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VW80972_EN_2009-11-01

Infotainment SystemsGeneral Functional RequirementsPrefaceToday, specific performance specifications are available for all new infotainment projects, defining requirements on a project-specific basis. In order to avoid confusion and ambiguity, these require‐ments will be removed from this standard (in compliance with the CC Radio/Tuner decision of January 14, 2008) which will be limited to more general issues. Only the methods and measurement proce‐dures used to determine the characteristic values of the specific requirements will be described.Previous issuesTL 972: 1995-07; VW 80972: 2000-07, 2001-10, 2006-09ChangesThe following changes have been made as compared to VW 80972: 2006-09:–Title changed–Scope: extended to include all infotainment systems–Release testing: extended and divided into field testing and laboratory testing with references tospecific performance specifications –Definitions: supplemented–Editorial: Replacement of term LF (low frequency) by audio operating modes and descriptionaccording to definiton in VW 80101–Environmental requirements supplemented–Preferred measurement frequency: AM harmonized for NAR and EU–Temperature requirements: Section 8.2.1.1 Audio continuous power, system cooling divided into5.2.3.1 System cooling and 8.2.1.1 Audio continuous power; further installation locations andcontrol elements added and temperature stages test addedGroup StandardVW 80972Issue 2009-11Class. No.:8FL40Descriptors:car radio, radio, radio navigation systems, infotainment modules, infotainment, audio systems, mediaCheck standard for current issue prior to usage.This electronically generated standard is authentic and valid without signature.The English translation is believed to be accurate. In case of discrepancies the German version shall govern.Numerical notation acc. to ISO practice.Page 1 of 39Technical responsibility Standards Department EEFI/3Detlev BeyerTel.: +49-5361-9-23881EKDV/4 Dirk Beinker EKDVTel.: +49-5361-9-32438Manfred TerlindenConfidential. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be transmitted or reproduced without prior permission of a Standards Department of the Volkswagen Group.Parties to a contract can only obtain this standard via the B2B supplier platform .© Volkswagen AktiengesellschaftVWNORM-2008-12hPage 2VW 80972: 2009-11–EMC approval: Individual standards removed and reference to Volkswagen Component Perfor‐mance Specifications Template for EMC module added–Illumination: Reference to Performance Specifications on Illumination (of Display and Control Elements in the Passenger Compartment) added–Antenna remote supply: AM/FM harmonized with DAB, SDARS complemented–Operating temperatures: CompactCassette (CC) and MiniDisk (MD) withdrawn–Operating noise: CC and MD withdrawn, DVD added–Test sequence: Table 3 updated–Mechanics requirements: Reference to …MIB_Device_Mechanics_Main_Unit“, Chapter 4 "Tech‐nical Requirements"; load cycle quantity deleted–Actuation forces: keys, values revised–Endurance test: Output power increased and radio extended to 1000 h–Voltages: Functional states, editorial revision, supplements and revision of "after end of functional state D"–Voltage dip: requirements complemented–Interruption: conditions after functional state added–Interference immunity: operating voltages quickly changing in time added–Switching behavior, ON/OFF: reference to MIB power management performance specifications added–Control input/output: MOST reference added to CAN performance specifications–Audio requirements: Reference to performance specifications …MIB_RQ_List_Sound“ added and note on common mode rejection for voltage changes added–Audio phase position AM/FM new–Common mode rejection: values revised–Audio source level plan: generalized, only refers to basic sources–BOSE®: deleted–Other sound systems: new description: sound systems, "branded"–Audio outputs: Values adapted–Frequency responses: Measurement conditions for different sources combined and reference to performance specifications "MIB_RQ_List_Sound" added–Control capacity of ...: merged and reference to performance specifications "MIB_RQ_List_Sound" added–Audio inputs: values adapted–CC drive requirements: removed–MD drive requirements: removed–CD, DVD audio,...: combined in the media Section and reference to performance specifications added–CD, DVD, HDD drive requirements revised with regard to mechanics and performance require‐ments described in VDA guideline 240-300 and in the "Test Case Book for Automotive Drives".–Video requirements: new–Navigation requirements new–Road test: text on assessment revised–Table 1: deleted, integrated in radio sections–Laboratory testing: operating noise and rattling added– 5.1.2 Operating temperatures: text complemented– 5.3.4 System temperature management : Text complemented– 5.5 Illumination: only reference to: display illumination performance specifications– 5.7 Chemical requirements: listing of individual substances omitted, only reference to VW 80101,a), o) and q) deleted– 5.11 Operating noise: details complemented– 6. Mechanical Requirements: All individual points deleted, only reference to performance spe‐cifications, VW80101 and performance specifications module "Testing"– 5. General requirements: Reference to other requirement areas according to VW 80101– 5.1.2 Temperature requirements complemented– 5.7 Resistance to light complemented, distinction of materials– 5.8 Test sequence: table removed, reference to MQB test performance specifications– 5.10 Operating noise: reference to VW 82469, "Accessory Equipment; Acoustic Requirements"–7.1 Adjustable frequency ranges: table removed and references created –7.2 Voltages: adapted to new values from AK 4.14–7.8 Irritating noise: control elements reintegrated and headline errors revised –12. Telephone requirements: reference to performance specifications–13. Radio requirements: reference to performance specifications and radio sections of this stan‐dard–New limit values more suitable for practical use for: 8.2.6 THD against power; 8.7 Audio inputs S/N; 9.3.1.3 Channel separation –EMC references revised–Audio requirements: changed name of performance specifications adopted –7.4.2.3 Antenna supply: current limitation added–8.5 Reception-quality-dependent sound influence: deleted, reference to "MIB_RQ_Radio_AM-FM-IBOC"ContentsPageScope .............................................................................................................................5Terms .............................................................................................................................6General descriptions: .....................................................................................................6Broadcasting terms for radio wave ranges depending on wave length .........................6Higher-level regulations and guidelines .........................................................................7Regulations ....................................................................................................................7Applicable laws and regulations .....................................................................................7EMC approval ................................................................................................................8Environmental requirements ..........................................................................................8General test conditions ..................................................................................................8Voltage source ...............................................................................................................8Test temperature ............................................................................................................9Preferred measurement frequencies .............................................................................9Modulation .....................................................................................................................9Note .............................................................................................................................10Identification of devices ................................................................................................10Test frames (schematic description) . (10)122.12.233.13.23.33.444.14.24.34.44.54.64.7Page 3VW 80972: 2009-11Operating modes (extract from VW 80101, Operating modes) ....................................10General requirements ..................................................................................................11Release testing ............................................................................................................11Road test ......................................................................................................................11Laboratory testing ........................................................................................................12Temperature requirements ..........................................................................................12Operating temperatures ...............................................................................................13Multi-stage temperature test ........................................................................................13Temperature resistance ..............................................................................................13Conditioning (forced-air aging, without load) ...............................................................13Temperature cycle (no load) ........................................................................................14Rapid temperature cycle with specified transfer duration (thermal shock test) ............14System temperature management ...............................................................................14Resistance to humid/warm environments (cyclic) ........................................................15Illumination/nighttime design ........................................................................................16Control elements (buttons and trim) .............................................................................16Chemical requirements (resistance to chemical agents) .............................................16Lightfastness ................................................................................................................16Test sequence .............................................................................................................16Flammability .................................................................................................................16Operating noise ............................................................................................................16Noise limit values during excitation (rattling and squeaking) .......................................17Mechanical requirements .............................................................................................17Requirements for electric system .................................................................................17Frequency ranges that can be selected .......................................................................17Voltages .......................................................................................................................18Overvoltage strength ....................................................................................................19Testing at 10,8 V ..........................................................................................................19Voltage dip, brief period (starting pulse) ......................................................................19Interruption ...................................................................................................................19Reverse polarity protection ..........................................................................................20Current .........................................................................................................................20Maximum permissible closed-circuit current/power consumption ................................20Control lines (capacity) ................................................................................................20Overcurrent strength ....................................................................................................22Switching behavior, ON/OFF .......................................................................................22Control inputs ...............................................................................................................22PHONE (analog input) .................................................................................................22S contact (analog input) ...............................................................................................22Illumination ...................................................................................................................23Speed-dependent volume control ................................................................................23Frequency constancy ...................................................................................................23Station frequency repeatability .....................................................................................23Frequency drift upon change in ambient temperature .................................................23Frequency drift upon changes in operating voltage .....................................................24Interferences ................................................................................................................24Interferences caused by control elements ...................................................................24Interference caused by internally generated auxiliary operating frequencies orcheck routines ..............................................................................................................24Interference due to internal drives (CD, DVD, SD and HDD) ......................................25Interference immunity ..................................................................................................25Ignition interference .. (25)4.855.15.1.15.1.25.25.2.15.2.25.35.3.15.3.25.3.35.3.45.45.55.65.75.85.95.105.115.12677.17.27.37.3.17.3.27.3.37.3.47.47.4.17.4.27.4.37.57.67.6.17.6.27.6.37.6.47.77.7.17.7.27.7.37.87.8.17.8.27.8.37.97.9.1Page 4VW 80972: 2009-11Electric system interference .........................................................................................25Interference caused by alternator ................................................................................25Electrostatic charging protection ..................................................................................26Audio requirements ......................................................................................................26Audio source level plan (objective: lowest possible subjective volume difference)......................................................................................................................................26Audio outputs ...............................................................................................................27Audio outputs for passive speaker systems .................................................................27Audio outputs for sound systems (line/AUX out, rear seat entertainment) ..................28Audio outputs for sound systems with full level input ...................................................29Audio background noise ..............................................................................................29Clipping ........................................................................................................................29THD against power ......................................................................................................29Volume range ...............................................................................................................30Audio phase position at FM and AM ............................................................................30Audio frequency response ..........................................................................................30Loudness .....................................................................................................................31Vehicle-specific sound curve, frequency response for traffic audio memory ...............31Control capacity of the volume, geometry and bass/treble controls ............................31Reception-quality-dependent sound influence for FM .................................................31Speed-dependent corrections of the audio signal ........................................................31Audio inputs .................................................................................................................31Stereo input for external media ....................................................................................31Stereo input for external media (AUX) .........................................................................32Audio input for telephone .............................................................................................32Media AUDIO requirements .........................................................................................32Cassette operation, cassette drive requirements .........................................................32MiniDisc operation (MD requirements) ........................................................................32CD, DVD, HDD and SD operation ...............................................................................32CD playback requirements ...........................................................................................33Memory cards ..............................................................................................................34Hard disk drives (HDD) as audio source ......................................................................36Video requirements ......................................................................................................37TV requirements ..........................................................................................................37Navigation requirements ..............................................................................................37Telephone requirements ..............................................................................................37Radio requirements ......................................................................................................37Radio requirements EUROPA, CHINA and ROW .......................................................38Radio requirements, JAPAN ........................................................................................38Radio requirements North America / Latin America .....................................................38Referenced documents ................................................................................................38Bibliography .................................................................................................................397.9.27.9.37.1088.18.28.2.18.2.28.2.38.2.48.2.58.2.68.2.78.2.88.38.3.18.3.28.48.58.68.78.7.18.7.28.7.399.19.29.39.3.19.3.29.3.31010.111121313.113.213.31415ScopeThis standard specifies requirements and tests for all infotainment systems implemented within the Volkswagen Group and associated components (radios, navigation systems, media player, audio amplifiers,...).The relevant version valid at the time the order is placed applies to corresponding standards and regulations.1Page 5VW 80972: 2009-11The performance specifications (German abbreviation LAH) specified in this standard are exemplary and must be specifically adapted for other projects. The compliance with the respective component performance specifications (German abbreviation BT-LAH) and with this standard are prerequisites for technical engineering approval (BMG) and the resulting component release.TermsGeneral descriptions:AU-S Function description AU dio S ound OMO perating M odeControl elementsAll elements (keys, knobs, display and media) which must be used for oper‐ation, use or control of the systemUser-accessible areas All areas that can be touched voluntarily or involuntarily by the user withoutremoving installation, add-on, trim or protection elementsBMG Technical Engineering Approval (German abbreviation)BT-LAH Component Performance Specifications (German abbreviation)CRIN Description in ISO for C ar R adio I dentification N umber HW H ard W are LCD L iquid C rystal D isplay (display type)LSM L ast S ituation M emory ROW "R est o f W orld", applies to requirements not assigned to specific regions RT R oom T emperature SW S oft W are TFT T hin F ilm T ransistor (display type)Calibration value Measured value in as-delivered condition before carrying out any test thatmay have an influenceHead impact Simulation of a collision in which the front seat passengers' heads hit thedashboard.KAF Volkswagen group acceptance test drive (German abbreviation)Functional statuses See VW 80101, Section on functional states Broadcasting terms for radio wave ranges depending on wave lengthAMA mplitude M odulation, also MFLimitation Compensation of audio level fluctuations depending on the reception level DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting (digital radio)dB Unit of measure for the logarithmic relationship of levels dBµV Logarithmic level relationship with the reference value 1µVE´RF level at antenna input downstream of the antenna simulation E´R RF level for noise-limited sensitivity f N Frequency of the desired station f S Frequency of the interfering stationf nnth transmitter in multiple-transmitter measuring methods2 2.12.2 Page 6VW 80972: 2009-11FM F requency M odulation, also VHF VHF V ery H igh F requency, also FMFS "F ull S cale" reference full level CD 0 dB (full modulation amplitude)RF R adio F requency, frequencies > 100 kHz k maxMaximum nonlinear distortion factorNonlinear distortion factor Degree of nonlinear audio distortions, indicated in %SW S hort W aveL Left stereo channel LW L ong W avem Modulation level for AM modulations in %MW M edium W ave, also AMLFL ow F requency, audio frequency range, 20 Hz to 20 kHz Desired station Station tuned in to listen to P LFAudio output powerRRight stereo channelStereo2-channel sound playbackInterfering station The station influencing the desired station T HS Temperature on heat sinkT CE Temperature of trim/control elementsU B Battery voltage/operating voltage at the control unit's connection block U Ant Antenna operating voltage at the antenna jackU A RF output level at signal generator upstream of antenna simulation Δf Modulation shift for FM modulations in kHzHigher-level regulations and guidelines RegulationsUnless other requirements exist, the standard production devices must comply with the specifications of the respective national governmental approval agency.The manufacturer is responsible for proof of compliance.Applicable laws and regulationsPassenger compartment (interior trim)ECE R21 [1]Passenger compartment (head impact)EC 74/60 EEC [2]Electromagnetic compatibility ECE R101) [3]Electromagnetic compatibilityEC GL 2006/96/EC [4]Presentation for type approval for the passenger compartment specifications to the releasing gov‐ernment authority is carried out and released by the responsible department of the respective cor‐porate brand in the scope of the vehicle type approval process.3 3.13.21)This is covered by the Volkswagen Group in the EMC type approval. For the original equipment, use in the vehicle manufacturing plant,neither an e nor an E nor a CE marking is required.Page 7VW 80972: 2009-11EMC approvalFor original use, an EMC approval is carried out by the Volkswagen AG specialized departments in the scope of the vehicle type approval process.Compliance with the applicable EMC guidelines according to "VW Component Performance Specifi‐cations Template Module for EMC" [5] is absolutely necessary for this.For EMC testing, all sample versions starting from the basic sample must be submitted to the re‐sponsible department including complete documentation and measurement protocols. For EMC re‐lease, three sample devices representing the standard production status have to be presented. After successful release, these devices must be stored as confirmed reference samples, one device at the department carrying out the EMC release, one at the development release department and one at the manufacturer.Environmental requirementsCompliance with the Group requirements for the manufacture of the devices and the choice of the materials must be ensured.–VW 91100 "Environmental Standard for Vehicles; Vehicle Parts, Materials, Operating Fluids;Policy, Specifications"–VW 91101 "Environmental Standard for Vehicles Vehicle Parts, Materials, Operating Fluids Avoidance of Hazardous Substances"–VW 91102 SUPPLEMENT 3 "Environmental Standard for Vehicles;Requirements for a Process‐ing Concept"–VW 91102 "Environmental Standard for Vehicles; Recycling Requirements, Use of Recycled Material, Type Approval with Regard to Recyclability"–VW 91104 "Vehicle Environmental Standard; Basics, Technical Inventory Analysis, Life Cycle Inventory Analysis"–VDA 260 "Motor Vehicle Components; Marking of Materials"Compliance must be documented by the manufacturer by means of a hazardous-substance docu‐mentation list including quantity data for the hazardous substances contained in the product.General test conditionsAll DUTs must comply with the requirements specified in VW 80101. All parts must completely fulfill their specified function both during and after the tests, unless these are destructive tests. The re‐quirements apply to the entire operating voltage and operating temperature ranges.During the tests, the DUTs must be continuously monitored using suitable monitoring devices with test cycles adapted to the requirements and the operating states.For test procedure, number and sequence, see test performance specifications. See also Section 5.9 for further notes.Voltage sourceTest voltage14V ± 0,1 V, terminal voltage at the device Internal resistance< 0,1 ΩReference output power0,5 W at load simulation of 4 Ω3.3 3.444.1Page 8VW 80972: 2009-11Test temperatureAll limits and parameters according to the valid specifications must be adhered to within the test temperature range.Temperature range: -30 °C to +70 °CFurther "special" temperatures are indicated in the relevant Sections and must be taken into consid‐eration.A tolerance of ± 2 °C applies to all temperatures.Measurements for which no temperature is specified are to be performed at RT ≙ 23 °C ± 5 °C according to DIN.Preferred measurement frequenciesThe following measurement frequencies and modulations are given as an orientation and as default settings for the tests and requirements specified in Section 5 onwards. Location-specific changes required due to local transmitters must be documented.Deviating modulation signals for source differentiation when carrying out the reliability tests are per‐mitted.Table 1LW 153183252 kHz AM(MW)54010801440 kHz SW 6,1 MHz FM 89,194,199,1106,1MHz FM 79,582,586,589,5MHz JapanDAB 174,928216,928223,936239,200BAND III EUROPE/CANADA DAB 1452.9601471.7921490.624 L-BAND EUROPE/CHINA DAB 1452.8161472.0001491.184L-BAND CANADA DAB tbdBand III, CHINA SDARSall reception paths (terrestrial and SAT)North AmericaDRM / IBOC analogous to AM and FM ModulationAM:1000 Hz Modulation signal 30 %Degree of modulation FM:1000 HzModulation signal ± 40 kHzFrequency shift Additionally for stereo:19 KHzPilot signal± 7,5 KHzFrequency shift Additionally for RDS:57 KHzPilot signal± 2 KHzFrequency shift4.2 4.34.4 Page 9VW 80972: 2009-11。

七下第11单元2b课文原文

七下第11单元2b课文原文Our school life is really wonderful. We have classesin the morning and in the afternoon. After school, we play sports and do some after-school activities. On weekdays, we have many subjects. Maths, Chinese, English, P.E., Musicand Science are our subjects. Sometimes we have art lessons, too. We have science experiments, which are very interesting. We usually play games and sing songs after class. On weekends, we often have more free time. We can watch TV, play computer games or go out to play with our friends. Sometimes we go to the park or the beach. We also have some sports activities, like football or basketball games. We are very happy at school because we have a good time with our friends and teachers. We like our school life very much. 标题：My Favorite Subject 正文：My favorite subject is science because I love science experiments and the teacher is really good. She teaches us to observenature and we get to use some simple scientific equipmentto conduct experiments and study science facts. It's very interesting and exciting for me because it lets me learnnew things every day and explore more about the worldaround me. In addition, the subject also provides opportunities for group work and discussions, which helps me improve my communication skills and team spirit.。

VW10550_EN_2006-11-01

Confidential. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be transmitted or reproduced without prior permission of a Standards Department of the Volkswagen Group.Parties to a contract can only obtain this standard via the B2B supplier platform “”.VOLKSWAGEN AGF o r m F E 41 - 01.06Page 2VW 10550: 2006-113 RequirementsThe name of the country of origin must be applied to vehicle parts such that it is clearly visible and easily legible on a permanent basis. The country-of-origin marking shall preferably be applied to the part by incorporation in the manufacturing tool.In the case of relocations of manufacturing tools from the originally designated country of origin to other manufacturing countries, the country codes shall be adjusted accordingly.The English form of the country name, e.g. "Mexico", "Belgium", "Spain" according to ISO 3166-1 shall be used.The additional specification "Made in ..." is permissible.In situations where space is limited, the country-of-origin marking may be applied using the 2-letter code according to DIN EN ISO 3166-1, e.g. "DE" for "Germany". The name or code for the country of origin shall be approximately half the size of the brand trademark. However, it shall not directly precede or follow the manufacturer's code. Should the location be at the manufacturer's option, it is recommended that the country-of-origin marking be located below the brand trademark.The necessity of country-of-origin marking must be specified on the drawing, see drawing specification in Section 4.For further requirements concerning the marking of automotive products see VW 10500.specification4 DrawingThe country of origin shall be specified in drawings by means of a text macro according to VW 01014, NO-E2, for example:KennzeichnungVW 10500MarkingVW 10514 – C10MarkenzeichenTrademarkHerstelllandVW 10550 - 5Country of originVW 10540 – 1-5Hersteller-CodeMfr. CodeTeil-Nr.; SchriftDIN 1451-4 - 5Pt.-No; LetteringVW 10560 – A5DatumskennzeichnungDate markingVDA 260 > PP + EPDM <Werkstoff-KennzeichnungMaterial markingPage 3VW 10550: 2006-11Table 1 - Country names and 2-letter codes(excerpt from ISO 3166-1 and DIN EN ISO 3166-1)code German EnglishCountryAR Argentinien ArgentinaAU Australien AustraliaBelgien BelgiumBE Bosnien und Herzegowina Bosnia and Herzegovina BABR Brasilien BrazilBG Bulgarien BulgariaCL Chile ChileCN China ChinaDKDänemark DenmarkDE Deutschland GermanyFJ Fidschi FijiFinnland FinlandFIFR Frankreich FranceGR Griechenland GreeceGroßbritannien (siehe Vereinigtes Königreich) - -IN Indien IndiaID Indonesien IndonesiaIR Iran IranIE Irland IrelandIL Israel IsraelIT Italien ItalyJP Japan JapanSerbien und Montenegro Serbia and Montenegro CSCA Kanada CanadaKorea Korea, Republic of KRHR Kroatien CroatiaLI Liechtenstein LiechtensteinLU Luxemburg LuxembourgMY Malaysia MalaysiaMalta MaltaMTMX Mexiko MexicoMC Monaco MonacoNL Niederlande NetherlandsNG Nigeria NigeriaNO Norwegen NorwayATÖsterreich AustriaPE Peru PeruPL Polen PolandPT Portugal PortugalRO Rumänien RomaniaRussische Föderation Russian Federation RUSG Singapur SingaporeSE Schweden SwedenPage 4VW 10550: 2006-11CH Schweiz SwitzerlandSK Slowakei SlovakiaSI Slowenien SloveniaES Spanien SpainZAAfricaSüdafrika SouthTW Taiwan TaiwanTschechische Republik Czech Republic CZTN Tunesien TunisiaTR Türkei TurkeyHU Ungarn HungaryUA Ukraine UkraineVereinigte Staaten United States USVereinigtes Königreich United Kingdom GBstandards15 ReferencedVW 01014 Technical Drawings; Drawing Frames and Text MacrosVW 10500 Company Designation, Marking of PartsVW 10514 Logos; Marking of Vehicle PartsDIN EN ISO 3166-1 Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries and their Subdivisions -Part 1: Country CodesISO 3166-1 Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries and their Subdivisions -Part 1: Country Codes1 In this Section, terminological inconsistencies may occur as the original titles are used.。

Lecture11_01

Part description Processor unit Memory board (4 required) Ram chips (4 required) Switch Mother board Part number 112 Inventory Scheduled Gross receipts requirements 50 Net requirements 25
25
5123
20
12
100
68
5101 5120 5146
6 15 7
50 24 -
272 68 68
216 29 61
14
Explosion (Cont.)
A key element of MRP system Provide basis for calculating the appropriate quantities and serves as the communication link between part numbers Basis for concept of dependent demand
7
A basic MRP record for keyboard
Period (day) Gross requirements Scheduled receipts Projected available balance Planned order releases
1
2 20
3
4 80
5 30 100
564 Arithmetic board
5146 Mother board
5487 Microprocessor
5120 Switch
5440 ROM chips (2 required)

弟子规《朝起早》

早起可以规划一天的计划，提高工作效率
早起可以培养自律习惯，有益于身心健康
04 相关应用及案例
相关应用
01
家庭生活
在家庭生活中，弟子规《朝起早》的教导可以应用于日常生活的方方面
面，例如早晨的起床、洗漱、饮食等环节，指导我们以一种更加规律、
有序的方式进行日常生活。

02
教育领域
在教育领域，弟子规《朝起早》的教导对于培养孩子的良好生活习惯和
自律能力有着很好的启示作用，可以帮助孩子建立正确的生活观和价值
观。
03
企业管理
在企业管理中，弟子规《朝起早》的教导同样具有借鉴意义，例如在安
排工作计划、人员管理等方面，可以帮助企业提高效率和管理水平。
相关案例
个人实践
一位家长在孩子的成长过程中，注重培养孩子良好的生活习惯，每天早晨都会按时叫醒孩子，并陪伴孩子一起晨读弟子规《朝起早》，逐渐培养了孩子规律的生活习惯和自律能力。
弟子规《朝起早》
2023-11-12
目录
• 原文及注释 • 译文及解析 • 主题思想及启示 • 相关应用及案例 • 结论及建议
01 原文及注释
原文
• “晨必盥，兼漱口，便溺回，辄净手；冠必正，纽必结，袜与履，俱紧切；置冠服，有定位，勿乱顿，致污秽；衣贵洁，不贵华，上循分，下称家；对饮食，勿拣择，食适可，勿过则；年方少，勿饮酒，饮酒醉，最为丑；步从容，立端正，揖深圆，拜恭敬；勿践阈，勿跛倚，勿箕踞，勿摇髀；缓揭帘，勿有声，宽转弯，勿触棱；执虚器，如执盈，入虚室，如有人；事勿忙，忙多错，勿畏难，勿轻略；斗闹场，绝勿近，邪僻事，绝勿问；将入门，问孰存，将上堂，声必扬；人问谁, 云是我, 若人问, 便答应; 凡出言, 信为先, 诈与妄, 奚可焉; 话说多 , 不如少, 惟其是, 勿佞巧; 刻薄语, 秽污词, 市井气, 切戒之; 见未真, 勿轻言, 知未的, 勿轻传; 事非宜, 勿轻诺, 苟轻诺, 进退错; 凡道字, 重且舒, 不急疾, 不模糊; 彼说长, 此说短, 不关己, 莫闲管; 见人善, 即思齐, 纵去远, 以渐跻; 见人恶, 即内省, 有则改, 无加警; 无益事, 莫为务, 有益事, 当勉励; 天道福善祸淫, 人无为善何患乎; 人有善行, 天有加禄; 人无善行, 万物同虚; 修身践言, 是为善名; 人若不修身, 知行能强; 人若修身, 正直温良; 一言既出驷马难追。”

人教版九年级下册语文古诗

人教版九年级下册语文古诗01 渔家傲·秋思（宋·范仲淹）【原文】塞下秋来风景异，衡阳雁去无留意。

四面边声连角起，千嶂里，长烟落日孤城闭。

浊酒一杯家万里，燕然未勒归无计。

羌管悠悠霜满地，人不寐，将军白发征夫泪。

【译文】秋天到了，西北边塞的风光和江南大不同。

大雁又飞回了衡阳，一点也没有停留之意。

黄昏时分，号角吹起，边塞特有的风声、马啸声、羌笛声和着号角声从四面八方回响起来。

连绵起伏的群山里，夕阳西下，青烟升腾，孤零零的一座城城门紧闭。

饮一杯浊酒，不由得想起万里之外的亲人，眼下战事未平，功名未立，还不能早作归计。

远方传来羌笛的悠悠之声，天气寒冷霜满地。

夜深了，在外征战的人难以入睡，将军已是头发花白，士兵抹着思乡的泪水。

02 江城子·密州出猎（宋·苏轼）【原文】老夫聊发少年狂，左牵黄，右擎苍，锦帽貂裘，千骑卷平冈。

为报倾城随太守，亲射虎，看孙郎。

酒酣胸胆尚开张。

鬓微霜，又何妨！持节云中，何日遣冯唐？会挽雕弓如满月，西北望，射天狼。

【译文】我姑且抒发一下少年的豪情壮志，左手牵着黄犬，右臂托起苍鹰，头戴华美鲜艳的帽子，身穿貂鼠皮衣，带着浩浩荡荡的大部队像疾风一样，席卷平坦的山冈。

为了报答全城的人跟随我出猎的盛意，我要像孙权一样，亲自射杀猛虎。

我痛饮美酒，心胸开阔，胆气更为豪壮，两鬓微微发白，这又有何妨？什么时候皇帝会派人下来，就像汉文帝派遣冯唐去云中赦免魏尚一样信任我呢？那时我将使尽力气将雕弓拉得像满月一样，瞄准西北，射向西夏军队。

03 破阵子·为陈同甫赋壮词以寄之（宋·辛弃疾）【原文】醉里挑灯看剑，梦回吹角连营。

八百里分麾下炙，五十弦翻塞外声。

沙场秋点兵。

马作的卢飞快，弓如霹雳弦惊。

了却君王天下事，赢得生前身后名。

可怜白发生！【译文】醉梦里挑亮油灯观看宝剑，恍惚间又回到了当年，各个军营里接连不断地响起号角声。

把酒食分给部下享用，让乐器奏起雄壮的军乐鼓舞士气。

人教版九年级语文上册必背古诗

人教版九年级语文上册必背古诗01 行路难（其一）（唐·李白）【原文】金樽清酒斗十千，玉盘珍羞直万钱。

停杯投箸不能食，拔剑四顾心茫然。

欲渡黄河冰塞川，将登太行雪满山。

闲来垂钓碧溪上，忽复乘舟梦日边。

行路难，行路难，多歧路，今安在？长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海。

【译文】酒杯里盛着价格昂贵的清醇美酒，盘子里装满价值万钱的佳肴。

但我心情愁烦，放下杯筷不想进餐。

拔出宝剑环顾四周，心里一片茫然。

想渡过黄河，坚冰堵塞大川；想登上太行山，大雪遍布高山。

想当年姜太公磻溪垂钓，得遇重才的文王；伊尹梦见乘船经过太阳旁边，受聘在商汤身边。

人生的道路何等艰难，何等艰难，歧路纷杂，真正的大道究竟在哪边？坚信乘风破浪的时机定会到来，到那时，将扬起征帆远渡碧海。

02 酬乐天扬州初逢席上见赠（唐·刘禹锡）【原文】巴山楚水凄凉地，二十三年弃置身。

怀旧空吟闻笛赋，到乡翻似烂柯人。

沉舟侧畔千帆过，病树前头万木春。

今日听君歌一曲，暂凭杯酒长精神。

【译文】巴山楚水一带荒远凄凉，度过了二十三年沦落的光阴。

回到家乡后，熟悉的人都已逝去，只能哼唱着向秀闻笛时写的《思旧赋》来怀念他们，而自己也成了神话中那个烂掉了斧头的人，已无人相识，真令人恍如隔世啊。

在沉舟旁边有上千条船争相驶过，枯败的病树前万棵绿树生机勃发。

今天听到你为我作的那一首诗，就借这杯美酒重新振作起精神吧。

03 水调歌头·明月几时有（宋·苏轼）【原文】丙辰中秋，欢饮达旦，大醉，作此篇，兼怀子由。

明月几时有？把酒问青天。

不知天上宫阙，今夕是何年。

我欲乘风归去，又恐琼楼玉宇，高处不胜寒。

起舞弄清影，何似在人间。

转朱阁，低绮户，照无眠。

不应有恨，何事长向别时圆？人有悲欢离合，月有阴晴圆缺，此事古难全。

但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。

【译文】丙辰年的中秋节，高兴地喝酒直到第二天早晨，喝到大醉，写了这首词，同时思念弟弟苏辙。

皎洁的明月何时出现？我端起酒杯询问青天。

TL82436_EN_2006-11-01

Confidential. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be transmitted or reproduced without the prior written permission of a Standards Department of the Volkswagen Group.Parties to a contract can only obtain this standard via the responsible procurement department.VOLKSWAGEN AGN o r m v o r A n w e n d u n g a u f A k t u a l i t ät p r üf e n / C h e c k s t a n d a r d f o r c u r r e n t i s s u e p r i o r t o u s a g e .T h e E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n i s b e l i e v e d t o b e a c c u r a t e .I n c a s e o f d i s c r e p a n c i e s t h e G e r m a n v e r s i o n s h a l l g o v e r n .N u m e r i c a l n o t a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o I S O p r a c t i c e (s e e V W 01000).Page 2TL 82436: 2006-112.3 National standards and requirementsThe requirements of FMVSS 219 (windshield protection zone) must be complied with.2.4 Internal safety specificationsThe engine hood hinges shall satisfy the internal safety specifications (essentially collision tests (crash), pedestrian protection, sphere test (exterior contour) and functional road trial for latch me-chanism (EP81 601.16)).The scope shall be agreed upon with the responsible engineering departments assuming technical responsibility, taking into consideration legislation and regulations that are applicable on the intro-duction date.2.5 Anti-theft protection requirementsThe engine hood hinges must satisfy the anti-theft protection requirements acc. to EP 04500.10.It must not be possible to unscrew the hinges from the exterior when the engine hood is closed.3 Functionalrequirements─operating temperature range -40 °C to +100 °C─the permissible swivel torque variations must not exceed a maximum of 20 % over the entire service life─storage temperature 2 h at 210 °C without impairment of function─operational characteristics of the hinge acc. to design dataThe bushings used in the bearing points shall withstand the paint process. All bushings and rivet joints shall ensure the function with consideration of the operating forces.4 Resistance to press-over of the mounting stop4.1 RequirementsAfter the test, the maximum opening angle variation of 3° must not be exceeded.No damages may occur. Paint abrasion and slight plastic deformations are permissible in the con-tact areas.procedure4.2 TestThe hinge shall be rigidly clamped to a testing frame without gas spring in actual design position, see Figure 2 (size acc. to design data in agreement with the responsible department).The specifications for the hinge distance acc. to design data shall be complied with.The force shall be applied via a rigid frame (test frame without gas spring).The point of force application / measurement point shall be on the exterior front corners of the test frame, see Figure 1.The specifications for the maximum lever arm shall follow the design data.Force F = 100 NPage 3TL 82436: 2006-11Figure 1 - Test setup (example)Figure 2 - Open engine hood, static transverse stiffness5 Static transverse stiffnessThe hinges shall have a sufficient transverse stiffness when the engine hood is closed. The overall deformation caused by a lateral force must not exceed a defined value.5.1 DeformationOverall deformation ≤ 3,0 mmPlastic deformation ≤ 0,1 mmPage 4TL 82436: 2006-115.2 Test procedureThe hinge shall be rigidly clamped to a testing frame in actual design position, see Figure 5 (size acc. to design data in agreement with the responsible department). Unless otherwise specified, the following dimensions shall apply: width: 1400 mm; length: 1000 mm. The distance between the hinges shall comply with the design data. The force shall be applied via a rigid frame (test frame).The point of force application / measurement point shall be on the exterior front corners of the test frame, see Figure 3.The force shall be applied in Y direction (coordinate system acc. to DIN ISO 4130) towards the sides.The force shall be applied in increasing steps of 50 N each, up to 200 N.The test shall be carried out separately on the left-hand side and the right-hand side.Figure 3 - Test setup (example)Figure 4 - Open engine hoodThe points of force application and the measurement points shall be agreed upon with the respon-sible engineering department in the case of hinges (engine hoods) deviating from the standard form.Page 5TL 82436: 2006-116 Rivet joints 6.1Rivet disengagement forcesThe rivet joints of the hinge parts shall ensure a tight hinge seating over the entire service life. To this end, a test shall be carried out to check the rivet disengagement forces (see Figure 5) which must not fall below a defined minimum value. Disengagement force (F):≥ 14,5 kN Speed of disengagement punch (V): 5,0 mm/minPunch diameter (D): 0,74 rivet pin diameter (D 1) Die diameter (d): 1,03 rivet head diameter (d 1)Figure 5 - Test setup (example)DiePage 6TL 82436: 2006-117 Life test 7.1On test stand/bodyThe test procedure according to Section 7.1.1 and Section 7.1.2 shall be performed using hinges and add-on parts in original mounting and in the as-installed position in the vehicle. Number of load cycles (opening and closing according to design data): 5 000Requirements:─ No function failures over the entire permissible tolerance range. A separate endurance test shall be carried out under these conditions.─ free of customer-relevant irritating noises (specification by relevant department assuming technical responsibility or Quality Assurance) ─ damage to components is not permissible─ all tested components must remain fully functional after the end of the test ─ swivel torque variation maximum 20%─ lash- and rattle-free in as-received condition─a slight lash is permissible after life testing, whereas rattling remains impermissible7.1.1 Endurance test with exposure to salt spray Temperature and load cycle distribution see Figure 6-60-40-2020406080100LastwechselT e m p e r a t u r [°C ]Figure 6 - Temperature and load cycle distributionMeasurement of operating forcesSalt spray test DIN 50021 SS, 10 hT e m p e r a t u r e (°C) Load CyclesPage 7TL 82436: 2006-117.1.2 Endurance test with exposure to dust Temperature and load cycle distribution:see Diagram 2010203040506070809025050075010001250150017502000225025002750300032503500375040004250450047505000LastwechselT e m p e r a t u r [°C ]Diagram 2 – Temperature and load cycle distributionMeasurement of operating forcesExpose all moving parts and the bearing points to dust (fine-grained, e.g. Arizona).8 Corrosion protectionThe materials and/or surface finishes used must be weather-resistant over the entire service life after painting (cathodic dip and top coat). The following tests and standards must be adhered to for this purpose:─ environmental cycle test according to PV 2005─ corrosion protection in unpainted condition acc. to surface specification Ofl-c610 in VW 13750 ─ corrosion protection (salt spray in painted condition), at least 15 cycles without visual impair-ment, acc. to PV 1210─ surface protection of metals acc. to VW 13750─corrosion road trial (in agreement with the department assuming technical responsibility)A reduced surface protection is permissible for the rivet points in unpainted condition. 9 Referenced standards 1 VW 01155 Vehicle Supply Parts; Approval of First Supply and Changes VW 13750 Surface Protection of Metal Parts; Surface Protection Types, Codes VW 91101 Environmental Standard for Vehicles; Vehicle Parts, Materials, OperatingFluids; Avoidance of Hazardous Substances PV 1210Body and Add-On Parts; Corrosion Test1In this Section, terminological inconsistencies may occur as the original titles are used.Load CyclesT e m p e r a t u r e (°C )Page 8TL 82436: 2006-11PV 2005 Vehicle Parts; Testing of Resistance to Environmental Cycle TestPV 3553 Engine Hoods, Opening and Closing; Test ProcedureEP 04 500.10 Einbruch- und Diebstahlsicherheit; Einbruch- und Diebstahlversuche, All-gemein (Intrusion and Anti-Theft Protection, General Requirements - cur-rently only available in German)EP 010.10 Fahrzeug gesamt, Funktionserprobung; Wintererprobung Karosserie, Türen und Klappen (Complete Vehicle, Function Testing; Winter Testing of Bodyand Hang-on Parts - currently only available in German)EP 010.20 Fahrzeug gesamt, Funktionserprobung; Fahrversuch Stauberprobung (Complete Vehicle, Function Testing; Road Trial Dust Test - currently onlyavailable in German)EP 81 601.16 ZSB Frontklappe; Funktions- Fahrversuch Fanghaken (Engine Hood ASSY;Functional Road Trial for Latch – currently only available in German)EP 81 601.45 ZSB Frontklappe; Dauer-Fahrversuch (Engine Hood ASSY; Endurance Road Trial – currently only available in German)DIN 50017 KFW Climates and Their Technical Application; Condensated Water Containing ClimatesDIN ISO 4130 Road Vehicles; 3-Dimensional Reference System and Primary Reference Points; DefinitionsFMVSS 219 Vehicle Safety - Windshield Zone Intrusion。

传感器原理

反射式光电传感器的原理及其特点时间：2011-11-01 16:35 作者：赛微编辑来源：赛微电子网近年来，随着光电技术的发展，传感器已经成为获取自然和生产领域中信息的主要途径与手段，反射式光电传感器能够获取准确可靠的信息，反射式光电传感器已成为系列产品，其品种及产量日益增加，用户可根据需要选用各种规格产品，在各种轻工自动机上获得广泛的应用。

下面我们一起来了解一下反射式光电传感器的工作原理及其特点。

反射式光电传感器定义反射式光电传感器是将红外发光管和硅光敏三极管等，以相同的方向装在支架上。

当红外线发光管通电发光时，光通过被照射物反射到硅光敏三极管窗口上，使硅光敏三极管导通，从而有一定大的电流输出，以此检测物体的有无。

适用于光电接近开关、光电自动控制、物体识别等方面，可做医用光电传感器件。

反射式光电传感器的工作原理反射式光电传感器的工作原理：自带一个光源和一个光接收装置，光源发出的光经过待测物体的反射被光敏元件接收，再经过相关电路的处理得到所需要的信息。

可以用来检测地面明暗和颜色的变化，也可以探测有无接近的物体。

反射式光电传感器的特点1、安装接线简便2、安装使用时便于光路对齐3、不受被检物的形状、颜色和材质影响4、相对于对射式光电传感器，节省安装使用空间反射式光电传感器的使用注意事项1、被检测的工件或物体表面必须有黑白相间的部位用于吸收和反射红外光，这样接收管才能有效的截止和饱和达到计数的目的。

所以在选择工作点、安装及使用中最关健的一点是接收管必须工作于截止区和饱和区。

2、使用中反射式光电传感器的前端面与被检测的工件或物体表面必须保持平行，这样反射式光电传感器的转换效率最高。

3、反射式光电传感器的前端面与反光板的距离保持在规定的范围内。

4、反射式光电传感器必须安装在没有强光直接照射处，因强光中的红外光将影响接收管的正常工作。

5、反射式光电传感器的红外发射管的电流在2～10mA之间时发光强度与电流的线性最佳，所以在电流取值一般不超过这个范围，若取值太大发射管的光衰也大长时间工作影响寿命;若在电池供电的情况下电流取值应小，此时抗干扰性下降，在结构设计时应考虑这点，尽量避免外界光干扰等不利因素。

TL1318_EN_2003-11-01

四年级上册语文11课课件

03
课堂互动
小组讨论
总结词：激发思考
VS
详细描述：小组讨论是一种有效的课堂互动方式，可以激发学生的思考，促进他们交流和表达自己的观点。在四年级上册语文11课的教学中，教师可以组织小组讨论，让学生围绕课文的主题或问题展开讨论，提高他们的思维能力和语言表达能力。
角色扮演
总结词：增强理解
情境导入
融入情境
通过多媒体手段，如图片、音频、视频等，将学生带入课文的情境中，让学生更好地融入课文的氛围。例如，在四年级上册语文11课《王戎不取道旁李》中，可以展示一些与文章内容相关的图片或视频，帮助学生更好地理解文章所描述的场景和情感。
激发兴趣
引发好奇心
通过提出一些与课文相关的问题，引发学生的好奇心和探究欲望，从而激发学生对课文的兴趣。例如，在四年级上册语文11课《王戎不取道旁李》中，可以问学生：“为什么王戎不取道旁李？”这样的问题可以引发学生的思考和好奇心，让他们更积极地参与到课文的学习中。
四年级上册语文11课课件
目录
• 课文导入 • 课文内容讲解 • 课堂互动 • 课后作业 • 教师总结
01
课文导入
背景介绍
激发兴趣
通过介绍课文的背景，让学生了解课文的创作背景和历史背景，从而激发学生对课文的兴趣。例如，在四年级上册语文11课《王戎不取道旁李》中，可以介绍王戎的生平和时代背景，以及这篇文章的创作背景，让学生更好地理解课文。
下节课预告
总结词
下节课预告
详细描述
预告下节课的学习内容，包括《太阳》一文的讲解和相关练习。提醒学生提前预习，以便更好地掌握下节课的知识点。
THANKS FOR WATCHING
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EHS-003-11-01-底坑爬梯标准V2.0

底坑爬梯标准Purpose目的1、统一底坑爬梯的制作要求。

2、确保员工最大限度地免受伤害。

Scope范围适用于中奥集团所有电梯及旧梯改造时安装爬梯作业。

References参考资料1、GB 17888-19992、OTIS全球工地工作安全标准（WWJSSS）。

Definitions定义底坑爬梯：固定于底坑井道壁用于人员进出底坑的双立柱固定式直梯。

Notes说明1.本程序自发布之日起开始执行。

2.对于本程序发布日前执行的所有相关政策、程序、方法，如果其内容与本程序相抵触，请废除该文件并按本程序执行。

3.本程序将随着国家标准和“WWJSSS”的更新而逐步更新。

EH&S-003-11-01修订号修订日期修订人批准人签名与日期1 2004年7月15日吴强董伯昌2345修订历史修订号修订日期修订描述（包括所涉及的章节号）修订原因1 2004年7月15日将标准爬梯高度由1500毫米降低为标准更改1100毫米。

2345EH&S-003-11-01底坑爬梯标准1、总则：1.1.当电梯底坑地面离楼层外门地槛高度超过1米时，必须安装有底坑爬梯。

1.2.梯子各元件的材料要符合GB17888.4-1999中第5章的各种试验数据。

1.3.可能与使用者接触的所有零件都要设计得不会对人造成伤害，如避免尖角、焊接毛刺或粗糙的边缘等。

1.4.同时使用梯子的人数为1人。

2、标准爬梯结构示意图：EH&S-003-11-013、标准爬梯的技术要求：3.1. 底坑爬梯一般是由直径不少于35毫米且厚度大于2.5毫米的铁管焊接而成；3.2.相邻两踏棍的间距H应是一致的，并应为250~300毫米之间；3.3.爬梯最上端与进入层步行表面的距离应不小于1100毫米；3.4.底坑地面的步行表面和下面第一级踏棍间的距离H应与相邻踏棍间的距离相等，为250~300毫米；3.5.爬梯在进入层的步行表面的同一水平面附近应有一踏棍。

偏差最大为150毫米；3.6.踏棍的长度L应在300~400毫米之间。

唐诗三百首目录

唐诗三百首（目录）唐诗三百首内容简介“熟读唐诗三百首，不会写诗也会吟。

”唐诗，是中国古典文学的瑰宝，唐诗三百首是唐诗中的精华，更是中国传统文化中一颗璀璨的明珠。

为了让更多的人了解和欣赏唐诗博大精深的地方，我们重新编写整理了这本唐诗三百首目录，为广大读者提供更好的版本。

里面包括了，所有唐诗三百首的原文，译文，字词注释和赏析等。

本书是中国古典文学精华之一。

本文精选了唐代诗歌当中最具代表性的诗歌三百首，构成了这部唐诗三百首，首首耳熟能详。

下面将对每首诗歌给出了注释、译文和赏析这三项内容。

阅读后，不仅能使你提高诗歌欣赏能力，还能大大提高你整体的文学艺术修养。

【五言古诗】001-01、002-02、003-03、张九龄感遇（其三）004-04、张九龄感遇（其四）005-05、006-06、008-08、009-09、010-10、011-11、012-12、013-13、014-14、015-15、016-16、017-17、018-18、019-19、020-20、021-21、022-22、024-24、025-25、026-26、027-27、028-28、029-29、030-30、031-31、032-32、033-33、034-34、035-35、【五言乐府】036-01、037-02、039-04、李白子夜四时歌（春歌）040-05、李白子夜四时歌（夏歌）041-06、李白子夜四时歌（秋歌）042-07、李白子夜四时歌（冬歌）043-08、044-09、045-10、046-11、047-12、048-13、049-14、050-15、051-16、052-17、053-18、【七言古诗】055-01、056-02、057-03、058-04、059-05、060-06、061-07、062-08、063-09、064-10、065-11、066-12、067-13、069-15、070-16、071-17、072-18、073-19、074-20、075-21、076-22、077-23、韩愈石鼓歌078-24、079-25、080-26、081-27、【七言乐府】082-01、083-02、085-04、086-05、087-06、088-07、089-08、090-09、091-10、李白行路难（其二）092-11、李白行路难（其三）093-12、094-13、095-14、096-15、097-16、【五言律诗】098-01、100-03、101-04、102-05、103-06、104-07、105-08、106-09、107-10、108-11、109-12、110-13、111-14、112-15、113-16、114-17、116-19、117-20、118-21、119-22、120-23、121-24、122-25、123-26、124-27、125-28、126-29、127-30、128-31、129-32、130-33、132-35、133-36、134-37、孟浩然清明日宴梅道士房135-38、136-39、137-40、138-41、139-42、孟浩然留别王侍御维140-43、141-44、142-45、143-46、144-47、145-48、146-49、148-51、149-52、150-53、151-54、152-55、153-56、卢纶李端公154-57、155-58、156-59、157-60、158-61、159-62、160-63、161-64、162-65、164-67、165-68、166-69、167-70、168-71、169-72、170-73、171-74、172-75、173-76、174-77、175-78、176-79、177-80、【七言律诗】179-02、180-03、181-04、182-05、183-06、184-07、185-08、186-09、187-10、188-11、王维酬郭给事189-12、190-13、191-14、192-15、193-16、195-18、196-19、197-20、198-21、199-22、200-23、201-24、202-25、203-26、204-27、205-28、206-29、207-30、208-31、209-32、211-34、212-35、213-36、214-37、215-38、216-39、217-40、218-41、219-42、220-43、221-44、222-45、223-46、224-47、225-48、227-50、228-51、229-52、230-53、【五言绝句】231-01、232-02、233-03、234-04、235-05、236-06、237-07、238-08、239-09、240-10、242-12、243-13、244-14、245-15、246-16、247-17、248-18、249-19、250-20、251-21、252-22、253-23、254-24、255-25、256-26、258-28、259-29、【七言绝句】260-01、261-02、262-03、263-04、264-05、265-06、266-07、267-08、268-09、李白下江陵269-10、270-11、271-12、273-14、274-15、275-16、276-17、277-18、278-19、279-20、280-21、281-22、282-23、283-24、284-25、285-26、286-27、287-28、289-30、290-31、291-32、292-33、293-34、294-35、295-36、296-37、297-38、298-39、399-40、300-41、301-42、302-43、303-44、304-45、305-46、306-47、307-48、308-49、309-50、310-51、311-52、312-53、313-54、314-55、315-56、316-57、317-58、318-59、319-60、。

《论语》四则

contents •出处与背景•“朽木不可雕也”章•“唯女子与小人难养也”章•“学而时习之，不亦说乎”章•“逝者如斯夫”章目录contents •“己所不欲，勿施于人”章•“温故而知新”章•“不迁怒不贰过”章•“知之为知之，不知为不知”章•“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆”章目录01古代典籍历史背景《论语》简介《论语》中的孔子思想030201四则的选择与背景选自《论语》的不同篇目，涵盖了孔子的不同方面思想。

每则都是独立的，但相互之间又有一定的关联性。

选择这四则作为研究对象是因为它们反映了孔子思想的不同侧面，有助于更全面地了解孔子及其思想。

01原文朽木不可雕也，粪土之墙不可圬也，于予与何诛？翻译腐朽的木头无法雕刻，粪土垒的墙壁无法粉刷，对于宰予这个人，责备他还有什么用呢？原文与翻译背后的含义与启示含义此章批评了宰予没有好好努力学习，懒惰并且没有追求进步。

孔子认为，朽木和粪土之墙都是无法进行雕刻和粉刷的，因此对于宰予的问题，责备他已经没有意义。

启示对于个人和社会，都需要不断努力进步和学习，否则就会面临被淘汰的风险。

同时，对于那些已经无法改变的人或事，应该学会接受并放弃责备，避免浪费时间和精力。

与现代教育观的联系01唯女子与小人难养也，近之则不孙，远之则怨。

翻译只有女子和小人是难以相处的，亲近他们就会无礼，疏远他们又会心生怨恨。

原文原文与翻译VS背后的含义与启示含义启示与现代社会观念的对比与思考对比思考01原文学而时习之，不亦说乎？要点一要点二翻译学习后及时复习，不是很愉快吗？原文与翻译含义这句话强调了学习后及时复习的重要性，通过反复温习，加深对知识的理解和记忆，从而获得更好的学习效果。

启示学习是一个不断反复的过程，只有通过不断的复习和巩固，才能真正掌握知识，提高自己的学习能力和水平。

背后的含义与启示这句话所强调的及时复习的学习方法，对于提高学习效率和成果具有重要意义。

通过定时复习，可以及时发现和弥补学习中的不足和漏洞，更好地掌握知识。

高中生物知识点集11_01

角顿市安康阳光实验学校高中生物知识点集锦（2）新人教版必修11、研究甲状腺功能时应用的放射性同位素是（）A．14C B．131I C．15N D．90Sr2、下列哪项不是组成生物体的大量元素（）A. CB. NC. MgD. Cu3、生活在沙漠中的仙人掌细胞中含量最多的化合物是（）A．蛋白质 B．糖类 C．水 D．无机盐A4、在大熊猫和大肠杆菌体内，最基本的化学元素和含量最多的化学元素分别是（A．C和O B．C和H C．O和C D．H和O5、下列有关组成生物体的化学元素的论证，正确的是（）A．组成生物体和组成无机自然界的化学元素中，碳元素含量最多B．人、动物与植物所含的化学元素的种类差异很大C．组成生物体的化学元素在无机自然界都可以找到D．不同生物体内各种化学元素的含量比例基本相似6、瘦肉和花生中，含量（干重）最丰富的依次是（）A．脂肪、蛋白质 B．蛋白质、脂肪 C．糖类、蛋白质 D．蛋白质、糖类7、在人体的肝脏和骨骼肌中含量较多的糖是（）A．乳糖 B．淀粉 C．糖元 D．麦芽糖8、在人体分泌的内分泌激素中，属于固醇的是（）A．雄性激素和甲状腺激素 B．雌性激素和肾上腺皮质激素C．生长激素和胰岛素 D．胰岛素和性激素9、脂肪和糖类都是能源物质,两者在体内氧化分解时,同质量的脂肪和糖类相比(a )A．放能多,耗氧多 B．放能多,耗氧少C．放能少,耗氧多 D．放能少,耗氧少10、糖元和淀粉完全水解后的产物分别是（）A．葡萄糖葡萄糖 B．葡萄糖果糖 C．核糖葡萄糖 D．乳糖果糖11、玉米茎杆细胞中最重要的二糖和多糖分别是（）①乳糖和葡萄糖②乳糖和麦芽糖③蔗糖和麦芽糖④糖元和纤维素⑤植物淀粉和纤维素 A.①④ B.②⑤ C.③④ D.③⑤12、下列有关多糖的叙述中哪一项是不可能的（）cA．它们是生物的主要能源物质 B．它们是植物细胞壁的主要成分C．它们是遗传信息的载体 D．它们的分子质量大13、下列叙述中最符合自由水生理功能的是（）BA．作为溶剂，只能使无机盐成为离子状态 B．溶解、运输营养物质和废物C．与细胞内其它化合物结合 D．细胞结构的组成成分14、下列有关无机盐的叙述中，错误的是（）A．无机盐是某些复杂化合物的重要成分B．无机盐对维持生命活动有重要作用C．无机盐是细胞中的能源物质之一D无机盐对维持细胞的形态和功能有重要的作用[高考资源网]15、组织中的一个新细胞中水的存在形式及比值是（）A．自由水与结合水的比值大 B．全为结合水C．自由水与结合水的比值小 D．全为自由水16、下面是关于脂质的叙述，其中正确的是（ D ）[高考资源网]A．磷脂由C、H、O三种元素组成，是构成液泡膜的主要成分B．性激素的化学本质是蛋白质，对维持生物体生殖过程起着重要的调节作用C．脂肪只存在于动物的脂肪细胞中，而其它部位和植物细胞中没有D．企鹅体内的脂肪有减少热量散失，维持体温恒定的作用17、有机化合物中具有不同的化学基团，它们对水的亲和力不同。