Comparison of Kuqa foreland basin with Persian Gulf Basin in salt tectonics
森林里的蘑菇对比英语作文
森林里的蘑菇对比英语作文The Enchanting Fungi of the Forest: A Comparative Analysis.Within the verdant embrace of the forest, wherenature's artistry unfolds in its myriad forms, there exists a realm of wonder and intrigue: the realm of fungi. These enigmatic organisms, neither plant nor animal, have captivated human imagination for centuries, inspiring both awe and curiosity. Two such fungi, the solitary Fly Agaric and the communal Honey Mushroom, offer a fascinating case study of the diversity and ecological importance of this remarkable kingdom.Fly Agaric: The Solitary Sentinel.Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the Fly Agaric, stands out as a solitary beacon of beauty amidst theforest's mosaic of life. Its brilliant red cap, adorned with distinctive white spots, serves as a vibrant warningto potential predators. Beneath the cap lies a pure white stem, which rises majestically from the forest floor.Fly Agaric is a mycorrhizal fungus, forming symbiotic relationships with the roots of trees, particularly thoseof birch. This mutually beneficial partnership allows the exchange of nutrients between the two organisms. In return for sugars provided by the tree, the fungus aids in the absorption of water and minerals from the soil, enhancing the tree's overall health and resilience.Despite its alluring appearance, Fly Agaric is a potent hallucinogen, containing psychoactive compounds that have been used for shamanic and medicinal purposes for centuries. Its effects range from euphoria to visual hallucinations, but its consumption can also be dangerous, causing nausea, vomiting, and even organ failure.Honey Mushroom: The Communal Empire.In contrast to the solitary nature of Fly Agaric, Honey Mushrooms, belonging to the genus Armillaria, form vastunderground networks that connect individual mushrooms across extensive distances. These networks, known as mycelia, spread through the soil in search of nutrients, colonizing tree roots and forming the foundation of complex underground ecosystems.Honey Mushrooms are saprobic fungi, deriving their sustenance from decomposing organic matter. Their presence accelerates the decomposition process, releasing nutrients back into the soil and contributing to the forest's ecological balance. They favor moist, shady environments, often congregating in large clusters around the base of trees.The Honey Mushroom's communal nature has significant ecological implications. By sharing resources and coordinating their activities, the network can efficiently exploit available food sources and withstand environmental stresses. This cooperation also allows them to spread rapidly through the forest, effectively colonizing new areas and establishing new colonies.Ecological Significance of Fungi.Both Fly Agaric and Honey Mushrooms play crucial roles in the delicate equilibrium of the forest ecosystem. Their mycorrhizal and saprobic activities contribute to nutrient cycling, soil health, and the decomposition of organic matter. By creating and maintaining underground networks, fungi facilitate communication and nutrient exchange among plants and other organisms, fostering interconnectedness and resilience within the forest community.Moreover, fungi provide a valuable food source for various animals, including insects, rodents, and larger mammals. Their role in nutrient cycling also impacts the availability of food for other organisms in the food chain, including herbivores and predators. The intricate web of relationships between fungi and other forest inhabitants further emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of life within the ecosystem.Conclusion.The Fly Agaric and Honey Mushroom, though vastly different in their solitary and communal lifestyles, exemplify the remarkable diversity and ecological importance of fungi in the forest. Their unique adaptations and interactions with other organisms contribute significantly to the intricate balance and resilience of this vibrant ecosystem.As we delve deeper into the realm of fungi, we uncover a hidden world of complexity and beauty. From the mesmerizing colors of Fly Agaric to the subterranean empires of Honey Mushrooms, these enigmatic organisms remind us of the interconnectedness of life and the vital role that each species plays in the symphony of nature.。
ComparisonoftheCold_r_省略_ourLigustrumCul
Comparison of the Cold-resistance Capabilities of Four Ligustrum CultivarsHAO Ming-zhuo ，HAN Ming-hui ，PENG Fang-ren *，LIANG You-wangCollege of Forest Resources and Environment ，Nanjing Forestry University ，Nanjing ，Jiangsu 210037，ChinaAbstract ［Objective ］To compare the cold-resistance capabilities of four Ligustrum cultivars．［Method ］Based on semilethal low temperature testand low temperature stress test in phytotron ，cold-resistance capabilities of two-year-old seedlings of 4Ligustrum cultivars were compared at leaf-ex-pansion and shoot-growing stage．［Result ］At leaf-expansion and shoot-growing stage ，the semilethal low temperatures of Ligustrum ˑVicaryi Hort．，Ligustrum lucidum Ait．，Ligustrum japonicum Thunb．‘Howardii ’and Ligustrum lucidum Ait．‘Excelsum Superbum ’were －6．34，－5．69，－4．55and －3．27ħ，respectively．SOD activity ，soluble protein content ，soluble sugar content and MDA content in leaves under low temperature stress were all higher than those under normal temperature．As the low temperature stress enhanced ，soluble protein content in leaves firstly en-hanced and then decreased．Among the 4cultivars ，soluble sugar content in 3cultivars firstly increased and then decreased ；and MDA content con-tinuously enhanced．［Conclusion ］The cold-resistance capabilities of Ligustrum ˑVicaryi Hort．and Ligustrum lucidum Ait．were higher than other cultivars ；Ligustrum japonicum Thunb．‘Howardii ’was middling ；and Ligustrum lucidum Ait．‘Excelsum Superbum ’was the worst．Key words Ligustrum ；Cultivars ；Cold-resistance capability ；Semilethal low temperatureReceived ：August 24，2012Accepted ：December 20，2012Supported by the Science and Technology Support Project of Jiangsu Province （BE2010311），and the Science and Technology Develop-ment Program of Northern Jiangsu Province （SBN200910136，SBE200870251）．*Corresponding author．E-mail ：frpeng@njfu．com．cnPlants of genus Ligustrum in family Oleaceae have been widely applied in landscape greening and the production of Kuding tea．Researches have shown that the roots ，leaves and fruits of most Ligustrum plants have the functions of clearing heat ，detoxification ，analgesia ，hemostasis ，relieving cough ，bacteriostasis and so on．More and more attention has been paid to its medicinal value and health function ［1－2］．In recent years ，new Ligustrum cultivars have been introduced in China ，such as Ligustrum japonicum Thunb．‘Howardii ’，Ligustrum ˑVicaryi Hort．，and Ligustrum lucidum Ait．‘Excelsum Super-bum ’．These cultivars are very popular and their cultivation ar-ea and range have increased each year．At present ，they have been introduced into northern Jiangsu and Anhui Prov-inces ［3－5］．However ，some new varieties of Ligustrum are ex-tended relatively late ，so the growth habitat and cold resistance mechanism are still unclear．Some reports are found on the cold resistance of Ligustrum vicaryi ，Ligustrum quihoui and so on at home and abroad ［6－13］．But few are about the cold resist-ance mechanism of Ligustrum japonicum ‘Howardii ’and Ligus-trum lucidum ‘Excelsum Superbum ’．Plant freeze injury is commonly seen in winter and spring．When the there is late spring cold and other natural disasters in plant germination stage ，leaf-expansion and shoot-growing stage ，freeze injury ofplant often becomes more serious．This phenomenon also cause the attention of many experts and scholars ［14－16］．In thisresearch ，cold-resistance capabilities of Ligustrum japonicum Thunb．‘Howardii ’，Ligustrum ˑVicaryi Hort．，Ligustrum lucid-um Ait．，and Ligustrum lucidum Ait．‘Excelsum Superbum ’were compared ，aiming at providing references for the cultiva-tion management and regionalized extension of new Ligustrum cultivars．1Materials and methods1．1Materials1．1．1Plant materials．Two-year-old cutting seedlings of Ligu-strum japonicum Thunb．‘Howardii ’，Ligustrum ˑVicaryi Hort．，and Ligustrum lucidum Ait．‘Excelsum Superbum ’were introduced from Hangzhou Base of Zhejiang Senhe Group inMarch 2011；and two-year-old seedlings of Ligustrum lucidum Ait．were introduced from Tangquan Town of Nanjing City．1．2Methods1．2．1Pretreatment of plant materials．Test site was located in Nanjing Forestry University．After seedling introduction ，they were planted in the round plastic pots ，which were 28cm in di-ameter and 32cm in height．There was a small hole in the pot bottom with 10kg soil in each pot．Soil used was the mixture of organic matter under forest and yellowish-brown loam soil．Itsphysicochemical properties were as follows ：1．883ˑ106mg /kg organic matter ，0．27ˑ106mg /kg total nitrogen ，921mg /kg to-tal phosphorus ，1．34ˑ106mg /kg total potassium ，134．8mmol /kg CEC ，and pH 5．5．After 30d of transplantation ，seedlings at leaf-expansion stage were put in phytotron at 5ħfor 7d．The condition was as follows ：12h illumination eachday ，30μmol /（m 2·s ）light intensity ，and 75%－80%relative humidity．Proper irrigation should be ensured during the cultiva-tion in order to maintain the soil moisture in pot．1．2．2Imitated freeze injury test in phytotron under low tem-perature stress treatment．As for each Ligustrum cultivar ，healthy plants in 6pots were put in phytotron at 0，－7and －14ħand the greenhouse at 25ħ．After treated by 48h ，Medicinal Plant 2012，3（12）：111－115Germplasm Resources and Cultivationmorphological appearance of plants with freeze injury was ob-served．Then，50g leaves of each Ligustrum cultivar were ran-domly collected and immediately stored in ultra low temperature refrigerator at－75ħ．The soluble sugar content，soluble pro-tein content，SOD activity，MDA content in leaves were detec-ted［17－18］．1．2．3Determination of semilethal low temperature［19－20］．Based on pre-cooling test，10standard plants were selected for each Ligustrum cultivar．10－15normal leaves were collected randomly from each standard plant．After well mixed，the leav-es were divided into6groups and stored in refrigerators at the designed temperature for1h．After thawing for24h，the rela-tive conductivity was detected．According to the Logistic equa-tion，semilethal low temperatures of four Ligustrum cultivars were calculated．The designed temperatures were0，－5，－10，－15，－20and－25ħ．2Results and analyses2．1Morphological appearance of Ligustrum cultivars with freeze injury Table1reported that Ligustrum lucidum Ait．and LigustrumˑVicaryi Hort．had relatively good cold-resistance capability．Their freeze injury was relatively not severe；their growth status was relatively good；and their survival rate under low temperature stress at－14ħwas relatively high．Ligustrum japonicum Thunb．‘Howardii’showed middle cold-resistance capability and grew relatively good at25and0ħtreatments．However，plants of Ligustrum japonicum Thunb．‘Howardii’had slight freeze injury at－7and－14ħtreat-ments；some leaves turned yellow and crimped and some even died．Ligustrum japonicum Thunb．‘Howardii’had the poorest cold-resistance capability under low temperature treatment．Leaves began to be withered under the environment of0ħ；and survival rate of plants was extremely low under low temper-ature stress of－14ħ．2．2Changes of nutritional component contents in leaves of different Ligustrum cultivars under low temperature stress The soluble protein content in plant is closely related to the cold re-sistance．Under normal conditions，soluble protein content en-hances in the plants under low temperature stress，which ad-justs the cold resistance of plant［21］．Fig．1illustrated that un-der normal temperature，Ligustrum lucidum Ait．‘Excelsum Su-perbum’had higher content of soluble protein than other three cultivars．As the temperature fell，soluble protein contents in leaves of different cultivars firstly enhanced and then reduced．Among them，soluble protein content in Ligustrum lucidum Ait．‘Excelsum Superbum’began to fall at－7ħ，while those in the rest three cultivars began to fall at－14ħ．Under low tem-perature stress，the increasing extent of soluble protein content in leaves varied；and they were in the order of Ligustrum lucid-um Ait．（96．2%）＞LigustrumˑVicaryi Hort．（69．4%）＞Li-gustrum japonicum Thunb．‘Howardii’（55．0%）＞Ligustrum lucidum Ait．‘Excelsum Superbum’（13．7%）．Table1Morphological appearance of Ligustrum cultivars under low temperature stressPlant name Tempera-ture∥ħSurvivalrate∥%FreezinggradeGrowth statusLigustrum lucidum Ait．25100．01Normal，deep green leaves0100．01Normal，deep green leaves－7100．01Normal，relatively small amount of leaves，blackish green leaves－1483．32Relatively poor，relatively small amount of leaves，dry leaf edge LigustrumˑVicaryi25100．01Normal，many leaves，deep green leaves，relatively few yellow leaves Hort．0100．01Normal，many leaves，deep green leaves，relatively few yellow leaves －7100．01Normal，many leaves，deep green leaves，30%of yellow leaves－1483．32Relatively poor，curled leaves，light green leaves，half yellow leaves Ligustrum lucidum Ait．25100．01Normal，many leaves，deep green leaves‘Excelsum Superbum’083．32Relatively poor，curled leaves，slight yellow leaves，wilting－766．73Drying，withered leaves，rare，slight yellow leaves，wilting－1416．74slight yellow and dry leaves，mostly dyingLigustrum japonicum25100．01Normal，many leaves，deep green old leaves，golden yellow new leaves Thunb．‘Howardii’0100．01Normal，many leaves，more golden yellow leaves－7100．02Relatively poor，curled leaves，dry and withered leaves，deep yellow leaves－1466．72Relatively poor，curled leaves，dry and withered leaves，wiltingNote：Freezing grade1indicated no freeze injury；2was slight freeze injury；3was middle freeze injury；and4was severe freeze injury．The soluble sugar content could enhance the osmotic con-centration of plant cells，reduce the water potential，increase the water retention capacity，decrease the freezing point，and protect the cell cytoplasm colloids from solidification．Soluble sugar content showed positive correlation with the cold resist-ance of most plants．When under cold environment，plants en-hanced their soluble sugar content to defense against the cold［15］．Fig．2indicated that with the decrease of temperature，soluble sugar content in Ligustrum lucidum Ait．leaves en-hanced，and those in LigustrumˑVicaryi Hort．，Ligustrum luci-dum Ait．‘Excelsum Superbum’and Ligustrum japonicumThunb．‘Howardii’enhanced firstly and then reduced．Soluble sugar content in leaved under－14ħcold temperature treat-ment was significantly lower than that in－7ħtreatment．The decreasing extents of both Ligustrum japonicum Thunb．‘Howardii’and Ligustrum lucidum Ait．‘Excelsum Superbum’were significantly higher than that of LigustrumˑVicaryi Hort．；the three decreasing extents were all higher than those at25ħtreatment．2．3Changes of SOD activity and MDA content in Ligustrum cultivars under low temperature stress SOD has close correla-tion with the stress resistance of plants．Under low temperature211Medicinal Plant2012Fig．1Changes of soluble protein content in Ligustrum culti-vars under low temperaturestressFig．2Changes of soluble sugar content in Ligustrum cultivars under low temperature stressstress ，SOD has super oxidation disproportionation reaction with oxygen and free radicals in order to ensure the stability of membrane ［21］．Fig．3illustrated that with the decrease of tem-perature ，SOD activities in the leaves of Ligustrum lucidum Ait．and Ligustrum japonicum Thunb．‘Howardii ’firstly enhanced and then maintained stable ；SOD activity in Ligustrum lucidum Ait．‘Excelsum Superbum ’enhanced firstly and then reduced．Under normal temperature ，SOD activity of Ligustrum lucidum Ait．‘Excelsum Superbum ’was significantly lower than those of the rest three cultivars ；but it increased by 59．7%from 25ħto －7ħ，and reduced by 21．2%from －7ħto －14ħ，which was obviously different from other cultivars．Besides ，SOD activities of all the Ligustrum cultivars at －7and －14ħtreatments were higher than those in 25ħtreatment．MDA is a product of membrane lipid peroxidation induced by free radicals ，which has certain inhibitory effects on SOD ac-tivity．MDA content also has close correlation with the cold re-sistance of plants ［22］．Fig．4indicated that as the treatment temperature fell ，MDA contents in Ligustrum lucidum Ait．，Ligustrum lucidum Ait．‘Excelsum Superbum ’and Ligustrum japonicum Thunb．‘Howardii ’enhanced by 88．7%，70．9%and 74．0%，respectively．MDA content in Ligustrum ˑVicaryi Hort．firstly enhanced and then decreased ；and it enhanced by 94．4%from 25ħto －7ħ，but reduced by 5．3%from －7to－14ħ．Under normal temperature ，MDA contents in Ligus-trum lucidum Ait．，Ligustrum ˑVicaryi Hort．and Ligustrum ja-ponicum Thunb．‘Howardii ’were higher than that in Ligustrum lucidum Ait．‘Excelsum Superbum ’．Fig．3Changes of SOD activity in Ligustrum cultivars underlow temperaturestressFig．4Changes of MDA content in Ligustrum cultivars underlow temperaturestressFig．5Change laws of relative conductivity of the leaves of Li-gustrum cultivars under low temperature stress311HAO Ming-zhuo et al．Comparison of the Cold-resistance Capabilities of Four Ligustrum Cultivars2．4Determination of semilethal low temperature Relative conductivity of leaves is an important physiological index com-monly used to evaluate the injury degree of plants under low temperature stress．Low temperature stress enhances the per-meability of cell membrane．Plants have poor coldness resist-ance show a rapid increase of membrane permeability，which is expressed in the sharp rising of conductivity［21］．Fig．5indica-ted that from0to－10ħtreatments，the four Ligustrum culti-vars showed slowly increasing of relative conductivity；from －10and－15ħtreatments，relative conductivity enhanced sharply；from－15to－25ħtreatments，relative conductivity enhanced gradually by100%，showing a slowly increasing tendency．The relative conductivity of the leaves of four Ligus-trum cultivars showed the change of"S"curve with the de-crease of treatment temperature．At the same time，the testshowed that the relative conductivity of Ligustrum lucidum Ait．‘Excelsum Superbum’was significantly higher than other culti-vates between0and－10ħ．Research results showed that under low temperature stress treatment，Logistic equation could better reflect the changes of plant organs with temperature［20］．According to the results of equation and test，coefficients K，A and B were ob-tained．Thus，the conductivity-derived Logistic equations of Li-gustrum lucidum Ait．，LigustrumˑVicaryi Hort．，Ligustrum lu-cidum Ait．‘Excelsum Superbum’and Ligustrum japonicum Thunb．‘Howardii’were obtained under low temperature stress［20］．According to the equation coefficients，the semilethal low temperatures of the four cultivars were－6．34，－5．69，－4．55and－3．27ħ，respectively．Table2Logistic equation analyses of semilethal low temperatures of different Ligustrum cultivarsCultivars Coefficient A Coefficient B Coefficient KLT50Semilethallow temperature∥ħF value test P value testLigustrum lucidum Ait．3．44123355960．2171396．9－5．6935．340．0040 LigustrumˑVicaryi Hort．3．76836040110．2091198．0－6．3432．180．0048 Ligustrum japonicum2．72298852610．2203293．9－4．5527．010．0065 Thunb．‘Howardii’Ligustrum lucidum Ait．1．86468101330．1906594．0－3．2754．390．0018‘Excelsum Superbum’Note：Logistic equation was Y=K/（1+Ae－BX），where Y was conductivity，X was temperature，K，A and B were the equation coefficients．3Conclusions and discussionsUnder low temperature stress，the soluble protein content，soluble sugar content，SOD activity，MDA content and relative conductivity in leaves of Ligustrum cultivars were researched．Ac-cording to the morphological appearance of plants，Ligustrum luci-dum Ait．and LigustrumˑVicaryi Hort．showed relatively strong cold-resistance capability，followed with Ligustrum japonicum Thunb．‘Howardii’．And Ligustrum lucidum Ait．‘Excelsum Su-perbum’had the poorest cold-resistance capability．Xiang Yan-jun et al．［21］found out that with the decrease of temperature from9to－7ħ，soluble protein contents in the leaves of5types of vine plants showed an ascendant trend．However，results of this research indicated that with the de-crease of temperature，soluble protein contents in the leaves of 4Ligustrum cultivars firstly enhanced and then decreased，which was similar to the research results of Feng Xian-bin et al．［23］．Results also showed that under low temperature stress，the increasing extent of soluble protein content in plant leaves was closely related to the cold-resistance capability．Li-gustrum cultivars with relatively great increasing extent had strong physiological adjustment ability under low temperature stress，and had relatively strong cold-resistance capability．Be-sides，with the decrease of temperature，decrease of soluble protein content in plant in early stage would lead to poor cold-resistance capability．In this research，Ligustrum lucidum Ait．‘Excelsum Superbum’had the poorest cold-resistance capa-bility and its soluble protein content decreased greatly at －7ħ；while the soluble protein contents in other3cultivars started at－14ħ．This preliminarily proved this conclusion．Research results showed that under low temperaturestress，soluble sugar contents in Ligustrum cultivars enhanced significantly．However，with the further decrease of tempera-ture，soluble sugar content sometimes reduced．Gao Wen-fang et al．［11］researched on the cold tolerance mechanism of5 types of colorful vegetations；research results showed that the soluble sugar content in Ligustrum vicaryi leaves firstly en-hanced and then reduced，which was consistent with the results of LigustrumˑVicaryi Hort．，Ligustrum lucidum Ait．‘Excelsum Superbum’，and Ligustrum japonicum Thunb．‘Howardii’in this research．Reduction of soluble sugar content might be caused by the following reason：leaf chlorophyll was destroyed under low temperature；photosynthesis mechanism was re-stricted；and synthesis of soluble sugar content was greatly af-fected［24］．Besides，as the temperature decreased，soluble sugar content in plant reduced in early stage and the reduction extent was great，which indicated that the cold-resistance capa-bility of this plant was poor．Xie Xiao-jin et al．argued that the decreasing extent of soluble sugar content was closely related to the cold-resistance capability under low temperature treat-ment［25］．Results showed that the SOD activity in plant firstly en-hanced and then reduced as the temperature fell［23］．Change of SOD activity was complex under low temperature stress．Some reduced firstly and then enhanced；some enhanced and then maintained stable；and some increased and then decreased．It was noteworthy that SOD activity of Ligustrum lucidum Ait．‘Excelsum Superbum’was relatively low under normal temper-ature，but enhanced under low temperature，showing the in-crease and decrease with relatively great extent．SOD activity of Ligustrum lucidum Ait．‘Excelsum Superbum’was quite411Medicinal Plant2012sensitive to temperature change，which might be one manifes-tation of its poor cold-resistance capability．Under adversity stress，plant cells produced a large amount of free radicals，induced or accelerated the cell mem-brane lipid peroxidation，and further destroyed the cell mem-brane．As the final product of membrane lipid peroxidation，MDA was an important index reflecting the damage degree of cell membrane［21］．Research results showed that MDA content in plant leaves enhanced as the low temperature stress in-creased［11］．Test results showed that as the temperature de-creased，MDA content in the leaves of4Ligustrum cultivars was not always increasing．For instance，LigustrumˑVicaryi Hort．firstly enhanced and then reduced，which might because that plant could not stand extreme low temperature，so that cell death appeared；cell membrane was completely destroyed；membrane lipid oxidation reaction basically stopped；cell inclu-sion flew away；and MDA content reduced［26］．Research results also indicated that there were differences in the semilethal low temperature of plants in different seasons．Xie Xiao-jin and Hao Ri-min researched on the cold resistance of12types of evergreen broad-leaved trees；and the semilethal low temperature was detected in different months［27］．Results showed that the semilethal low temperatures of12trees from October2005to March2006were all higher than－10ħ，those from December2005to January2006were mostly lower than－10ħ；and there were significant differences in the cold-resistance capability of seedlings in different phenophases．An-alyses of Logistic equation showed that at leaf-expansion and shoot-growing stage，the semilethal low temperatures of Ligus-trumˑVicaryi Hort．，Ligustrum lucidum Ait．，Ligustrum japoni-cum Thunb．‘Howardii’and Ligustrum lucidum Ait．‘Excelsum Superbum’were－6．34，－5．69，－4．55and－3．27ħ，re-spectively，indicating that the cold-resistance capabilities of4 Ligustrum cultivars were poor and introduction should be care-fully considered．References［1］LI XM，LI XQ，ZHAG DZ．Chemical composition，pharmacological action and clinical application research situation of Ligustrum［J］．Academic Journal of Guangdong College of Pharmacy，1997，13（2）：44－47．（in Chinese）．［2］TU YH，GAO NN．Survey in study on chemical constituents and pharmacologic action of Ligustrum［J］．Lishizhen Medicine and Ma-teria 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Ligustrum vicaryi seedling to freezing temperature and duration during dehardening ［J］．Northern Horticulture，2008（1）：112－114．（in Chinese）．［9］YANG XL，GUO SH，QI YL，et al．Comparison of some stress-re-sistant physiological indexes of three kinds of privet leave［J］．Non-wood Forest Research，2009，27（3）：94－97．（in Chinese）．［10］ZHANG DS，LIU HQ，CHEN YM．Cold resistance of eight ever-green broadleaved tree species［J］．Acta Horticulturae Sinica，1994，21（3）：283－287．（in Chinese）．［11］GAO WF．Study on the cold-resistant mechanism of five species of color-leafed cover plants［J］．Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sci-ences，2007，35（15）：4430－4431．（in Chinese）．［12］LI YH，SU SH，JI HF，et al．Effect of low temperature stress on lip-id peroxidation and activity of cell defense enzymes of Ligustrum lu-cidum Ait［J］．Hebei Journal of Forestry and Orchard Research，2007，22（1）：84－86．（in Chinese）．［13］LIU H，ZHANG G．The influence of short-day on the frost hardiness and electrical impedance spectroscopy parameters in stems of Ligu-strum vicaryi during hardening［J］．Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sini-ca，2008，23（2）：173－179．（in Chinese）．［14］GUO YL．Warning of late spring coldness in2005：Considerate of trees introduction［N］．China Flower＆Gardening News，2005－03－22（002）．（in Chinese）．［15］SHEN M，WANG MX．Research progress of plant cold resistance mechanism［J］．Chinese Bulletin of Botany，1997，14（2）：1－8．（in Chinese）．［16］LOYONS JM．Chilling injury in plants［J］．Plant Physical，1997，24（3）：445－446．［17］ZHANG ZL．Plant physiology experiment guidance［M］．Beijing：Higher Education Press，1990：154－155．（in Chinese）．［18］LI HS．Principle and technology of plant physiological and biochemi-cal experiment［M］．Beijing：Higher Education Press，2000：20－30．（in Chinese）．［19］FAN GB．A method to estimating the parameters of logistic model and application［J］．Mathematics in Economics，2010，27（1）：105－110．（in Chinese）．［20］ZHU GH，LIU ZQ，ZHU PH．A method to estimating the parame-ters of logistic model and application［J］．Mathematics in Econom-ics，2010，27（1）：105－110．（in Chinese）．［21］XIANG YJ，LI XZ，WANG XD．Preliminary study on cold resistance of five different lianas［J］．Journal of Zhejiang University：Agricul-ture＆Life Sciences，2011，37（4）：421－424．（in Chinese）．［22］HE KY．Influence of cold stress on soluble sugar and malondialde-hyde content in Fujian cypress［J］．Journal of Jiangsu Forestry Sci-ence＆Technology，2000，27（6）：6－8．（in Chinese）．［23］FENG XB，DONG Q，WANG J，et al．Effects of low temperature on cold resistance of Pistacia chinensis［J］．Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin，2011，27（8）：23－26．（in Chinese）．［24］XU DX，ZHUANG BL，XUE JH，et al．Evaluation on cold resistance of five evergreen broad-leaved ornamental tree species in the area of Nanjing［J］．Journal of Nanjing Forestry University：Natural Sci-ences Edition，2010，34（3）：72－76．（in Chinese）．［25］XIE XJ，HAO RM，ZHANG JL，et al．Low-temperature tolerance characteristic and ecological evaluation of broad-leaved evergreen tree species［J］．Acta Ecologica 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tpo32三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
tpo32三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (7)答案 (16)背景知识 (16)阅读-2 (25)原文 (25)译文 (28)题目 (31)答案 (40)背景知识 (41)阅读-3 (49)原文 (49)译文 (53)题目 (55)答案 (63)背景知识 (64)阅读-1原文Plant Colonization①Colonization is one way in which plants can change the ecology of a site.Colonization is a process with two components:invasion and survival.The rate at which a site is colonized by plants depends on both the rate at which individual organisms(seeds,spores,immature or mature individuals)arrive at the site and their success at becoming established and surviving.Success in colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization–a safe site where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level at which the invading species can become established.For a given rate of invasion,colonization of a moist,fertile site is likely to be much more rapid than that of a dry, infertile site because of poor survival on the latter.A fertile,plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds,whereas a neighboring construction site from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse,infertile parent material may remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or even years despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field.②Both the rate of invasion and the rate of extinction vary greatly among different plant species.Pioneer species-those that occur only in the earliest stages of colonization-tend to have high rates of invasion because they produce very large numbers of reproductive propagules(seeds,spores,and so on)and because they have an efficient means of dispersal(normally,wind).③If colonizers produce short-lived reproductive propagules,they must produce very large numbers unless they have an efficient means of dispersal to suitable new habitats.Many plants depend on wind for dispersal and produce abundant quantities of small,relatively short-lived seeds to compensate for the fact that wind is not always a reliable means If reaching the appropriate type of habitat.Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants,such as those that produce fewer but larger seeds that are dispersed to suitable sites by birds or small mammals or those that produce long-lived seeds.Many forest plants seem to exhibit the latter adaptation,and viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors. For example,as many as1,125viable seeds per square meter were found in a100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in coastal British Columbia.Nearly all the seeds that had germinated from this seed bank were from pioneer species.The rapid colonization of such sites after disturbance is undoubtedly in part a reflection of the largeseed band on the forest floor.④An adaptation that is well developed in colonizing species is a high degree of variation in germination(the beginning of a seed’s growth). Seeds of a given species exhibit a wide range of germination dates, increasing the probability that at least some of the seeds will germinate during a period of favorable environmental conditions.This is particularly important for species that colonize an environment where there is no existing vegetation to ameliorate climatic extremes and in which there may be great climatic diversity.⑤Species succession in plant communities,i.e.,the temporal sequence of appearance and disappearance of species is dependent on events occurring at different stages in the life history of a species. Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role in determining patterns of succession,especially secondary succession. The species that are first to colonize a site are those that produce abundant seed that is distributed successfully to new sites.Such species generally grow rapidly and quickly dominate new sites, excluding other species with lower invasion and growth rates.The first community that occupies a disturbed area therefore may be composed of specie with the highest rate of invasion,whereas the community of the subsequent stage may consist of plants with similar survival ratesbut lower invasion rates.译文植物定居①定居是植物改变一个地点生态环境的一种方式。
invading algae托福阅读
invading algae托福阅读侵袭性海藻是一种常见的生物现象，它对海洋生态系统产生了深远的影响。
这种海藻的快速扩张和繁殖能力，给海洋生物和人类社会带来了许多问题和挑战。
侵袭性海藻对海洋生态系统造成了严重的破坏。
它们通过吸收大量的养分和光能，抑制了其他海洋生物的生长和繁殖。
这导致了海洋生物多样性的减少和生态系统的不稳定。
例如，一些重要的渔业资源，如鱼类和贝类，因为缺乏足够的食物和栖息环境而减少了数量。
这对渔民的生计和人类的食物安全带来了威胁。
侵袭性海藻对海滩和海岸线的生态系统也造成了严重的影响。
它们在海滩和海岸线上形成了厚厚的覆盖层，阻碍了海洋生物的繁殖和孵化。
这不仅破坏了海滩的自然景观，也对沿海旅游业产生了负面影响。
许多海滩和度假胜地因为侵袭性海藻的存在而失去了吸引力，游客数量大幅减少，从而影响了当地经济的发展。
侵袭性海藻还对海洋污染和水质产生了负面影响。
它们在大量繁殖时会释放出有毒物质，污染海水。
这不仅危害了海洋生物的健康，也对人类的健康构成了威胁。
当人们在污染的海域游泳或捕鱼时，可能会受到有害物质的损害。
因此，侵袭性海藻的存在需要我们加强海洋环境保护和治理，保护海洋生态系统和人类的健康。
为了解决侵袭性海藻问题，我们需要采取一系列的措施。
首先，加强监测和预警系统，及时发现和控制海藻的扩散。
其次，加强海洋环境保护，控制污染源的排放，减少养分的输入，防止海藻过度生长。
此外，可以采取物理和化学方法，如清除和灭杀海藻，来控制其数量和分布。
在面对侵袭性海藻的挑战时，我们需要全球合作和共同努力。
只有通过各国的合作和协调，才能有效地解决侵袭性海藻问题，保护海洋生态系统和人类的福祉。
让我们携起手来，保护海洋，共建美丽的蓝色星球。
古生物大小对比中文翻译
古生物大小对比中文翻译古生物大小对比（Comparisons of Prehistoric Creature Sizes）古生物大小对比是一种常见的科普方式，通过将古生物的大小与现代物种进行对比，帮助人们更好地理解古代生物的巨大体型。
下面是一些常见的古生物大小对比及其中英文对照例句：1. 悉尼海螺（Sydney Opera House）与巨型恐龙（Gigantic Dinosaur）- "The Sydney Opera House, with its iconic sail-like structures, is dwarfed in size when compared to a gigantic dinosaur like the Argentinosaurus."（悉尼歌剧院的标志性帆状结构在与像阿根廷龙这样的巨型恐龙进行对比时显得微不足道。
）2. 摩天大楼（Skyscraper）与巨大海洋生物（Enormous Marine Creature）- "Even the tallest skyscrapers pale in comparison to the immense size of prehistoric marine creatures such as the Megalodon."（即使是最高的摩天大楼也在与史前巨大海洋生物如巨齿鲨进行对比时黯然失色。
）3. 大象（Elephant）与远古哺乳动物（Ancient Mammal）- "Although elephants are considered the largest land mammals today, they are significantly smaller than ancientmammals like the Indricotherium."（尽管大象被认为是当今最大的陆地哺乳动物，但它们与象骨兽这样的古代哺乳动物相比要小得多。
塔里木盆地主要前陆冲断带差异构造变形
塔里木盆地主要前陆冲断带差异构造变形汤良杰;李萌;杨勇;陈刚;周鑫【摘要】According to field investigation,based on typical profiles of Kuqa,southwestern Tarim and southeastern Tarim areas,the characteristics of structural deformation for the three foreland thrust belts were contrasted, and the main controlling factors of differential structural deformation were discussed.The differences of structural deformation of foreland basin around Tarim Basin are layered difference in vertical domain and segmentation and zonation differences in horizontal domain. Four detachment layers develop in Kuqa foreland thrust belt, and the differences of deep,middle and shallow tectonic styles in vertical domain are significant;three detachment layers develop in southwestern Tarim foreland thrust belt, and the layered characteristics of structure are significant;two detachment layers develop in southeastern Tarim foreland thrust belt, and contrasted with the above foreland thrust belts, the layered characteristics of structure is relatively simple. The regional tectonic stress field and basin boundary control the segmentation and zonation differences of deformation style of foreland tectonic belts.The strike of Kuqa foreland thrust belt,which is consistent with that of Tianshan tectonic belt, has obvious structural zonation;there is a certain segmentation in partial stress accommodation zones.Because of the different angles intersecting with the compression of Kunlun Mountains,the southwestern Tarim foreland thrust belt has obviousstructural segmentation along the strike,and there is zonation in each segment. The southeastern Tarim foreland thrust belt is characterized by structural segmentation,which is mainly controlled by West Kunlun Mountains and Altun Tagh Mountains respectively;zonation towards the basin is not obvious.%利用库车、塔西南和塔东南地区典型剖面等基础资料，结合野外地质调查，对比分析三大前陆冲断带构造变形特征，进一步探讨控制前陆冲断带差异变形特征的主要因素。
海绵英语作文
海绵英语作文Sponges are fascinating creatures that have been around for millions of years. They are simple yet highly efficient organisms that play a crucial role in marine ecosystems. In this essay we will explore the characteristics of sponges their habitat and their importance to the environment.Characteristics of SpongesSponges belonging to the phylum Porifera are multicellular organisms that lack true tissues and organs. They are composed of cells that are organized into a few distinct cell types but these cells are not separated by specialized tissues. The most notable features of sponges include1. Porosity Sponges have a porous structure that allows water to flow through their bodies. This is crucial for their filterfeeding mechanism.2. Chambered Body The body of a sponge is made up of a series of chambers connected by a network of canals.3. Lack of Nervous System Unlike more complex animals sponges do not have a nervous system brain or even a true digestive system.4. Reproduction Sponges reproduce both asexually and sexually. They can regenerate from small fragments which is a form of asexual reproduction.Habitat of SpongesSponges can be found in a variety of aquatic environments predominantly in marine settings. They are known to inhabit1. Shallow Waters Many species prefer shallow waters where sunlight is abundant aiding in the photosynthesis of their symbiotic algae.2. Deep Sea Some sponges can survive in the deep sea where they adapt to the high pressure and lack of light.3. Coral Reefs Sponges are often found in coral reefs where they contribute to the biodiversity and provide habitats for other marine creatures.4. Polar Regions Surprisingly some sponges can be found in the cold waters of polar regions demonstrating their adaptability.Importance of SpongesSponges are vital to the health of marine ecosystems for several reasons1. Filter Feeders By filtering water sponges help remove excess nutrients and pollutants thus contributing to water purification.2. Biodiversity As a part of the coral reef ecosystem sponges provide habitats and food for a variety of marine species.3. Bioindicators Sponges are sensitive to environmental changes and can serve as bioindicators of water quality.4. Sponge Products Some species of sponges have been used by humans for various purposes including as cleaning tools and in the medical field for their unique properties. In conclusion sponges are not just simple organisms they are complex and integral parts of marine ecosystems. Their ability to thrive in diverse environments and their contributions to the marine food web and water quality make them an essential component of our planets biodiversity. Understanding and protecting sponges is crucial for maintaining the health of our oceans.。
(完整版)托福TPOextra答案解析和原文翻译
TPO 34阅读解析第一篇Population and Climate【P1】地球人口的增长已经对大气和生态环境产生了影响。
化石燃料的燃烧，毁林，城市化，种植大米，养殖家畜，生产作为助推燃料和制冷剂的CFC增加了空气中CO2，甲烷，二氧化氮，二氧化硫灰尘和CFOs 的含量。
约70%的太阳能量穿过大气直射地球表面。
太阳射线提高了土地和海洋表面的温度，随后土地和海洋表面将红外射线反射会太空中。
这能使地球避免温度过高。
但是并不是所有的红外射线被返回会太空中，一些被大气中的气体吸收，然后再次反射回地球表面。
温室气体就是其中吸收了红外射线的一种气体，然后再次反射一些红外线到地球。
二氧化碳，CFC，甲烷和二氧化氮都是温室气体。
大气中温室效应形成和建立的很自然。
事实上，大气中如果没有温室气体，科学家预测地球温度比当前的能够低33度。
【P2】大气中当前二氧化碳浓度是360ppm。
人类活动正在对大气中二氧化碳浓度的增加有着重要的影响，二氧化碳浓度正在快速增长，目前预估在未来50-100年内，浓度将是目前的一倍。
IPCC在1992中做出一份报告，在该份报告中大多数大气科学家中观点一致，预测二氧化碳浓度翻倍可能会将全球气温提高1.4-4.5度。
IPCC在2001年的报告中做出的预测是气温几乎将会提高2倍。
可能发生的气温升高比在冰河时期发生的变化要大很多。
这种温度的升高也不会是一直的，在赤道周围变化最小，而在极点周围的变化则是2-3倍。
这些全球变化的本地化影响很难预测，但是大家一致认为可能会影响洋流的改变，在北半球的一些区域可能增加在冬天发洪水的可能性，在一些区域夏天发生干旱的概率提高，还有海平面的升高也可能会淹没位置较低的国家。
【P3】科学家积极参与地球气候系统中物理，化学和生物成分的调查，为了对温室气体的增加对未来全球气候的影响做出准确预测。
全球环流模型在这个过程中是重要的工具。
这些模型体现包含了当前对大气环流模式，洋流，大陆影响和类似东西所掌握的知识，在变化的环境下预测气候。