报刊阅读理解1-5(学生)

1、And man-made life
背景常识介绍“
人造生命是指从其它生命体中提取基因，建立新染色体。

随后将其嵌入已经被剔除了遗传密码的细胞之中，最终由这些人工染色体控制这个细胞，发育变成新的生命体。

2007年10月8日，美国科学家克雷格·文特尔表示，他目前已经在实验室成功地制造出一个合成的人造染色体。

2010年5月20日，美国私立科研机构克雷格·文特尔研究所宣布世界首例人造生命——完全由人造基因控制的单细胞细菌诞生，并将“人造生命”起名为“辛西娅”。

这项具有里程碑意义的实验表明，新的生命体可以在实验室里“被创造”，而不是一定要通过“进化”来完成。

TO CREATE life is the prerogative of gods. Deep in the human psyche, whatever the rational pleadings of physics and chemistry, there exists a sense that biology is different, is more than just the sum of atoms moving about and reacting with one another, is somehow infused with a divine spark, a vital essence. It may come as a shock, then, that mere mortals have now made artificial life.
Craig Venter and Hamilton Smith, the two American biologists who unraveled the first DNA sequence of a living organism (a bacterium) in 1995, have made a bacterium that has an artificial genome—creating a living creature with no ancestor. Pedants may quibble that only the DNA of the new beast was actually manufactured in a laboratory; the researchers had to use the shell of an existing bug to get that DNA to do its stuff. Nevertheless, a Rubicon has been crossed. It is now possible to conceive of a world in which new bacteria (and eventually, new animals and plants) are designed on a computer and then grown to order.
That ability would prove mankind’s mastery over nature in a way more profound than even the detonation of the first atomic bomb. The bomb, however justified in the context of the Second World War, was purely destructive. Biology is about nurturing and growth. Synthetic biology, as the technology that this and myriad less eye catching advances are ushering in
has been dubbed, promises much. In the short term it promises better drugs, less thirsty crops, greener fuels and even a rejuvena ted chemical industry. In the longer term who knows what marvels could be designed and grown?
On the face of it, then, artificial life looks like a wonderful thing. Y et that is not how many will view the announcement. For them, a better word than “creation” is “tampering”. Have scientists got too big for their boots? Will their hubris bring Nemesis in due course? What horrors will come creeping out of the flask on the laboratory bench?
Such questions are not misplaced—and should give pause even to those, including this newspaper, who normally embrace advances in science with enthusiasm. The new biological science does have the potential to do great harm, as well as good. “Predator” and “disease” are just as much part of the biological vocabulary as “nurturing” and “growth”. But for good or ill it is here. Creating life is no longer the prerogative of gods.
1. In paragraph one, the author implies that to create life is____________.
A. against God’s will
B. against people’s religious right
C. gods’ privilege
D. a proof of men’s power
2. The statement “a Rubicon has been crossed” in paragraph two me ans that__________.
A. the researchers have violated the law of the nature
B. the researchers have solved the problem caused by Rubicon
C. the researchers have overcome the protest from religious people
D. the researchers have taken their decision and will never change
3. The author cites the example of the first atomic bomb to imply____________.
A. mankind’s mastery over the nature
B. the potential danger of creating life
C. the harm brought about by scientific development
D. the differences between physics and biology
4. In the last paragraph, the author urges people to____________.
A. applaud warmly for scientific development
B. give due support to advances in creating life
C. think twice about the influence of creating life
D. accept whatever is good or ill in existence
5. According to the passage, the author holds a _____ attitude towards creating life.
A. supportive
B. detached
C. biased
D. suspicious
词汇：
Divine a.神的，神圣的，非凡的，超人的，非常可爱的;n.牧师
Conceive v.①(of)设想，构思，想象;②以为;③怀胎，怀有
Profound a.①深刻的，意义深远的;②渊博的，造诣深的
[真题例句] But the environment must also have a profound (①) effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
[例句精译] 但环境也一定对性格有深刻的影响，因为如果竞争对父母来说很重要的话，那它也可能成为孩子生活中的一个重要因素。

Artificial a.①人工的，人造的;②人为的，娇揉造作的
[真题例句] Indeed the quest for true artificial (①) intelligence has produced very mixed results.
[例句精译] 实际上对真正的人工智能的追求已经产生了各种各样的效果。

[真题例句] The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial (②), but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
[例句精译] 很多美国人不经意表现的友好不应被看做是表面或虚假的
应酬，而应该看成是文化传统历史发展的结果
Embrace v.①拥抱;②包含
[真题例句] In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces (②) not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
[例句精译] 在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包括生产资料的所有权，也包括一定的权利，比如，产品价格的决定权或与其他私有个体的自由签约权。

参考译文：
人造生命
造物是上帝的特权。

无论从物理还是化学的角度来说，人造生命有多么合情合理，人类内心一直有这样一种观念——生物是特殊的，它不仅仅是一定数量的原子晃来晃去相互反应的结果，而是，神之光芒，天地之精华的融合。

现如今，卑微的人类也造物了，想必令人震惊。

1995年，美国的两位生物学家——克瑞格·温特和汉密尔顿·史密斯，第一次解开了一个活的有机体(一个细菌)的DNA序列。

最近，他们制造出了一个有人造基因的细菌——也就是说，他们创造了一个没有祖先的生命。

较真的学究们可能会争辩只有新生物的DNA是实验室制造的，科学家们不得不从现已存在的昆虫的躯体中取得DNA，然后才开始造物。

然而，难题已被拿下。

现在，我们可以想象有一天，科学家们在电脑上设计新的细菌(最终可能是新的动植物)，并让它们按照程序设计的那样生长。

从某种程度上而言，这一成果比第一颗原子弹的爆炸更能证明人类对自然的掌控。

然而，原子弹虽然有二战的庇护，其性质实则是不折不扣的破坏;
生物是一门关于培育和生长的学科;合成生物学前景广阔，作为一门科学技术现已运用于人造生命以及无数的和人造生命相比不是那么引人注目的科学发展中。

从短期来看，合成生物学有助于研发更好的药品、耐旱作物、清洁能源，甚至是用于振兴化工业。

从长期来看，谁知道会有什么奇迹诞生并发展呢?
乍看起来，人造生命是个好东西。

然而，这并不是多数人的看法，他们认为，比起“创造”，“干涉”这个词更好。

科学家们是不是太自负了呢?他们的自负会不会招致惩罚呢?实验台上的烧瓶里会产生什么样的噩梦呢?
这些问题不是杞人忧天——对于那些像本刊这样，一直满怀热情支持科技进步的人们来说，也应该停下来好好想想。

生物学的新进展确实可能在带来进步的同时，带来巨大的伤害。

是“捕食”，“疾病”还是“养育”，“生长”
在生物学上都是均等的。

但是，好也罢，坏也罢，人造生命已是既成事实。

创造生命不再是上帝的特权。

Lesson2 As penny-pinchers hover, Business trips rebound
背景常识介绍:
Delta Air Lines公司(又称：达美航空、德尔塔航空、三角航空)总部设在亚特兰大，是美国第三大航空公司。

三角航空公司在1924年成立时只是一家给农作物喷洒农药的公司，1928年改为三角航空服务公司，随后增加客运服务。

1941年，公司将总部从门罗迁至亚特兰大。

1953年，三角航空公司与芝加哥和南方航空公司合并。

1972年，它又兼并了东北航空公司。

1987年兼并西部航空公司，从而成为美国第三大航空公司。

三角航空公司是美国的一家骨干航空公司，每天运营2600多个航班飞往全世界26个国家的197个城市。

国际航空运输协会(1945年4月在古巴首都哈瓦纳召开世界航空企业会议时所成立的机构, 以发展安全且经济的航空运输、促进贸易等为目的; 目前有130多个国家的逾230个会员(航空公司); 总部设在加拿大蒙特利尔(Montreal)。

Some airlines, after a long period of cutting capacity, are now cautiously adding seats to accommodate the growth in demand. Delta, for example, said in October that its fourth quarter capacity would be up 3 to 5 percent domestically and 10 to 12 percent internationally.
Wall Street loves hearing that airlines are holding the line on capacity because it means that supply and demand are balanced in favor of the supplier. But since January, according to a recent report by the International Air Transport Association, worldwide airline capacity “has entered the market at a faster rate than demand.”Airlines have been rushing to assure stock market analysts that they still have the demand supply equation under control.
Meanwhile, companies are alarmed by indications that travel costs are rising, even as improved economic conditions argue for sending more employees out on the road. Next year, according to the American Express Global Business Travel Forecast released las t month, “pricing power will swing back to air and hotel suppliers for the first time in two years.”
For business travelers, of course, this all means more lectures from
corporate travel managers about saving money. As the American Express report put it, companies need to reexamine cost control tactics to guard against the expected “significant rate in creases” next year.
According to the annual Business Traveler Survey just released by the consulting company Deloitte, 24 percent of respondents plan to take more business trips next year and an additional 56 percent expect to take at least as many as in 2010. They’re on a tighter rein, too. Half said they were now required to obtain preapproval for business trips. Nearly a quarter said they were now staying at cheaper hotels.
Now, those of us who have been around this rodeo for a while have seen this particular event many times. Corporate travel managers wail that costs are soaring, and they demand compliance with new or old, but always strict, travel policies—or else.
But as business conditions improve and the need to travel becomes compelling, many business travelers push back and say, in effect, “Whaddya mean I have to save money by connecting on that crummy airline through Chicago and Houston to get to my destination in Los Angeles, where you expect me to stay at some cheap hotel that’s an hour’s drive from my meeting?”
So we’ll listen to the lectures and travel with our usual fiscal prudence. But we can take heart in a statistic released by the International Air Transport Association. Penny pinching aside, international premium travel in first and business class was up 12.1 percent in September.
As they say at the rodeo, Yippee!
1. What can we infer from paragraph one?
A. Some airlines are benefiting from the improved economic conditions.
B. Some airlines are trying to balance the demand and supply.
C. Some airlines have been cutting down the price for a long time.
D. Some airlines have provided accommodation for their passengers.
2. According to a recent report by the International Air Transport Association,_____.
A. airlines have supplied more seats than actually demanded
B. airlines have responded to the demand at a fast speed
C. airlines have relied on stock market analysts to enter the market
D. airlines have had the demand supply equation under control
3. Companies are facing the problem of __________.
A. more business trips
B. higher travel expenses
C. shortage of funds
D. revision of cost control tactics
4. The statement “They’re on a tighter rein, too”in paragraph five means __________.
A. they must reduce their business trips, too
B. they must save their own money, too
C. they are also affected by the new situations
D. they are also under strict control
5. In the last two paragraphs, the author implies that _____________.
A. employees have to travel with their usual fiscal prudence
B. airlines will benefit from the increase of international premium travel
C. the statistic released by the International Air Transport Association is authoritative
D. companies may invest more to make business trips more pleasurable for employees
词汇
Capacity n.①容量，容积;②能量，能力;③接受力;④生产力
[真题例句] Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity (①) that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.
[例句精译] 另一种思路则假定人的记忆存储系统储量有限，这个系统专门通过遗忘提供适应的灵活性。

[真题例句] That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity (②), whether that capacity be small or great.
[例句精译] 这一概念暗示了所有儿童都有接受教育的机会——即每个儿童，不管其本身的能力大小与否，都有权利在学习上最大限度地得到帮助。

[真题例句]America’s capacity (④) utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in Aug ust) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment—the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.
[例句精译] 例如，美国的生产力利用率在今年前段时间达到了历史最高水平，失业率(8月份为5.6%)已降到低于对自然失业率的大多数估测——过去，当比率低于自然失业率时，通货膨胀率早已迅速上升。

Cautious a.(of)小心的，谨慎的
[真题例句] For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time.
[例句精译] 去年在感恩节和圣诞节之间零售商的销售收入是全年的百分之二十四，对于他们来讲,在关键时期该谨慎行事了。

Accommodate v.①留宿，收容;②供应，供给;③使适应;使符合
[真题例句] And they also need to give serious (21：thought) to how they can be best (22：accommodate) (③) such changes.
[例句精译] 他们也应该认真考虑青少年是如何适应这些变化的。

Domestic a.①家里的;②本国的;③驯养的
[真题例句] Foreign made cars and textiles were sweeping into the
domestic (②) market.
[例句精译] 外国制造的汽车和纺织品正在蜂拥进入国内市场。

Equation n.①(数学)等式，方程式;②(with)相等;③均衡
Swing v.摇摆，摇荡，回转，旋转;n.①秋千;②摇摆，摆动
[真题例句] Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings (n.②) in the oil price.
[例句精译] 发达国家对石油的依赖性也不如从前，因此对油价的波动也就不会那么敏感。

T actics n.战术，策略
[真题例句] He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.
[例句精译] 他揭露了这些人的伎俩和手段，对那些不了解创世纪论者惯用手法的人来说，其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会让他们感到气愤和吃惊。

Annual a.每年的，年度的;n.年刊，年鉴
[真题例句] Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial government), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual (a.) meeting, might spare a moment to do something, to reduce health care costs.
[例句精译] 加拿大的省政府官员们在六月末年会上对政府当局怨声载道，在此之余,他们应该花一点时间来做一些实事，尽量减少健康福利的支出。

Particular a.特殊的，特别的;特定的，个别的;n.[常pl.]详情，细目
Compel v.强迫，迫使
[真题例句] It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage.
[例句精译] 这也意味着：政府不得不逐渐加大对这些部门的干预力度，以便提高生产率，确保生产率发挥最佳效益。

参考译文
节俭出行，商务旅行回暖
经过很长一段时期的减少运力，一些航空公司现在开始谨慎地增加座位以适应需求增长。

例如，美国达美航空公司在10月份说它第四个季度的运力国内增长了3%到5%，国际增长了10%到12%。

华尔街喜欢听到航空公司增加运力的消息，因为这意味着供求关系偏向供应方。

但是根据一份国际航空运输协会的近期报告，自1月份起，世界范围内的航空运力“以超出需求的速度进入市场”。

航空公司急着向股票市场分析专家保证他们依然很好地控制着供求关系平衡。

同时，旅行开销增长的信号使企业警觉起来，尽管经济形势好转要求派送更多员工出差。

据美国运通上个月发布的商务旅行预测，明年“定价权将会两年里第一次回到航空公司和宾馆的手中。

”
当然对商务旅行者来说，这意味着要忍受公司差旅管理者关于省钱的说教。

正如美国运通的报告中所说，企业需要重新核查花销控制策略以防备明年预期的“大幅增长”。

根据咨询公司德勒发布的年度商务旅行者调查，24%的受访者计划明年有更多商务旅行，另外56%的人预期至少会和2010年一样多。

他们也得更加节约。

一半人说他们现在需要获得商务旅行的预先审批。

几乎四分之一的人说他们现在都住便宜点的旅馆。

现在我们中那些有一段时间围观这场竞技表演的人已经经历过这种事情很多回了。

公司的差旅管理者对开销飞涨感到心疼，他们要求遵守新的或旧的，但总是非常严格的旅行规定或其他规则。

但是随着经济形势好转以及旅行需求变得极为强烈，许多商务旅行者实际上推回问题，说：“我不得不省钱，乘芝加哥到休斯顿的寒碜飞机到我的目的地洛杉矶，让我住在离开会一个小时车程远的便宜旅馆，你有什么意思?”
所以我们会忍受说教，和往常一样出差的时候注意省钱。

但是国际航空运输协会发布的数据让我们振作起来。

小气节俭先放一边，乘坐头等舱和商务舱的国际高端旅行九月份上涨了12.1%。

正如他们在竞技表演场上喊的：“好啊!”
Lesson3、Born digital
背景常识介绍：
数字资源长期保存是一个新的复杂的问题，国外很多国家如欧美、澳大利亚等国在这方面的研究和应用已经取得长足进步，在实践的过程中积累了很多经验和知识，对我国刚刚起步的研究和试验有着非常有价值的借鉴作用，无论从不同类型的数字资源长期保存策略问题、技术策略、系统和框架问题及相关法律都有很多宝贵的先进经验，对推动我国数字资源长期保存的研究和应用具有重要意义。

IN THE digital realm, things seem always to happen the wrong way round. Whereas Google has hurried to scan books into its digital catalogue, a group of national libraries has begun saving what the online giant leaves behind. For although search engines such as Google index the web, they do not archive it. Many websites just disappear when their owner runs out of money or interest. Adam Farquhar, in charge of digital projects for the British Library, points out that the world has in some ways a better record of the beginning of the 20th century than of the beginning of the 21st.
In 1996 Brewster Kahle, a computer scientist and internet entrepreneur, founded the Internet Archive, a non profit organization dedicated to preserving websites. He also began gently harassing national libraries to worry about preserving the web. They started to pay attention when several elections produced interesting material that never touched paper.
In 2003 eleven national libraries and the Internet Archive launched a project to preserve “born digital”information: the kind that has never existed as anything but digitally. Called the International Internet Preservation Consortium (IIPC), it now includes 39 large institutional libraries. But the task is impossible. One reason is the sheer amount of data on the web. The groups have already collected several petabytes of data (a petabyte can hold roughly 10 trillion copies of this article).
Another issue is ensuring that the data is stored in a format that makes it available in centuries to come. Ancient manuscripts are still readable. But
much digital media from the past is readable only on a handful of fragile and antique machines, if at all. The IIPC has set a single format, making it more likely that future historians will be able to find a machine to read the data. But a single solution cannot capture all content. Web publishers increasingly serve up content rich pages based on complex data sets. Audio and video programmes based on proprietary formats such as Windows Media Player are another challenge. What happens if Microsoft is bankrupt and forgotten in 2210?
The biggest problem, for now, is money. The British Library estimates that it costs half as much to store a digital document as it does a physical one. But there are a lot more digital ones. America’s Library of Congress enjoys a specific mandate, and budget, to save the web. The British Library is still seeking one.
So national libraries have decided to split the task. Each has taken responsibility for the digital works in its national top level domain (web address suffixes such as “.uk”or “.fr”). In countries with larger domains, such as Britain and America, curators cannot hope to save everything. They are concentrating on material of national interest, such as elections, news sites and citizen journalism or innovative uses of the web.
The daily death of countless websites has brought a new sense of urgency—and forced libraries to adapt culturally as well. Past practice was to tag every new document as it arrived. Now precision must be sacrificed to scale and speed. The task started before standards, goals or budgets are set. And they may yet change. Just like many websites, libraries will be stuck in what is known as “ permanent beta”.
1. Adam Farquhar implies that ________________.
A. Google should lessen its fierce competition with national libraries
B. it is necessary for Google to index the web and archive it
C. the death of websites has bought the urgency of preserving
information
D. the protection and regulation of websites are necessary in the 21st century
2. What is the great contribution of Brewster Kahle?
A. Sponsoring many bankrupt websites.
B. Visiting national libraries and harassing librarians.
C. Drawing the attention of national libraries to elections.
D. Raising concern with preserving websites.
3. The word “launch” (Para 3, Line 1) most probably means ________________.
A. enhance
B. design
C. start
D. establish
4. It is tough to preserve digital information, because ________________.
A. everyday countless websites disappear at a quick rate
B. many websites contain too much useless or messy information
C. Microsoft will go bankrupt and forgotten in 2210
D. many national libraries cannot get a budget
5. In preserving digital information, which of the following is most important?
A. Accuracy.
B. Speed.
C. Budget.
D. Cultural adaptability.
词汇：
giant n.巨人；a.巨大的
［真题例句］(42：As) industrial giants (n.) like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive (43：by) reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.
［例句精译］正当像通用汽车公司和IBM这样的工业巨头们在通过裁减工人数量来挣扎着生存之时，总部设在威斯康星州密尔沃基市的“Manpower”公司却正生意兴隆。

［真题例句］Several giant (a.) dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.
［例句精译］有几个巨型大坝项目就有弊大于利的危险。

entrepreneur n.企业家，主办人
［真题例句］Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars.
［例句精译］我们的英雄不是学者而是运动员、演艺圈名星和企业家。

launch v.①发射；②使（船）下水；③发动，开展；n.发射，下水
［真题例句］The debate was launched (v.③) by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC—including ordinary listeners and viewers—to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.
［例句精译］这场争论是英国政府发起的，它邀请每一位对BBC有看法的人——包括普通的听众和观众——对公司好坏进行评论，甚至可以评论他们是否认为公司值得办下去。

available a.①可用的，可得到的；②可以见到的，随时可来的
［真题例句］However, there are still no forecasts for when faster than light travel will be available (①), or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible.
［例句精译］然而，对地何时能够进行超光速旅行，何时人类克隆技术能够完善，何时时间旅行成为可能，仍未作出预测。

budget n.预算；v.做预算
［真题例句］“We know that,”the men from the budget (n.) office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?”
［例句精译］预算部门的人说：“这点我们知道，但你的意见如何？你觉得值得做下去吗？你觉得我们可以期待什么呢？”
domain n.①（活动，思想等）领域，范围；②领地；③努力范围
permanent
a. 永久的，持久的
参考译文
数码人生
在数码领域，出乎意料的事情似乎总有发生。

当谷歌忙于将书籍扫描成数字文档时，各国图书馆已经开始保存这个在线巨人漏掉的资料。

尽管谷歌这类搜索引擎提供网站的索引服务，但并不保存网站。

很多网站因其所有人缺乏资金或失去兴趣而昙花一现。

Adam Farquhar负责大英博物馆的数字项目，他指出，从某种程度上而言，全世界对20世纪初期的记录要比21世纪初期的记录做得好。

1996年，一位名叫Brewster Kahle的计算机科学家和因特网企业家，成立了因特网档案室——一个非营利性的组织，致力于网站的保存。

他也开始委婉地敦促各国的国家图书馆关注保存网站的问题。

当几轮选举中出现了一些有意义的材料，但却未以任何书面形式保留下来时，各国图书馆开始关注这一问题。

2003年，11个国家图书馆和因特网档案室启动了一个保护“数码信息”的项目。

所谓“数码信息”是指此类信息没有以数码之外的任何其他形式存在过。

这个被称为“国际因特网保护联合体”的项目，现有39家大型机构图书馆参与。

这些组织已经收集了几拍（petabytes）的数据（一拍大约能装下10万亿篇本文），但是这一项目几乎是无法完成的，原因之一就是网络上的数据量实在是太庞大了。

另一个问题是如何确保现在储存数据的格式，在几个世纪之后依然存在。

古代的一些书稿人们到今天还能读。

但是很多过去的数字媒体，即使勉强能读，也仅限于为数不多的几台脆弱的老掉了牙的机器。

国际因特网保护联合体已经单独创立一种格式，让未来的历史学家更有可能找到读取这些数据的机器。

但一种解决方案不能抓取所有内容。

网站发布者们运用复杂的数据传输转换器提供越来越多的内容丰富的网页。

以各类专有格式（如Windows Media Player)储存的音频和视频内容也是个大问题。

万一2210年微软破产或无人知晓怎么办？
现在面临的最大问题是钱。

大英博物馆估计储存数字文件的花费是储存物理文件的一半，但是数字内容要多很多。

美国国会图书馆很幸运，因为国家有具体的保护网站的授权和预算，大英博物馆还在继续争取。

因此，各国的图书馆决定共同完成这个任务。

它们分别负责其顶级域名内的数字作品（如后缀为“.uk”或“.fr”的网址）。

如果某些国家域名庞大，如英国和美国，馆长们不要指望把什么都保存下来。

他们需要重点关注关系国计民生
的材料，如选举、新闻网站和有关普通民众的新闻报道或是创意使用网站的方法。

每天，都有无数网站消失，更让人感到时间紧迫——图书馆也不得不根据社会文化需要，灵活处理。

过去习惯做法是凡是新文件，一一标注保存。

现在则必须牺牲准确性换取规模和速度。

标准、目标或预算都没确定，就开始工作了。

而标准、目标、预算还可能变更。

同很多网站一样，图书馆也将陷入所谓“永久试用版”的境地。

Lesson 4 Does light make you fat?
背景常识介绍:
垃圾食品和缺乏锻炼被认为是导致肥胖的两大主因。

据国外媒体10月12日报道，美国一项新研究发现，导致肥胖的另一大因素是夜间灯光。

俄亥俄州立大学神经系统科学家劳拉·方肯博士及其同事，以实验鼠为对象完成了一系列试验。

THE blame for rising obesity rates has been pinned on many things, including a more calorific diet, the spread of processed food, a lack of exercise and modern man’s generally more stressful lot. Something else may soon be included in the list: brighter nights.
Light regulates the body’s biological clock—priming an individual’s metabolism for predictable events such as meals and slumber. Previous research has shown that, in mice at least, the genes responsible for this can be manipulated so as to make the animals plumper and more susceptible to problems associated with obesity, including diabetes and heart disease. It was not known, though, whether simply altering ambient light intensity might have similar effects.
A team of researchers led by Laura Fonken of Ohio State University has cleared the matter up. As they report in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, they examined how nocturnal light affects weight, body fat and glucose intolerance (the underlying cause of late onset diabetes) in male mice. They found that persistent exposure to even a little night time light leads to increases in all three.
T o reach this conclusion Dr Fonken split her murine subjects into three groups. Some were kept in cages lit constantly, so as to resemble a never ending overcast day. A second group lived in conditions akin to their natural habitat, with 16 hours of overcast day
like light, followed by eight hours of darkness. The remaining rodents were also exposed to a cycle, but the dark was replaced with a dim glow equivalent to the twilight at the first flickers of dawn.
Over the eight week period of the experiment the mice in the first and third groups gained almost 50% more weight than those exposed to the natural light dark cycle. They also put on more fat and exhibited reduced tolerance of glucose, despite eating comparable amounts of food and moving around just as much.
In a follow up experiment, Dr Fonken looked at whether the timing of food consumption alone could explain the observed differences. It turned out that those forced to eat during the “day”—ie, out of whack with their biological clock—did indeed gain about 10% more weight than those fed at “night” (be it dark or just dim) or those with uninterrupted access to grub.
How this might relate to people will require further investigation. Mice and humans are physiologically alike, so a similar effect might be expected for people, but the fact that mice are nocturnal and humans diurnal is a serious complicating factor. It is true, though, that the spread of electric lighting means many people eat their main meal when natural daylight is long gone—the obverse of a mouse eating during daylight hours. And that tendency to eat late, though it has never been tested properly, is believed by many nutritionists to be a factor in putting on weight.
1. People often attribute their overweight to the following factors except _________.
A. a high calorie diet
B. the diversity of processed food
C. a lack of exercise。