final exam practice for ITM00
八下英语作文期末
八下英语作文期末My Final Exam。
As the final exam is approaching, I feel both excited and nervous. The final exam is the most important exam of the year, and it will determine my final grade for the semester. Therefore, I have been preparing for it diligently, and I hope to achieve good results.To prepare for the final exam, I have been reviewingall the materials that I have learned throughout the semester. I have been going over my notes, reading the textbook, and practicing with past exam papers. I have also been seeking help from my teachers and classmates whenever I encounter difficulties. I believe that with enough preparation and hard work, I will be able to perform well in the final exam.In addition to reviewing the materials, I have also been taking care of my health. I have been getting enoughsleep, eating healthily, and exercising regularly. Ibelieve that a healthy body and mind are essential for performing well in the exam. Therefore, I have been taking good care of myself to ensure that I am in the bestcondition for the exam.As the final exam draws nearer, I can feel the pressure mounting. However, I am determined to stay calm and focused.I have been practicing mindfulness and relaxationtechniques to help me stay calm and focused during the exam.I believe that a clear and focused mind is crucial for performing well in the exam.In conclusion, I have been preparing for the final exam diligently, and I am determined to achieve good results. I have been reviewing the materials, taking care of my health, and practicing mindfulness and relaxation techniques. I am confident that with enough preparation and hard work, Iwill be able to perform well in the final exam. I amlooking forward to the final exam, and I am excited to see the results of my hard work.。
FINAL二级笔试
English Proficiency Test for IT Professionals, Level Two Directions:The total time limit for this paper-based session is 110 minutes, and the total score 80 points. Please mark or write all the answers on the Answer Sheets. Part I. Listening Comprehension (20 points, 20 minutes)Section A: Short ConversationsDirections: In this section you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will be given 20 seconds to read the 4 alternatives marked A, B, C and D, and decide which one is correct based on what is stated or implied in the conversation. You will hear each conversation ONLY ONCE. Choose the right answer and mark it on your answer sheet.1.What is Jessica’s problem?A.She doesn’t know how to use the printer.B.She doesn’t know how to fix the printer.C.She can’t find the printer.D.She doesn’t know wh o is Ben.2.What is the probable relationship between Janice and Mr. David?A.Secretary and bossB.Patient and nurseC.Student and teacherD.Customer and shop assistant3.What can we learn from this conversation?A.Ms. White is from Creation Software.B.Jacky Chen’s team is working on the time consuming requirements analysis.C.The time consuming requirements analysis has not been finished yet.D.Ms. White and Jacky Chen are workmates.4.What can be inferred from the conversation?A.Mike is from General Computers.B.The course registration system is being developed by General Computers.C.The course registration system has already been finished.D.Jane and Mike are workmates.5.What does the man advice the woman to do?A.He advises her to read the agenda.B.He advises her to ask Tom.C.He advises her to read his notes.D.He doesn’t think it is necessary to know what the meeting was about.6.What’s the probable relationship between the two speakers?A.Boss and subordinateB.FriendsC.ColleaguesD.Business partners7.What does the woman mean?A.She disagrees with the man.B.She doesn’t like Jim’s report.C.She totally agrees with the man.D.She doesn’t want to drop the current design.8. About the pilot version of the Vehicle Tracking Software, which of the following is NOT TRUE?A.Mary’s team is developing it.B.There may be an important function missing.C.It can not be finished on schedule.D.It can be finished on time.9．What does Michael mean?A.He doesn’t want to help the woman.B.He will certainly have the job well done.C.He hates Oral English Contest.D.He doesn’t want to do any preparation work.10. What is the woman probably doing?A.She is typing a letter.B.She is chatting with her friend.C.She is showing the man how to use Excel table.D.She is working on the Excel table.Section B: Fill in the BlanksDirections: In this section you will hear one passage. The passage will be read TWICE. You must carefully listen in order to fill in the 10 gaps with the missing information. Now listen to the passage please.A: Mr. Smith, We planned to put Version 1.0 and V ersion 2.0 in the same ___11___ last time because there was just no way to meet the ___12___ with two iterations.B: Yeah, so what kind of problem are you having now?A: The point is, we don’t know what we’re going to put into Version 1.0 until we finish with Version 2.0.B: Do you mean that the second version can’t be ___13___ and coded until the first one is 100% complete?A: Precisely! And if we have to spend more time on developing the second version, we’ll have to ___14___ the schedule. We’ll need two more weeks to develop the second version.B: I am afraid that’s___15___. We’ve already added four weeks in the design phase. Students will need to select courses at the beginning of September. Things are already too___16___!A: In my opinion, we may deliver the first version before September with all the functions theclient needs to build a course ___17___ and register students.B: That’s certainly a relief. I’ll call Mr. Smith to brief him on our new ___18___ and try to persuade him to push back the deadline by two weeks.A: And considering the client’s future needs, we will develop a couple of APIs open for a Version 3.0 and Version 4.0. So for example, if they need a make-up system or an ___19___ payment system, we could add those ____20___ to V ersion 3.0 and Version 4.0B: That sounds like a great idea. Jacky, it’s great to have you on our team.Part II. Vocabulary & Structure （20 points）Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. Beneath each sentence you will find four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. Then, on Answer Sheet I, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. You have 20 minutes for this part.21. How is the new monitoring procedure ____?A. going outB. working outC. working throughD. going through22. _____ these papers and fasten them together with a clip, please.A.work outB.figure outC.run outD.sort out23.Several of the members have _____ suggestions of their own.e alonge overe throughe up with24. The company has recently ____ its range of products.A.stretchedB.reachedC.extendedD.increase25. In doing so the MNC (Multinational corporations) must ______ the unique nature of the business practices in the foreign country.A. go throughB. give upC. keep in mindD. work out26. I have _____ my own ideas for such a programme.A. put throughC. put intoD. put together27.We're short-staffed and everybody is _____.A.under the gunB.under considerationC.under constructionD.under cover28. Most end users won’t complain if they can’t configure your program _____ it does its job well.A.in order thatB.so thatC.althoughD.as long as29. Due to some sudden change, the program was ___ to 9.30pm by Alan Yentob, controller of BBC1.A. scheduledB. rescheduledC. schemedD. planned30. Please go over the ___ of the contract.A.sketchB.skeletonC.draftD.rough31.The typical toolbar is a collection of butcons (icons that ____ buttons), usually without text labels, in a horizontal slab positioned directly below the menu bar or in a vertical slab attached to the side of the main window (see Figure 23-1).A.serve asB.serve forC.serve outD.serve notice32. A visual interface is _____visual patterns.A.counted onB.based onC.depended onD.located at33. It isn't difficult to ____ what direction most software-enabled products take.A. get outB. run outC. figure outD. watch out34. In an attempt to ____ out applicants, some large companies already demand at least a good honors degree and an A grade at A-level in their university subject.A.workC.figureD.filter35.The manager would ____ the queer goings-on in the office.A.look intoB.look aheadC.look forD.look about36. He will _____ the job for me during my absence.A.take charge ofB.take a chairC.take a chanceD.take a shine to37. I ____ your taking immediate action to put this right.A. insist thatB. insist onC. suggest onD. insist to38. The marketing character is willing to give, but only ____ receiving.A.in exchange forB.in communication withC.in interchange withD.in exchange to39.Someone may say law is relentless; however _____, law is absolutely fair.A.in the right perspectiveB.in the wrong perspectiveC.in perspectiveD.from another perspective40. If you use project management or organization chart programs, you are undoubtedly ___with this idiom.A.similarB.unfamiliarmonD.acquaintedPart III Reading Comprehension (20 points)There are three passages in this part. Answer all the questions about information in these passages on the basis of what is stated or implied in each passage. You have 30 minutes for this part.Section A: Normal Reading (10 points)Directions:In this section you will read two passages at normal speed. Each one isfollowed by 5 questions about it. You will choose the best answer, A, B, C, or D, to each question. Then, on Answer Sheet I, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.Passage 1Electronic mail has long been the most widely used Internet application. For some people, it is also their most frequent form of communication. Electronic mail is also the technology underlying mailing lists. Electronic mail is a natural use of networked communication technology that developed along with the evolution of the Internet. Indeed, message exchange in one form or another has existed from the early days of timesharing computers. Network capable email was developed for the ARPANET shortly after its creation, and has now evolved into the powerful email technology that is the most widely used application on the Internet today.During the past few years, scientist all over the world have suddenly found themselves productively engaged in task they once spent their lives avoiding — writing, any kind of writing but particularly letter writing. Encouraged by electronic mail's surprisingly high speed, convenience and economy, people who never before touched the stuff are regularly, skillfully, even cheerfully tapping out a great deal of correspondence.Electronic networks, woven into the fabric of scientific communication these days, are the route to colleagues in distant counties, shared data, bulletin boards and electronic journals. Anyone with a personal computer, a modem and the software to link computers over telephone lines can sign on. An estimated five million scientists have done so with more joining every day, most of them communicating through a bundle of interconnected domestic and foreign routes known collectively as the internet, or net.E-mail is staring to edge out the fax, the telephone, overnight mail, and of course, land mail. It shrinks time and distance between scientific collaborators, in part because it is conveniently asynchronous (writers can type while their colleagues across time zones sleep; their message will be waiting). If it is not yet speeding discoveries, it is certainly accelerating communication.Jeremy Bemstei, the physicist and science writer, once called E-mail the physicist's umbilical cord. Lately other people, too, have been discovering its connective virtues. Physicists are using it; college students are using it, everybody is using it, and as a sign that it has come of age, the New Yorker has accelerates its liberating presence with a cartoon —an appreciative dog seated at a keyboard, saying happily, "On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog."41. Why is E-mail so popular according to the passage?A. available at any timeB. time-saving in deliveryC. money-savingD. all of above42. How is the Internet or net explained in the passage?A. Electronic routes used to read home and international journals.B. Electronic routes used to fax or correspond overnight.C. Electronic routes waiting for correspondence while one is sleeping.D. Electronic routes connected among millions of users, home and abroad.43. What does the sentence "If it is not speeding discoveries, it is certainly acceleratingcommunication'' most probably mean?A. The quick speed of correspondence may have ill-effects on discoveriesB. Although it does not speed up correspondence, it helps make discoveries.C. It quickens mutual communication even if it does not accelerate discoveries.D. It shrinks time for communication and accelerates discoveries.44. What does the sentence "On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog." imply in the lastparagraph?A. Even dogs are interested in the computer.B. E-mail has become very popular.C. Dogs are liberated from their usual duties.D. E-mail deprives dogs of their owners' love45. What will happen to fax, land mail, overnight mail, etc. according to the writer?A. Their functions cannot be replaced by E-mail.B. They will co-exist with E-mail for a long time.C. Less and less people will use them.D. They will play a supplementary function to E-mail.Passage 2Bluetooth is the name given to a new technology standard using short-range radio links, intended to replace the cables connecting portable and/or fixed electronic devices. The standard defines a uniform structure for a wide range of devices to communicate with each other, with minimal user effort.Bluetooth is a universal radio interface in the 2.45GHz frequency band that enables portable electronic devices to connect and communicate wirelessly via short-range, ad hoc networks. Each unit can simultaneously communicate with up to several other units per piconet. Moreover, each unit can simultaneously belong to several piconets.Bluetooth technology which apart from Ericsson has gained the support of Nokia, IBM, Toshiba, Intel and many other manufacturers. It eliminates the need for wires, cables and connectors for and between cordless or mobile phones, modems, headsets, PDAs, Computers, printers, projectors, local area networks, and so on, and paves the way for new and completely different devices and applications. Technology Characteristics:1Ms/s symbol rate exploits maximum available channel bandwidth.Fast frequency hopping avoids interference.Adaptive output power minimizes interference.Short data packets maximize capacity during interference.Fast acknowledge allows low coding overhead for links.CVSD (Continuous Variable Slope Delta Modulation) voice coding enables operation at high bit- error rates.Flexible packet types support wide application range.Air interface tailored to minimize current consumption.Basic Technical Information—Based upon a small , high performance integrated radio transceiver, each of which is allocated a unique 48-bit address derived from the IEEE 802·standard .Operate in the unrestricted 2.45GHz ISM free band, which is available globally althoughslight variation of location and width of band apply.Range set at 10m to optimize for target market of mobile and business user.Gross data rate 1Mbit/s with second generation plans to increase to 1Mbit/s.One-to-one connections allow maximum data transfer rate of 721kbit/s (3 voice channels).Uses packet switching protocol based on frequency hop scheme with 1600 hops/s to enable high performance in noisy radio environments .The entire available frequency spectrum is used with 79 hops of 1 MHz bandwidth, analogous to the IEEE 802.11 standardLow power consumption longevity for battery powered devices. During data transfer the maximum current drain is 30mA. However during pauses or at lower data rates will be lower.46. According to the passage, Bluetooth technology is mainly used for _____.A. replacing portable and/or fixed electronic devices by cablesB. replacing short-range radio links by cables connecting electronic devicesC. connecting portable and/or fixed electronic devices by radio linksD. connecting portable and/or fixed electronic devices by cables47. The word “simultaneously” on line 3, in the second paragraph means________.A. at different timesB. at the same timeC. all the timeD. for some time48. From the passage, we can infer that Bluetooth technology is originally developed by______.A. NokiaB. IBMC. ToshibaD. Ericsson49. According to the passage, how far will be the most suitable range for mobile market andbusiness user?A. 1 mileB. 10 milesC. 48 milesD. 721 miles50. This passage is mainly talking about_________?A. Bluetooth technology and its characteristicsB. how Bluetooth technology changes our lifeC. what Bluetooth technology isD. why Bluetooth technology is inventedSection B: Speed Reading (10 points)Directions: In this section you will read one passage at fast speed. There are 5 questions you need to answer. You will choose the best answer, A, B, C, or D, to each question. Then, on Answer Sheet I, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along withthis program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 MassAve, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. Visit usWelcome to eMule, a file sharing client based on the eDonkey2000(C) network.Visit us atand/projects/emuleorthe IRC chatroom, #emule on Please remember that this is an early version, not all features are implemented yet, and not everything might work as expected.Visit our forum for bug reports, feature requests, development or general discussion.If you have questions or serious problems, please read the FAQ first :) It canbe found at . A small collection of questions is alsodiscussed later in this document.If you didn't find an answer, SEARCH the forum for a topic related to your problem, DO NOT open a new topic at once, most likely someone else had the same problem before.The official Forum is also at Please use only English there, except for the language-specific sections. (PLEASE do not report bugs that are already posted by someone else, and keep the "Bug Reports", "Feature Requests" and "Development" sections clean and shiny)Would you like to donate to the eMule project? A PayPal link can be found onthe portal page () Thanks ;)2. INSTALLATION:--------------Unzip eMule to a directory of your choice, or start the installer if youdownloaded the .exe installer version.-You can move your "Temp" and "Incoming" folders from eDonkey (or a previous version of eMule) to the new directory now, in order to continue your partial downloads. If you don't want to move your folders, you can set the "temp" and "incoming" path in the eMule preferences and restart it to get the same result.-Updating from an earlier version of eMule: The best way to do this is simplyto download the .zip file (not the installer), and unzip the new emule.exe toyour old eMule directory, overwriting the previous one.3. CONFIGURATION:---------------Go to the "Preferences" tab-Enter a nice nickname ;)-Enter the "Download Capacity" and "Upload Capacity" according to your internet connection. All values in eMule are kiloBytes (KB), your Internet Service Provider's (ISP) numbers are most likely kiloBits (kB). 8 Bits make up 1 Byte, so when your Internet Connection is 768kB Downstream and 128kB Upstream (like German Telekom DSL), your correct values are:Downstream: 768kB / 8 = 96KB, you enter 96 as "Download Capacity"Upstream: 128kB / 8 = 16 KB, you enter 16 as "Upload Capacity"The "capacity" values are used for the statistics display only. Nevertheless,you need to know them to determine the following down/upload limits:-Enter "Download Limit" and "Upload Limit” (IMPORTANT!)Download Limit: leave this at 0 (should eMule become too fast and you are unable to surf the Internet or whatever, reduce it to 80-90% of "Download Capacity")Upload Limit: set this to ~80% of your "Upload Capacity" (so when your Upload Capacity is 16, set Upload Limit to 12 or 13)Setting Upload Limit to a value < 10 will automatically reduce your Download Limit, so uploadas fast as you can.NOTE: 56k Modem users: eMule only accepts integral values for these settings at the moment, you can't enter 2.6 or whatever your sweet-spot setting is, yet. Sorry :) Maybe later.-"Maximum Connections": depends on your operating system. As a general rule...-Windows 98/ME (and 56k Modem/ISDN) users enter 50 here-Windows 2000/XP users should set this according to theirInternet Connection. 250 is a good value for 128k upstream connection,for example. DO NOT set this too high. It will kill your upload and withthat, your download.-"Maximum Sources per File": decide for yourself how many you want :) when you set this too high, your computer might slow down drastically or even crash. 500-1000 are good values for people with DSL/cable connection.-Choose the directories you want to share with other users. DO NOT SHARE YOUR COMPLETE HARDDISK! Put the stuff you want to share in a seperate Folder. If you share more than ~200 files, you should reconsider that...-The other options are pretty self-explaining. If you don’t know what it does, don't touch it.4. FAQ: (for more, see /faq/ )--"Will I lose my credits when switching to a new version of eMule?"Not when move your old preferences.dat (your user ID) and clients.met (otherpeople's credits) files to the directory you installed the new version in.The best way to update is just to replace your old emule.exe with the new onefrom the .zip download.--"Why is eMule so slow? My brother/friend/whatever is downloading at 100K constantly"When you did setup eMule properly, it's all about the availability of the files you are downloading, a bit of luck and a lot of patience ;)--"Where can I get a new server list?"There are several lists available. Some that I know of are:--http://ed2k.2x4u.deNote that those sites are not related to the eMule project, we are notresponsible for their content.--"What is the addresses.dat file for?"You can enter a server list URL in that file. eMule will then get the server list from that URL at startup (when the option "Auto-update server list at startup" is activated)--"What is the staticservers.dat file good for?"You can enter your favorite servers here to have them permanently in your server list with high priority. You can enter the static IP of the server, or an address like . You can also add static servers to this file via the server tab in eMule (right-click -> add to static server list) --"Why do I always have a low ID (means: firewalled) ??? What can I do against that?" Look here: /faq/ports.htm--"How do I know whether my ID is high or low?"Look at the arrow in the bottom right corner, next to the server name you are connected to. When it's green, your ID is high. When it's orange, your ID is low.--"What does high and low ID mean anyway?"When your ID is high (green arrow), everything is fine :) When it's low (orange arrow), you are behind a firewall or router, and other clients can't connect to you directly (which is a bad thing). Plz read the FAQ or search the forums on how to configure your firewall/router for eMule. NOTE: you can also get a low ID when the server you connected to is too busy to answer properly, or simply badly configured. When you are sure your settings are ok and you SHOULD have a high ID, connect to another server.--"What is the difference between up/down CAPACITY and LIMIT?"The CAPACITY is used only by the statistics tab to determine the vertical limits of the diagram. The LIMITS set the actual network traffic limits (see configuration notes).--"I'd like to search for specific file types, what filter stands for which files?"File Type Extensions found--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Audio .mp3 .mp2 .mpc .wav .ogg .aac .mp4 .ape .au .wma .flacVideo .avi .mpg .mpeg .ram .rm .vob .divx .mov .ogm .vivoProgram .exe .comArchive .zip .rar .aceCD-Image .bin .cue .iso .nrg .ccd .sub .img .bwt .bwi .bwa .bws .mdf .mdsPicture .jpg .jpeg .bmp .gif .tif .png--"What are all those fancy colors in the download progress bar about?"Each download in the the Transfer tab has a coloured bar to show current file availability and progress.-Black shows the parts of the file you already have-Red indicates a part missing in all known sources-Different shades of blue represent the availability of this part in thesources. The darker the blue is the higher the availability-Yellow denotes a part being downloaded-The green bar on top shows the total download progress of this fileIf you expand the download you see its sources with the corresponding bar.Here the colours have a slightly different meaning:-Black shows parts you are still missing-Silver stands for parts this source is also missing-Green indicates parts you already have-Yellow denotes a part being uploaded to youLearning how the progress bar works will greatly help your understanding ofthe eDonkey2000 network.--"What do the "QR: xxxx" numbers mean that I see when I look at my sources?"QR stands for "Queue Rank" and it is your current position in this source's queue. Obviously, a lower value is better :) If the source is an eMule client and there is no QR number, it's likely that it's queue is full and cannot accept more clients.5. COMPILING THE SOURCECODE:-------------------------The sourcecode of eMule is availible as seperate download at:/projects/emuleYou need Microsoft(C) Visual Studio .NET 2003 Service Pack 1 to compile eMule.-Unzip the sources (with subdirs) into a new folderSince eMule v0.29b the separate download and compilation of additional libraries is required. These libs are 3rd party and therefore - as usual - not within our distribution. You need the following libs:*) Crypto++ v5.1/~weidai/cryptlib.html*) zlib v1.2.3/zlib/*) id3lib v3.8.3/projects/id3lib/*) pnglib/pub/png/libpng.html*) ResizableLib 1.3/projects/resizablelib/Download and save their source code one level above the eMule source code folder and compile them (check the eMule-project file to learn about the required foldernames, or adapt them to your needs!).Additionally you need to install (and integrate into Visual Studio .NET 2003) the following Microsoft SDKs:*) Microsoft DirectX 9 SDK*) Microsoft Speech SDK*) Microsoft Windows Media Format SDK 9/download/3/0/4/30451651-9e47-4313-89a3-5bb1db003c26/WMFo rmatSDK.exe-IMPORTANT:If you make modifications to eMule and you distribute the compiled version of your build, be sure to obey the GPL license. You have to include the source code, or make it available for download together with the binary version.6. MISC. STUFF:------------The eMule staff would like to thank the following (no particular order)-Jed "swamp" McCaleb and MetaMachine for bringing the eDonkey network to life-DrSiRiUs for the awesome artwork (splashscreen and icons)-OCBmaurice & Stillman for the serverlists and more ()-many people who sent us code parts, useful bug reports and useful suggestions :)7. STAFF:------Who are the guys that sacrifice so much time to bring you this wonderfulprogram?-John aka. Unknown1 - Developer-Ornis - Developer-bluecow - Developer-zz - Developer-Monk - Testers-Merkur (merkur-@) - Master of the Mule - retired, we miss you :)-Tecxx - Developer (retired)-Pach2 - Developer (retired)。
一些英文词的标准缩写
⼀些英⽂词的标准缩写有些词可能共⽤⼀些缩写。
带星号的缩写或词来源于PeopleSoft标准。
The following standard word abbreviations should be used in naming records, fields, and SQRs:Word(s)Abbreviation DescriptionAbbreviateABRVAbbreviationAcademic ACADAcceptACPTAcceptanceAcceptedAccess ACCSAccident ACDNTAccomplishACMPAccomplishmentAccomplishmentsAccount*ACCT*Accounting*ACCTG*Accounts PayableAPAdvanced PlacementAccounts Receivable ARAccredited ACRDAccrual ACRLAccumulated*ACCUM*AccumulationACUMAccumulativeAchieveACHVAchievementAcquisition*ACQ*ActActiveACTActivityAmerican College TestAction*ACTN*Actual ACTLAddADDAddedAdditional*ADDL*Address*ADDR*Narrative data which describes a person, place or thing's location Ad hoc ADHCAdjudicateADJDAdjudicatedAdjudicationAdjusted Gross Income AGIAdjustment*ADJ*AdministeredAdministratedADMAdministrationAdmissibleAdmission ADMSAdmittanceADMTAdmittedAdvanced PlacementAPAccounts PayableAdvice ADVCAffiliation AFFLAfter AFTAge AGEAgency AGCYAgent AGNTAid AIDAlien ALNAll ALLAllocateALLOC*Allocation*ALPHALTALMNAM"Ante Meridiem" (morning)ACTAMT*Monetary value(s)ANLSANNL*ANONANSAPTAPELAPP*APPL*APPTAPRVAREAARAYARRSASCASGNASSCASMPATHLATCHATNDATTNATTRADTAUTHAUXAVLAVG The mean of two or more numbers ACGAWRDBAL*The net value (balance) of an account BNKBARGBASBTCHBEFBEGNBOTBENBIDBILLBRSBRTHBRDBRKBUDBBABLDBUSBU*BUYCALC*CAL*CALLCMPNCMPSCANCAPCPLZCRDCARCRIRCARTCSECSHCTLGCATG*CENSCTRCERTCERTCHGCHAPCRGCHARTFCHKCTZNCTYCLASCLRCLEPCLOCLBCBR*CD*Data which represents encoded values (translate or code table)CLCTCOLGCLMNCOMBCMDCMT An explanatory, illustrative or critical note, remark or observation CMMTTEECO*COMPA*CPTRCMPLCMPT When the meaning is "part", use abbreviation "PRT".COMPCONDCNFDCONF*CNSTData which is unchanging or invariableCSTCTCTCONTCNTRCNTL*CONVR*CNV*CRSPCOSTA number of people or things that have been "counted", such as inventory cycle CNTCNT A number of people or things that have been "counted", such as inventory cycle countCTRY CNTY CRSE* COVRG* CRE CRDLCR* CRDT Use "CR" for field names relating to financial data Use "CRDT" for field names relating to academic workCREFCRSXLSTXREFCUMCURR*CUR*CRSRCSTNCUST*DLYDATADPDT* A calendar day, month, and year (including century) DTTMDD*DY*A day of the week (Sunday, Monday, etc.)DEADDR*DED*DFLT*DFCTDEFN*DEGDELDLVRDMODNTLDEPT*DMVDEP*DPSTDEPR*DESCR* DSC Narrative data which translates a code or number. When a suffix, use "_DSC" (see Standard Field Name Suffix table).DSGN DEST* DETL*DETL* DEV DIFFDGT DIR DISA DSBDISC* DSPL DISP DSPDIST*DSTR DIV DCE DOC DONR DNDRVDUE DUP*EA ERLYEARN* EIC EDU EFF*EFFDT* EFFSEQ* EFRTELCTEDIEFTEM ELIG*EMRG EMPH EE* EMPL EMPLID*EMPLID* ER* EMPLMTENCB END EOT ENDR ENDR ENDW ENGNENGL ENRCH ENRLENTR ENTL EQEEOEQP ERR ESTB ETHNEVALEVNT EXM EXCPEXCL EXEC EXMT EXPCEFC XPDTEXP EXPM EXPR EXP EXTEXTR FCLT FAC FMLYFERPAFST FATH FED FLSA FEEFTFICAFLD FILE FNL FIN*FA FINE FRST FISC FY FYTDFIXFLG SW Data which functions as a flag or indicator. Used with only two possible states/conditions. Data should normally be "Y" or "N".FSA FLR FOR FGN FK FRM FMT FORMR FREEFAFSAFOBFRZFREQ*FRSHFRFULFFT FTEFCN FUNDFUNDFUTGARN*GENLGEDGLGEOGGFTGLBLGOVTGDEGRD A value assigned to reflect performance or position on a scale GPAGRADGRNTGROSGRPGUARGSLGSTHANDHEADHDR*HLTHHLDHLPHIERH Normally used in conjunction with another word (i.e., High School abbreviated as "HS").HSHSSHEDHWAYHIREHSTHMHONRHSCHOSPHH A duration of time expressed in hoursHRLYHRS*HSEHOWHRHRSID*Alphanumeric data which identifies a person, place, or thing IMGIMGIMUNIMPC IMPL IMP IMPEXP IN INCL INCMINCRINDXIDIND INDV ISIR INFOINITINJ* INOC INPT INQ ISRT INSTISTRINAS INSIU*INT INTFC* INTR INTL INVLINTVINVN INV INVEST*INVTINVC ISSITM JOB JRNL* JRJSKEY LBL LBR LABLABLNGLSTLATELATLAYFLVLCTRLED*LGLLNDRLEN*LTRLVLLISNLBDLIBLICLIC_PLTE_NBR LIFELIM*LN*LNKLIQLSTLTRLLOADLNLOC*LKLKRLOGLOGON LONGLTCLTDLONLOTLOWMAILMAINT*MJRMKMGRMAPMRTLMASMASMSKMARSMTCHMTHMTRCMAX*MEDMTMBRMSHPMMOMEMRMERCHNDSMERCHMERTMSG*MTRMETHMFILMMIDMILMIN*MINRMNTA duration of time expressed in minutesMMMISCMDEMODMONYMM*A calendar month in numeric form (e.g., 01=January)MN*MTD*MOREMOTHMOVEMULTNMWord(s) by which a person, place or thing is commonly known NMENATLNACUBONSLDS Commonly known as the "Perkins Loan"NAVNEWNXTNOKNCNCNOCRNPRTNOMNONNPSNOTNANOTENBR*Numeric data which identifies a person, place, or thing OBJOCPOCCOFFROFFCOFCROFCLOLDONLNOPNOPR*OPTORDRORGORNTORIGOTHROUTOVROHOVRDOTOWNOWNRPACKPAIDPPRPARM*PARPRTYPRKPRTPTPTPRTPPASSPASTPTRNPAYPYRLPEDPELPENDPENSPCT*Part of a whole expressed in hundredthsPD*PTD*NSLDS Common name for National Student Loan Direct System PERMPRMTPERSPSNLPINPANPHNPHYSPLCEPLNPLTEPLDGPM"Post Meridiem" (afternoon)PNTPLCYPOSN*POSTPSTLPOTNPREDPREFPRFXPREMPREQPSCRPRSTPRESPREVPRCPLPRIMPKPRINPIPRNPREVPRTYPROBPROCPRFSPRFCPROF*PROGPROJPRMSPROMPRPSPRSPPRVNPURPOPRGPURPQALQTY* A number of things other than moneyQTD*QTRQSTNRACERNGRNK Relative standing or positionRT*Numeric value expressing amount per some unit of coverage READREALRSN*RCLRCPTRECV*RCVRRCHGRECGRCMDRECON* REC*RECR RCRT RED* REF*RFND RGNL REGR REGRJCT RLAT RLSE RELGRMNG RMDR RNWLREPTREPLRPLY RPT*REQ*RQMT* RESRSRV ROTC RSDTRSGN RSRC RESP RST RSTKRSTRRSLT RET*RET*RETRRTNREVRVWREVSREVKRLRLUPRMROUTROWRSVP French abbreviation meaning "please reply" RUNRUNCTLSAL*SALESLTNSMSAVESCALSCHED*SCHLRSCHLSATSCISCR A number that expresses merit or performance SCRNSRCHSCND SS Use "SCND" for field names relating to number two in a countable series Use "SS" for field names relating to a duration of time expressed in secondsSCTN SEC* SEGSEL*SEM SEMFSENSND SR SNT SEPR SEQ* SERL SERV SESSN* SEXSHR SHET SHLT SHFT SHIP SHRT SGN SIM SITE SZ SKL SKPSOCSSN SFT SLID SOPH SRTSRC SPCL SPECSPONSPRT SPSE SQ STCK STF STG STMP STD STDVSTRTST STMT STC STAT* STS STP STPD STK STOP STR STRG STRC STU SAR SCH STDY SCMPSCMP SUBJ SUB SUBS SFXSUM* SUP* SUPL*SRVY SUSP SUSPNFLG SW Data which functions as a flag or indicator. Used with only two possible states/conditions. Data should normally be "Y" or "N".SYSTBLTKNTAPETRGTTGHTTXTINTEAMTEMPTMPL*TMPTENRTRMTRMLTRMTTSTTXT Narrative informational data such as a message or error text THERM13th MonthTIAATKTTM Hours and minutes. May include seconds, hundredths of seconds. TMKPTS A system generated Time-stampTITLTDYTOT*TOURCTYTRKTRADTRN*TRANS*TSCPXFER*XFER*XLT Meaning "Crosswalk Table" XMITTRVLTUIT*TYPUGRDUNEMPLUNITUOM*UNVRSLUNIVUNPDUNSECMAXUPDTUPRUSDEUSEUSRVACN*VLDCVLDVALVARVEH*VENDVRBLVERFVETVPVIOVISAVSTVCHRW2W4W9WVEDWKWIDW Normally used as part of a compound word (i.e., Withdrawl abbreviated as "WDRL").WDRL WHLDWHLDWMN WKSTWRT YR*YTD* ZIP ZN。
高中英语作文PreparefortheFinalExam期末备考
高中英语作文|Prepare for the Final Exam 期末高中英语作文|Prepare for the Final Exam 期末备考在平凡的学习、工作、生活中，大家都跟作文打过交道吧，作文要求篇章结构完整，一定要避免无结尾作文的出现。
你所见过的作文是什么样的`呢？下面是小编整理的高中英语作文|Prepare for the Final Exam 期末备考，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
The final exam is around the corner. All students are working hard to prepare for it. So am I.期末考试马上就要到了，同学们都在努力学习备考，我也一样。
Doing well in final exam is important, because it reflects how much I learn in school. It’s a good way to test it.考好期考很重要，因为它反映了我在学校学到了多少知识，这是一个很好的检验方法。
Besides, the New Year is coming. I could have a happy holiday and New Year if I got high scores.此外，新年也要到了。
如果我能考高分，我就能度过一个愉快的假期和新年。
Now, I get up half an hour earlier than before. I need more time to review.现在，我比以前早起半个小时，因为我需要更多的复习时间。
At night, I finish my homework and then do some readings of Chinese and English.晚上，完成作业之后我还会做一些语文和英语的阅读。
英语作文my final exam
英语作文my final exam全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Final ExamHey guys, guess what? I just finished my final exam and I can't wait to tell you all about it!So, the exam was super tough, like seriously tough. I had to study for weeks and weeks just to try and remember everything. But you know what? I actually think I did pretty well. I knew most of the answers and I even had some time left over at the end to double check my work.The exam had all sorts of questions on it. There were multiple choice questions, short answer questions, and even an essay question. I was a little scared about the essay question, but I just took a deep breath and started writing. I think I did a pretty good job on it, but who knows?I was so relieved when I finally handed in my exam paper. I felt like a huge weight had been lifted off my shoulders. Now all I have to do is wait for my grades to come back. I really hope I didwell, but even if I didn't, I know I tried my best and that's what counts, right?Anyway, I'm so glad the exam is over and I can finally relax. Now I just have to wait for summer break to start!篇2Oh my gosh, my final exams are finally over! It was a tough journey but I made it through. Let me tell you all about it.First of all, I had to study sooo hard for all my subjects. I had to review all the lessons, do practice worksheets, and ask my teachers lots of questions. It was a lot of work but I knew I had to do my best to pass the exams.The exams themselves were super nerve-wracking. I had to sit in a big hall with lots of other students, and the room was so quiet you could hear a pin drop. I had to answer so many questions in a limited amount of time, and some of them were really tricky. But I tried my best and stayed focused the whole time.After the exams were over, I felt a huge sense of relief. I knew I had worked hard and done my best, so now all I could do waswait for the results. I was so anxious to find out how I did, but I tried to stay positive and not stress too much.Finally, the day of the results came and I was so nervous. When I saw my grades, I was so happy because I passed all my exams with flying colors! I couldn't believe it, I was so proud of myself.In the end, all the hard work and stress was worth it. I learned that I can achieve anything if I put my mind to it. I can't wait for the next challenge that comes my way!篇3Alrighty, here we go! My final exam was like, totallynerve-wracking, you guys! I mean, we've been studying super hard all year long and this exam was like, the ultimate test of everything we learned.First off, I gotta say, I was sooooo relieved when I finally sat down in my seat and the teacher handed out the exam papers. I mean, I was like, "Alright, let's do this!" But then I looked at the questions and was like, "Whoa, this is serious stuff." There were like, all these math problems and tricky English grammar questions.I tried my best to stay calm and focused, but man, it was tough. The clock was ticking and I could feel the pressure building up. I just kept telling myself, "You got this, you studied hard, you can do it!" And somehow, I managed to get through all the questions.When the time was up and I had to hand in my paper, I felt a mix of relief and anxiety. I mean, I knew I did my best, but you never know how these things will turn out, right?Now, I'm just crossing my fingers and hoping for the best. Whatever happens, though, I know I put in the work and gave it my all. And hey, that's all anyone can ask for, right? Bring it on, final exams!篇4Oh my gosh, the final exam is finally over! I can't believe I survived it. It was like the biggest test ever. I studied so hard and I'm so glad it's all done now. Phew!The exam was super long and kind of hard too. There were all these questions that I had to answer. Some of them were easy peasy, but others made my brain hurt. I had to remember so much stuff from all the things we learned this year. It was like a big ol' brain workout.I was so nervous before the exam. I kept thinking, "What if I forget everything?" But I took a bunch of deep breaths and told myself, "You got this!" And guess what? I totally rocked it! Well, at least I think I did. I hope so, anyway.After the exam, I was so relieved. I felt like a big weight was lifted off my shoulders. I could finally relax and not have to stress about studying anymore. It was the best feeling ever.Now that the final exam is over, I can't wait for summer break. I'm gonna sleep in, hang out with my friends, and just have a good time. But before all that, I gotta wait for my exam results. I hope I did well. Fingers crossed!Overall, the final exam was tough, but I did my best. I'm proud of myself for working hard and getting through it. And now, it's time to chill out and enjoy the rest of the school year. Yippee!篇5Yo yo! Today I wanna talk about my final exam. It was super intense, but I survived! This exam was like the boss level in a video game, but instead of defeating a monster, I had to defeat all those tricky questions.First off, I gotta say that I was so nervous before the exam. I spent hours studying and reviewing all my notes. I had my lucky pencil and eraser with me, ready to conquer the test. When the teacher said "Pencils up, begin!" I felt like I was in a race against time.The exam had different sections like math, English, science, and even some history questions. I had to remember all those formulas and spellings, and I swear my brain was about to explode! But hey, I didn't give up. I kept on going, trying my best on every single question.There were some questions that were so tricky, I almost wanted to give up. But then I remembered all the hard work I put into studying, and I told myself, "I got this!" And you know what?I did! When I finally reached the last question, I felt like a superhero who just saved the day.After the exam, I was so relieved. I felt like a weight had been lifted off my shoulders. I knew I gave it my all, and that's all that matters. Now, I just have to wait for the results and see how I did.Final exams may be tough, but they make me feel like a warrior fighting a battle. And at the end of the day, I know I can always count on myself to come out victorious. Bring it on, final exams! I'm ready for you!篇6Title: My Final ExamOh my goodness, my final exam is finally here! I have been studying so hard for this moment and now it's time to show everything I have learned. I woke up early in the morning, feeling a mix of excitement and nervousness in my tummy.I quickly got dressed, had my breakfast, and packed all my stationery items - pencils, pens, erasers, ruler, and calculator. I even brought a water bottle and some snacks to keep me energized during the exam.As soon as the bell rang, I walked into the exam room with all my classmates. The atmosphere was tense but I tried to stay calm and focused. The exam paper was handed out and I carefully read through each question. Some of them were easy, while others required a bit more thinking.I worked through the paper, answering each question to the best of my ability. I double-checked my answers and made sure to write neatly so the examiner could easily read them. Time seemed to fly by and before I knew it, the exam was over.I handed in my paper and walked out of the exam room feeling relieved. I had done my best and now all I could do was wait for the results. I hoped that all my hard work would pay off and I would get a good grade.Now, all I can do is relax and wait for the results. I'm proud of myself for working so hard and giving it my all. I can't wait to see how I did on my final exam!。
Limits Of The Final Exam (2012)
Translation (Unit1 ~ Unit3)在得到加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校的研究生奖学金后，玛丽对人类行为各个方面的研究产生了浓厚的兴趣。
她渴望今早完成计划中的各项实验。
当前，她特别想搞清楚优雅的举止在商业谈判中具有何种举足轻重的分量。
玛丽很高兴理查德·辛格教授将指导她的研究工作。
虽然辛格教授是位著名的行为科学方面的专家，他所主持的研讨班在社会科学的学生中很有名气，但她和辛格教授却只是面熟。
她希望她的研究结果能够通过媒体广为流传，以便从事商业谈判的人们能够从她的研究中受益。
Having been granted a fellowship at the University of California at Berkeley, Mary’s interest in research on all dimensions of human behavior has come alive. She is now itching to carry out the various experiments she has planned as soon as possible. At present she is particularly keen on finding out how important a role graceful manner can play in business negotiations. Mary is glad that Professor Richard Singer will supervise her research. Although she knows him only by sight, he is a distinguished expert whose seminars enjoy an impressive reputation among students of social science. She dreams that her findings will be circulated widely through the help of the media so that people engaged in business negotiations will benefit from them.受骗的或是买了有缺陷的产品的消费者有权拿到退款、更换产品，或求得其他补救方法(remedy)。
PracticeproblemforFinalExam
Practice problem for Final ExamFinal exam questions are short answer questions that require some calculation and logical analysis. No multiple choice questions. This practice problem set gives you a good idea about what kind of questions I will ask on the test. This practice problem set only contains questions for the chapters after midterm exam. The test is two hours test and has 5-6 big questions.1. (Bond markets, duration) You have $100 million worth of a 10-year bond that pays an annual coupon of 8%. Each bond has par value of $100,000. This bond’s duration is 7.542. The yield curve is currently flat at 5%. You wish to hedge your interest rate exposure, but the only instrument available to you is the 6-month futures on a 2-year treasury discount bond (one such a futures contract has face value of $100,000, no coupon payment).1) Find the prices of the 10-year bond and discount bond.2) What is the duration for the discount bond?3) What is the future price for the 6-month discount bond with face value of $100,000 (use discrete format based on annual compounding)4) How will you hedge your exposure using the futures contract mentioned above? (long or short), why?5) How many futures contracts you need to long or short to hedge the risk completely?2. (FX market) The Latvian Lati is pegged to the US dollar at a rate of 2 LTV per USD. This means that the Latvian central bank stands committed to buy and sell Lati at that price in order to maintain the peg. However, 12-month interest rates in the US are currently at 2%, while a Latvian 12-month discount bond has a yield of3.4%. The spot rate is 2 LTV/USD.1) What is the current 6-month LTV/USD forward rate? (Discrete format based on annual compounding)2) Can you somehow profit from the existing situation? How? (Profit will be evaluated in dollars)3. (Mortgage market) Joey Cheek wants to borrow $96,000 using a 30-year, fixed-rate mortgage with monthly payments at 5.25 percent interest.1) What is monthly payment?2) What is balance of principal at the end of 7 years?3) If 500-Meter Mortgage currently desires to earn a 6.00 percent yield on all mortgages it originates. How many points must 500-Meter charge to earn this required yield if it expects the loan will be repaid in seven years?4. (Mortgage market) Pigpen would like to purchase a property worth $160,000. He is considering two financing alternatives. The first is a 95 percent mortgage (total principal is 95% of house price), 30-year, fixed-rate mortgage at 6.75 percent interest. With this mortgage, the lender will require private mortgage insurance which will cost $64 per month (this amount will be added to the monthly principal and interest payment). The PMI will be cancelled after 13 years, so that the added payment of $64 per month will not be required during years 14-30 of the loan.The second option combines an 80 percent mortgage, 30-year, fixed-rate mortgage at 6.50 percent interest with a $24,000 “PMI Buster” loan (second mortgage) amortized over 10 years with a 7.75 percent interest rate.1) If Pigpen goes for the first option, what is his monthly payment including interests, principal and PMI? (Before and after year 13)2) What is his monthly payment for the second option? (Before and after year 10)3) Which one should he choose? (Do not consider tax benefit of interest payment in this question)5. (Forward and futures market) Current riskless rate is 6% per year and the term structure is flat. Consider the following commodities and assets:Commodity/Asset Spot price Other InformationMagnesium $2,800 per ton storage cost = 4% / year1) Calculate the 1-year futures price for the futures contract containing one ton of Magnesium. (Use discrete format with annual compounding)2) Explain how a magnesium producer would use the futures market to lock in the selling price of a planned shipment of 1,000 tons of magnesium 1 year from now3) Suppose the producer takes the actions recommended in your answer to (b), and after 6 months magnesium prices have fallen to $2,200 (this is spot price). By that time, what is the total profit/loss for the producer’s futures position?6. (Option market) Look at quotes, answer questions (JK is the name of a stock, Tbill is the Treasury Bill):1) What is the price of the call option?2) Now suppose that the market price of a JK call option with strike 80 was 30. When you tell your boss that the price you found in part (1) is different, he tells you that you must be wrong, since the market is efficient and thus always right. In other words, the formula you have used to price the call option is just a theory, but in practice it must be that the market knows something that you don’t, perhaps that the stock price is expected to go really high. Do you agree or disagree with him?i. if yes, can you strengthen his argument?ii. if no, can you prove him wrong?7. (Hedging with options) Since option payoffs are correlated with the price of the stock, one can use an option to hedge the risks associated with the stock.1) Compared to forwards or futures, what is the benefit of using options to hedge stock price risk?2) To hedge the downside risk of a stock, what should you do?3) Suppose you are in a market where it is expensive for you to buy put, but you can write call at a fair price. Can you use call option to hedge the risk? How?4) Compared to longing a short, is your answer in question 3) better? Explain.Suggested solutions:1.1) Use bond pricing formula, the price of one 10-year bond should be $123,165.20. The price of 2-year discount bond should be $100,000/(1+0.05)2= $90,702.942) The duration for discount bonds should be 2-year. (For zero coupon bond, duration = maturity)3) Use discrete format, the future price should be spot price (90,702.94)* (1+0.05)0.5 = $92,942.864) If the interest rate goes up, the price of your bonds will be lower. To hedge this risk, you should short bond futures contract. The reason is when interest rate goes up, spot price of discount bonds decreases, and then the futures price of discount bonds decreases as well. So if you short futures now, you can make some positive profit when the price of discount bonds really goes down.5) If interest rate goes up 1%, value of the bonds decreases by duration/(1+0.05), so value loss for the 10-year bonds should be ($100 m * 7.542 ) / (1+0.05), and profit from shorting one futures contract is ($92,942.86 * 2) / (1+0.05), so we need to short ($100 m * 7.542 ) / (92942.86 * 2) = 4,057.29 contracts2.1) It is 2 * (1.034/1.02)0.5= 2.01372) Yes. You can bet that the peg will hold. You long Lati forward at 2.0274 and simply wait. At maturity, you buy Lati with dollar at 2.0274 according to your forward contract, then sell it in the spot market at 2, you make net profit of (2.0274/2 – 1) dollar if you only do $1 arbitrage. (But of course, your bet could be wrong; the country might abandon the pegged exchange rate system, so there is risk of doing this)3.1) First, calculate the monthly payment on this mortgage: N = 360, I = 5.25,V = 96,000, FV = 0 ⇒ PMT = 530.12.2) Next, calculate the balance due at the end of seven years: N = 84, I= 5.25,V=96,000, PMT = 530.12 ⇒ FV = 84,850.95.3) Next calculate the fee 500-Meter must charge: N=84, I = 6.00, PMT = 530.12, FV= 84850.95, ⇒ PV = 92,097.45; the total fee that must be charged is 96,000.00 −92,097.45 = 3,902.55.In points, this is (3,902.55 / 96,000) * 100 = 4.07 points.4. If Pigpen’s expected holding period is at least 30 years, which of the two alternatives would you recommend he choose? Show calculations to support your answer.1)Option 1: The monthly mortgage payment on the 95 percent LTV loan is N = 360,I = 6.75, PV = 160,000 × 0.95 = 152,000, FV = 0 ⇒ PMT = ($985.87). Alongwith this, Pigpen must also pay the $64 PMI premium, for a total monthlypayment of $1,049.87 before year 13. After year 12, the monthly payment is$985.87.2)Option 2: The monthly payment on the 80 percent LTV loan is N = 360, I = 6.50,PV = 160,000 × 0.80 = 128,000, FV = 0 ⇒ PMT = ($809.05). The monthlypayment on the PMI Buster loan is N = 120, I = 7.75, PV = 24,000, FV = 0 ⇒PMT = ($288.03). Thus, the combined monthly payment under this option is$1,097.08 before year 10, after year 10, monthly payment is just 809.053)Note that when comparing these financing alternatives, there are three differentpayment streams to consider. During months 1 through 120, both options include the full payment. During months 121 through 156, option one include both themortgage payment and the PMI insurance, but no more payments are required onthe PMI Buster loan in option two. Finally, from months 157 through 360, bothoptions require only the base mortgage payment.Product PV PMT1 PMT2 PMT3 FVOption 2 152,000.00 (1,097.08) (809.05) (809.05) − 0 −Option 1 152,000.00 (1,049.87) (1,049.87) (985.87) − 0 −Difference − 0 −(47.21) 240.82 176.82 − 0 −Then calculate the present value of all the differences in future monthly payments, the present value should be positive, which means he can pay less with option two compared to option one. So he should choose the option 2.5.1) Based on arbitrage free condition we have:F(1-4%) / S = (1+0.06)So F = S * (1.06/0.96) = 2800*(1.06/0.96) = $3091.662)short 1000 futures contracts to lock the price and hedge risk3) 6 months later, the spot price is 2200, then new future price should be:2200 * (1.06/0.96)0.5 = 2311.74So total profit by that time should be (3091.66 – 2311.74) * 1000 = $779,9206. (C is the price of call option, P is price of put option, S is spot stock price and K is exercise price, PV means present value)7.1) Compared to forwards and futures, options do not have obligations. So it protects investors from downside risk and also does not limit the upside profit opportunities.2) Yes, long put options3) Yes, short call options4) No, Long a short should be better than short a call. Because according to payoff profile, long a short sets a loss floor but does not limit the profit potential. On the contrary, short a call limit the profit and floor the loss.。
Final Test 期末检测
Final Test 期末检测作者：来源：《时代英语·初中》2020年第04期听力一、听录音，选出你所听到单词对应的图片。
每题读三遍。
1.A B C2.A B C3.A B C4.A B C5.A B C二、听录音，选出你所听到的句子。
每题读三遍。
6. A. I like the white skirt.B. I can’t find my keys.C. I like playing basketball after school.7. A. Can you spell your name， please？B. Who is the man over there？C. How about food？8. A. Are these your shoes？B. Are these my shoes？C. Are those your trousers？9. A. How much are these bananas？B. How old is your sister？C. How about your English？10. A. Is your birthday in January？B. Is her birthday in February？C. Is his mother’s birthday in August？三、聽录音，根据你所听到的句子，选择相应答语。
每题读三遍。
11. A. Happy birthday.B. Good night.C. Nice to meet you， too.12. A. It’s an orange.B. It’s yellow.C. No，it’s an apple.13. A. It’s on the sofa.B. It’s blue.C. It’s 2 dollars.14. A. It’s on your bed.B. It’s a ruler.C. Yes，it’s mine.15. A. Bananas.B. Blue and white.C. Chinese.16. A. His birthday is in March.B. Mine is in June.C. She likes to go to your birthday party.17. A. Because it’s green and purple.B. Because it’s very interesting.C. Because I don’t like it.18. A. At 10 o’clock this morning.B. At the park.C. Behind the door.19. A. Sure.B. It’s interesting.C. I like playing football.20. A. It’s in September.B. Yes， we do.C. I like its color.单项选择（） 21. Look at these ___ . Victor has ___ aunt and two uncles.A. photos; aB. photos; anC. photoes; aD. photoes; an（） 22. Sonia and Jeff ___ sports every morning.A. don’t playB. doesn’t playC. playsD. not play（） 23. —___ are the pants？—Oh， the black pants？ They are only ten dollars.A. What colorB. WhyC. How muchD. Where（） 24. —___ do you like music？—Because it is relaxing.A. WhatB. WhyC. HowD. Who（）25. Ken is Aunt Lucy’s son. ___ birthday is on May 3rd.A. HeB. SheC. HisD. Her（） 26. Do you need shoes ___ sports？ We have lots of shoes ___ very good prices.A. for; atB. for; forC. at; forD. at; at（） 27. We usually have our school trip ___ a morning of April.A. onB. atC. toD. in（） 28. —Let’s ___ the soccer game.—Sorry， I like ___ computer games.A. watch; playB. to watch; playC. watch; to playD. to watch; to play（）29. The pants ___ nice. I’ll take ___ .A. look; themB. looks; itC. look; itD. looks; them（） 30. My father likes dumplings ___ I don’t like them.A. andB. orC. butD. so（） 31. My sweater ___ yellow and my socks ___ green.A. is; isB. is; areC. are; isD. are; are（） 32. —What’s your favorite ___ ？—Math， I think.A. foodB. sportC. movieD. subject（）33. The new TV play is ___ . Lots of people don’t like to see it.A. usefulB. boringC. funnyD. relaxing（） 34. —___ ？—They are baseball bats.A. What’s thisB. What’s thatC. What are theseD. What is it（） 35. —Can I help you？—___ .A. Thank youB. Yes， pleaseC. You’re welcomeD. I’m sorry完形填空AMy name is Linda. I’m a 12-year-old girl. I’m the only in my family. My birthday is 1st. It’s the day of the tenth month. It’s also the National Day. My parents a party for me on that day. My friends to the party. They bring me lots of birthday presents （禮物）， and they sing Happy Birthday to me. We have a good time！（） 36. A. son B. daughter C. boy D. people（） 37. A. April B. September C. October D. June（） 38. A. first B. second C. fourth D. tenth（） 39. A. look B. have C. call D. sell（） 40. A. come B. take C. find D. helpBMy name is Ann. favorite day of the week is Sunday. Sundays I usually get up late， at about 9 o’clock in the . I have breakfast from 9：10 to 9：40. Then breakfast， I often watch TV. My parents and I usually out for a big meal at noon. In the afternoon， I often go to the park my friends. We play basketball and soccer in the park. After dinner I play computer games at . Sometimes I go to a movie （电影）with my family. We all like movies. We think they’re ve ry . I like Sunday so much on that day I can do things I like to do.（） 41. A. My B. Mine C. His D. HerA. for; atB. for; forC. at; forD. at; at（） 27. We usually have our school trip ___ a morning of April. A. on B. atC. toD. in（） 28. —Let’s ___ the soccer game.—Sorry， I like ___ computer games.A. watch; playB. to watch; playC. watch; to playD. to watch; to play（）29. The pants ___ nice. I’ll take ___ .A. look; themB. looks; itC. look; itD. looks; them（）30. My father likes dumplings ___ I don’t like them.A. andB. orC. butD. so（） 31. My sweater ___ yellow and my socks ___ green.A. is; isB. is; areC. are; isD. are; are（） 32. —What’s your favorite ___ ？—Math， I think.A. foodB. sportC. movieD. subject（）33. The new TV play is ___ . Lots of people don’t like to see it.A. usefulB. boringC. funnyD. relaxing（） 34. —___ ？—They are baseball bats.A. What’s thisB. What’s thatC. What are theseD. What is it（） 35. —Can I help you？—___ .A. Thank youB. Yes， pleaseC. You’re welcomeD. I’m sorry完形填空AMy name is Linda. I’m a 12-year-old girl. I’m the only in my family. My birthday is 1st. It’s the day of the tenth month. It’s also the National Day. My parents a par ty for me on that day. My friends to the party. They bring me lots of birthday presents （禮物）， and they sing Happy Birthday to me. We have a good time！（） 36. A. son B. daughter C. boy D. people（） 37. A. April B. September C. October D. June（） 38. A. first B. second C. fourth D. tenth（） 39. A. look B. have C. call D. sell（） 40. A. come B. take C. find D. helpBMy name is Ann. favorite day of the week is Sunday. Sundays I usually get up late， at about 9 o’clock in the . I have breakfast from 9：10 to 9：40. Then breakfast， I often watch TV. My parents and I usually out for a big meal at noon. In the afternoon， I often go to the park my friends. We play basketball and soccer in the park. After dinner I play computer games at . Sometimes I go to a movie（电影）with my family. We all like movies. We think they’re very . I like Sunday so much on that day I can do things I like to do.（） 41. A. My B. Mine C. His D. HerA. for; atB. for; forC. at; forD. at; at（） 27. We usually have our school trip ___ a morning of April.A. onB. atC. toD. in（） 28. —Let’s ___ the soccer game.—Sorry， I like ___ computer games.A. watch; playB. to watch; playC. watch; to playD. to watch; to play（）29. The pants ___ nice. I’ll take ___ .A. look; themB. looks; itC. look; itD. looks; them（）30. My father likes dumplings ___ I don’t like th em.A. andB. orC. butD. so（） 31. My sweater ___ yellow and my socks ___ green.A. is; isB. is; areC. are; isD. are; are（） 32. —What’s your favorite ___ ？—Math， I think.A. foodB. sportC. movieD. subject（）33. The new TV play is ___ . Lots of people don’t like to see it.A. usefulB. boringC. funnyD. relaxing（） 34. —___ ？—They are baseball bats.A. What’s thisB. What’s thatC. What are theseD. What is it（） 35. —Can I help you？—___ .A. Thank youB. Yes， pleaseC. You’re welcomeD. I’m sorry完形填空AMy name is Linda. I’m a 12-year-old girl. I’m the only in my family. My birthday is 1st. It’s the day of the tenth month. It’s also the National Day. My parents a party for me on that day. My friends to the party. They bring me lots of birthday presents （礼物）， and they sing Happy Birthday to me. We have a good time！（） 36. A. son B. daughter C. boy D. people（） 37. A. April B. September C. October D. June（） 38. A. first B. second C. fourth D. tenth（） 39. A. look B. have C. call D. sell（） 40. A. come B. take C. find D. helpBMy name is Ann. favorite day of the week is Sunday. Sundays I usually get up late， at about 9 o’clock in the . I have breakfast from 9：10 to 9：40. Then breakfast， I often watch TV. My parents and I usually out for a big meal at noon. In the afternoon， I often go to the park my friends. We play basketball and soccer in the park. After dinner I play computer games at . Sometimes I go to a movie （電影）with my family. We all like movies. We think they’re very . I like Sunday so much on that day I can do things I like to do.（） 41. A. My B. Mine C. His D. HerA. for; atB. for; forC. at; forD. at; at（） 27. We usually have our school trip ___ a morning of April.A. onB. atC. toD. in（） 28. —Let’s ___ the soccer game.—Sorry， I like ___ computer games.A. watch; playB. to watch; playC. watch; to playD. to watch; to play（）29. The pants ___ nice. I’ll take ___ .A. look; themB. looks; itC. look; itD. looks; them（）30. My father likes dumplings ___ I don’t like them.A. andB. orC. butD. so（） 31. My sweater ___ yellow and my socks ___ green.A. is; isB. is; areC. are; isD. are; are（） 32. —What’s your favorite ___ ？—Math， I think.A. foodB. sportC. movieD. subject（）33. The new TV play is ___ . Lots of people don’t like to see it.A. usefulB. boringC. funnyD. relaxing（） 34. —___ ？—They are baseball bats.A. What’s thisB. What’s thatC. What are theseD. What is it（） 35. —Can I help you？—___ .A. Thank youB. Yes， pleaseC. You’re welcomeD. I’m sorry完形填空AMy name is Linda. I’m a 12-year-old girl. I’m the only in my family. My birthday is 1st. It’s the day of the tenth month. It’s also the National Day. My parents a party for me on that d ay. My friendsto the party. They bring me lots of birthday presents （禮物）， and they sing Happy Birthday to me. We have a good time！（） 36. A. son B. daughter C. boy D. people（） 37. A. April B. September C. October D. June（） 38. A. first B. second C. fourth D. tenth（） 39. A. look B. have C. call D. sell（） 40. A. come B. take C. find D. helpBMy name is Ann. favorite day of the week is Sunday. Sundays I usually get up late， at about 9 o’clock i n the . I have breakfast from 9：10 to 9：40. Then breakfast， I often watch TV. My parents and I usually out for a big meal at noon. In the afternoon， I often go to the park my friends. We play basketball and soccer in the park. After dinner I play computer games at . Sometimes I go to a movie （电影）with my family. We all like movies. We think they’re very . I like Sunday so much on that day I can do things I like to do.（） 41. A. My B. Mine C. His D. Her。
如何在英语期末考试中取得成功50词作文
如何在英语期末考试中取得成功50词作文How to Achieve Success in English Final ExamPreparing for a final exam can be a stressful experience, but with the right strategies, you can increase your chances of success. Here are some tips to help you excel in your English final exam:1. Start Early: Don't wait until the last minute to start studying. Begin reviewing your notes and materials well in advance to give yourself enough time to absorb the content.2. Create a Study Schedule: Break down the material into manageable sections and create a study schedule to ensure you cover everything before the exam. Consistent studying over time is more effective than cramming the night before.3. Practice with Past Papers: Familiarize yourself with the format and types of questions that may appear on the exam by practicing with past papers. This will give you a better idea of what to expect and help you identify areas that need more attention.4. Seek Help if Needed: If there are concepts or topics you are struggling with, don't hesitate to seek help from your teacheror classmates. Clarifying any doubts you have will strengthen your understanding of the material.5. Use Active Study Techniques: Instead of passively reading through your notes, engage with the material by summarizing key points, creating flashcards, or teaching the content to someone else. Active studying can help you retain information more effectively.6. Stay Organized: Keep your notes, study materials, and resources well-organized to avoid feeling overwhelmed and ensure easy access to what you need.7. Get Plenty of Rest: Don't underestimate the importance of getting enough rest leading up to the exam. Proper rest will help you stay focused, alert, and perform at your best.8. Stay Calm and Confident: On the day of the exam, stay calm and confident in your preparation. Believe in yourself and trust that your hard work will pay off.By following these tips and putting in the effort, you can increase your chances of success in your English final exam. Good luck!。
complete exam practice for the
complete exam practice for theExam Practice for theExams are a necessary part of life and every student should take them seriously. However, in order to do well on exams, it is important for students to practice for them. Here are some tipsfor students to make the most out of their exam practice and get the best results.First, students should develop a study schedule. This will help them focus on the material they need to cover and keep them on track. It is also important to review all the material from the course. This will help refresh their memory and provide them with a comprehensive understanding of the material. Students shouldalso make sure to practice for the exam. This could includesolving sample questions, taking practice tests, or creating study aids such as flashcards. Taking practice tests is an importantpart of this process. It not only allows students to assess their knowledge but also helps them to become more familiar with the structure and format of the exam.Finally, students should allocate enough time to studying. This includes setting a reasonable timeline for completing all the material as well as schedule breaks for rest and relaxation. It is also important to get enough rest the night before the exam. This will allow students to be well-rested, alert, and focused for the exam.In order to do well on exams, students need to practice for them. Developing a study schedule and reviewing all the material are important steps, as is taking practice tests and allocatingenough time to studying. With a comprehensive plan and the right preparation, students can be well-prepared to tackle their exams.。
结业英语作文保底最简单三个步骤
结业英语作文保底最简单三个步骤Completing an English Essay in Three Simple Steps。
Writing an English essay can be a challenging task, especially for non-native speakers. However, by following three simple steps, you can ensure a successful completion of your essay. In this document, we will guide you through these steps, providing you with useful tips and strategies to improve your writing skills. Let's get started!Step 1: Preparing for the Essay。
Before you begin writing your essay, it is essential to prepare adequately. This step involves understanding the essay prompt, brainstorming ideas, and creating an outline.First, carefully read and analyze the essay prompt. Identify the key requirements and instructions, ensuring that you have a clear understanding of what is expected from you.Next, take some time to brainstorm ideas related to the prompt. Jot down any relevant thoughts, examples, or arguments that come to mind. This will help you organize your thoughts and generate content for your essay.Once you have brainstormed ideas, create an outline for your essay. Divide your essay into sections, such as introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. Outline the main points you want to cover in each section, ensuring a logical flow of ideas.Step 2: Writing the Essay。
英语作文准备体考
英语作文准备体考Preparing for the English Proficiency Exam is a crucial step for many individuals who seek to demonstrate their proficiency in the English language. Whether you are a student aiming to meet the language requirements for university admission or a professional looking to enhance your career prospects, mastering the skills necessary to excel in this examination is of paramount importance. In this essay, we will explore the key strategies and approaches that can help you effectively prepare for the English Proficiency Exam.Firstly, it is essential to understand the format and structure of the exam you will be taking. Different exams, such as the TOEFL, IELTS, or Cambridge English exams, have their own unique requirements and assessment criteria. Familiarizing yourself with the exam's components, including the listening, reading, writing, and speaking sections, will help you develop a targeted study plan. Carefully review the exam's instructions, scoring rubrics, and sample questions to gain a comprehensive understanding of what will be expected of you.Once you have a clear understanding of the exam's format, the next step is to assess your current level of English proficiency. Identify your strengths and weaknesses by taking practice tests or seeking feedback from language instructors or tutors. This will help you pinpoint the areas that require the most attention and allow you to tailor your study plan accordingly.Developing a well-structured study plan is crucial for effective preparation. Begin by setting realistic and achievable goals, such as improving your vocabulary, enhancing your reading comprehension, or enhancing your writing skills. Break down your preparation into manageable steps and allocate time for each component of the exam. Consistency is key, so establish a regular study routine that fits your schedule and stick to it.Expanding your vocabulary is a fundamental aspect of preparing for the English Proficiency Exam. Invest time in learning new words, their meanings, and their appropriate usage in various contexts. Utilize a variety of resources, such as flashcards, vocabulary apps, or specialized vocabulary-building exercises, to systematically expand your lexical knowledge.Improving your reading comprehension is another critical component of exam preparation. Practice reading a wide range of materials, from academic articles and journals to newspapers andmagazines. Develop strategies for effectively understanding the main ideas, identifying key details, and drawing inferences from the text. Engage in active reading by taking notes, summarizing passages, and answering comprehension questions.Enhancing your writing skills is also essential for the English Proficiency Exam. Familiarize yourself with the different types of writing tasks, such as essays, reports, or summaries, and practice composing high-quality responses. Pay attention to the organization, coherence, and grammatical accuracy of your written work. Seek feedback from teachers, peers, or online writing resources to identify areas for improvement and refine your writing abilities.Improving your listening comprehension is another crucial aspect of exam preparation. Expose yourself to a variety of English audio materials, such as podcasts, news broadcasts, or academic lectures, and practice actively listening for key information, main ideas, and subtle nuances. Utilize resources like transcripts or subtitles to help you identify areas where you need to improve your listening skills.Developing your speaking skills is equally important for the English Proficiency Exam. Practice engaging in conversations, delivering presentations, or participating in mock interviews. Record yourself and analyze your performance to identify areas for improvement, such as pronunciation, fluency, or the use of appropriate vocabularyand grammar.In addition to the specific exam preparation strategies, it is essential to maintain a positive and motivated mindset throughout the preparation process. Celebrate your progress and successes, and remain resilient in the face of challenges. Seek support from language instructors, study groups, or online communities to stay motivated and accountable.Finally, it is crucial to practice regularly and simulate the actual exam experience. Take full-length practice tests under timed conditions to familiarize yourself with the exam format and identify any areas that require further attention. Analyze your performance, identify your strengths and weaknesses, and adjust your study plan accordingly.In conclusion, preparing for the English Proficiency Exam requires a comprehensive and systematic approach. By understanding the exam format, assessing your current abilities, developing a targeted study plan, and consistently practicing, you can enhance your English proficiency and increase your chances of success on the exam. Embrace the challenge, stay motivated, and unlock the doors to new opportunities that come with demonstrating your mastery of the English language.。
practice tests for toefl -回复
practice tests for toefl -回复[practice tests for TOEFL]Introduction:The TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) is a standardized test designed to evaluate the English language proficiency ofnon-native English speakers. It is widely accepted by universities and institutions in English-speaking countries as a measure of language ability for admissions and scholarships. To excel in the TOEFL, it is crucial to practice using sample tests that closely resemble the actual exam. In this article, we will discuss the importance of practice tests for the TOEFL, the benefits they offer, and provide step-by-step guidance on how to make the most out of practice tests.Importance of Practice Tests:1. Familiarity with the Test Format:Taking practice tests helps individuals become familiar with the structure and format of the TOEFL exam. It allows them to understand the number of sections, the types of questions, and the timing of each section. By knowing what to expect, test-takers can focus more on answering questions accurately and efficiently.2. Assessing Strengths and Weaknesses:Practice tests help identify strengths and weaknesses in different areas of English language skills, such as reading, listening, speaking, and writing. By analyzing the results of these tests, test-takers can focus their preparation on areas that require more attention, leading to targeted improvements.3. Time Management Skills:Timing is crucial in the TOEFL exam, as each section has a specific time limit. Regularly practicing with timed test sections can help improve time management skills. It enables test-takers to effectively allocate time to each question and section, avoiding unnecessary time wastage.Benefits of Practice Tests:1. Enhanced Test-Taking Skills:Repeatedly taking practice tests allows individuals to improve their test-taking skills. They become familiar with strategies like skimming, scanning, and inference, which are essential to answer questions efficiently within the given time frame.2. Confidence Building:Practicing with sample tests boosts confidence levels. Consistently scoring well in practice tests increases self-assurance for the actual exam. It helps reduce test anxiety and enhances performance under pressure.Step-by-Step Guidance for Effective Practice:1. Understand the Test Structure:Start by thoroughly understanding the structure and format of the TOEFL exam. Familiarize yourself with the four sections: Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing, along with their respective question types.2. Gather Authentic Practice Materials:Utilize official practice materials released by the Educational Testing Service (ETS), the organization that administers the TOEFL. These materials closely resemble the actual exam, providing the most accurate representation of what to expect.3. Create a Study Plan:Develop a study plan that includes regular practice sessions for each section of the TOEFL. Allocate specific time slots for practicetests and stick to the schedule. Consistency is key to improving performance.4. Simulate Real Exam Conditions:When taking practice tests, simulate real exam conditions as closely as possible. Find a quiet environment, set a timer for each section, and adhere to the time limits strictly. This enhances the authenticity and effectiveness of the practice.5. Analyze and Review:After completing a practice test, thoroughly analyze your performance. Identify areas where you excelled and areas that require improvement. Review incorrect answers and understand why the right choices are correct.6. Implement Feedback:Utilize the insights gained from analyzing the practice tests to refine your study plan. Focus on strengthening weak areas by seeking additional resources and guidance, such as textbooks, online tutorials, or professional TOEFL preparation courses.7. Track Progress:Keep a record of your practice test scores and monitor your progress over time. Tracking improvements can motivate you and ensure that your preparation is moving in the right direction.Conclusion:Practicing with sample tests is essential for success in the TOEFL exam. It provides familiarity with the exam structure, helps identify weaknesses, develops time management skills, enhancestest-taking abilities, and boosts confidence. By following astep-by-step approach to practice effectively, test-takers can maximize their chances of achieving a favorable outcome in the TOEFL.。
Final Exam Practice test-S22021
BAO3404 Credit and lending decisionsSemester 2- 2015-Final Exam Practice testATTEMPT ALL QUESTIONSPART ONE-SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSQuestion 1-Chapter 1 (6 marks)Five Cs is a method used by lenders to determine the credit worthiness of potential borrowers. The system weighs five characteristics of the borrower, attempting to gauge the chance of default. One of the 5Cs is ‘conditions’.a) Explain the meaning of ‘conditions’ under five Cs.b) Mention ONE external condition and ONE internal condition.Question 2-Chapter 8 (8 marks)The Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) formula is given below:DSCR = NCFE + CPLTD + (IE + LE) (1-TR)CPLTD+ (IE+LE)Where:NCFE = Net cashflow available to equity participantsCPLTD = Current portion of long term debtIE = Interest expenseLE = Lease commitmentsTR = Tax Ratea) What is this formula being used to calculate?b) How would you interpret a DSCR of 1.0?Question 3-Chapter 9 (6 marks)Briefly explain the theory underlying small business lending using the concept of asymmetric information.Question 4- Chapter 7 (8 marks)Lenders require borrowers to sign many documents before the disbursement of a loan. Followingare two such documents. Mention the purpose of these documents:a) Letter of Guarantee.b) Loan agreement.Question 5-Chapter 13 (6 marks) Discuss ONE advantage and ONE Disadvantage of dynamic provisioning.Question 6-Chapter 12 (6 marks)From a regulatory point of view, what are problems with securitisation as a credit risk tool?(TOTAL MARKS FOR PART ONE = 40 MARKS)PART TWO-CASE STUDIESQuestion 7-Chapter 13: Problem Loan Management (5 marks)You are the branch manager of Sun Bank. Lendal Holding Ltd has an overdraft facility with yourbank. The b ank’s head office credit analyst peered gloomily ove r the latest bank statements onLendal Holding Ltd, following on from a terse telephone call from you. The credit analyst concluded the trends were quite alarming and responded to you:“You will see from these figures t hat our bank’s position looks very difficult and that I am far fromhappy with these trends and am bound to conclude that we have a cash flow crisis on our hands!As you know the bank has paid the account up to $264,000 compared with the limit of $171,000which actually formally expired last August.The company has told you that it is having temporary cash flow problems, but are sure that theyare trading profitably. I have reservations because it is difficult to relate the profit claimed with therun of the bank account. Other issues which give rise cause for concern include:•I am worried about the financial controls exercised•Their continuing hope of an up-turn in the industry•Are all debtors good?•Creditors- what level of pressure is being exerted? Are there any writs outstanding?The credit analyst says, “I have come to the conclusion that we must get a lot closer to their cashflow problems in order to decide where we go from here. I propose that we pay a visit to thisclient as soon as possible.”Required:What are the areas you will be looking for during your visit to Lendal Holding Ltd? (Mention 5areas).Question 8-International Lending; Chapter 10 (8 marks)You are an importer and have been asked to discuss the use of a bill of exchange in an international transaction. You must also describe the rights and liabilities of the parties to the bill. Question 9-Credit risk from regulator’s perspective :Chapter 12 (6 marks)A life assurance company holds an unquoted bond issued by a multinational pharmaceutical company. To hedge against the risk of default, the investment manager has bought a credit derivative from a bank. Under the terms of the credit derivative, the bank will take delivery of thebond and pay the life insurance company the par value of the bond in the event that the pharmaceutical company fails to meet its interest or capital repayment obligations on any of itspublicly quoted bonds.Required:Describe briefly any potential weaknesses inherent in this particular credit-risk hedge.Question 10 Loan Pricing: Chapter 11(12 marks)The price of a $200,000 five-year housing loan (fixed loan) needs to be considered.Other relevant information:ADI requires 4% liquidity against lending assets, which currently earn 4.5%.At-call deposits arepriced at 4% and the five-year swap rates are at 5.2%. Costs of marketing and monitoring theloan are $1500 p.a. The ADI’s probability of default for housing loan s is 1.5%, while its recoveryrate is 96%.Home loans have a small probability of loss and the ADI puts an extra 1.3% aside.The ADI charges an extra 40 basis points to cope with pre-payment risk. Assume risk weight toassets of 50% for housing loans and capital adequacy requirement of 8%.Required:What would the price of the loan be if investors require an after-tax return on equity of 15% andhave a tax rate of 30%? (Note: Assume that this loan is funded at the five-year swap rate) Question 11-Credit risk analysis & Ratio analysis: Chapter 4 & Chapter 2 (19 marks)Total current assets $588,015,000Total non current assets $569,749,000Total assets $1,157,764,000Total current liabilities $403,930,000Total noncurrent liabilities $203,608,000Total liabilities $607,538,000Shareholders’ funds$550,326,000Retained earnings $278,893,000Sales $521,566,000Profit before interest and tax $173,897,000Number of shares on issues 142,869,000Cosmo Limited is requesting a loan of $10,000,000 to develop a shopping centre store. As security, the bank is offered a freehold office building, which was valued at $25,000,000 three years ago.Required:a) Carry out a credit analysis using five Cs approach. Would you lend to this company usingthis approach?b) Carry out a credit analysis on a market premium basis. Advise whether the loan should begranted using this approach? (Assume that the lending institution has a recovery rate of90 percent for A rated bonds)c) The Altman’s’ Z score for this company is 1.9527. Indicate your response to the loanrequest made by Cosmo Limited based on this score?d) Calculate following ratios for Cosmo Limited and discuss the conclusions that you candraw abou t the company’s financial position.i) Current Ratio, ii) Debt to total assets, iii) Return on capital employedQuestion 12-Corporate Lending: Chapter 8 (10 marks)Current account $1,000 (Cr)Savings account $3,000 (Cr)Car Loan $18,500 (Dr)Housing Loan $ 418,000 (Dr)John requests a meeting with you. At the meeting he explains that Dr.Alan Moore, a famous dentist in the town died suddenly in September 2013. Dr.Moore’s widow wishes to sell the clinic as soon as possible.Dr.Moore’s practice used the ground floor of his home, which John has had valued at a figure of $195,000. John has been negotiating with the executors of Moore’s estate and they have ag reed to sell the practice on the following basis:Building $200,000Equipment $50,000Goodwill $30,000Total $280,000John has examined the equipment; it is in good order and in his opinion worth $ 60,000. He is keen to purchase the clinic. It is situated only two kilometres away from where he works at present and he expects some of his existing patients to follow him. He hopes to be able increase the income of Moore’s clinic by at least $20,000 per annum from this source.John has saved $12,000 in a building society account. John has decided to withdraw this money to invest in this project.He asks you grant a loan o f $268,000 to purchase Dr.Moore’s clinic.Required:a) Mention three risks involved in this projectb) Indicate you response to the loan request made by John Smith (Mention whether yourecommend this loan or not with reasons)c) What form of security (collateral) would be suitable for this loan, if you decide to proceed?(TOTAL MARKS FOR PART TWO = 60 MARKS)Formula Sheet-END OF EXAM-。
Final Examination for BusinessEnglish Listening and Speaking
Work in pairs, making up dialogues according to the following situations.1. Mr. Xie, a graduate of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, is applying forthe position of Assistant Manager at Guangying Spinning Company Ltd., a Sino-British joint venture. The Vice Manager, Ms. Wang, is interviewing him about his educational background.2. You call to make an appointment for May 8 with Mr. Black, who is not availableat the moment. His secretary answers the phone and arranges the appointment for you.3. Work in pairs and take turns asking about each other ’s jobs. You may use the4. Look at the following organization chart. Student A asks questions and Student Banswers the questions.5. You areattending a trade fair and some carpets catch your eye. You want toestablish trade relations with the company that makes those carpets. Now you approach the manager and ask about the carpets. Here is some information about the carpets for you reference.Brand name: CozyMaterial: pure wool, artificial woolColor: light red, blue, dark greenPattern: landscape, flowers and plants, birds and animals, etc. Ways of weaving: machine-woven, hand-woven6. Your boss is going to attend the Shanghai APEC CEO Summit next month. As hissecretary, you are responsible for the planning of his trip. Now phone the booking office of an airline to make the reservation to Shanghai for a set date.7. You will attend the Shenzhen High-Tech Fair. You ring to book a sing room forfive nights from October 15 to 20 in a hotel where there are various amenities and good service.8. Imagine that you are at a restaurant with a foreign visitor who doesn ’t know muchabout Chinese food. Recommend some local specialties, describe what they are, how to eat then and explain the way to cook them.9. Student A : look at the line graph which shows the sales trend of a company anddescribe it in English.20040060080010001200Jan.Feb.Mar.Apr.May Jun.Jul.Aug.Student B : interpret the following Chinese into English:（1）大家都到齐了，我们开会吧。
八年级英语Final Test教案 新课标 人教版 教案
Final Test(时间120分钟分值100分)第Ⅰ卷(选择题 65分)听力部分Ⅰ. Listen to the tape, choose the word you hear. (5 分)1 A. invention B. resolution C. invitation2 A. slow B. exhibition C. fashion3 A. throat B. shrimp C. throw4 A. boring B. interesting C. relaxing5 A. tourist B. journalist C. pianistⅡ. Listen to the dialogue, choose the right picture. (5 分)6._______7._______8._______9._______Ⅲ. Listen to the dialogue, choose the right answer to the question. (5 分)(twice)11 What are they going to make?A. Fruit salad.B. Banana smoothie.C. Apple pie.12 What’s she going to do for vacation ?A. Visit her cousin.B. Go camping.C. Relax at home.13 What do you think of Ters?A. More serious and quiet.B. More outgoing and athletic.C. More intellectual and quiet.14 What is the boy going to do tomorrow?A. He is going to have a test.B. He is going to the movie.C. He is going to stay out late.15 What did he do when he met Tom Cruise?A. He got his autograph.B. He took his photo.C. He went to a movie with him.Ⅳ. Listen to the passage, choose the right answer you hear. (5 分)16 A. Mrs. King. B. Tim. C. Sam King. D. Tom.17 A. 8:00 B. 11:00 C. 8:30 D. 11:3018 A. They must learn English. B. They can only do some reading.C. They take exams.D. They are free to do anything.19 A. See a doctor. B. Take dictionaries.C. Speak English.D. Have delicious food.20 A. In three months. B. In four months.C. In three weeks.D. In four weeks.笔答部分Ⅰ. 选择填空 (15 分)21 I have a toothache. I should see a________.A. hospitalB. dentistC. teacherD. friend22 I’m________. I need to have a very good rest.A. hungryB. thirtyC. tiredD. stressed out23 When did your stomachache start?A. for two daysB. in two daysC. two days agoD. after two days24 More and more people become very________ because they hardly have any time to exercise.A. unhealthyB. healthyC. unhealthilyD. healthy25 Peter________ some conversation practice________ Jane________ some writing practice.A. need；and；needB. needs；while；needsC. need； but； needsD. need； while； need26 Could you please go sightseeing with us this Sunday?________.I have a lot of housework to do.A. Yes, sureB. I’m sorryC. Excuse meD. Good idea27 They do eye exercises twice a day, so________ of them________ glasses.A. few；put onB. few；wearC. a few；put onD. a few；wear28 How are you going to the train station to meet your aunt?I’m going there________ my father’s car.A. byB. inC. toD. on29 I’m going to Hawaii with my aunt this month for my holiday.________!A. Have a good timeB. Best wishes to youC. CongratulationsD. Please go30 The boss didn’t like Mike because he was not________ learning new things.A. afraid ofB. worried aboutC. tired ofD. good at31 You can look up the newest world________ in this book.A. newsB. recordC. personD. recorder32 Animal World is the most interesting TV________.A. playB. sportC. teamD. program33 Mother________ lots of things and took the subway back home yesterday.A. buysB. boughtC. is buyingD. is going to buy34 We are going to the Global Theatre in John’s car. You can some with us________ you can meet us there later.A. butB. andC. orD. then35 My father never eats junk food, and he does exercise every day. So he is veryA. healthyB. unhealthyC. seriousD. intellectualⅡ.完形填空(10 分)Time spent in a bookshop can be enjoyable. If you go to a 36 shop, no assistant will come near to you and say." Can I help you?" You 37 buy anything you don’t want. You may try to find out where the book you want is. But if you fail, the assistant will lead you there and then he will go away. It seems that he is 38 selling any books at all.There is a story which tells us about a good shop. A medical student 39 a very useful book in the shop. But it was 40 expensive for him to buy. He couldn’t get it from the library, 41 . So every afternoon, he went there to read a little at a time. One day, however, he couldn’t find 42 from its usual place, then he was leaving when he saw an assistant 43 to him. To his 44 ,the assistant pointed to the book 45 ,"I put it there so that it won’t be sold out." Said the assistant. Then he left the student and let him go on with his reading.36 A. good B. bad C. cheap D. expensive37 A. shouldn’t B. needn’t C. mustn’t D. can’t38 A. interesting for B. interested inC. not interesting atD. not interested in39 A. looked for B. looked C. look D. found40 A. the most B. more C. too D. enough41 A. either B. too C. neither D. also42 A. the book B. the shop C. the assistant D. the shopkeeper43 A. laugh B. signing C. helping D. said44 A. surprise B. surprised C. surprising D. surprises45 A. in a bookshop B. in his hand C. in a corner D. in his pocketⅡ.阅读理解 (20 分)AExercise is good for you because it can help you to keep fit and healthy. It is not enough just to eat a healthy diet. Exercise is important too. Exercise will make your muscles stronger. There are about600 muscles(肌肉)in the body. They move your bones and let you move your joints. If you do not exercise your muscles, they will be weaker and smaller. One of the most important muscles in the body is the heart. To exercise your heart, you need to do something like swimming, or playing a game in which you run about. This will make you breathe more deeply and make your heart and lungs stronger. One of the places where you can exercise is at school. In school, children have PE lessons that help them to keep fit and well. Try to exercise at least three times a week because exercise is good for you!Please choose a word or phrase that is similar in meaning to the underlined part. (根据知短文内容选取与划线部分意思相近的单词汇或词汇组)46 Exercise can help you keep fit and healthy.A. healthyB. fat47 It is not enough just to eat a healthy diet. We must exercise.A. junk foodB. sort of food that is good for health48 This will make your heart and lungs stronger.A. a little biggerB. full of energy49 One of the places where you can exercise is at school.A. places for studyingB. places for doing exercise50 Try to exercise at least three times a week.A. more thanB. less thanBThere was a pilot and three people in a small plane. Suddenly there was something wrong with the plane when it was flying in the air. The smoke was everywhere in the plane. The pilot told the people there were only three parachutes(降落伞). They all became worried and started to make excuses."I must go and mend the machine. " said the pilot, taking one of the parachutes. There was nothing he could do so he just jumped out.The next person said, "I must have a parachute. I am a very clever person, and I have to attend an important sports game. I know I am going to win the game because I am going to be the cleverest person there. "He picked up a pack and jumped out. Two men were left, an old businessman and a young mountain climber. By this time the plane was going down fast. The businessman said, "Young man, I am old but you’re still young. You take the last parachute. "the young mountain climber smiled, "Don’t worry, "he said, "we can both jump to safety because there are still two parachutes. Just now the clever person jumped out with my backpack."51 All the people became worried because________.A. they couldn’t find the parachutesB. they were afraid the plane would be broken and knew there were not enough parachutes for each person.C. There was too much smoke and they couldn’t jump out from the plane.D. They saw the pilot jump out first52 The clever man jumped out with________.A. parachuteB. nothingC. the pack of the climber’sD. two parachutes53 All the people thought of themselves except_________.A. the pilotB. the clever manC. the doctorD. the businessman54 From this story, we know________ would die.A. the clever manB. the businessmanC. the pilotD. a young mountain climber55 ________was a kind hearted man.A. The pilotB. The mountain climberC. The businessmanD. a young mountain climberC1. In the summer of 1963,Clinton won a drama contest,so he went to visit the city of Washington.2. Clinton was born in a poor family in 1946. Threemonths before he was born ,his father died.3. There he met President Kennedy. Then he decided tobecome a president.4. Bill Clinton took office on January 20th 1993 and be 克林顿came the 42nd U. S. president. He is the first U.S. president Who was born after World War Ⅱ , and he is very ambitious(有雄心的 ).5. When he was young, his mother got married again.Among all the greatest people in the world, Ⅰ like Edisonmost. He was so creative that he had 1,093 inventions in his life.He was born in 1847 and died in 1931. The most famous of hisinventions was a light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edisondeveloped the phonograph and the" kinetoscope ,"a small box forseeing moving films. He also improved the design of the telephone. 爱因斯坦He believed in hard work. Sometimes he worked twenty hours a day.The name of Helen Keller is known around the world as awoman of great intelligence ,high ambition and hard working.She spent her life helping others.Born in Tuscumbia, Alabama, in 1880, Helen Keller had afever that made her blind and deaf at the age of 19 months. When she was seven years old, Anne Mansfield Sullivan becameher teacher. Helen Keller quickly learned to read and write. By 海伦·凯勒the age of 10 she began to speak. At the age of 20 she entered Radcliffe College,with Miss Sullivan at her side to spell textbooks letter by letter into her hand.Four years later Helen Keller graduated, and she began her life’s work of helpingblind and deaf-blind people. She traveled around the world and wrote many books andarticles. She met every U. S. president from Grover Cleveland to Lyndon Johnson andplayed a major role in helping the blind.56 What’s the right order about Clinton’s life story?A. 2,5,1,4,3B. 3,4,1,5,2C. 2,5,1,3,4D. 5,1,3,4,257 According to the text, being________ makes Edison a successful scientist.A. outstandingB. hard-workingC. famousD. talented58 Helen Keller, Bill Clinton and Edison are all very famous people. They all_________.A. did lots of things for the people.B. had many great inventions.C. went to college to studyD. met the presidents of U. S.59 Helen Keller learned a lot___________.A. by herselfB. with the help of her parents.C. with the help of her teacher Sullivan.D. at home.60 Which of the following is right?A. Helen Keller didn’t go to college.B. Clinton was born before the World War ⅡC. Edison invented the telephone by himself.D. Clinton lived a poor life when he was young.DAs teenagers, you have many dreams. These dreams can be verybig, such as winning the Nobel Prize ,or they can be small. You mayjust want to become one of the ten best students in your class.Once you find a dream, what do you do with it? Do you ever tryTo make your dream real?"Follow Your Heart" by Australian writer Andrews tells us that making our dreams real is life’s biggest challenge.You may think you’re not very good at some school subjects, or that .it is impossible for you to become a writer. These kinds of thoughts stop you from getting your dream, the book says.In fact, everyone can make his dream come true. The first thing you must do is to remember what your dream is.Don’t let it leave your heart. Keep telling yourself what you want. Do this step by step and your dream will come true faster because a big dream is, in fact, many small dreams.You must also never give up your dream.There will be difficulties on the road to your dreams. But the biggest difficulty comes from yourself. You need to decide what is the most important. Studying instead of watching TV will lead to better exam results, while saving five yuan instead of buying an ice cream means you can buy a new book. As you get closer to your dream, it may change a little. This is good as you have the chance to learn more skills and find new interests.61 "Follow Your Heart" is __________.A. The first thing you must do to make your dream realB. The most important dream to have for teenagersC. The name of a famous Australian writerD. The name of a book by Andrew Matthews62 If you want to make your dream real ,you should__________.A. remember what your dream is firstB. keep telling yourself what you wantC. never be afraid of the gig difficultiesD. try to start with all the things above63 From the text, we know the word "challenge ”means__________.A. 变化B. 挑战C. 决定D.态度64 What shouldn’t be done to make your dream come true?A. Always remember what your dreams is.B. Do what you should go step by step.C. Watch TV so that you can get better exam results.D. Read more books, learn more skills and find new interests.65 What is the best title for the text?A. Keep your dream in your mind.B. How to find your real dream.C. Never stop dreaming of success.D. Teenagers have many dreams.第Ⅱ卷（非选择题式35分）Ⅰ.用所给动词的适当形式填空 (5 分)1 Tara and Tina_________ economics when they grow up. (study)2 Jack is lazy and dirty. He hates_________ the laundry. (do)3 He doesn’t like_________ black coffee. He likes coffee with sugar. (drink)4 Mother wants her_________ the piano every day. (practice)5 Carol has a bad headache ,so he _________ to go to the doctor. (need)Ⅱ.用方框中词组的适当形式填空（5 分）6 Could you please_________ the recorder7 I’m trying to study.7 _______ she visited a museum and an amusement park. She had a wonderful day.8 _______，sleeping late is unhealthy for children.9 I think you are_________. You’d better go home and relax.10 We _________in the countryside and enjoyed ourselves last week.Ⅲ.语言综合运用 (10 分)A.请你根椐提示，将所单词、词组分类；只写字母可。
英语期末考试短文写作训练
英语期末考试短文写作训练Final Exam Writing Practice: English Short EssayAs we approach the end of the semester, it is time to prepare for the final English exam. One crucial aspect of this exam is the short essay writing section. In this practice session, we will focus on honing our skills in writing well-structured and coherent essays. So, let's get started!Introduction:The ability to write a concise yet meaningful essay is an essential skill that every student should possess. It helps you convey your thoughts effectively and showcase your understanding of the given topic. In this practice, we will explore the key elements of a well-crafted essay and provide some valuable tips to ensure your success in the upcoming final exam.Body:1. Understanding the Prompt:Before beginning any writing task, it is imperative to carefully read and understand the prompt. Pay close attention to the given instructions, topic, and any specific requirements. This shows the examiner that you are fully engaging with the task and can help ensure a cohesive and relevant response.2. Planning and Organizing:Once you have grasped the prompt, take a few moments to plan your essay. Outline the main points you want to discuss and decide on the order inwhich you will present them. This pre-writing process helps create a well-structured essay that flows smoothly and logically.3. Introduction:The introduction sets the tone for your essay and should capture the reader's attention. Start with a strong opening sentence or a thought-provoking question to draw the reader in. Then, provide brief background information on the topic and end the introduction with a clear thesis statement that highlights your main argument or point of view.4. Body Paragraphs:The body paragraphs form the bulk of your essay. Each paragraph should focus on one main idea or argument supported by relevant evidence, examples, or explanations. Begin each paragraph with a topic sentence that introduces the main point, followed by supporting details. Ensure a smooth transition between paragraphs to maintain the essay's coherence.5. Language and Style:Aim to use a variety of vocabulary and sentence structures to showcase your language proficiency. Avoid using overly complex language or jargon that may confuse the reader. Instead, strive for clarity and precision in your writing. Use transition words and phrases to link ideas and create a seamless flow between sentences and paragraphs.6. Conclusion:Provide a strong conclusion that summarizes your main points and reaffirms your thesis statement. Avoid introducing new arguments orinformation within the conclusion. Instead, emphasize the significance of your ideas and leave a lasting impression on the reader.7. Revision and Proofreading:Once you have completed your essay, take the time to review and revise. Check for any grammatical or spelling errors and ensure that your ideas are expressed clearly. Pay attention to the essay's overall structure, coherence, and logical progression. If possible, ask a peer or instructor to provide feedback on your writing.Conclusion:In this English exam essay writing practice, we have discussed the essential elements of a well-crafted essay. Remember to carefully read and understand the prompt, plan and organize your thoughts, and maintain a clear and concise writing style. By practicing these techniques, you will be better prepared for the upcoming final exam. Good luck!。
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1)Which of the following is not an example of organizational inefficiency?a.Hiring the wrong peopleb.Failing to reach goals that sustain the company’s competitive advantagesc.Losing a key contributord.Making poor investment decision2)Which of the following statements about TQM is true?a.In TQM, quality is the role of quality control specialistsb.In TQM, satisfying the customer is primarily the responsibility of marketingc.The TQM perspective views quality as the central purpose of the organization whereasthe operational perspective focuses on efficiencyd.Most major firms have not yet adopted TQMPAGE373)The employee handbook today is an example of the use of impersonal rules and procedures toprovide a fair and consistent way of dealing with employees. This is a positive contribution made by which approach to management?a.Scientific managementb.Bureaucratic managementc.Total quality managementd.Administrative managementPAGE34-394)The regional trading alliance group NAFTA, comprise of the following countriesA, Canada and UKA, Canada and MexicoA, India and chinaA, Canada and brazilPAGE605)Which mode of international entry is Schneider Corporation using if they decide to transfer therights to produce and sell their products overseas to a foreign firm in return for a royalty?a.Exportingb.Turnkey projectc.Licensingd.Strategic alliancePAGE73-746)Jeremy’s ethical decision making is guided primarily by his belief that his self interests should bepromoted as long as he doesn’t harm others. What approach to ethical decision making does Jeremy use?a.Utilitarianismb.Justice approachc.Individualismd.Rights approachPAGE95-977)Which of the following is not a benefit of social responsibility?a.Socially responsible companies are good corporate citizens to the community and to theenvironmentb.Social responsible companies have fewer conflicts with stake holder groups who disagreewith the company over how it uses its resources.c.Socially responsible companies may divert needed resources for improving the businessinto social responsibility projects.d.Corporate social responsibility is related to higher financial performancePAGE108-1108)The aspect of the corporate culture that can be perceived from the way managers explain andjustify their actions and decisions isa.Espoused valuesb.Visible culturec.Perceived valuesd.Core valuesPAGE126-1289)Which of the following is the correct order of Lewin’s three-step model of organizationalchange?a.Unfreezing refreezing, changeb.Refreezing, change, unfreezingc.Change, unfreezing , refreezingd.Unfreezing, change, refreezingPAGE 14110)The process that helps managers set objectives for the future and map out the activities andmeans that will make it possible to achieve those objectives isa.Goal settingb.Objective settingc.Implementingd.PlanningPAGE3011)Which decisions tend to have the longest time horizon?a.Strategic decisionb.Operational decisionc.Tactical decisiond.Programmed decisionPAGE190-19112)Which of the following is not true of the SWOT analysis?a.SWOT stands for strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threatsb.Strengths and weaknesses are found in the internal analysis of the firmc.The SWOT analysis tells the firm what strategies to pursued.The objective is to analyze factors from both inside and outside the organization thatmay influence success.PAGE 21813)Which diversification strategy focuses on a single business operating in a single industrysegment?a.Concentration strategyb.Vertical integration strategyc.Concentric diversification strategyd.Conglomerate diversification strategyPAGE 23614)What is the process of creating a business enterprise capable of entering new or establishedmarkets by deploying resources and people in a unique way to develop a new organization?a.Strategic managementb.Entrepreneurshipc.Partnershipd.Innovation15)A diverse team may be able to find better solutions because ofa.The homogeneity of personality typesb.Similar mindsetc.Divergent thinking processesd.Similarity in conceptualizing problemsPAGE341-34216)A belief among majority group employees that their way of doing things, their values and theirnorms are inherently superior to those of other groups is referred to asa.Ethnocentrismb. A monoculturec.Segmented communication channelsd. A glass ceilingPAGE 34417)Which is not one of the major traditional approaches to understanding leadership?a.Production-centered leadershipb.Trait approachc.Behavioral approachd.Situational approach18)A process team which is a formalized part of the organization’s structure that is responsible forproducing an entire product, component, or service is also referred to as aa.Project teamb.Self managed teamc.Parallel teamd.Virtual teamPAGE40719)According to Deming there are four steps in the quality approach, they are:a.Plan>check>do>actb.Plan > do >act>checkc.Plan >do>check>actd.Plan>act>check>doPAGE47520)In a JIT system, the firm’s inventory of inputs area.Kept at the lowest level possibleb.Purchased from a single supplierc.Kept at the highest level possibled.Kept in nearby warehouses.PAGE479-480。