒绝参与赌A ，即对任意w Є[100，200]有0.5u （w-1）+0.5（w+2）<u(w),那么当w=101时，他会拒绝参与赌B,即u （*）满足0.5u （99）+0.5u(202)<u(101)4、Luke 只喜欢两片奶酪（C ）+三片面包（B ）的三明治。

2010北京大学经济学真题(国民经济学、产业经济学、金融学)

北京大学2010年硕士说明：答题一律写在答题纸上（含填空题、选择题等客观题），写在此页上无效。

注意：凡报考国民经济学、产业经济学专业考生须做试题第一部分（微观经济学）和第二部分（宏观经济学）：报考金融硕士项目考生须做试题第一部分（微观经济学）和第三部分（统计学）：报考金融学硕博连读考生须做试题第一部分（微观经济学）和第四部分（金融学）。

第一部分：微观经济学（本部分五道大题，共90分）1．（本题15分）一个农民的效用函数为U=alog(x1)+(1-x)log(x2-k)，其中x1是大米，x2是其他消费商品的“组合”，a∈[0，1]，k≥0是个参数。

（1）假定该农民对于上述两种商品的固定禀赋分别为（R1，R2），两种商品的市场价格也是固定的，请问在什么条件下农民愿意出出售大米？农民出售大米的数量与大米的价格是正向变化的吗？（2）如果对第二类商品的消费有配额限制，这对农民出售大米的意愿有何影响？2．（本题15分）一个企业有三个生产车间，这三个车间的成本函数分别如下TC1(x1)=4x1+x12TC2(x2)=3x2+2x22TC3(x3)=6x3如果企业决定生产8个单位的产量，请问产量应该如何分配才能实现成本最小化？最小化的成本是多少？固定产量可以是连续的数量。

3．（本题20分）假定一个垄断企业的成本函数为TC（x）=x，它面临两类消费者（各占50％的比例）A和B，A类消费者的效用函数为U A(x，y)=5x-0．5x2+y，B类消费者的效用函数为U B(x，y)=6x-0．5x2+y，其中x代表垄断厂商生产的商品，y代表消费者消费的其他商品组合。

（1）求出A和B两类消费者的需求函数，你可以假定其他商品组合y的价格为1。

（2）如果垄断厂商采取两部分定价（two-part tariff）的方式销售，而且只能选择其中一类消费者进行销售，那么，你认为它会选择哪一类消费者？它将如何确定最优的一次性支付M和边际价格？（3）如果垄断厂商必须同时服务两类消费者，统一采取两部分定价的方式，此时最优的M和边际价格为多少？4．（本题20分）考虑两个生产同质产品的企业，它们面对的市场逆需求函数是：P=a-βq企业的固定生产成本F和可变生产成本c是在下述三阶段博弈的第一个阶段决定的。

ccer2010部分试题答案的网络讨论

10年微观第三题的解答好久没有上论坛，10年题目中微观第三题个人觉得在考场上想出来有些困难，我答的时候是没有做出来，最近有空，停了其他的事情，再看该题，找到了解答，可能很多人用泰勒级数来做，其实题目中并没有给出关于效用函数二阶的条件，题目中的条件是关于U’为正，另外是对于任意的w有.......。

正是这一句话提醒了我，具体解法如下：当财富w在100—200之间，时拒绝赌A，在题目中已经给出的不等式之下（稍加变形即两端乘以2，会好算一些），我们可以代入从100到200之间所有的整数，于是有101个不等式（没有必要全部写出来，写出前面三个和后面一个即可）。

于是累积相加就可以在两端约去中间大部分的项，留下的为U（99）+U(202)+U(201)<U(100)+U(101)+U(200)，转换可以得到，U （99）+U(202))<U(100)+U(101)+U(200)-U（201），现在可以用U’为正的条件了，即U(100)<U(101),U(200)<U(201),代入即可得到U（99）+U(202))<2U（101），也即对于W=101会拒绝赌B以上的解法其实很多人都已经作出来了，要不就不会有那么多的高分了，就是这样，无论是什么样的题目考场上都会有人作出来，真是强悍！钦佩！题目我没有写出来，在前面的帖子中有年的题目完整版，关于楼上的同学说的函数离散和连续问题产生的证明是否严谨的问题，我是这样的考虑的从题目给出的函数的性质和函数的定义域可以列出我们所需要的101个不等式（充分条件），由我们所列出的101个不等式我们可以推出0.5（U99+U202）<0.5（U100+U101+U200-U201），这同样也是充分条件。

根据题目得出效用函数一定是递增的，即有U100<U101,U200<U201,因而可以得出结论。

这几个步骤都是充分条件，窃以为得出的结论并无不严谨之处。

北京大学2010年数学分析试题及解答

|Pn(x) − Pm(x)| < ε.
因为 I 为无穷区间, 因此当 n > m ⩾ Nε 时, |Pn(x) − Pm(x)| 为常数. 设
|PNε (x) − Pn(x)| = cn, n > N,
于是 {cn} 为有界数列, 必有收敛子列 {cnk }∞ k=1, 设
结合 |PNε (x) − Pnk (x)| = cnk , 令 k → ∞ 得
2ε
∫1
3 + |t − t0| η0
∫1
0
xt0+θ(t−t0)(ln x)2
η0
xa(ln x)2 · f (x) dx
· f (x) dx
η0
θ ∈ (0, 1)
因此存在正数 δ <
ε
{∫ 1 , 其中 M = max
3M
η0
xa(ln x)2 · f (x)
} dx, 1 . 当 |t − t0| < δ 时, 就有
ε
{∫ A0 , 其中 M = max
3M
0
xb(ln x)2 · f (x)
} dx, 1 . 当 |t − t0| < δ 时, 就有
|J2(t) − J2(t0)| < ε.
这说明 J2(t) 在 [a, b] 上连续, 由 [a, b] 的任意性知 J2(t) 在 (−1, 1) 上连续. 因此 J(t) = J1(t) + J2(t) 在 (−1, 1) 上连续.
ε <,
∀t ∈ [a, b].
A
3
于是 ∀t, t0 ∈ [a, b]
∫ +∞
∫ +∞
|J2(t) − J2(t0)| =

CCER2010年考研真题

2010年CCER考研真题微观试题部分：1、生产函数y=(X1)1/4 *(X2)1/4 ,要素价格均为1，市场总需求Q=280-5p，企业固定成本为32，问长期均衡下市场中企业数量和产出价格p。

2、两阶段博弈，第一阶段垄断供应商定价w，第二阶段下游经销商定价r1、r2且两家经销商面临的需求为：q1=12-2r1+r2，q2=12-2r2+r1，且供应商和经销商的成本均为0，求该博弈的SPNE 下的w，r1，r2。

3、两个赌博，赌博A 赢时获得收入2，输时损失收入1，概率各为0.5；赌博B 赢时获得收入101，输时损失收入2，概率各为0.5 。

已知该决策者初始收入为w，效用u（w）大于0，证明：若w在100至200之间时有0.5U(w-1)+0.5U(w+2)<U（w），则当w=101时，有0.5U(99)+0.5U(202)<U（101）4、个体每次要吃2杯咖啡C搭配3块饼干B（1）求个体的效用函数（2）求P b=P c=2，w=72时的需求B和C？（3）当P b变为4时，需求B的变化？（4）此时的替代效应和收入效应分别为？用图形表示（5）用斯拉斯基方程分解B的变化，这一变化用（6）中支出函数计算结果一样吗？（6）求支出函数5、Friday效用为U f=(10+X1)(20+X2)。

Robinson 效用为0.5lnX1+0.5lnX2，总的禀赋为(w1,w2)=(30,20)(1)求F和R的Pareto有效集，请用图形清晰表示（2）使p=（1，1）为均衡价格时的R和F原始禀赋为？（3）当F的禀赋为（8，0）时的均衡价格？（4）当F的禀赋为（4，3）时的均衡价格？（5）均衡价格存在区间为？宏观试题部分：1、正向技术进步对小国浮动汇率开放经济中产出、汇率、投资、净出口、经常账户余额的影响。

2、失业率与通货膨胀率在长期与短期的关系如何？原因何在？3、新劳动法要求雇主不能随意解雇员工，如果解雇需支付一定赔偿金，请问该变化对自然失业率有何影响？4、供给学派（或RBC学派)与凯恩斯学派在减税对经济波动影响的分歧在何处？5、Solow Model 中初始状态为稳态，若人口突然减少，资本存量不变，模型中人均产出和人均资本在长期与短期的变化。

2010年北京大学经济学院考研真题及答案解析

2010年北京大学经济学院考研真题及答案解析政治经济学部分1.剩余价值是什么？为什么说剩余价值不产生于流通领域，又离不开流通领域？12分2.什么是生产价格？为什么说生产价格不是对价值规律的否定？ 12/13分3.什么是级差地租？级差地租是如何分类？并简要论述 12/13分4.改革开放以来，我国产业结构变动趋势及对经济增长的影响 18分5.改革开放以来，我国分配制度改革的理论和实践 19分宏观经济学部分1.财政政策和货币政策有何组合方式？分别对产出Y和利率R有何直接或节间影响，及最终结果？画出每种情况相应的图形。

（词不完全准确，意思大概就这样）12分2.索罗模型，知识增长率为g，人口增长率为n, K’=sY+□K（条件和笔记一样）在平衡增长路径上，有一个一次性的储蓄率的上升，求s的上升对Y/L的影响，以及Y/L对t的导数，人均产量对t的导数。

（词不完全准确，意思大概就这样）12分3.在产品货币市场已经达到均衡，劳动力市场实现充分就业的条件下，需求的增长如何带来通货膨胀，而又如何从需求的通货膨胀转化为成本的通货膨胀？配合图形说明。

如何治理这种通货膨胀 13分微观经济学部分1.规模报酬和规模经济的区别和联系？现实生活中的例子？各自形成的原因？12分2.一个双寡头市场，厂商的单个产品成本为2，现在1厂商考虑要不要引进技术，引进成本为f，引进技术后，厂商1的成本降为1. 厂商2能观察到厂商1的决策，然后同时决定价格。

确定厂商1决定是否引进技术的f的水平 12分3.存在负的外部性时，个人最优产量和社会最优产量之间的区别？如何改进？为什么这种改进会导致帕累托改进？13分育明教育：2014年考研专业课答题攻略（一）名词解释1．育明考研名师解析名词解释一般都比较简单，是送分的题目。

在复习的时候要把重点名词夯实。

育明考研专业课每个科目都有总结的重要名词，不妨作为复习的参考。

很多高校考研名词解释会重复，这就要考生在复习的同时要具备一套权威的、完整的近5年的真题，有近10年的最好。

2010年北京大学CCER考研真题及答案解析(微观)

3. 为使 A,B 两类人各选一种定价方案，必须： - (高类型的不模仿低类型的)
(低类型的刚好愿意购买) 其中，为 A,B 两类人的消费者剩余
-- =
,
企业
=
Foc，4
2
=2， =1， = ， 9
（四）市场需求曲线 P=a – bQ，企业 1 和企业 2 的博弈过程如下：第一阶段：企业 1 决定边际成为 C 和固定成本 F，但若企业 2 也进入市场的话，将与企业 1 一样，边际成本为 C 和固定成本为 F 第二阶段：企业 2 决定是否进入市场第三阶段：若企业 2 不进入市场，企业 1 将是唯一的垄断厂商，但企业 2 若进入，两企业将达到古诺均衡。
时①会攻，结果是①占领。
D: K =L,且 L 为奇数
最后一步①画临双方都剩一个营，①会不攻；倒数第二步时，②会攻„„第一步时①会不攻，结果是
②占领。
官方网址
北大、人大、中财、北外教授创办
集训营、一对一保分、视频、小班、少干、强军
E: K L,且 k 为偶数最后一步②将发现①只剩一个营，②会攻；倒数第二步时，①会不攻，结果是②占领。
育明教育
【温馨提示】现在很多小机构虚假宣传，育明教育咨询部建议考生一定要实地考察，并一定要查看其营
业执照，或者登录工商局网站查看企业信息。目前，众多小机构经常会非常不负责任的给考生推荐北大、清华、北外等名校，希望广大
考生在选择院校和专业的时候，一定要慎重、最好是咨询有丰富经验的考研咨询师！
2010 年北京大学 CCER 考研真题及答案解析
一、2010 年微观经济学（一）农民效果函数为 alogX1+（1-a）log（X2-K）,k>0,X1 为大米，X2 为其他商品组合，农民禀赋为（R1,R2），禀赋固定不变。 1.求农民什么时候出售大米，出售的大米量与大米价格正相关吗？【育明教育解析】

北京大学CCER中微作业习题及答案讲解

北京大学CCER 中微作业习题及答案讲解Homework1,Feb.20,2009(Chapters 2and 3)1.有两种商品x1和x2，价格分别为p1和p2，一个消费者的收入为m 。

当11x x 时，政府加从量税t,画出预算集并写出预算线.2.消费者消费两种商品（x1，x2），如果花同样多的钱可以买（4，6）或（12,2），写出预算线的表达式。

3．描述中国粮价改革.（1）假设没有任何市场干预，中国的粮价为每斤0.4元，每人收入为100元。

把粮食消费量计为x ，在其它商品上的开支为y ，写出预算线，并画图。

（2）假设每人得到30斤粮票，可以凭票以0.2元的价格买粮食，再写预算约束，画图。

（3）假设取消粮票，补贴每人6元钱，写预算约束并画图。

证明两条无差异曲线不能相交。

画出一元纸币（x1）和五元纸币（x2）的无差异曲线，计算边际替代率。

两种商品中，假定商品1为中性商品，即消费多少不会使消费者更高兴或者更不高兴，商品2为消费者喜欢的商品（good ），画出无差异曲线，计算边际替代率。

复习方法如果细心对比一下历年的专业课考题，我们就会发现考研专业课考试的重复性很强，虽然题量和题型可能会有一些的改动，但是每年考试的命题重点基本上不会有太大的变化。

所以要想在专业课的竞争中获得胜利，建议广大考生第一步就是要搜集专业课历年考试资料和最新信息，标准就是要“准”和“全”。

第一，有效地收集专业课辅导资料专业课的资料主要包括专业辅导书、课程笔记、三人行辅导班笔记以及最重要的历年试题。

如果这些都搜集全的话，就可以踏踏实实的开始复习了。

专业辅导书是复习的出发点，所有的考试的内容都是来源如此，但是通常专业辅导书都是又多又厚的，所以要使我们复习的效率最大化，就要运用笔记和历年试题把书本读薄。

如前所述，专业课试题的重点基本上不会有太大的变动，所以仔细研究历年试题可以帮助我们更快的掌握出题点和命题思路，并根据这些重点有的放矢的进行复习，这样可以节省很多复习的时间。

2010年考研英语真题(含答案解析)

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting大1家workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 大2家giving their name to the "Hawthorneeffect", the extremely influential idea that the very 大3家to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 大4家behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 大5家of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 大6家what was done in the experiment; 大7家something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 大8家that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 大9家to alter workers' behavior 大10家itself.After several decades, the same data were 大11家to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments hasanother surprise store 大12家the descriptions on record, no systematic 大13家was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 大14家interpretation of whathapped. 大15家, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output大16家rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 大18家, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 大19家to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 大20家 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18. [A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile19. [A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D]intended20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to w riters who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lif etime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents." Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling. The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too manypatents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call "global cascades"– the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted[B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced[D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules. It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] reevaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks' long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to[A] keep away from political influences.[B] evade the pressure from their peers.[C] act on their own in rule-setting.[D] take gradual measures in reform.39. The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction.[B] skepticism.[C] objectiveness[D] sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41→42→43→44→E→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such,within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate association" instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。