Washington Irving was born in New York City
华盛顿欧文Washington Irving
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is a short story by Washington Irving contained in his collection The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., written while he was living in Birmingham, England, and first published in 1820.
Plot Summary of “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”
• The story is set in 1790 in the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town，New York，in a secluded（与世隔绝的） glen（峡 谷） called Sleepy Hollow. It tells the story of Ichabod Crane, a lean, lanky（过分瘦长的）, and extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut（康涅狄格州） who competes with Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, the rowdy town, for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer.
What is the truth of this story?
• Rip‟s “the other American dream”---Rip‟s confused state of mind upon waking from his 20-year slumber（睡眠）. How could everything have changed overnight? • a metaphor: The confusion is a true reflection of the psychological difficulty Americans at the time felt in understanding their recent national history. • an illustration of Irving‟s argument that change--- and revolution---upset the natural order of things, and of the fact that Irving never seemed to accept a modern democratic America
英美文学-欧文Washington Irving
Unit 1 Washington Irving作家介绍：华盛顿·欧文(Washington Irving，1783 年4 月3 日–1859年11月28日)，出生于纽约一个富商家庭。
幼年体弱多病，16岁辍学，先后在几个律师事务所学法律，但对法律并没有兴趣，喜爱文学、旅游。
1806年在弗吉尼亚州任律师，并与律师霍夫曼的女儿玛蒂尔达订婚。
妻子早逝于1809年，后来虽有过几次恋爱，却一直过着独身生活。
欧文的第一部重要作品是《纽约外史》。
1820年，他的《见闻札记》出版，引起欧洲和美国文学界的重视，也奠定了他在美国文学史上的地位。
该作品包含了他最为脍炙人口的名篇《瑞普·凡·温克尔》和《睡谷的传说》。
晚年他在曾描写过的睡谷附近度过。
因其对美国文学的巨大贡献，欧文被尊称为“美国文学之父”。
内容摘要：瑞普·凡·温克尔是一个心底善良、和蔼可亲的人。
他乐于帮助别人，但在自己家里却十分懒惰。
有一天，为了躲避唠叨凶悍的妻子，他独自到附近的赫德森河畔兹吉尔山上去打猎。
途中，他巧遇了当年发现这条河的赫德森船长及其伙伴，在喝了他们的仙酒后，睡了一觉。
醒后下山回家，才发现时间已过了整整二十年，人世沧桑，一切都十分陌生。
原本闭塞的山村现在一片沸腾，到处是演说、传单、竞选。
恍惚中，瑞普发现酒店招牌上英王乔治的画像变了。
红色的上衣变成了蓝黄色，手中的王笏变成宝剑，头冠三角帽，下面是”华盛顿将军”的字眼。
经过一番曲折后，瑞普终于知道，他现在已由英王的臣民变成”合众国的一个自由的公民”。
但对所有这些变化，瑞普无动于衷，因为他最担心的是家“女人的专政”。
作品导读：《瑞普·凡·温克尔》出自欧文的《见闻札记》。
该作品是作家最知名的代表作，包括小说、散文、杂感等32篇，以幽默风趣的笔调和富于幻想的浪漫色彩，描写了英国和美国古老的风俗习惯以及善良淳朴的旧式人物。
作家喜欢田园生活和古代遗风，爱写随笔和短篇小说，尤为关注奇闻轶事和穷乡僻壤的风俗习惯。
WASHINGTON IRVING 华盛顿·欧文
IRVING
Biography
CONTENTS
Writing style
Evaluation
Major works
Biography
CONTENTS
Writing style
Evaluation
Major works
Biography
ONE
Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American author, essayist, biographer, historian, and diplomat of the early 19th century.
He settled down in a small village and began the
writing of The Sketch Book
Youth 2
By the time when he was 23 years old (1809),he had roamed England, Holland, France Italy and Hudson Valley. After collecting sufficient original materials for writing and a good practice of editing a journal ,he formed his particular political Idea and writing style .
PHOTO
EARLY YEARS
The Irving family settled in Manhattan, New York
City, and was part of the city's small, vibrant merchant class when Washington Irving was born on April 3, 1783, the same week city residents learned of the British ceasefire that ended the American Revolution; Irving’s mother named him after the hero of the revolution, George Washington. At age six, with the help of a nanny, Irving met his namesake, who was then living in New York after his inauguration as president in 1789. The president blessed young Irving, an encounter Irving later commemorated in a small watercolor painting, which still hangs in his home today. The Irving's lived at 131 William Street at the time of Washington Irving's birth. The family later moved across the street to 128 William St. Several of Washington Irving's older brothers became active New York merchants, and they encouraged their younger brother's literary aspirations, often supporting him financially as he pursued his writing career.
华盛顿·欧文new1
4. the first belletrist (纯文学 作者) in American literature, writing for pleasure at a time when writing was practical and for useful purposes 5. the first American writer to earn his living solely by his pen 6. the first American literary humorist 7. the first modern short story writer 8. the first to write history and biography as entertainment
In to a 3rd-century Chinese tale of Ranka
(烂柯人)
• retold in Lionel Giles in A Gallery of Chinese Immortals(神话) • part of a collection entitled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon
lean
lanky
Extremely superstitious
Katrina Van Tassel:
the sole child of a wealthy farmer
Abraham “Brom Bones” Van Brunt
the town rowdy (无赖, 流氓)
The Headless Horseman • supposedly the ghost 传说无头骑士 of a Hessian (德国黑森州 曾是一个骁勇 的) trooper (骑兵) 善战的黑森骑 • his head shot off by a 兵，在美国独 stray cannonball during 立战争的一场 无名战争中被 “some nameless 对手砍下了自 battle” of the American 己的头颅，从 Revolutionary War 此他总是在月 • “rides forth to the 黑风高的夜晚 scene of battle in 在村庄出没， 寻找自己失落 nightly quest of his 已久的头颅。 head”.
Washington-Irving
Washington Irving (1783--1859)Washington Irving was an American author, essayist, biographer, historian, and diplomat of the early 19th century.Life●Irving was born in a wealthy New York merchant family.●He studied law but he loved writing more.●In mid 1815, Irving left for England to attempt to salvage the family tradingcompany. He remained in Europe for the next seventeen years.With no job prospects, he had to write to support himself.●In the summer of 1817, he visited Walter Scott and began a lifelong personal andprofessional friendship.●In 1819, Irving published a set of short prose pieces named The Sketch Bookwhich was later proved to be an enormous success.●The following two years after the publication of The Sketch Books, Irving stilllived in Paris and Britain, where he was often feted as an anomaly of literature, an upstart American who dared to write English well.●In 1826, as an American diplomatic attache, Irving was sent to Spain,➢where he gathered materials for his The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (in the form of romantic history)which was popular in the United States and in Europe. This book was published firstly with Irving’s own name instead of a pseudonym on the title page.➢He also received the unfettered access to a Duke’s library containing many medieval manuscripts. Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada was published a year later.●Before Irving could continue to gather more materials from Spain, in 1829, hewas notified of his appointment as Secretary to the American Legation inLondon. So, he left Spain for England. He kept this mission for three years. In 1832, he resigned his post to concentrate on writing, completing Tales of the Alhambra.●Washington Irving returned to America in 1832 after seventeen years abroad.Later, he purchased a neglected cottage in Tarrytown, New York and named it Sunnyside. (But this cottage needed constant repairing over the next twenty years which cost Irving a lot. With costs of Sunnyside increasing, Irving reluctantly agreed to become a regular contributor to The Knickerbocker magazine.)●Irving spent the rest of his life living in Sunnyside, except for a period of fouryears’ life in Spain as American minister. (1842-1846)●During his leisure and comfortable life at Sunnyside, Irving completed hisbiographical series, such as Life of Goldsmith and a five-volume Life of Washington. However, only after 8 months after his completing the final volume of his Washington biography, Washington Irving died of a heart attack. He was unmarried during his lifetime.Career●1809--1832 The first phase spans from his first book up to 1832 when hereturned home.➢The first period was predominantly “English”, in which he was greatly obsessed with the ruins and relics of Europe and writing about subjects either English or European.●The second phase stretches over the remaining years of his life. Back in America,Irving found a whole new spirit of nationalism in American feeling and art and letters. The country was eager for an indigenous culture and literature at that time.In the last years of his life, Irving wrote a few books about the American west to awoke to the fact that there was beauty in America, too. But these “American”books are of only secondary importance among his works.Works● A History of New York (his first success under the pseudonym of DiedrichKnickerbocker)➢The anecdotes of his cheating the readers about the crusty Dutch historian, Diedrich Knickerbocker, prior to his publication➢After the success of A History of New York, Irving searched for a job and eventually became an editor of a magazine.●The Sketch Books➢The Sketch Book is a collection of essays, sketches, and tales, of which the most famous and frequently anthologized are “Rip Van Winkle”and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”. The book touched the American imagination and foreshadowed the coming of Hawthorne, Melville, and Poe, in whose hands the short story attained a degree of perfection as a literary tradition.➢The Sketch Book also marked the beginning of American Romanticism.The Gothic, the supernatural, and the longing for the good old days which are exhibited in it are Romantic enough in subject.●The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus●Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada●Tales of the Alhambra●Life of Goldsmith●Life of WashingtonContributionIrving’s contribution to American literature is unique in more ways than one.●Irving was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain internationalfame.When he returned home in 1832, he was acclaimed as an American that European peopleknew about, and this was considered as a sign by Americans that American literature was emerging as an independent entity.●Irving was considered as father of American literature.The short story as a genre in American literature probably began with Irving’s The Sketch Book. a collection of essays, sketches, and tales, of which the most famous and frequently anthologized are “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.Writing Features●Irving’s style is beautiful, imitative and true. He never shocks the readers butseems a bit sentimental at times. His manner seems more important than his matter.●In his writings, Irving avoids moralizing but tends to amuse and entertain, whichis quite different from his Puritan forefathers.●Irving is good at enveloping his stories in an atmosphere. His characters are richand true so that they tend to linger in the mind of the reader. The tone is usually so humorous that it is difficult not to smile even chuckle for a reader.●Irving’s finished and musical language as well as his patent workmanship havebeen the focus of literary critics for a long time. He modeled himself on Goldsmith and was known as “the American Goldsmith” at that time.Rip Van Winkle“Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” are the most famous stories in The Sketch Book. They are so famous and enduring in the history of American literature that they have become part of the American cultural tradition.●Rip Van Winkle took suggestions from a German source. He changed the settingsand make it American.●The main plot➢The characters:Rip Van Winkle: He is a simple, good-natured, and hen-pecked man. He is very kindhearted and is always willing to help others except his wife and his own folks. He is welcome everywhere except at home. His would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound. Actually, his name has some connotative meaning. Rip may be the abbreviation for “Rest in Peace”.➢The shifting point:Couldn’t bearing his wife’s consistent dinning in his ears about his idleness, carelessness, he finds his refuge in the mountains with his gun and dog as his companions. One afternoon he stays out late near the top of a mountain where he meets a group of odd-looking people playing at nine-pins. Out of curiosity and thirsty, he take several sips of the wine and falls asleep. When he wakes up and returns to his village, he is shocked by the tremendous change in his village.➢The tremendous changes1)Old houses have vanished, and so have some of his old friends.2)The former little inn is replaced by a large “Union Hotel” with a flag of stars andstripes fluttering in front of it.3)The dispassionate idle talk about events and occurences were replaced by apassionate factional squabble.4)His wife died, he son has become a farm hand, and his daughter has become ahappy mother. He realized that what he thinks just one night actually is twenty years. He has slept for twenty years.➢The importance of nature1)Under Irving’s pen, nature has become the refuge to get far away from the worldcrowd.2)Nature has also become the reflection for the shifts and changes of life because ofits enduring characteristic. It also become the reflection for Rip to recognize himself. Some natural scenes in the story with the symbol of eternity are Castskill mountain region and Hudson river.●Theme➢ReclusionRip goes into the mountain to avoid his wife’s consistent blame. However, with coincidence, he also takes a refuge from the American Revolution which happens during his twenty years’ sleep. This reveals the conservative attitude of this author, Irving Washington.➢RevolutionRevolution is another theme in this story. However, Iring didn’t describe that revolution directly but focused more on the impacts that social revolution brought on people’s life and their reaction to this social change.The story might be taken as an illustration of Irving’s argument that change and revolution upset the natural order of things and of the fact that Irving never seemed to accept a modern democratic America.。
Washington Irving
Washington Irving (1783-1859)He is an American author, short story writer, essayist, poet, travel book writer, biographer, and columnist. Irving has been called the father of the American short story. He is best known for 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow'，in which the schoolmaster Ichabold Crane meets with a headless horseman, and 'Rip Van Winkle,' about a man who falls asleep for 20 years."I am always at a loss to know how much to believe of my own stories." (from Tales of a Traveler, 1824)Washington Irving was born in New York City as the youngest of 11 children. His father was a wealthy merchant, and his mother, an English woman, was the granddaughter of a clergyman. According to a story, George Washington met Irving, named after him, and gave his blessing. In the years to come Irving would write one of his greatest works, The Life of George Washington (1855-59).Early in his life Irving developed a passion for books. He read Robinson Crusoe, Sinbad the Sailor, and The World Displayed (stories about voyages and travels). He studied law privately in the offices of Henry Masterton (1798), Brockholst Livingston (1801), and John Ogde Hoffman (1802), but practiced only briefly. From 1804 to 1806 he traveled widely Europe. He visited Marseilles, Genoa, Sicily, where he saw the famous English naval officer, Nelson, and met Washington Allston, the painter, in Rome. After return to the United States, Irving was admitted to New York bar in 1806. He was a partner with his brothers in the family hardware business, New York and Liverpool, England, and representative of the business in England until it collapsed in 1818. During the war of 1812 Irving was a military aide to New York Governor Tompkins in the U.S. Army.Irving's career as a writer started in journals and newspapers. He contributed to Morning Chronicle(1802-03), which was edited by his brother Peter, and published Salmagundi(1807-08), writing in collaboration with his brother William and James Kirke Paulding. From 1812 to 1814 he was an editor of Analetic magazine in Philadelphia and New York.Irving's success in social life and literature was shadowed by a personal tragedy. He was engaged to be married to Matilda Hoffmanm who died at the age of seventeen, in 1809. Later he wrote in a private letter, addressed to Mrs. Forster, as an answer to her inquiry why he had not been married: "For years I could not talk on the subject of this hopeless regret; I could not even mention her name; but her image was continually before me, and I dreamt of her incessantly."In 1809 appeared Irving's comic history of the Dutch regime in New York, AHISTORY OF NEW YORK, by the imaginary 'Dietrich Knickerbocker', who was supposed to be an eccentric Dutch-American scholar. It was one of the earliest fantasies of history. The name Knickerbocker was later used to identify the first American school of writers, the Knickerbocker Group, of which Irving was a leading figure. The book became part of New York folklore, and eventually the word Knickerbocker was also used to describe any New Yorker who could trace one's family to the original Dutch settlers. Irving's success continued with The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.(1819-20), a collection of stories, which allowed him to become a full-time writer. The stories were heavily influenced by the German folktales. In 1822 appeared a sequel of The Sketch Book, Bracebridge Hall. Irving invites the reader to ramble gently with him at the Hall, stating that "I am not writing a novel, and have nothing of intricate plot, or marvelous adventure, to promise the reader." After the death of his mother, Irving decided to stay in Europe, where he remained for seventeen years from 1815 to 1832. He lived in Dresden (1822-23), London (1824) and Paris (1925). After a romantic liaison with Mary Shelley he settled in Spain, where he worked for financial reasons for the U.S. Embassy in Madrid (1826-29). In 1829-32 he was a secretary to the American Legation under Martin Van Buren. During his stay in Spain, he wrote Columbus (1828), Conquest of Granada (1829), and The Companions of Columbus (1831), all based on careful historical research. In 1829 he moved to London and published Alhambra (1832), concerning the history and the legends of Moorish Spain. Among his literary friends were Mary Shelley and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.In 1832 Irving returned to New York to an enthusiastic welcome as the first American author to have achieved international fame. He toured the southern and western United States and wrote The Crayon Miscellany (1835) and A Tour of the Prairies(1835), an account of a journey, which extended from Fort Gibson, at that time a frontier post of the Far West, to the Cross Timbers in what is now Oklahoma. His fellow-travelers included Henry Leavitt Ellsworth (1791-1858), who also wrote an interesting narrative of the tour, and Charles Joseph Latrobe (1801-1875), whom Irving described as a "man of a thousand occupations; a botanist, a geologist, a hunter of beetles and butterflies, a musical amateur, a sketcher of no mean pretensions, in short, a complete virtuoso".From 1836 to 1842 Irving lived at Sunnyside manor house, Tarrytown-on-Hudson. After working for three months on the History of the Conquest of Mexico, Irving found out that the famous historian WilliamPrescott had decided to write a book on the same subject and abandoned his theme, "to be treated by one who will built up from it an enduring monument in the literature of our country." Between the years 1842-45 Irving was U.S. Ambassador in Spain. The appointment was sponsored by Daniel Webster, who was the Secretary of State. At the age of sixty-two Irving wrote to his friends in America: "My hear yearns for home; and I have now probably turned the last corner in life, and my remaining years are growing scanty in number, I begrudge every one that I am obliged to pass separated from my cottage and my kindred...."Irving spent the last years of his life in Tarrytown. From 1848 to 1859 he was President of Astor Library, later New York Public Library. Irving's later publications include Mahomet and His Successors(1850), a careful presentation of the life, beliefs, and character of Mohammed, Wolfert's Roost (1855), and his five-volume The Life of George Washington. Irving died in Tarrytown on November 28, 1859. Just before retiring for the night, the author had said: "Well, I must arrange my pillows for another weary night! If this could only end!" Irving's major works were published in 1860-61 in 21 volumes.As an essayist Irving was not interested in the meaning of nature like Emerson or self-inspection like Montaigne. He observed the vanishing pasts of old Europe, the riverside Creole villages of Louisiana, the old Pawnee hunting grounds of Oklahoma, and how ladies fashion moves from one extreme to the other. 'Geoffrey Crayon' was his most prolific fictional mask. Irving once wrote: "There rise authors now and then, who seem proof against the mutability of language, because they have rooted themselves in the unchanging principles of human nature." He was the earliest literary figure of the American abroad, who appeared in The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., in which also Irving's best-known story 'Rip Van Winkle' was included. It was based on a German folktale, set in the Dutch culture of Pre-Revolutionary War in New York State. Rip Van Winkle is a farmer who wanders into the Catskill Mountains. He meets there a group of dwarfs playing ninepipes. Rip helps a dwarf and is rewarded with a draught of liquor. He falls into an enchanted sleep. When he awakens, 20 years later, the world has changed. He is an old man with a long, white beard. Rip goes into town and finds everything changed. His wife is dead, his children are grown. The old man entertains the people with tales of the old days and his encounter with the dwarfs. - The theme of Irving's story derives from Diogenes Laertius, Epimenides (c. 200), in which Epimenides is sent by his father into the field to look for a sheep; he lays down in a cave and sleeps fifty-seven years.When awake, he goes on looking for the sheep, thinking that he had been taking a short snap.Irving also used other German folktales in his short stories, among them The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. "The headless horseman was often seen here. An old man who did not believe in ghosts told of meeting the headless horseman coming from his trip into the Hollow. The horseman made him climb up behind. They rode over bushes, hills, and swamps. When they reached the bridge, the horseman suddenly turned into a skeleton. He threw the old man into the brook and sprang away over the treetops with a clap of thunder." The story was probably based on a story by Karl Musäus (1735-1787), a German academic writer, who was among the first to collect local folktales. This story popularized the image of the headless horseman, and formed the basis for an operetta by Douglas Moore, The Headless Horseman,with libretto by Stephen Vincent Benét. The tale was filmed as the second half of Disney's animated movie The Adventures of Ichabold and Mr Toad(1949). Tim Burton's film version from 1999 has darkened and partly changed the story. The protagonist, Ichabold Crane, is a constable from New York, not a schoolteacher. He believes in rational methods of detection, and is sent in the farming community of Sleepy Hollow in upstate New York to investigate three recent murders. The townspeople know who the culprit is: a long-dead Hessian mercenary nicknamed the Headless Horseman who was killed during the Revolutionary War and buried in the Western Woods.The Legend of Sleepy HollowSleepy Hollow: Remnants of Times Not So Far Pastby AnonymousMay 04, 2004In Washington Irving's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, the theme of haunting is dominant; the haunting itself is purely a human creation and is created solely to meet human needs. Though at times it can seem quite realistic due to emotions evoked through Irving's masterful use of imagery, it is at all times quite fictional, even to the narrator. Haunting is continuously associated with stretches of the imagination, and also mostly with live or animate things: trees, animals, sounds escaping from the wilderness. The idea of haunting, which leads to stories told by the Sleepy Hollow community, begins when there are no answers to curious happenings, or when the given answers are not satisfactory, or even mundane. The idea is then perpetuated when citizens begin to elaborate and incite new notions of ghosts and goblins from the original stories. The 'haunting' begins, however, with supernatural explanations for simple events in the past, such asAndre's capture during the war; though this is a simple and not uncommon event in wartime, Sleepy Hollow is clutching to the past through vivid story telling. The fact that it is storytelling is subtly clear.One of the key ways that the reader can tell that the haunting is fictitious--or at the very least extremely questionable--is through the narrator's word choice. Though the story is supposed to be an historical account of events that actually occurred in Sleepy Hollow, he often questions the veracity of the haunting. Even at the climactic point in which Ichabod faces the Headless Horseman, the narrator writes that Ichabod "beheld" (1082) the horseman's disfigured shape, and that it "appeared" (1083) massive in the darkness. He never uses concrete verbs, such as 'was,' because it is not certain that what Ichabod ascertains is truly what is present. He carefully chooses his diction to simultaneously show what Ichabod is seeing as well as the fact that only he is seeing it--it is well possible that it does not exist. He does this strikingly well in the sentence, "Ichabod was horror struck, on perceiving that he was headless" (1083). There is no doubt that the protagonist believes completely in what he is seeing, but the use of the word 'perception' is key; it throws doubt upon the believability of Ichabod's sense of reality.This false sense of haunting that is seen so clearly through Ichabod's eyes manifests itself in particular places within the text. There are various moments in which nature gives him the feeling of being haunted, though it is harmless. Then, as he wended his way, by swamp and stream and awful woodland, . . .every sound of nature, at that witching hour, fluttered his excited imagination: the moan of the whip-or-will from the hill side; the boading cry of the tree toad; . . .the dreary hooting of the screech owl. . . (1064)The wilderness scares him, haunts him in a sense. Through the present nature--the shadows cast by trees, the sounds of forest animals--Ichabod, like all the other Sleepy Hollow residents, fears the past. It is the 'witching hour' merely because it is dark outside, and the sounds frighten him merely because he has an 'excited imagination,' and for no real substantial reason. Like the tree and stream that Andre is said to haunt, there is nothing that is really to be feared--merely shadows and cricket chirps, wind rustling leaves. The fear, however, is a result of the stories that are told, not necessarily of the actual surroundings. That Andre was captured is not a scary story, but that his spirit remains to haunt can be construed as frightening; it is purely imagination, though, that causes these stories to be told in the first place.The unfaithfulness of such stories is revealed toward the end of the tale. The reader is told that Ichabod is indeed alive and well following his supposedabduction from Sleepy Hollow by the Headless Horseman. The residents of the town also come into this knowledge by a farmer that has seen him firsthand. However, "the old country wives... maintain to this day, that Ichabod was spirited away by supernatural means... the schoolhouse... was reported to be haunted by the ghost of the unfortunate pedagogue" (1086). The Dutch wives, who are the perpetuators of the haunting stories throughout the text, persist in creating stories that they know to be false. They continually take what little past they have, and turn it into stories so that it is not lost, so that there is a history upon which they can build their present. But because they have so little past, they need to use the present to create a past--they use what happens to make a new history, a new past, building upon what they have already created. Ichabod is a prime example of this practice. He is clearly still alive, but he is in the history of Sleepy Hollow because he is no longer bodily present. The true reason for his disappearance is not satisfactory and is not exciting enough material with which to make a history, so the Dutch wives concoct their own history, and it becomes truth. Everyone who enters Sleepy Hollow becomes subject to their whimsical tales, and falls into their belief system, no matter "however wide awake they may have been before they entered the sleepy region" (1060). They cannot be held at fault, however. There is simply so little past that they need to preserve what they have through what is now present, what is now alive. This is shown through the abundance of live and animated haunting imagery. The haunting comes solely from within them, and only manifests itself in these external things. For these people that lack a past, fictitious events become legend, and then those legends become history. Literary analysis: Romanticism in The Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon, by Washington IrvingThis essay is about the selection of five characteristics of American Romanticism present in Washington Irving's The Sketch Book. I will try to show how man and nature are the chief subjects in "Rip Van Winkle," "Westminster Abbey" shows Irving's interest in the medieval past, that expressive theory of literature is shown in "The Mutability of Literature," and in the "Legend of Sleepy Hollow", shows how Irving's subjective point of view got in the way of the story, and how the story appeals to the reader's imagination.In the story, "Rip Van Winkle," the character Rip Van Winkle is the chief subject and the Kaatskill Mountains in the Hudson River Valley is the chief nature subject. The Kaatskill Mountains are part of the Appalachian chain and west of the Hudson River. Irving says of them, "When the weather is fair andsettled, they are clothed in blue and purple, and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky; but, sometimes, when the rest of the landscape is cloudless, they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits, which, in the last rays of the setting sun, will glow and light up like a crown of glory (pg 38)." Later on in the story, before Rip sleeps for 20 years, Irving describes what Rip saw as he was sitting down on the ground, "He saw at a distance the lordly Hudson, far, far below him, moving on its silent but majestic course, with the reflection of a purple cloud or the sail of a lagging bark here and there sleeping on its glassy bosom, and at long last losing itself in the blue highlands. On the other side he looked down into a deep mountain glen, wild, lonely, and shagged, the bottom filled with fragments from the impending cliffs, and scarcely lighted by the reflected rays of the setting sun. (43)"Rip Van Winkle is the main character of the story, described as a "simple and good natured man . . . . a kind neighbor, and an obedient, henpecked husband. (pg 39)" Rip was a favorite amongst the townsfolk because he helped everyone with their activities, but had, "an insuperable aversion to all kinds of profitable labor. (39)" He refused to work on his own house and property because everything would fall apart no matter what he did. He felt like all his wife did was nag him and felt like his dog, Wolf, was the only one on his side. Once Rip awoke after 20 years and found out everything had completely changed, he only cared about not being yelled at his by his wife, and the story says, "-the change of states and empires made but little impression on him; but there was one species of despotism under which he had long groaned, and that was petticoat government. Happily that was at an end; he had got his neck out of the yoke of matrimony, and could go in and out whenever he pleased, without dreading the tyranny of Dame Van Winkle. (pg 53)"The story "Westminster Abbey" shows Irving's interest in the medieval past, since the Abbey was built in 1065 A.D. As Irving says at the beginning, "There was something congenial to the season in the mournful magnificence of the old pile, and, as I passed its threshold, seemed like stepping back into the regions of antiquity and losing myself among the shades of former ages. (pg 169)" Irving takes a tour through the Abbey and sees a mixture of glory and decay among the tombstones, sees statues of Shakespeare and others erected to their memories in Poet's Corner, and the architecture of the old building. He sees the tombs of Queens Elizabeth and Mary, then says, "Two small aisles on each side of this chapel present a touching instance of the equality of the grave, which brings down the oppressor to a level with the oppressed, and mingles the dust of the bitterest enemies together. In one is the sepulcher of the haughty Elizabeth;in the other is that of her victim, the lovely and unfortunate Mary. (175)" Irving soon wonders what will become of the Abbey, if it will eventually fall to pieces, and says at the end, "Thus man passes away: his name perishes from record and recollection; his history is as a tale that is told, and his very monument becomes a ruin. (pg 179)"In "The Mutability of Literature," Irving tries to show how literature can be expressive. As Irving wanders around Westminster Abbey, he comes upon the library, where there are quite a few old, dusty, and moldy books. Irving writes, "I could not but consider the library a kind of literary catacomb, where authors, like mummies, are piously entombed and left to blacken and molder in dusty oblivion. (pg 128)" He accidentally opens a book and finds the book trying to talk to him in an old form of English. The book complains about languishing in obscurity, since books are supposed to be in circulation and read. It complains about being "clasped up for more than two centuries and might have fallen a prey to these worms that are playing the very vengeance with my intestines. (pg 130)" Irving tries to tell the book about other works written throughout the ages that have been lost, but the books says that these books deserved to be forgotten because they were written before its time, and were in Latin or French. Eventually, they get to talking about Shakespeare, and the book gives its opinion, "I presume he soon sank into oblivion. (135)" Irving tells the book that the written works of Shakespeare are still read over 300 years later and are as strong in the modern world as ever. The book starts laughing, and says, "Mighty well! And so you would persuade me that the literature of an age is to be perpetuated by a vagabond deer stealer! By a man without learning; by a poet, forsooth a poet!" (135)" Irving tells the book that poets have the best bet for immortality and tries to convince the book. Unfortunately, Irving is interrupted by one of the Abbey's staff and finds the book with its clasps closed, and could never figure out later if it was just a daydream.The story, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," has a bit of the author's point of view getting in the way of the story and is also a story that appeals to the imagination of the reader. In the first couple paragraphs, Irving wanders into the town of Sleepy Hollow, New York, and is told of the story of the Headless Horseman, also known as the Galloping Hessian. Irving interrupts the story when introducing Ichabod Crane, saying, "I would not have it imagined, however, that he was one of those cruel potentates of the school who joy in the smart of their subjects; on the contrary, he administered justice with discrimination rather than severity, taking the burthen off the backs of the weak, and laying it on those of the strong. (pg 333)" As Crane is trying to woo KatrinaVan Tassel, Irving again interrupts the flow of the story with his thoughts, "I profess not to know how women's hearts are wooed and won. To me they have always been a matter of riddle and admiration. (pg 342)" A few pages later, as Crane is seeing the Headless Horseman for the first time, the action is again interrupted by the author describing how it was a fine autumn day, with all the birds flying to their respective destinations or just tree to tree and making all the noise birds generally make. The story is interrupted about platters of carious kinds of cakes at the Van Tassel mansion, making a big deal about what there is to eat at the gathering the Van Tassels' are hosting.Finally, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" also appeals to the imagination of the reader. The story describes in detail what Ichabod Crane physically looks like, pretty much stating that his last name suited his looks. He is also described as a bad singer and someone who knows all the gossip in town. The townsfolk pass the time by telling stories, especially about the Headless Horseman, and how all the shadows and shapes at night were frightening for someone if they were walking alone. Irving describes Baltus Van Tassel's farm and how Crane wanted it all, including the food at the gathering, "The pedagogue's mouth watered as he looked upon this sumptuous promise of luxurious winter fare. (pg 338)" Brom Bones was also described in detail, saying he was strong and hardy, and pretty much the complete opposite of Ichabod Crane, yet they competed for the attention of Katrina Van Tassel. After a dance, the townsfolk told ghost and war stories, describing places where the Headless Horseman was haunting, then it turned into a competition of tales among some of the men. In one instance, Brom Bones and the Horseman came to the church bridge, " the Hessian bolted and vanished in a flash of fire. (pg 351)" This affected Crane's imagination and he started seeing things on his way home from the dance, then he encountered the Headless Horseman, who was, "of large dimensions, and mounted on a black horse or powerful frame. (pg 355)" Crane and the Horseman raced through the woods on horseback, and Crane tried his best to get away. The townsfolk could find no trace of Cranes' body after their search, then they just stopped worrying about him because "he was a bachelor, and in nobody's debt. (pg 358)" The story ends with the housewives convinced that Crane was "spirited away by supernatural means. (358)"The stories in this essay are meant to convey how Washington Irving used elements of romanticism in The Sketch Book. Irving used man and nature as the chief subject, his interest in the medieval past, the expressive theory of literature, how one story appeals to the imagination of the reader, and how his subjective point of view got in the way of the flow of the story.Rip Van WinkleSettingThe story begins about five or six years before the American Revolution and ends twenty years later. The action takes place in a village in eastern New York, near the Hudson River and the Catskill Mountains. The river was named after Englishman Henry Hudson, who explored it in 1609. The Catskill Mountains were named after Kaaterskill, the Dutch word for a local stream, Wildcat Creek. The Catskills contain many other streams, as well as lakes, waterfalls, and gorges.CharactersRip Van Winkle: Meek, easygoing, ne’er-do-well resident of the village who wanders off to the mountains and meets strange men playing ninepins.Dame Van Winkle: Rip’s nagging wife.Type of Work, Source, and Publication Information"Rip Van Winkle" is a short story–one of America's most beloved–based on German folk tales. It was first published in a collection of Irving's works called The Sketch Book (1819-1820).ThemesChange With Continuity and Preservation of TraditionAfter Rip awakens from his long sleep and returns to the village, he does not recognize the people he encounters. But not only their faces are new but also their fashions and the look of the village: It is larger, with rows of houses he had never seen. His own house is in a shambles now with no one living in it, and the inn he frequented is a hotel. His wife and old Vedder are dead. Others left the village and never came back. Everything is different, it seems; nothing is as it was. There has even been a revolutionary war in which America gained its independence from England and became a new country. However, when Rip looks beyond the village, he sees that the Hudson River and the Catskill Mountains are exactly the same as they were before his sleep. He also begins to encounter people who knew him long ago: first, the old woman, then the old man, Peter Vanderdonk, who testifies to the truth of Rip’s strange tale about the ninepin bowlers he met in the mountains. At this point in the story, Irving’s main theme begins to emerge: Although wrenching, radical changes are sometimes necessary to move society forward, such changes must not eradicate old ways and traditions entirely. Real, lasting change is an amalgam of the old and new. New builds on the foundations of the old. There must be continuity. So it is that old Vanderdonk, in confirming Rip’s tale, says he himself has heard the thunder of ninepin bowlers, who are the crewmen of The Half-Moon, the。
成人高等教育学士学位英语模拟27_真题无答案
成人高等教育学士学位英语模拟27(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionDirections:There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage 1It seems like every day there"s some new research about whether our favorite drinks are good for us. (76) One day, science says a glass of red wine a day will help us live longer . The next day, maybe not. It seems journalists are pretty interested in wine research and the same might be said for coffee. Now, there"s been a lot of research into whether coffee"s good for our health. "The results have really been mixed," admits Neal Freedman who led the coffee study and published his findings in a medical journal recently. "There"s been some evidence that coffee might increase the risk of certain diseases and there"s also been maybe more recent evidence that coffee may protect against other diseases as well."Freedman and his colleagues undertook the biggest study yet to look at the relationship between coffee and health. They analyzed data collected from more than 400,000 Americans ages 50 to 71participating in the study. "We found that the coffee drinkers had a modestly lower risk of death than those nodrinkers," he said. Here"s what he means by "modestly" : those who drank at least two or three cups a day were about 10 percent or 15 percent less likely to die for any reason during the 13 years of the study. When the researchers looked at specific causes of death, coffee drinking appeared to cut the risk of dying from heart disease, lung disease, injuries, accidents and infections.Now, Freedman stressed that the study doesn"t prove coffee can make people live longer. A study like this can never prove a cause-and-effect relationship. (77) All it can really do is to point researchers in the right direction for further investigation . And even if it turns out that coffees really good for you, scientists have no idea why.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.According to the first paragraph, reporters would like to know the research findings of ______.A teaB beerC alcoholD coffeeSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A Freedman and his colleagues hired 400,000 Americans to collect data.B About four hundred thousand Americans worked for Freedman"s team full time for 13 years.C People who took part in Freedman"s research are about 50 to 70 years old.D People who are 50 to 70 years old seldom drink coffee.SSS_SINGLE_SEL3.According to the author, scientists ______.A have already proved that coffee is good for human healthB have a long way to go before they find a way to study coffeeC have avoided the cause-and-effect approach to study coffeeD are still unable to figure out why coffee is good for usSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.The word "mixed" in the first paragraph means "______".A both good and badB put togetherC both sharp and softD confusedSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.Which of the following is an appropriate title for this passage?A Can Beer Help You Live Longer?B Can Coffee Help You Live Longer?C Can Wine Help You Live Longer?D Can Tea Help You Live Longer?Passage 2Washington Irving was America"s first man of letters to be known internationally. His works were received enthusiastically both in England and in the United States. He was, in fact, one of the most successful writers of his time in the country, and at the same time winning the admiration of fellow writers like Scott in Britain andPoe and Hawthorne in the United States. (78) The respect in which he was held partly owing to the man himself, with his warm friendliness, his good sense, his urbanity, his gay spirits, his artisticintegrity, his love of both the Old World and the New. Thackeray described Irving as "a gentleman, who, though himself born in a very high sphere, was most finished, polished, witty; socially the equal of the most refined Europeans. " (79) In England he was granted an honorary degree from Ox- ford-an unusual honor for a citizen of a young, uncultured nation—and he received the medal of the Royal Society of Literature . America made him ambassador to Spain. Irving"s background provides little to explain his literary achievements. As gifted but delicate child, he had little schooling. He studied law, but without zeal, and never did practice seriously. He was immune to his strict Presbyterian home environment, frequenting both social gatherings and the theater.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.The main point of the first paragraph is that Washington Irving was ______.A America"s first man of lettersB a writer who had great success both in and outside his own countryC a man who was able to move from literature to politicsD a man whose personal charm enabled him to get by withbasically inferior workSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.What is implied by the mention of Scott, Poe and Hawthorne?A Irving enjoyed great popular admiration.B Scott, Poe and Hawthorne were primarily responsible for Irving"s success.C Irving"s work was not only popular, but also of high literary quality.D More Americans than Britons admired Irving.SSS_SINGLE_SEL3.Which of the following best describes the effect of Irving"s Presbyterian background on his life?A It fostered his love for the theater.B It developed his skill in business.C It prompted his interest in law.D It had almost no effect on his life.SSS_SINGLE_SEL4.Which of the following best describes the effect of Irving"s personal qualities on his literary success?A His personal qualities were entirely responsible for his literary success.B His personal qualities were primarily responsible for his literary success.C His personal qualities had some effects on his literary success.D His personal qualities had no effects on his literary success.SSS_SINGLE_SEL5.Why might Irving"s literary ability have been surprising to the English?A They **petition from American writers.B They did not expect the United States to produce good writers.C They disapproved of the language American writers used.D They thought of the United States as a **mercial power.Passage 3(80) As the Titanic was sinking and women and children climbed into lifeboats, the musicians from the ship"s band stood and played . They died when the ship went down. Men stood on the deck and smoked cigarettes. They died, too. This behavior is puzzling to economists, who like to believe that people tend to act in their own self-interest. "There was no pushing," says David Savage, an economist at Queensland University in Australia who has studied witness reports from the survivors. It was "very, very orderly behavior."Savage **pared the behavior of the passengers on the Titanic with those on the Lusitania, another ship that also sank at about the same time. But when the Lusitania went down, the passengers panicked(恐慌). There were a lot of similarities between these two events. These two ships were both luxury ones, they had a similar number of passengers and a similar number of survivors.The biggest difference, Savage concludes, was time. The Lusitania sank in less than 20 minutes. But for the Titanic, it was two-and-a-half hours. "If you"ve got an event that lasts two-and-a-half hours, social order will takeover and everybody will behave in a social manner," Savage says. "If you"re going down in under 17 minutes, basically it"s instinctual." On the Titanic, social order ruled, and it was women and children first. On the Lusitania, instinct won out.The survivors were largely the people who could swim and get into the lifeboats.Yes, we"re self-interested, Savage says. But we"re also part of a society. Given time, social norms(规范) can beat our natural self-interest. A hundred years ago, women and children always went first. Men were stoic (坚忍的). On the Titanic, there was enough time for these norms to become forceful.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.According to the author, economists were confused because ______.A people"s behavior was disorderly on the TitanicB people did not act in their own interest on the TitanicC most men did not act in their own interest on the LusitaniaD women and children could not climb into the lifeboatsSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.The expression "won out" in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to "______".A took the upper handB went out of controlC ran wildD shut downSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.According to David Savage, ______ was a critical factor in determining people"s behavior in the sinking of these two ships.A social orderB placeC instinctD timeSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT TRUE?A Both ships were expensive ones.B A similar number of women and children from both ships survived.C About the same number of people from each ship died.D Both ships had a similar number of passengers.SSS_SINGLE_SEL5.Which of the following is an appropriate tide for this passage?A Why Didn"t Musicians Play on the Lusitania?B Why Did Musicians Play on the Titanic?C Why Didn"t Passengers Panic on the Titanic?D Why Did Men Smoke on the Titanic?Part Ⅱ Vocabulary and Structu reDirections: In this part there are 30 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that **pletes the sentence. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.1.The train will ______ from Platform 2 at 3:45 on Tuesday morning.SSS_SINGLE_SELA departB arriveC stopD derail2.A judge must be ______ when weighing evidence.SSS_SINGLE_SELA interestedB disinterestedC separatedD disconnected3.As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town ______ 50 households or more.SSS_SINGLE_SELA havingB to haveC to have hadD having had4.We love peace, yet we are not the kind of people to yield ______ any military threat.SSS_SINGLE_SELA upB toC inD at5.If tap water were as dangerous as some people think, ______ would be getting sick.SSS_SINGLE_SELA a lot of more usB more a lot of usC a lot of us moreD a lot more of us6.______ anything about the accident, he went to work as well.SSS_SINGLE_SELA Not knowB Know notC Knowing notD Not knowing7.He studied hard at school when he was young, ______ contributes to his success in later life.SSS_SINGLE_SELA whichB thatC whatD each of which8.The measure you proposed ______ what is expected.SSS_SINGLE_SELA loses track ofB falls far short ofC keeps step withD leaves behind9.You should not ______ going to the doctor because your illness might be serious.SSS_SINGLE_SELA take upB put offC lay downD put aside10.He spends money like water. In fact, his expenses on food and clothes are rather high ______ his income.SSS_SINGLE_SELA in respect ofB in contrast toC in responseD in proportion to11.Last week I bought an ancient vase, ______ price is quite reasonable.SSS_SINGLE_SELA whichB whoseC thatD what12.The teacher had the naughty boy ______ for about an hour at the back of the classroom.SSS_SINGLE_SELA standingB to standC standD stood13.Had I studied hard in high school, I ______ to university to study.SSS_SINGLE_SELA wentB would goC could have goneD had gone14.______ from a distance, the mountain looks like an old man.SSS_SINGLE_SELA SeeingB HavingC SeenD Being seen15.______ could not arouse the students" interest.SSS_SINGLE_SELA That the teacher saidB Which the teacher saidC What the teacher saidD What did the teacher say16.You can"t hear what I"m saying ______ you stop talking.SSS_SINGLE_SELA only ifB unlessC lestD except that17.He ______ working till he was seventy years old.SSS_SINGLE_SELA kept upB kept onC kept toD kept out18.It is estimated that the disease ______ by polluted water will kill 1 out of every 100 children.SSS_SINGLE_SELA causingB causedC to causeD will cause19.The old gentleman never fails to help ______ is in need of his help.SSS_SINGLE_SELA whoB whoeverC oneD whomever20.Say ______ what you mean and then there will be no misunderstanding.SSS_SINGLE_SELA casuallyB eventuallyC necessaryD precisely21.Although ______ happened in that developed country sounds like science fiction, it could occur elsewhere in the world.SSS_SINGLE_SELA whichB whatC howD it22.No sooner ______ than he realized that he should have remained silent.SSS_SINGLE_SELA the words had spokenB had the words spokenC the words had been spokenD had the words been spoken23.It would be a mistake to ______ this law to situations which are outside this range.SSS_SINGLE_SELA applyB employC useD fit24.He is sincere and easy to ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA get down toB get atC get along withD get over25.I could have done it better if I ______ more time.SSS_SINGLE_SELA have hadB hadC had hadD will have had26.Don"t risk ______ the job which so many people want.SSS_SINGLE_SELA losingB to loseC lostD your life to lose27.Living in the central American desert has its problems, ______ obtaining water is not the least.SSS_SINGLE_SELA of whichB for whatC asD whose28.The novel ended happily, and the young couple was married ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA in the finalB in the endC to the lastD in conclusion29.One warning was ______ to stop her doing it.SSS_SINGLE_SELA sufferedB sufficedC suggestedD provided30.Experienced teachers make ______ mistakes than beginners.SSS_SINGLE_SELA lesserB fewerC not manyD very fewPart Ⅲ IdentificationDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A, B, C and D. Identify the one that is not correct. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.1.It is difficult to make yourself understand in a foreign country when you have no knowledge of its language.SSS_SINGLE_SELA to makeB understandC whenD have no knowledge2.After she got married , Lily went to see her mother each other week .SSS_SINGLE_SELA AfterB got marriedC went toD each other week3.There will be more than three hundreds students taking part in the sports meeting .SSS_SINGLE_SELA will beB three hundredsC takingD sports meeting4.While shopping , people sometimes can"t help persuading into buying something they don"t really need .SSS_SINGLE_SELA shoppingB persuadingC buyingD need5.We are all for your proposal that the discussion is to be put off .SSS_SINGLE_SELA areB forC thatD is to be put off6.It was very considerable of you to send me the information so promptly .SSS_SINGLE_SELA considerableB ofC sendD promptly7.Only under special circumstances freshmen are permitted to take make-up test.SSS_SINGLE_SELA underB circumstancesC freshmen areD to take8.It"s already 5 o"clock now. Don"t you think it"s about time we are going home?SSS_SINGLE_SELA It"sB o"clockC Don"t youD are going9.Despite the wonderful action and well-developed plot, the three-hours" movie could not hold our attention .SSS_SINGLE_SELA DespiteB well-developedC the three-hours"D attention10.People appreciate to have worked with him because he has a good sense of humor .SSS_SINGLE_SELA to have workedB becauseC a good senseD humorPart Ⅳ ClozeDirections:There are 20 blanks in the following passage, and for each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D at the end of the passage. You should choose ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.I once found out that doing a favor for someone could get you into trouble. I was in the eighth grade at 1 time, and we were having a final test. During the test, the girl next to me 2 something, but I didn"t quite catch it. 3 I leaned over her way and found out she was asking me if I could 4 her a pen. She showed me that hers was 5 ink and 6 not write. I 7 to have an extra one and I handed it to her. After the test papers had been 8 , the teacher asked me to stay in the room. As soon as we were 9 , she began to talk to me about 10 it meant to grow up, and how important it was to stand 11 your own feet. For a long time, she talked about the importance of 12 and the harm of cheating, she made me 13 that I would think seriously about what she"d said. I kept 14 for quite a while why she had to talk to me about all those things.Later, I found out that she 15 I had done some cheating in the test, and 16 answers from the girl"s test paper. I managed to 17 about the pen, but she said 18 seemed very wrong to her that I didn"t mentioned anything about it 19 she talked to me right after the test. I am sure she continued to believe that I had cheated in the 20 of the test.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.A anyB .aC theD one2.A whisperedB shoutedC spokeD talkedSSS_SINGLE_SEL 3.A ButB BecauseC AndD SoSSS_SINGLE_SEL 4.A spareB changeC shareD borrowSSS_SINGLE_SEL 5.A withoutB offC out ofD lackSSS_SINGLE_SEL 6.A wouldB shouldC mustD mightSSS_SINGLE_SEL 7.A usedB happenedC seemedD found8.A handed overB handed outC handed aroundD handed inSSS_SINGLE_SEL 9.A lonelyB togetherC aloneD bothSSS_SINGLE_SEL 10.A thatB whichC whatD howSSS_SINGLE_SEL 11.A onB againstC withD towardsSSS_SINGLE_SEL 12.A testB studyC honestyD trustSSS_SINGLE_SEL 13.A agreeB promiseC insistD allow14.A discoveringB wonderingC findingD understandingSSS_SINGLE_SEL 15.A thoughtB concludedC recognizedD regardedSSS_SINGLE_SEL 16.A copiedB judgedC foundD correctedSSS_SINGLE_SEL 17.A quarrelB explainC argueD proveSSS_SINGLE_SEL 18.A thatB thisC itD .ISSS_SINGLE_SEL 19.A the momentB beforeC afterD once20.A endB beginningC courseD wayPart Ⅴ TranslationSection ADirections:In this part there are five sentences which you should translate into Chinese. These sentences are all taken from the 3 passages you have just read in Reading Comprehension. You can refer back to the passages to identify their meanings in the context.1.One day, science says a glass of red wine a day will help us live longer.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI2.All it can really do is to point researchers in the right direction for further investigation.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI3.The respect in which he was held partly owing to the man himself, with his warm friendliness, his good sense, his urbanity, his gay spirits, his artistic integrity, his love of both the Old World and the New.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI4.In England he was granted an honorary degree from Oxford—an unusual honor for a citizen of a young, uncultured nation—and he received the medal of the Royal Society of Literature.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI5.As the Titanic was sinking and women and children climbed into lifeboats, the musicians from the ship"s hand stood and played.SSS_TEXT_QUSTISection BDirections:In this part there are five sentences in Chinese. You should translate them into English. Be sure to write clearly.1.从儿时起我就发现，没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力。
Rip_Van_Winkle_原文
Rip_Van_Winkle_原文作者简介：华盛顿欧文(Washington Irving ) (1789-1895),美国浪漫主义作家，也是一个纯文学作家，他的写作态度是"writing for pleasure and to produce pleasure" 。
欧文的代表作有《见闻札记》(Sketch Book)，这是第一部伟大的青少年读物，也是美国本土作家第一部成功的小说。
由于欧文对美国文学的伟大贡献，他获得了“美国文学之父”的光荣称号。
这篇短篇小说，《瑞普凡温克尔》便是摘自《见闻札记》。
Rip Van WinkleA Posthumous Writing of Diedrich KnickerbockerBy Washington Irving(T HE FOLLOWING tale was found among the papers of the late Diedrich Knickerbocker, an old gentleman of New York, who was very curious in the Dutch history of the province, and the manners of the descendants from its primitive settlers. His historical researches, however, did not lie so much among books as among men; for the former are lamentably scanty on his favorite topics; whereas he found the old burghers, and still more their wives, rich in that legendary lore so invaluable to true history. Whenever, therefore, he happened upon a genuine Dutch family, snugly shut up in its low-roofed farmhouse, under a spreading sycamore, he looked upon it as a little clasped volume of black-letter, and studied it with the zeal of a bookworm.The result of all these researches wasa history of the province during the reign of the Dutch governors, which he published some years since. There have been various opinions as to the literary character of his work, and, to tell the truth, it is not a whit better than it should be. Its chief merit is its scrupulous accuracy,which indeed was a little questioned on its first appearance, but has since been completely established; and it is how admitted into all historical collections as a book of unquestionable authority.The old gentleman died shortly after the publication of his work, and now that he is dead and gone it cannot do much harm to his memory to say that his time might have been much better employed in weightier labors. He, however, was apt to ride his hobby in his own way; and though it did now and then kick up the dust a little in the eyes of his neighbors and grieve the spirit of some friends, for whom he felt the truest deference and affection, yet his errors and follies are remembered“more in sorrow than in anger ”; and it begins to be suspected that he never intended to injure or offend. But however his memory may be appreciated by critics, it is still held dear among many folk whose good opinion is well worth having; particularly by certain biscuit bakers, who have gone so far as to imprint his likeness on their New Year cakes, and have thus given him a chance for immortality almost equal to the being stamped on a Waterloo medal or a Queen Anne 's farth ing.)By Woden, God of Saxons, From whence comes Wensday, that isWodensday, Truth is a thing that ever I will keep Unto thylke day inwhich I creep into My sepulchre —C ARTWRIGHT.Whoever has made a voyage up the Hudson must remember the Catskill Mountains. They are a dismembered branch of the great Appalachian family, and are seen away to the west of the river, swelling up to a noble height, and lording it over thesurrounding country. Every change of season, every change of weather, indeed, every hour of the day, produces some change in the magical hues and shapes of these mountains, and they are regarded by all the good wives, far and near, as perfect barometers. When the weather is fair and settled, they are clothed in blue and purple, and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky; but sometimes, whenthe rest of the landscape is cloudless, they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits, which, in the last rays of the setting sun, will glow and light up like a crown of glory.At the foot of these fairy mountains the voyager may have descried the light smoke curling up from a village whose shingle roofs gleam among the trees, just where the blue tints of the upland melt away into the fresh green of the nearer landscape. It is a little village of great antiquity, having been founded by some of the Dutch colonists, in the early times of the province, just about the beginning of the government of the good Peter Stuyvesant (may he rest in peace!), and there were someof the houses of the original settlers standing within a few years, with lattice windows, gable fronts surmounted with weathercocks, and built of small yellow bricks brought from Holland.In that samevillage, and in one of these very houses (which, to tell the precise truth, was sadly time-worn and weather-beaten), there lived many years since, while the country was yet a province of Great Britain, a simple, good-natured fellow, of the name of Rip Van Winkle. He was a descendant of the Van Winkles who figured so gallantly in the chivalrous days of Peter Stuyvesant, and accompanied him to the siege of Fort Christina. He inherited, however, but little of the martial character of his ancestors. I have observed that he was a simple, good-naturedman; he was, moreover, a kind neighbor and an obedient, henpecked husband. Indeed, to the latter circumstance might be owing that meeknessof spirit which gained him such universal popularity; for those men are most apt to be obsequious and conciliating abroad who are under the discipline of shrews at home. Their tempers, doubtless, are rendered pliant and malleable in the fiery furnace of domestic tribulation, and a curtain lecture is worth all the sermons in the world for teaching the virtuesof patience and long-suffering. A termagant wife may, therefore, in some respects, be considered a tolerable blessing; and if so, Rip Van Winkle was thrice blessed.Certain it is that he was a great favorite among all the good wives of the village, who, as usual with the amiable sex, took his part in all family squabbles, and never failed, whenever they talked those matters over in their evening gossipings, to lay all the blame on DameVan Winkle. The children of the village, too, would shout with joy whenever he approached. He assisted at their sports, made their playthings, taught them to fly kites and shoot marbles, and told them long stories of ghosts, witches, and Indians. Whenever he went dodging about the village, he was surrounded by a troop of them, hanging on his skirts, clambering on his back, and playing a thousand tricks on him with impunity; and not a dog would bark at him throughout the neighborhood.The great error in Rip's composition was an insuperable aversion to all kinds ofprofitable labor. It could not be from the want of assiduity or perseverance; for he would sit on a wet rock, with a rod as long and heavy as a Tartar 's lance, and fish all day without a murmur, even though he should not be encouraged by a single nibble. Hewould carry a fowling piece on his shoulder, for hours together, trudging through woods and swamps,and up hill and downdale, to shoot a few squirrels or wild pigeons. He would never even refuse to assist a neighbor in the roughest toil, and was a foremost man at all country frolics for husking Indian corn, or building stone fences. The women of the village, too, used to employ him to run their errands, and to do such little odd jobs as their less obliging husbands would not do for them; in a word, Rip was ready to attend to anybody's business but his own; but as to doing family duty, and keeping his farm in order, it was impossible.In fact, he declared it was of no use to work on his farm; it was the most pestilent little piece of ground in the whole country; everything about it went wrong, and would go wrong, in spite of him. His fences were continually falling to pieces; his cow would either go astray or get among the cabbages; weeds were sure to grow quicker in his fields than anywhere else; the rain always madea point of setting in just as he had someoutdoor work to do; so that though his patrimonial estate had dwindled away under his management, acre by acre, until there was little more left than a mere patch of Indian corn and potatoes, yet it was the worst-conditioned farm in the neighborhood.His children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody. His son Rip, an urchin begotten in his own likeness, promised to inherit the habits, with the old clothes of his father. He was generallyseen trooping like a colt at his mother 's heels, equipped in a pair ofhis father ' s cast -off galligaskins, which he had muchado to hold up with one hand, as a fine lady does her train in badweather.Rip Van Winkle, however, was one of those happy mortals, of foolish, well-oiled dispositions, whotake the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with least thought or trouble, and would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound. If left to himself, he would have whistled life away, in perfect contentment; but his wife kept continually dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family. Morning, noon, and night, her tongue was incessantly going, and everything he said or did was sure to produce a torrent of household eloquence. Rip had but one way of replying to all lectures of the kind, and that, by frequent use, had grown into a habit. He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. This, however, always provoked a fresh volley from his wife, so that he was fain to draw off his forces, and take to the outside of the house—the only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked husband. Rip's sole domestic adherent was his dog Wolf, who was as much henpecked as his master; for DameVan Winkle regarded them as companions in idleness, and even looked upon Wolf with an evil eye, as the cause of his master 's so often going astray. True it is, in all points of spirit befitting an honorable dog, he was as courageous an animal as ever scoured the woods—but what courage can withstand the ever-during and all-besetting terrors of a woman' s tongue? The momentWolf entered the house his crest fell, his tail drooped to the ground, or curled between his legs; he sneaked about with a gallows air, casting many a sidelong glance at Dame Van Winkle, and at the least flourish of a broomstick or ladle would fly to the door with yelping precipitation.Times grew worse and worse with Rip Van Winkle as years of matrimony rolled on; a tart temper never mellows with age, and a sharp tongue is the only edged tool that grows keener by constant use. For a long while he used to console himself, when driven from home, by frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages, philosophers, and other idle personages of the village, which held its sessions on a bench before a small inn, designated by a rubicund portrait of his majesty George the Third. Here they used to sit in the shade, of a long lazy summer 's day, talking listlessly over village gossip, or telling endless sleepy stories about nothing. But it would have been worth any statesman 's moneyto have heard the profound discussions which sometimes took place, when by chance an old newspaper fell into their hands, from some passing traveler. How solemnly they would listen to the contents, as drawled out by Derrick Van Bummel, the schoolmaster, a dapper, learned little man, who was not to be daunted by the most gigantic word in the dictionary; and how sagely they would deliberate upon public events somemonths after they had taken place.The opinions of this junto were completely controlled by Nicholas Vedder, a patriarch of the village, and landlord of the inn, at the doorof which he took his seat from morning till night, just moving sufficiently to avoid the sun, and keep in the shade of a large tree; so that the neighbors could tell the hour by his movements as accurately as by a sun-dial. It is true, he was rarely heard to speak, but smoked his pipe incessantly. His adherents, however (for every great man has his adherents), perfectly understood him, and knew howto gather his opinions. When anything that was read or related displeased him, he was observed to smoke hispipe vehemently, and send forth short, frequent, and angry puffs; but when pleased, he would inhale the smoke slowly and tranquilly, and emit it in light and placid clouds, and sometimes taking the pipe from his mouth, and letting the fragrant vapor curl about his nose, would gravely nod his head in token of perfect approbation.From even this stronghold the unlucky Rip was at length routed by his termagant wife, who would suddenly break in upon the tranquillity of the assemblage, and call the members all to nought; nor was that august personage, Nicholas Vedder himself, sacred from the daring tongue of this terrible virago, who charged him outright with encouraging her husband in habits of idleness.Poor Rip was at last reduced almost to despair; and his only alternative, to escape from the labor of the farm and clamor of his wife, was to take gun in hand and stroll away into the woods. Here he would sometimes seat himself at the foot of a tree, and share the contents of his wallet with Wolf, with whom he sympathized as a fellow-sufferer in persecution. “Poor Wolf, ” he would say, “thy mistress leads thee a dog's life of it; but never mind, my lad, while I live thou shalt neverwant a friend to stand by thee! ” Wolf would wag his tail, look wistfully in his master 's face, and if dogs can feel pity, I verily believe he reciprocated the sentiment with allhis heart.In a long ramble of the kind on a fine autumnal day, Rip had unconsciously scrambled to one of the highest parts of the Catskill Mountains. He was after his favorite sport of squirrel shooting, and the still solitudes had echoed and re?choed with the reports of his gun. Panting and fatigued, he threw himself,late in the afternoon, on a green knoll, covered with mountain herbage, that crowned the brow of a precipice. From an opening between the trees he could overlook all the lower country for manya mile of rich woodland. He saw at a distance the lordly Hudson, far, far below him, moving on its silent but majestic course, the reflection of a purple cloud, or the sail of a lagging bark, here and there sleeping on its glassy bosom, and at last losing itself in the blue highlands.On the other side he looked down into a deep mountain glen, wild, lonely, and shagged, the bottom filled with fragments from the impending cliffs, and scarcely lighted by the reflected rays of the setting sun.For sometime Rip lay musing on this scene; evening was gradually advancing; the mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valleys; he saw that it would be dark long before he could reach the village, and he heaved a heavy sigh when he thought of encountering the terrors of Dame Van Winkle.As he was about to descend, he heard a voice from a distance, hallooing, “Rip Van Winkle! Rip Van Winkle! ” Helooked around, but could see nothing but a crow winging its solitary flight across the mountain. He thought his fancy must have deceived him, and turned again to descend, when he heard the same cry ring through the still evening air: “Rip Van Winkle! Rip Van Winkle! ”—at the same time Wolf bristled up his back, and giving a low growl, skulked to his master 's side, looking fearfully down intothe glen. Rip now felt a vague apprehension stealing over him; he looked anxiously in the same direction, and perceived a strange figure slowly toiling up the rocks, and bending under the weight of something he carried on his back. He was surprised tosee any human being in this lonely and unfrequented place, but supposing it to be some one of the neighborhood in need of assistance, he hastened down to yield it.On nearer approach, he was still more surprised at the singularity of the stranger 's appearance. He was a short, square-built old fellow, with thick bushy hair, and a grizzled beard. His dress was of the antique Dutch fashion —a cloth jerkin strapped around the waist —several pair of breeches, the outer one of ample volume, decorated with rows of buttons downthe sides, and bunches at the knees. He bore on his shoulders a stout keg, that seemed full of liquor, and made signs for Rip to approach and assist him with the load. Though rather shy and distrustful of this new acquaintance, Rip complied with his usual alacrity, and mutually relieving one another, they clambered up a narrow gully, apparently the dry bed of a mountain torrent. As they ascended, Rip every now and then heard long rolling peals, like distant thunder, that seemedto issue out of a deep ravine, or rather cleft between lofty rocks, toward which their rugged path conducted. He paused for an instant, but supposing it to bethe muttering of one of those transient thunder showers which often take place in mountain heights, he proceeded. Passing through the ravine, they cameto a hollow, like a small amphitheater, surrounded by perpendicular precipices, over the brinks of which impending trees shot their branches, so that you only caught glimpses of the azure sky and the bright evening cloud. During the whole time, Rip and his companion had labored on in silence; for though the former marveled greatly what could be the object of carrying a keg of liquor up this wild mountain, yet there was something strange and incomprehensible about the unknown that inspired awe andchecked familiarity.On entering the amphitheater, new objects of wonder presented themselves. On a level spot in the center was a company of odd-looking personages playing at ninepins. They were dressed in a quaint, outlandishfashion: some wore short doublets, others jerkins, with long knives in their belts, and most had enormous breeches, of similar style with that of the guide 's. Their visages, too, were peculiar: one had a large head, broad face, and small, piggish eyes; the face of another seemedto consist entirely of nose, and was surmounted by a white sugar-loaf hat set off with a little red cock 's tail. They all had beards, of various shapesand colors. There was one who seemed to be the commander. He was a stout old gentleman, with a weather-beaten countenance; he wore a laced doublet, broad belt and hanger, high-crowned hat and feather, red stockings, and high-heeled shoes, with roses in them. The whole group reminded Rip of the figures in an old Flemish painting, in the parlor of Dominie Van Schaick, the village parson, and which had been brought over from Holland at the time of the settlement.What seemedparticularly odd to Rip, was that though these folks were evidently amusing themselves, yet they maintained the gravest faces, the most mysterious silence, and were, withal, the most melancholy party of pleasure he had ever witnessed. Nothing interrupted the stillness of the scene but the noise of the balls, which, whenever they were rolled, echoed along the mountains like rumbling peals of thunder.As Rip and his companion approached them, they suddenly desisted from their play, and stared at him with such fixed statue-like gaze, and suchstrange, uncouth, lack-luster countenances, that his heart turned within him, and his knees smote together. His companion now emptied the contents of the keg into large flagons, and made signs to him to wait upon the company. He obeyed with fear and trembling; they quaffed the liquor in profound silence, and then returned to their game.By degrees, Rip's aweand apprehension subsided. He even ventured, when no eye was fixed upon him, to taste the beverage, which he found had much of the flavor of excellent Hollands. He was naturally a thirsty soul, and was soon tempted to repeat the draught. One taste provoked another, and he reiterated his visits to the flagon so often, that at length his senses were overpowered, his eyes swamin his head, his head gradually declined, and he fell into a deep sleep.On awaking, he found himself on the green knoll from whence he had first seen the old man of the glen. He rubbed his eyes —it was a brightsunny morning. The birds were hopping and twittering among the bushes, and the eagle was wheeling aloft and breasting the pure mountain breeze. “Surely, ” thought Rip, “I have not slept here all night. ” He recalled the occurrences before he fell asleep. The strange man with a keg of liquor —the mountain ravine —the wild retreat among the rocks —the woe-begone party at ninepins —the flagon —“Oh! that flagon! that wicked flagon! ” thought Rip —“ what excuse shall I make to Dame Van Winkle? ”He looked round for his gun, but in place of the clean, well-oiled fowling piece, he found an old firelock lying by him, the barrel incrusted withrust, the lock falling off, and the stock worm-eaten. He now suspected that the grave roysters of the mountain had put a trickupon him, and having dosed him with liquor, had robbed him of his gun. Wolf, too, had disappeared, but he might have strayed away after a squirrel or partridge. He whistled after him, shouted his name, but all in vain; the echoes repeated his whistle and shout, but no dog was to be seen.He determined to revisit the scene of the last evening 's gambol, and if he met with any of the party, to demand his dog and gun. As he rose to walk, he found himself stiff in the joints, and wanting in his usual activity. “These mountain beds do not agree with me,” thought Rip, “and if this frolic should lay meup with a fit of the rheumatism, I shall have a blessed time with D ame Van Winkle. ” With some difficulty he got down into the glen; he found the gully up which he and his companion had ascended the preceding evening; but to his astonishment a mountain stream was now foaming down it, leaping from rock to rock, and filling the glen with babbling murmurs. He, however, made shift to scramble up its sides, working his toilsome way through thickets of birch, sassafras, and witch-hazel, and sometimes tripped up or entangled by the wild grape vines that twisted their coils and tendrils from tree to tree, and spread a kind of network in his path.At length he reached to where the ravine had opened through the cliffs to the amphitheater; but no traces of such opening remained. The rocks presented a high, impenetrable wall, over which the torrent cametumbling in a sheet of feathery foam, and fell into a broad, deep basin, black from the shadows of the surrounding forest. Here, then, poor Rip was brought to a stand. Heagain called and whistled after his dog; he was only answered by the cawing of a flock of idle crows, sporting high in air about a dry tree that overhung a sunny precipice; and who, secure intheir elevation, seemed to look down and scoff at the poor man 's perplexities. What wasto be done? the morning was passing away, and Rip felt famished for want of his breakfast. He grieved to give up his dog and gun; he dreaded to meet his wife; but it would not do to starve amongthe mountains. He shook his head, shouldered the rusty firelock, and, with a heart full of trouble and anxiety, turned his steps homeward.As he approached the village, he met a number of people, but none whom he knew, which somewhat surprised him, for he had thought himself acquainted with every one in the country round. Their dress, too, was of a different fashion from that to which he was accustomed. They all stared at him with equal marks of surprise, and whenever they cast their eyes upon him, invariably stroked their chins. The constant recurrence of this gesture induced Rip, involuntarily, to do the same, when, to his。
美国文学期末考试试卷模拟试题
美国文学期末考试试卷模拟试题一I. Fill in the following blanks and put your answers on the Answer Sheet。
(15％, 1 point for each)1.The publication of ______ established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New EnglandTranscendentalism.2。
Hard work, thrift， ______ and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing。
3。
At 87， ______ read his poetry at the inauguration of President John F。
Kennedy。
4.Jack London's masterwork _________ is somewhat autobiographical。
5。
______， the tragic hero of Moby Dick， burning with a baleful fire， becomes evil himself in his thirst to destroy evil.6.Ezra Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the “________" movement.7。
“The Cus tom House" is an introductory note to the novel _______.8.Among the works attacking the “American Dream”, __________by Fitzgerald is a powerful piece。
习题1
The Colonial PeriodI) Blank Filling:1. Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety, these were the ______________values that dominated much of t he early American writing.2. The American poets who emerged in the seventeenth century adapted the style of established Europea n poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. ____________Brandstreet was one such poet.3. __________wrote his most impressive work The Magnalia Christi America.4. The writer who best expressed the Puritan faith in the colonial period was________5. The Puritan philosophy known as __________ was important in New England during the colonial tim e, and had a profound influence on the early American mind for several generations.6. Before his death, Jonathan __________had gained a position as America‟s first systematic philosopher.7. Jonathan Edwards‟ masterpiece is__________.8. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America is a collection of poems composed by_______.II) Multiple Choice1. The Puritan dominating values were ____________.A. hard workB. thriftC. pietyD. sobriety2. Which statement about Cotton Mather is not true?A. He was a great Puritan historian.B. He was an inexhaustible writer.C. He was a skillf ul preacher and an eminent theologian.D. He was a graduate of Oxford College.3. Jonathan Edwards‟ best and most representative sermon was_________.A. A True Sight of SinB. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry GodC. A Model of Christian CharityD. God‟s Determinations4.. The common thread throughout American literature has been the emphasis on the ___________.A. RevolutionismB. ReasonC. IndividualismD. rationalism5. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the “__________” who appeared in America.A. Ninth MuseB. Tenth MuseC. Best MuseD. First MuseII. Period around The War of IndependenceI) Blank Filling1. The War of Independence lasted eight years till_____________.2. Thomas Paine, with his natural gift for pamphleteering and rebellion, was appropriately born into an a ge of _______________.3. A series of sixteen pamphlets by Paine was entitled ___________2 4. Franklin‟s best writing is found in his masterpiece_____________.5. Franklin was the epitome if the ____________,the versatile, practical embodiment of national man in the 18th century.6. The most outstanding poet in America of the 18th century was ____________.7. ____________was considered as the “poet of the American Revolution.”8. Except Common Sense, Paine‟s the other two famous works were _________and ___________.9. Eighteen-century America experienced an age of ____________, of ___________, and ___________ ___like England and Europe.10. Franklin‟s claim to a place in literature rests chiefly on his ___________and __________.II) Multiple choice1. In American literature, the eighteen century was the age of the Enlightenment. ____________was the dominant spirit.A. HumanismB. RationalismC. RevolutionD. Evolution2. Which of the following stirred the world and helped form the American republic? A. The American Cr isis. B. The Federalist C. Declaration of Independence D. The Age of Reason3. “These are the times that try men‟s souls”, these words were once read to Washington‟s troops and did much to spur excitement to further action with hope and confidence. Who is the author of these words?A. Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas PaineC. Thomas JeffersonD. George Washington4. Who was considered as the “Poet of American Revolution”?A. Anne BradstreetB. Edward TaylorC. Michael WigglesworthD. Philip Freneau5. At the Reason and Revolution Period, Americans were influenced by the European movement called t he __________.A. Charitist MovementB. Romanticist MovementC. Enlightenment MovementD. Moder nist MovementIII. Period of RomanticismI) Blank Filling1. In the early nineteenth century, Washington Irving wrote ___________which became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.2. The Romantic period in the American literary history covers the time between the end of the _______ ______century to the outbreak of the __________. It started with the publication of Irving‟s __________ ___and ended with Whitman‟s ___________. This period is also called ____________.3. Irving‟s The Sketch Book is a collection of essays, sketches and tales, of which the most famous and f requently anthologized are ____________and ___________.4. Emersonian Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological co ncerns of American _____________and European Romanticism.5. ___________ was regarded as Father of the American short stories.6. Irving also wrote two biographies, one is The Life of Oliver Goldsmith, and the other is ___________ __.7. Cooper‟s novel ___________was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during 3 the Re volutionary War.8. The central figure in the Leather stocking Tales is _____________, who goes by the various names of Leather Stocking. Deer slayer, Pathfinder and Hawkeye.9. In ___________, Whitman airs his sorrow at President Lincoln‟s death.10. The great work _____________not only demonstrates Emerson Ian ideas of self-reliance but also de velops and tests Thoreau‟s own transcendental philosophy.11. In ____________, Whitman‟s own early experience may well be identified with the childhood of a y oung growing America.12. A superb book ____________came out of Thoreau‟s two-year experiment at Walden Pond.13. Hester Prynne is the heroine in Hawthorne‟s novel_____________.14. Melville‟s novel ____________is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemin gly supernatural white whale.15. The best of Cooper‟s sea romances was ____________. The hero of the novelreprsents john Pall Jones, the great naval fighter of the Revolutionary War.16. ____________ is the narrator in Moby-Dick.17. Transcendentalism was put forward by the people from ___________.18. _____________ has been regarded as “America‟s Declaration of Intellectual Independence.”19. Published in 1823, ____________was the first of the Leather stocking Tales, in their publication tim e, and probably the first true romance of the frontier in American literature.20. The way in which ___________wrote The Scarlet Letter suggests that American Romanticism adapt ed itself to American puritan moralist.21. _____________ can some what be called “the Father of the American detective story”.II). Multiple Choice1. In Walt Whitman‟s“There was a Child Went Forth,” the child refers to _________. A. the poet himself as a child B. any American Child C. the young America D. one of the poet‟s neighbor2. In Moby-Dick, the voyage symbolizes _______________.A. the Microcosm of human societyB. a search for truthC. the unknown worldD. nature3. Thoreau was often alone in the woods or by the pond, lost in spiritual communication with _________ ___.A. natureB. transcendentalist ideasC. human beingsD. celestial beings4. The Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and ___________A. Henry David ThoreauB. Washington IrvingC. Nathaniel HawthorneD. Walt Whitman5. _____________tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a puritan communi ty are involved in and affected by the sin of adultery in different ways. A. Twice-Told Tales B. The Scarlet Letter C. The House of the Seven Gables D. The Marble Faun6. _____________ is regarded as the first American prose epic. A. Nature B. The Scarlet Letter C. Walden D. Moby-Dick7. Washington Irving‟s social conservation and literary for the past is revealed, to some extent, in his fam ous story,_____________.A. The Legend of Sleep HollowB. Rip Van WinkleC. The Custom-houseD. The Birthmark8. The giant Moby Dick may symbolize all EXCEPT___________.A. mystery of the universeB. sin of the whaleC. power of the Great NatureD. evil of the world9. The convention of the desire for an escape from society and a return to nature in American literature i s particularly evident in ____________.A. Cooper‟s Leatherstocking TalesB. Hawthorne‟s The Scarlet LetterC. Whitman‟s Leaves of GrassD. Irving‟s Rip Van Winkle10. As a philosophical and literary movement, _____________flourished in New England from the 1830 s to the Civil War.A. modernismB. rationalismC. sentimentalismD. transcendentalism11. In Hawthorne‟s The Scarlet Letter, “A” may stand for_________.A. AdulteryB. AngelC. AmiableD. All the above12. The period before the American Civil War is generally referred to as __________.A. the Naturalist PeriodB. the modern PeriodC. the Romantic PeriodD. the Realistic Period13. All of the following are works by Nathaniel Haw home except___________.A. The House of the Seven GablesB. White jacketC. The Marble FaunD. The Blithe dale Romance14. In the following works, which signs the beginning of the American literature?A. The Sketch Book.B. Leaves of Grass.C. Leather stocking TalesD. Adventures of huckleberry Finn.15. The main theme of Emily Dickinson is the following except____________.A. religionB. love and marriageC. life and deathD. war and peace16. Emily Dickinson‟s poetic idiom is noted for the following except _________.A. brevityB. directnessC. plainest wordsD. obscure17. It is on his ___________that Washington Irving‟s fame mainly rested.A. tales about AmericaB. early poetryC. childhood recollectionsD. sketches about his European tours18. ____________ is the most ambivalent writer in the American literary history.A. Nathaniel HawthorneB. Walt WhitmanC. Ralph Waldo EmersonD. Mark Twain19. The publication of ____________established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of new Engl and Transcendentalism.A. NatureB. Self-RelianceC. The American ScholarD. The Over-Soul20. In the history of literature, Romanticism is regarded as _____________a) the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. b) The thought that designates man as a social animal. c) The or ientation that emphasizes those features which men have in common. d) The modes of thinking.21. In the poem “Some of Myself”, Whitman sets forth the principle beliefs of ___________.A. the theory of universality.B. singularity and equality of beings in valueC. both A and B.D. none above22. Which of the following features cannot characterize poems by Walt Whitman?A. lyrical and well-structuredB. free-flowingC. simple and rather crudeD. conversational and cas ual23. For Melville, as well as for the reader and _________, the narrator, Moby Dick is still a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe.A. AhabB. IshmaelC.StubbD. Starbuck24. It is on his____________ that Washington Irving‟s fame mainly rested.A. childhood recollectionsB. sketches about his European toursC. early poetryD. tales about America25. At the middle of 19th century, America witnessed a cultural flowering which is called “____________________”.A. the English RenaissanceB. the Second RenaissanceC. the American RenaissanceD. the Salem Renaissance26. As a philosophical and literary movement, the main issues involved in the debate of Transcendentalism are generally concerning ____________________.A. nature, man and the universeB. the relationship between man and womanC. the development of Romanticism in American literatureD. the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism27. About the novel The Scarlet Letter, which of the following statements is NOT right?A. It‟s very hard to say that it is a love story or a story of sin.B. It‟s a highly symbolic story and the author is a master of symbolism.C. It‟s mainly about the moral, emotional and psychological effects of the sin upon the main characters and the people in general.D. In it the letter A takes the same symbolic meaning throughout the novel.28. The great sea adventure story Moby-Dick is usually considered____________.A. a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe.B. an adventurous exploration into man‟s relationship with natureC. a simple whaling tale or sea adventureD. a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the artistic truth and beauty29. In his poems, Walt Whitman is innovative in the terms of the form of his poetry, which is called “____________________.”A. free verseB. blank verseC. alliterationD. end rhyming30. More than five hundred poems Dickinson wrote are about nature, in which her general Skepticism about the relationship between ______ is well-expressed.A. man and manB. men and womenC. man and natureD. men and God31. Which of the following is right about Emily Dickinson‟s poems about nature?A. In them, she expressed her general affirmation about the relationship between man and nature.B. Some of them showed her disbelief that there existed a mythical bond between man and nature.C. Her poems reflected her feeling that nature is restorative to human beings.D. Many of them showed her feeling of nature‟s inscrutability and indifference to the life and interests of human beings.32. As a great innovator in American literature, Walt Whitman wrote his poetry in an unconventional style which is now called free verse, that is _________.A. lyrical poetry with chanting refrainsB. poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme schemeC. poetry without rhymes at the end of the lines but with a fixed beatD. poetry in an irregular metric form and expressing noble feelings33. Which of the following is not a work of Nathaniel Hawthorne‟s?A. The House of the Seven Gables.B. The Blithedale Romance.C. The Marble Faun.D. White Jacket.34. In Hawthorne‟s novels and short stories, intellectua ls usually appear as ______________.A. commentatorsB. observersC. villainsD. saviors35. Besides sketches, tales and essays, Washington Irving also published a book on ______, which is also considered an important part of his creative writing.A. poetic theoryB. French artC. history of New YorkD. life of George Washington36. Emily Dickinson wrote many short poems on various aspects of life. Which of the following is not a usual subject of her poetic expression?A. Religion.B. Life and death.C. Love and marriage.D. War and peace.37. In 1837, Ralph Waldo Emerson made a speech entitled _______ at Harvard, which was hailed by Oliver Wendell Holmes as "Our intellectual Declaration of Independence."A. "Nature"B. "Self-Reliance"C. "Divinity School Address"D. "The American Scholar"38. The American novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne is known for his“black vision．”TheTerm “black vision” refers to______________.A. Hawthorne's observation that every man faces a black WallB. Hawthorne's belief that all men are by nature evilC. that Hawthorne employed a dream vision to tell his storyD. that Puritans of Hawthorne's time usually wore black clothes39. Though Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson were romantic poets in theme andtechnique, they differ from each other in a variety of ways. For one thing, whereasWhitman likes to keep his eye on human Society at large, Dickinson oftenaddresses such issues as_______, immortality, religion, love and nature.A. progressB. freedomC. beautyD. death40. The Romantic writers would focus on all the following issues EXCEPT the_______in the American literary history．A. individual feelingB. survival of the fittestC. strong imaginationD. return to nature41. Which of the following is NOT the virtue that Franklin enumerated in his The Autobiography?A. TemperanceB. Humanity (Humility)C. FrugalityD. Immoderation42. American Romanticism stretches from the end of the ________ century through the outbreak of ______.A. 18th, the Civil WarB. 18th, the War of IndependenceC. 19th, WWID. 19th, WWII43. _________ believes that the chief aim of literary creation is beauty, and “the death of a beautiful woman is, unquestionably, the most poetical topic in the world.”A. Walt WhitmanB. Edgar Allen PoeC. Anne BradstreetD. Ralph Waldo Emerson44. In Emily Dickinson‟s Because I Could Not Stop for Death, ______________.A. death is personified as a devilB. death is described as the tragic end of a person‟s lifeC. death is a stage of life and it leads people to the Heaven of immortalityD. death is described as a beautiful girl who couldn‟t find her final destination45. Which is generally regarded as the manifesto and the Bible of American Transcendentalism?A. Thoreau‟s WaldenB. Emerson‟s NatureC. Poe‟s Poetic PrincipleD. Thoreau‟s Nature47. …Leaves of Grass‟ commands great attention because of its uniquely poeti c embodiment of________, which are written in the founding documents of both the Revolutionary War and the American Civil War.A. the democratic idealsB. the romantic idealsC. the self-reliance spiritsD. the religious ideals48. The Transcendentalists believe that, first, nature is ennobling, and second, the individual is ____________.A. insignificantB. vicious by natureC. divineD. forward-looking。
华盛顿欧文英文介绍
American Romanticism
• E. Nature is believed to be the source of goodness and antithesis of society as society tends to be corrupt.
American Romanticism
• 1.Time: the publication of Washington Irving's
The Sketch Book（1819）and ended with
Whitman's Leaves of Grass（1855）; • 2. It was a rebellion against the objectivity of
Washington Irving’s Life
• Irving’s birthplace: New York City • Family background: a rather wealthy
merchant family. • Education: a desultory student; reading
• B.Since they placed a higher value on the free expression of emotion and on the power of imagination, they showed greater interests in the psychic states.
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》配套题库【课后习题】（美国文学）
朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》配套题库【课后习题】（美国⽂学）第7章美国⽂学Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1. American literature is mainly about the seeking of the American people for success and happiness. _____【答案】T【解析】美国⽂学主要是关于美国⼈民追寻成功和幸福。
2. Rip Van Winkle was a character created by James Fenimore Cooper. _____【答案】F【解析】《瑞普·凡·温克》是⼩说家及历史家华盛顿·欧⽂（Washington Irving）的名篇。
故事主要讲述主⼈公瑞普·凡·温克喝醉之后在梦中的奇遇，然后顿悟过了⼀⽣。
3. The Leather-Stocking Tales consist of five novels depicting the American West. _____【答案】T【解析】《⽪袜⼦故事集》是美国作家詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏（James Fenimore Cooper）的系列⼩说，共包含《杀⿅者》（The Deerslayer）、《最后的莫希⼲⼈》（The Last of the Mohicans）、《探路⼈》（The Pathfinder）、《拓荒者》（The Pioneer）和《⼤草原》（The Prairie）等五部⼩说。
4. Before Mark Twain, all major American writers were born on the East Coast. _____ 【答案】T【解析】马克·吐温（Mark Twain），美国作家、演说家，⽣于美国密苏⾥州佛罗⾥达。
英美文学课件2
❖ The representatives of the early period includes Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper, and those of the late period contain Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Edgar Allan Poe.
3) Ever-increasing magazines played an important role in facilitating literary expansion in the country.
Washington Irving 华盛顿欧文汇总
❖ However, due to length constraints, these characteristics and devices generally may not be as fully developed or as complex as those developed for a fulllength novel.
❖ By the time when he was 23 years old (1809),he had roamed England, Holland, France Italy and Hudson Valley.
Life Experience
❖ After collecting sufficient original materials for writing and a good practice of editing a journal ,he formed his particular political idea and writing style.
Short stories/Essays
Title
The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus
The Chronicles of the Conquest of
Gபைடு நூலகம்anada
Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus
Genre
Observational Letters
华盛顿欧文英文介绍
04
Washington Irving's Style and
Characteristics
Unique sense of humor
His humor was often wry and self deprecating, making fun of his own appearance or character This self-awareness and ability to poke fun at himself have his stories a unique charge that was both charging and smoking
Introduction of the natural in culture
Irving's works were among the first to introduce the natural in culture, a trend that has persisted in global culture
Later Works
Over the course of his career, Irving pending numerical works across various genres, including biographies, novels, short stories, and travel narratives His most rapid works include "The Legend of Sleep Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle," both of which are considered to be among the most ionic short stories in American literature
Washington Irving
Literary Achievements
A writer who “ perfected the best classic style that American Literature ever produced.” There is musicality in almost every line of his prose. We seldom learn a moral lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed. We often find ourselves lost in a world that is permeated with a dreaming quality. The Gothic elements and the supernatural atmosphere are manipulated in such a way that we could become so engaged and involved in what is happening in a seemingly exotic place. Irving never forgets to associate a certain place with the inward movement of a person and to charge his sentences with emotion so as to create a true and vivid character. He is worth the honor of being “the American Goldsmith” for his literary craftsmanship.
washington irving was阅读理解
阅读理解(40分)Washington Irving was America's first important writer to be known to the world. His works were well received both in England and in the United States. He was, in fact，one of the most successful writers of his time in either country, delighting a large general public and at the same time winning the admiration of fellow writers like Scott in Britainand Poeand Hawthorne in the United States. The respect was partly owing to the man himself, with his warm friendliness, his good sense, his good manners, his love of both the Old World and the New World. In England he was granted an honorary degree from Oxford-an unusual honor for a citizen of a young,uncultured (未开化的)nation-and he received the medal of the Royal Society of Literature;America made him ambassador(大使)to Spain.( )1. Which of the following is TRUE?A. Scott and Poe were British writers.B. Poe and Hawthorne were American writers.C. Washington Irving and Scott were American writers.D. Scott and Hawthorne were British writers.( )2. In Washington Irving's times America__.A. was still part of EnglandB. belonged to the Old WorldC. was a country founded not long beforeD. was a country where only the Indians lived( ) 3. The main point of the passage is that Washington Irving was__.A. America's first writerB. a writer who had great success both in his own country and outside itC. a man who was able to move from literature to politicsD. an American writer who was respected in England( ) 4. Washington Irving's success lies in his.A. warm-hearted personalityB. good senseC.passion for people in both Americaand EnglandD. all of the above( ) 5. Which of the following was Irving interrested in?D. Law.A. Science.B. Politics.C. Literature.参考答案：1.B2.C3.B4.D5.C。
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow读后感
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” is a short story by Washington Irving , and first published in 1820. Washington Irving was one of the first American writers to earn an international repu tation, and regarded as an early Romantic writer in the merican literary history and Father of t he American short stories.Washington Irving was born in New York City in a wealthy family. From a very early age he began to read widely and write juvenile poems, essays, and plays. In l798, he conc1uded hi s education at private schools and entered a law office, but he loved writing more. Irving gave his works distinctive American flavor. "Rip Van Winkle" or "The Legend of Sleepy Hol1ow" , however exotic these stories are among the treasures of the American language and culture. These two stories easily trigger off American imagination with their focus on American subje cts, American landscape. He was father of American short stories.The story is set in 1790 in the countryside around the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town (historical Tarrytown, New York), in a secluded glen called Sleepy Hollow. The most infamous specter in the Hollow is the Headless Horseman, said to be the ghost of a Hessian trooper who had his head shot off by a stray cannonball during "some nameless battle" of the American Revolutionary War, and who "rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head". The "Legend" relates the tale of Ichabod Crane, a lean, lanky and extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut, who competes with Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, the town rowdy, for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel. She is the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer, Baltus Van Tassel. On a placid autumn night, the ambitious Crane attends a harvest party at the Van Tassels' homestead. He dances, partakes in the feast, and listens to ghostly legends told by Brom and the locals, but his true aim is to propose to Katrina after the guests leave. His intentions, however, are ill-fated. After having failed to secure Katrina's hand, Ichabod rides home "heavy-hearted and crestfallen" through the woods between Van Tassel's farmstead and the Sleepy Hollow settlement. As he passes several purportedly haunted spots, his active imagination is engorged by the ghost stories told at Baltus' harvest party. After nervously passing under a lightning-stricken tulip tree purportedly haunted by the ghost of British spy Major André, Ichabod encounters a cloaked rider at an intersection in a menacing swamp. However, to the pedagogue's horror, the ghoul clambers over the bridge, rears his horse, and hurls his severed head into Ichabod's terrified face. The next morning, Ichabod has mysteriously disappeared from town, leaving Katrina to marry Brom Bones.Ichabod Crane has multiple personalities and the contradictory state of mind. He likes to dream, but is weak and incompetent; he has simple impulse, and also can adjust to changing circumstances.This character is a typical image of a common people in Irving’novels. Because of poverty, he like delicious food; because of the single and poor, his desire to marry a rich girl. In the novel, he is welcomed by woman, because he is a literate man, not like their rude husband. However, he is also the object of discriminating and teasing. Under the pen of Erwin, he is funny and pitiful person. He is unrealistic, greedy for other’s property and beauty, want to become rich by marriage , but in reality it is just a illusion. He was dissatisfied with the social discrimination, but also want to get rich life like other people. After the illusion, what should he do? Then, the horseman he often talked about appeared, at that time he could say nothing , he was so frightened that lost the ability to discern the truth. he didn’t know until death that the head in the hands of horseman was just a pumpkin. The headless horseman made his disillusion , he escaped in a fluster.Let's look at the people's reaction after he disappeared. After “death”, in the place where he lived long time, he is unimportant. He was not from sleepy hollow, so he was eventually driven out of the Peach Garden. But on the other hand, perhaps the horseman pointed out a new way for him, changed the trajectory of his life, or help him escape original town life and perhaps this is the only choice this moment, no longer be ashamed or embarrassed for his poor pleasing and flattering. If he was brave enough, strong enough in a new places, he could start a new life with a new mood, he could have a self reliant life by his wisdom in the new city, didn’t think marriage as a profit-making tools anymore. To get a happy life by hard working is also a kind of fortunate. Eventually he found position in New York, he got a lawyer's license and became a politician. He joined the election and became a judge.In short, romantic writers placed increasing value on the free expression of emotionand dis played increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters . Heroes and heroines exha bited extremesof sensitivity and excitement.The novel of terrow became the profitable literary staple that it remains today.。
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Often regarded as the originator of theAmerican short story, Irving produced anumber of sketches of life in the HudsonRiver Valley of New York, and of life inEngland and Spain; these were popularenough that Irving is often said to be the firstAmerican author to earn a living solely from his writing. Like Nathaniel Hawthorne, Irving was acutely aware of America's cultural roots in Europe, and much of his work reflects both a nostalgia for and an updating of European life and folkways, as does the fact Irving spent a considerable portion of his adult life—over 20 years—living in Europe. Irving's "transitional" status is also evident in his powerful interest in American beginnings: a (largely comic) History of New York, a biography of Columbus (the literal "finder" of America, at least in popular myth), and a biography of George Washington (one of America's political "founders" and the man after whom Irving was named).Many of Irving's tales have a supernaturalist element, though Irving's gentle humor and rationalist skepticism often hedge that supernaturalism considerably, especially in the American tales.Washington Irving was born in New York City(near present-day Wall Street) at the end of theRevolutionary War on April 3, 1783. His parents,Scottish-English immigrants, were great admirers ofGeneral George Washington, and named their son after their hero.Irving had many interests including writing, architecture and landscape design, traveling, and diplomacy. He is best known, however, as the first American to make a living solely from writing. Initially, he wrote under pen names; one was "Diedrich Knickerbocker." In 1809, using this pen name, Irving wrote A History of New-York that describes and pokes fun at the lives of the early Dutch settlers of Manhattan. Eventually, this pen name came to mean a person from New York, and is where the basketball team The New York Knickerbockers (Knicks) got its name.Irving enjoyed visiting different places and a large part of his life was spent in Europe, particularly England, France, Germany, and Spain. He often wrote about the places he visited. For example, Bracebridge Hall (1822) is a view of life in England, and The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (1828), is about the Italian explorer who sailed under the Spanish flag. However, in spite of his foreign travels, Irving's imagination frequently drew upon his childhood memories of New YorkState. These memories are reflected in letters that he wrote to family and friends from Europe, as well as in the stories from his most famous work, The Sketch-Book. Published in 1819 under another pen name, "GeoffreyCrayon, Gent," The Sketch-Book includes the shortstories The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip VanWinkle. The fictional Sleepy Hollow is actuallythe lower Hudson Valley area near Tarrytown, N.Y.,and Rip Van Winkle sleeps through the entireRevolutionary War in the Catskill mountainsof upstate New York.By the late 1820s, Irving had gained a reputation throughout Europe and America as a great writer and thinker. Because of his popularity, Irving received many important honors. This Spanish were so pleased with Irving's writing that in 1828, they elected him to the Real Academia de la Historia. In 1830, Irving received a gold medal in history from the Royal Society of Literature in London, and also received honorary degrees from Oxford, Columbia, and Harvard.Trained as a lawyer, Irving was active in the field of diplomacy. In 1842, American President Tyler appointed him Minister to Spain - a position we would now call ambassador. This meant he traveled throughout Europe as a diplomatic representative of the United States.Feeling a desire to be among fellow Americans and his family, in 1832 Irving returned from Europe to New York where he established his home Sunnyside in Tarrytown. Irving never married or had children. Rather, for the next twenty-five years he shared Sunnyside with his brother Ebenezer and Ebenezer's five daughters. During this period, when Irving traveled or was sent on a diplomatic mission, he always had a home and family to which to return.Sunnyside was visited by many artists, politicians, writers, and other influential people. Irving's home was publicized throughout the world in lithographs, magazines, and tourists maps. Images of Sunnyside could even be found on cigar boxes, sheet music, and ceramic pitchers.On November 28, 1859, on the eve of the Civil War, Washington Irving died at Sunnyside surrounded by his family. He was buried in the Sleepy Hollow Cemetery at the Old Dutch Church in Sleepy Hollow, N.Y.。