跨文化交际概论-课程各章节内容要点整理

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跨文化交际学概论笔记(DOC)

跨文化交际学概论笔记(DOC)

跨文化交际学概论笔记(DOC)跨文化交际学概论笔记第一章跨文化交际一、什么是跨文化交际——具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程跨文化交际之所以在今天日益引起人们的注意,主要原因是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展,使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。

L.S.Harms 认为,在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段:语言的产生;文字的使用;印刷技术的发明;近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展;跨文化交际。

近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。

二、第二章跨文化交际学跨文化交际学在美国Intercultural Communication (与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切)1.首先在美国兴起。

美国有来自各个国家的移民,有各自的文化系统和风俗习惯,逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化的格局;美国与各国交往频繁。

2.Edwar Hall 《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的个人或以上的信息传受过程。

如交谈,书信,小组讨论,大会演讲等。

组织传播(organizational communication)在学校,公司,工厂,机关,军队,党派,群众团体等内部的传播,不都是自上而下的,可具有不同模式,纵式或横式,要注意因文化差异造成的传播不通的局面。

大众传播(mass communication)职业化的传播机构利用机械化,电子化的技术手段向不特定的多数人传送信息的行为或过程,如报刊杂志,广播电视,因特网信息等。

第四章语言交际一、语言与文化密不可分(语言反映一个民族的文化,同时有受到文化的巨大影响。

)语言与文化有着密切的关系。

由于语言的产生和发展,人类文化才得以产生和传承。

不存在没有语言的文化,也不存在没有文化的语言。

广义的文化包括语言,同时文化又无时无刻不在影响语言,使语言为了适应文化发展变化的需要而变得更加精确和缜密。

语言既是文化的载体,又是文化的写照。

E.g.①亲属称谓是语言反映文化的一个突出例证。

汉族不仅注重长幼顺序,而且对于是父系、母系或婚系亦十分重视。

跨文化交际 知识点总结

跨文化交际 知识点总结

跨文化交际知识点总结一、文化差异文化差异是跨文化交际中最显而易见的挑战之一。

不同文化有着不同的价值观、信仰、习俗和礼仪,这些差异可能会导致误解和冲突。

因此,了解不同文化之间的差异是非常重要的。

在跨文化交际中,人们需要尊重并理解对方的文化,避免出现冲突和误解。

二、语言障碍语言是人们进行跨文化交际的工具,而不同的语言可能会带来沟通障碍。

在跨文化交际中,人们可能面对语言不通、口音差异、语法错误等问题。

因此,提前学习和了解对方的语言是非常重要的。

此外,人们还可以通过学习一些国际通用的语言,比如英语,来帮助解决语言障碍。

三、非语言交流除了语言交流之外,非语言交流也是跨文化交际中非常重要的一部分。

比如肢体语言、眼神交流、面部表情等都能传递出人们内心的真实想法和感情。

在跨文化交际中,人们需要学会观察和理解对方的非语言信号,这样才能更好地进行交流和沟通。

四、文化敏感度文化敏感度指的是对不同文化的敏感和理解能力。

在跨文化交际中,人们需要拥有足够的文化敏感度,才能更好地进行交流和合作。

文化敏感度包括对不同文化的尊重、理解和包容,同时也要避免出现歧视和偏见。

五、文化适应能力文化适应能力是指在不同文化环境中,人们能够适应和融入当地文化的能力。

在跨文化交际中,人们有时需要到不同的文化环境中工作和生活,这就需要他们具备一定的文化适应能力。

文化适应能力包括对当地文化的理解和尊重,同时也要保持自己的文化特色和认同感。

六、跨文化沟通技巧跨文化沟通技巧包括对话技巧、谈判技巧、冲突管理等。

在跨文化交际中,人们需要具备一定的跨文化沟通技巧,才能更好地进行跨文化交际。

比如,人们需要学会用简单明了的语言沟通,避免使用隐晦难懂的词语;在谈判时,要尊重对方的文化和利益;在冲突出现时,要学会妥善处理,避免情绪化和愤怒。

总之,跨文化交际是当今社会中非常普遍的现象,人们需要学会适应和处理好跨文化交际中的各种挑战和障碍。

除了以上所述的知识点之外,还有许多其他的跨文化交际知识点,比如文化适应、文化冲突解决等等。

《跨文化交际概论》课程教学大纲知识讲解

《跨文化交际概论》课程教学大纲知识讲解

《跨文化交际概论》教学大纲课程类别选修课适用专业全部开课学期 1 学分 2 总学时32理论学时32 与其他课程的联系:本课程是一门具有综合性的语言文化课程,有利于学生文化历史知识的拓展,提高和其他国家人士交往的能力。

建议教材《跨文化交际实用教程》胡超外语教学与研究出版社,2006. 6主要参考书[1] 《跨文化交际》,顾日国. 北京: 外国语言与研究出版社,2000[2]《跨文化交际与英语学习》,胡文仲.上海:译文出版社,1988[3] 《跨文化交际学》贾玉新. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社,1999[4] 《跨文化交际英语教程》许力生上海: 上海外语教育出版社,2004[5] 《跨文化交际研究》林大津福州:福建人民出版社,1996一、课程的性质、地位和任务本课程是一门实用型课程,通过跨文化交际失误案例分析、生活中出现的英汉商标、广告翻译失误分析等形式,深入浅出,生动但系统地讲授英语国家的人文习俗、社会规约、社交礼仪、体势语言、词语文化内涵等方面的必备知识。

引导学生了解英语文化背景,培养学生的“跨文化交际”意识,懂得和英语国家的人交往时应该如何遵守相应的社交规约、如何准确使用得体的体势语言、如何理解英语词汇的文化内涵,提高学生的语言交际能力。

同时也是为了能够开启学生新的思维方式,学会以跨文化的视角来看待文化现象及其内涵,扩展语言专业学生的人文知识面,并帮助学生学会以包容的态度对待他者文化,以开放的心态尊重异域习俗。

二、课程章节的教学内容及学时分配序号章节教学内容学时分配理论实践合计1 Chapter 1:Communication and Culture 4 42 Chapter :2:The Hidden Core of Culture4 43 Chapter 3:Verbal Communication4 44 Chapter 4:Nonverbal Communication 445 Chapter 5:Interpersonal Relationships 44 6 Chapter 6:Social Interaction Custom 4 47 Chapter 7:Cultural Influences on Educational Context 4 48 Chapter 8:Improving Intercultural Communication 4 4 合计32 32三、教学章节教学目的、基本内容要求、重点和难点第一章: 交际与文化Communication and Culture教学内容: 介绍文化和交际之间的关系, 跨文化交际模式,交际中的各种意义等。

跨文化交际概论 梗概

跨文化交际概论 梗概

跨文化交际概论胡文仲第七章社会交往一.见面语人们见面都要有所表示,承认对方的存在。

不同文化背景的人们打招呼的方式很不同。

汉语和英语在见面语方面有许多差异。

概括起来有以下四点:1)英语中祝愿性质的见面语较多,例如good morning,good night都是祝愿性质的。

而汉语中比较少,一般说“早!”2)英语中中性的见面语如hi,在汉语中很难找到对应词。

Hi的作用相当于“你好”,但是意思大不如后者那样明确。

3)汉语中有些见面语是英语中少见的,因此,常常引起西方人误解。

在汉语中可以直呼一个人的名字作为打招呼的方式,例如,在校园里学生见了老师会叫一声“老师”表示敬意。

而英语中不能以称呼代替问候。

4)汉语中见面打招呼的另一个通常方式是就对方在做的事发问。

而英语中会被人看做是明知故问,甚至是侵犯个人隐私。

二.告别语来访的客人在结束访问以后都要向主任告别,但是,在不同的文化中告别的方式和节奏不同。

英美人在向主人告别时往往要先表示几次,最后才站起来,正式的告别比较短暂。

与英美人的告别比较,我们的告别过程是前面短后面长,也就是说,前面我们不需要那么多的铺垫,话说的差不多了,双方都感觉到时告别的时候了,主人和客人走到门口还要继续聊一会,然后客人才能真正告别。

由于告别的程式和节奏不同,因此西方人有时觉得中国客人走的急促,甚至主人还没有思想准备,客人已经站起来准备走了,中国人习惯在离开主人客厅以后再聊一会,在英美人的家里作客以后,主人送到门口很快告别,中国人会觉得主人不够亲切。

三.谦虚与恭维以往在讨论中西文化时常常举例说明西方人如何愿意接受恭维,中国人如何拒绝恭维。

事实上,无论哪里,谦虚都是一种美德。

只是,中国习俗不同之处在于,我们把谦虚与人们的道德联系起来。

中国人看重谦虚与比较强的群体观念有关。

其次,我们iaoshi 谦虚的方式和程度也与西方不同。

我们在称呼方面有一整套谦词。

英语中虽然也有,但只是零星一点。

谈到自己是“鄙人”,妻子是“拙荆”等。

跨文化交际学概论(重点知识点)

跨文化交际学概论(重点知识点)

跨文化交际学概论第一章:两个重要概念:文化(culture),交际(communicate):1.不同的文化定义(涉及内容十分广泛,不同研究者有不同定义)广义文化:指人类社会实践过程中所获得的物质、精神的生产能力和创造的物质、精神财富的总和。

狭义文化:精神生产能力和精神产品,包括一切社会意识形式;自然科学、技术科学、社会意识形式。

英国人类学家泰勒1871年在《原始文化》中提到的定义影响很大。

综上:是人类社会创造的财富,包括食物、器具,也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。

可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。

特性:人类独有;来自后天习得;大部分存在于人的潜意识;是行动的指南;动态,与一定历史时期相联系。

2.交际与传播交际就是人与人之间的往来交际活动。

交际就是传播,主要指人际间进行的直接或间接的信息交流和沟通和沟通活动3.传播与跨文化交际传播:普通的存在的现象;动态行为;信息的流动过程。

含义:人们应用符号并借助媒介交流信息的行为与过程;人与人之间直接交往活动;通过媒介进行的信息交流与沟通活动。

人类传播的发展:信息符号传播:有限的声音、体语符号、其它符号、实物口语传播:口语产生后进行的传播活动;新闻、历史、文学、传说、神话等混在一起文学传播:象形文字【古埃及纸草文字、古印度印章文字、苏美尔人楔形文字、中国甲骨文】媒介传播:印刷媒介【报纸、杂志、书籍】,电子媒介【广播、电视】,网络媒介【网络、数字化】传播类型:非人类传播与人类传播【人内传播、人际传播、组织传播、大众传播】传播模式:是对客观事物的内外部机制的直观而简洁的描述。

理论的简化形式,可以向人们提供客观事物的整体信息传播中的障碍:主要来自社会系统,即不同文化传统和背景导致的传播沟通障碍。

有语言障碍、非语言障碍、心理障碍、理念障碍跨文化交际伴随人类产生发生出现;不同民族相互接触与融洽的结果;交通和通讯工具的发展促进跨文化交际的发展含义:具有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际往来或信息传播与沟通活动范围:除国别文化研究外,还应对地区、阶层、职业、年龄、性别等方面的文化差异进行研究和探讨研究层面:不同民族、国家主流文化间的跨文化交际;亚文化间的跨文化交际;地区文化间的跨文化交际;小群体文化的跨文化交际文化在跨文化交际中的地位:是跨文化交际的核心;文化的复杂性影响跨文化研究;文化涵盖历史与现实、实物与制度及观念、稳定性与能动性、群体特点与地区及个体差异影响跨文化交际的主要因素:民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段第二章:文化感知与价值观一、文化感知感知1、感觉:感官对刺激对象个别属性的直接反映,最简单的心理过程2、知觉:根据感觉所获信息作出的心理反应。

最新胡文仲跨文化交际学概论笔记

最新胡文仲跨文化交际学概论笔记

第一部分绪论:跨文化交际与跨文化交际学第一章跨文化交际一、什么是跨文化交际——具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程跨文化交际之所以在今天日益引起人们的注意,主要原因是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展,使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。

L.S.Harms认为,在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段:语言的产生;文字的使用;印刷技术的发明;近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展;跨文化交际。

近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。

二、对跨文化交际的不同理解有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的,所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。

有的人认为,不同国籍人们之间的文化差异与不同职业的人们之间的文化差异并没有什么本质上的区别,只是程度上的差异。

有的人认为,跨文化交际研究应该把重点放在亚文化系统的语篇系统方面。

有的人认为,作大范围的国与国之间的对比对于改进跨文化交际益处不大,应该把眼光放在更具体的文化差异上。

跨文化交际研究的范围应该也包括地区、职业、年龄、性别等方面的文化差异的探讨。

文化通常不是指个人的行为,而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯。

作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容,而且应该是放在首位的。

至于地区、阶级、阶层、职业、性别、年龄等不同层次的差异也应该给予关注。

至于个人之间的差异的研究只是在我们把他们当做群体的代表时才有意义。

在研究一个国家的文化特点时,我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化上,其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点。

第二章跨文化交际学一、跨文化交际学在美国Intercultural Communication 与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切1.首先在美国兴起。

美国有来自各个国家的移民,有各自的文化系统和风俗习惯,逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化的格局;美国与各国交往频繁。

2.Edwar Hall 《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的奠基之作。

认为不同文化背景的人们在使用时间、空间表达意义方面表现出明显的差异。

跨文化交际 知识点整理

跨文化交际 知识点整理

第一章.跨文化交际概论1跨文化交际汉语国际教育本质上是一种跨文化的活动。

新世纪如此广泛而深入的跨文化交际主要是受到以下因素的影响1.交通和通信技术的发展2.经济的全球化3.人口的流动4.广泛的国际交流与合作什么是跨文化交际?跨文化交际既是一种人类的社会活动,也是指一门研究跨文化交际活动的学科。

根据几个定义归纳出跨文化交际的重要特点:1.跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交流;2.跨文化交际是通过象征符号来实现的;3.跨文化交际是一种动态的过程4.跨文化交际是一种双向的互动;5.跨文化交际的目标是创建共享的意义跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交际,这里的跨文化交际实际上包含着两个层面一个层面是指不同国家和不同民族的人们之间的交际,例如中国人与美国人等另一个层面是指同一个国家或民族中,不同性别、年龄、职业、地域的人们之间的交际,例如男性和女性之间的交往就可以被看做是一种跨文化的交往跨文化交际的特点1.跨文化交际主要指人与人之间面对面的交流面对面的交流既包括了语言交际也包括了非语言交际,而且是一种双向交流和互动的过程2.跨文化交际中涉及很多差异性(陈国明)差异可以是文化传统、价值观、信仰等方面的差异,也涉及行为方式和习俗方面,如手势、衣着、语言使用的差异,同时也涉及个人文化身份和社会角色方面的差异。

这些存在差异的因素相互作用,影响了跨文化交流的过程和结果3.跨文化交际容易引起冲突由于语言、交际风格、非语言行为、思维模式、社会准则、价值观等方面的差异,跨文化交际很容易产生误解和冲突4.跨文化交际的误解和冲突大多属于“善意的冲突”许多冲突往往不是出于人们恶意的动机,而是来源于人们良好的愿望。

在自己文化中得体而礼貌的行为到了另一种文化中却成了无礼的举动,善良的意图却产生了意想不到的误解和不愉快5.跨文化交际常常引起情感上的强烈反应很容易造成心理紧张,人们经常提到的“文化休克”就是形容在跨文化交际中产生的心理反应。

跨文化交际概论-课程各章节内容要点整理

跨文化交际概论-课程各章节内容要点整理

跨文化交际概论-课程各章节内容要点整理第一章跨文化语言交际概述第一节文化、语言和交际一、关于文化的概念(一)文化的内涵和特性1、关于文化的内涵概括地讲,文化即是人们所思、所言(言语和非言语)、所为、所觉的总和。

在不同的生态或自然环境下,不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化,也被自己的文化所塑造。

交际即文化,文化即交际,如果没有交际,文化是难以形成的。

科学的提法是:“文化是冻结了的人际交流,而交际是流动着的文化。

”2、关于文化的特性(1)文化由人们的内稳和外显的行为组成。

(2)文化是通过符号被人们习得和传授的知识。

(3)文化是群体行为规则的集合。

(4)文化与社会是潜在现实中两种类型或两个层面上的概念。

(5)文化是历史所衍生及选择的传统观念。

(6)文化和交际具有同一性。

(7)文化是动态多变的。

(8)文化具有选择性。

(9)文化是群体或民族中心主义的意识产物。

(10)文化是个非常复杂的系统。

(二)文化定势、群体文化、亚文化1、文化定势和群体文化世界上大多数社会中都可能存在着若干群体或社团,这些群体或社团对地域、历史、生活方式、世界观,以及价值观等方面的共享,使其成员形成并发展和强化了自己独特的文化和与其相关的交际文化。

存在两种不同类型的文化范畴:一是全民族的文化,即整体的文化形象,二是具体的个性文化,即是按个人的社会情况或个人所属文化群体为基础的文化,有的学者把这种文化称之为群体文化或副文化。

2、亚文化与亚群体在跨文化交际研究中,对文化分类的一种较为传统的做法是把文化分成主流文化和亚文化。

亚文化是指存在于某一主流文化之中的一种非主流文化,某一少数群体的文化,这一文化中的行为模式区别于主流文化的行为模式。

二、关于语言的概念(一)语言是交际工具1、交际媒介言语交际是人类社会中必需的另一种交换活动,交换的是信息、思想、情感。

语言就是一个符号系统,一个人脑子里贮存了符号和符号的组合规则,他就可以和别人交际,传情达意,沟通信息。

跨文化交际重点归纳

跨文化交际重点归纳

跨文化交际重点归纳Unit 1 Intercultural CommunicationWhat is culture?Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.Generally speaking, culture is the way of life.Culture is everything and everywhere.Thanks to culture, without it we can’t survive in societyA metaphor比喻 of cultureWe compare culture to iceberg.It suggests that only small part of it is visible while most of it lies concealed.Habits, dress and manners are visible.Worldview, value systems, ways of thinking, national character and any other deep concepts are foundation of visible part. “Where are you going?”in China ,we give a general answer to it.Chinese culture emphasizes on social relationship and the heavy interdependence between Chinese people.In western countries, it may be interpreted as an intrusion into one’s privacy.The underlying individual-oriented relationship is the invisible part of the iceberg.exercise1. If you are a tourist guide, what are you expected to say when you are showing the foreign visitors to another site?A. This way, please.B. Come here, please.C. Follow me, please.D. Move on.2. A visitor stops you in the corridor of your head-office probably to ask for the way. What is your most likely reply to the visitor’s “Excuse me”?A. What’s the matter?B. Yes?C. That’s all right.D. Don’t worry.3. At a fair, a visitor, accidentally having knocked down your poster, says, “I’m terribly sorry.” What should you reply?A. It doesn’t matter.B. Never mind.C. Don’t worry.D. That’s all right.What is Intercultural communication?“Intercultural communication is contact between persons whoidentify themselves as distinct from one another in cultural terms.” (Collier & Thomas, 1998)intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities. (Samovar & Porter)To further understand “intercultural communication”, please read the section of “Intercultural Communication Reading” on P.2 and answer the questions:1 In the story, why does Pete could not communicate well with Chinese students?Language problemCulture problemThe way Pete handled the intercultural communication situation 2 What are the major barriers in intercultural communication? Language difference.(If we understand others’ language or dialect, but not their communication rules, we can made fluent fools of ourselves.) Nonverbal communication: gestures, postures, facial expression etc.Stereotypes: like culture, religion, idea, value, etc.Watch a video and get a deeper understanding.Classifications of Communicationverbal /nonverbalDirect /indirectInterpersonal / interorganizational / mass media-based Intracultural /interculturalIntrapersonal / interpersonal/…Case studyRead the passage of “ an Intercultural Classroom”. This is the beginning of this passage:It was a hot day. Since it was still too early to use the air-conditioner, according to the regulations of the university, every class kept its door open to make the classroom cooler. While I was lecturing on Chinese grammar in Class 4, waves of laughter came from the neighboring Class 5. A German student named Stephen raised his hand and stood up. “The laughter from Class 5 is bothering us. I think we should go to their class to protest,” he said….1 How many different solutions did Class 4 propose?2 what is the mode of communication favored by Asians? What cultural values underlie it?Asian people are very courteous and indirect in their communications. They put great emphasis on group harmony, theyare very tolerant, even when they are offended. These collectivistic values, shaped by Confusion teachings, were spread from China to many Asian countries.3 what is the mode of communication favored by Westerners? What cultural values underlie it?Westerners are generally very direct and frank in their mode of communication. And they have a strong sense of protecting their own rights. Individualistic values are the underlying principles governing their behavior.Classroom activity 11. Read the story on P1 and answer: Why do you think the driver is asking for $50 instead of $32.5?2. Work in groups and write down 5 ways to deal with the situation.Some likely interpretationsThe taxi driver is trying to cheat Lee.extra charges for luggage that Lee doesn’t know about. Extra charges for tolls that Lee doesn’t know.There is an honest misunderstanding.L ee misunderstood what the driver said, or didn’t hear what he said clearly.The driver has included a tip for himself –an unreasonablylarge one.Culture NoteTaxi charges: in taxis in the us, it is quite normal to have a small extra charge for each of luggage. In the us there are also sometimes tolls for bridges, tunnels and certain roads. and the taxi driver will pay these first and then add them to the cost of the ride.Tipping: in the us it is normal to add a tip of 10%-15% to the cost of a taxi ride. (tipping is not normal in fast-food restaurants where customs get their own food.Taxis in the Us: while taxis can often be found at Us airports, taxis are rare in all but the largest American cities, and to get a taxi people often need to call a taxi company. This is because most Americans drive their cars. (in large cities, taxi drivers are often immigrants form other countries who do not speak English as their first language.)Classroom activity 2Read Letter to Fran: Not Eating and answer the following questions.1. Why did Nancy eat so little?2. Tell the possible reasons for Nancy’s problem.Possible reasonsOn the whole, American cooking tends to be somewhat more bland than the cooking in most parts of China.Some westerners have allergic reactions to MSG(often used in Chinese cooking) and get headaches if they eat food containing it.Some Christians won’t drink alcoholic beverages.Read Fran’s Response: Not Eating after class and get more information.Discuss the differences of table manners between Chinese and Westerners.Chinese people often use words like color 、smell 、taste、shape to describe the food.Westerners usually pay more attention to the calories、vitamins、proteins and so on.we would invite many people “the more the better”If the host respect you ,he will give you a seat at first and sit on the left chair .The host will prepare all the things ready. The host will get delicious food into the guest’s bowl .Westerners would like to keep quiet. They regard the right as a symbol of respect.The host will let the guests choose what to eat or drink.Individualist and CollectivistWhat are the characteristics of Individualist and Collectivist?Classroom activity 3Read the passage Individualist and Collectivist Cultures and finish the following tasks.What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Assignment:Review unit 1 and Preview unit 2Work in teams of 6 and deliver a presentation on following topics:What are differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Unit 2Review: Interpretation解释、翻译 of greetings上哪去?Where are you going?It’s none of your business!去哪啦? Where have you been?吃过了吗?Have you had your meal?Are you going to invite me to dinner?Acceptable Greetings中文出去呀?吃饭去?回来了?忙着呢?忙什么呢?在洗车呀?这衣服真漂亮,新买的吧?你看起来气色不错。

跨文化交际学概论详细笔记必备

跨文化交际学概论详细笔记必备

第一部分绪论:跨文化交际与跨文化交际学第一章跨文化交际一、什么是跨文化交际——具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程跨文化交际之所以在今天日益引起人们的注意,主要原因是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展,使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。

跨文化交际成为我们时代的一个突出特征。

L.S.Harms认为,在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段:语言的产生;文字的使用;印刷技术的发明;近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展;跨文化交际。

近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。

二、对跨文化交际的不同理解有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的,所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。

有的人认为,不同国籍人们之间的文化差异与不同职业的人们之间的文化差异并没有什么本质上的区别,只是程度上的差异。

有的人认为,跨文化交际研究应该把重点放在亚文化系统的语篇系统方面。

有的人认为,作大范围的国与国之间的对比对于改进跨文化交际益处不大,应该把眼光放在更具体的文化差异上。

跨文化交际研究的范围应该也包括地区、职业、年龄、性别等方面的文化差异的探讨。

文化通常不是指个人的行为,而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯。

作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容,而且应该是放在首位的。

至于地区、阶级、阶层、职业、性别、年龄等不同层次的差异也应该给予关注。

至于个人之间的差异的研究只是在我们把他们当做群体的代表时才有意义。

在研究一个国家的文化特点时,我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化上,其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点。

第二章跨文化交际学一、跨文化交际学在美国Intercultural Communication 与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切1.首先在美国兴起。

美国有来自各个国家的移民,有各自的文化系统和风俗习惯,逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化的格局;美国与各国交往频繁。

2.Edwar Hall 《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的奠基之作。

胡文仲《跨文化交际学概论》笔记和课后习题答案资料

胡文仲《跨文化交际学概论》笔记和课后习题答案资料

胡文仲《跨文化交际学概论》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解完整版>精研学习网>免费在线试用20%资料全国547所院校视频及题库资料考研全套>视频资料>课后答案>往年真题>职称考试目录隐藏第一部分绪论:跨文化交际与跨文化交际学第1章跨文化交际1.1复习笔记1.2课后习题详解1.3考研真题与典型题详解第2章跨文化交际学2.1复习笔记2.2课后习题详解2.3考研真题与典型题详解第二部分基本概念:文化与交际第3章文化的定义与特性3.1复习笔记3.2课后习题详解3.3考研真题与典型题详解第4章交际4.1复习笔记4.2课后习题详解4.3考研真题与典型题详解第三部分跨文化交际的过程第5章语言交际5.1复习笔记5.2课后习题详解5.3考研真题与典型题详解第6章非语言交际6.1复习笔记6.2课后习题详解6.3考研真题与典型题详解第7章社会交往7.1复习笔记7.2课后习题详解7.3考研真题与典型题详解第8章人际关系8.1复习笔记8.2课后习题详解8.3考研真题与典型题详解第9章经营管理9.1复习笔记9.2课后习题详解9.3考研真题与典型题详解第四部分跨文化交际的核心第10章价值观10.1复习笔记10.2课后习题详解10.3考研真题与典型题详解第五部分提高跨文化意识第11章跨文化交际的障碍11.1复习笔记11.2课后习题详解11.3考研真题与典型题详解第12章文化休克与跨文化训练12.1复习笔记12.2课后习题详解12.3考研真题与典型题详解内容简介隐藏本书是胡文仲《跨文化交际学概论》教材的学习辅导书,主要包括以下内容:1.整理名校笔记,浓缩内容精华。

在参考了国内外名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记基础上,复习笔记部分对该章的重难点进行了整理。

因此,本书的内容几乎浓缩了该教材的知识精华。

2.解析课后习题,提供详尽答案。

本书参考了该教材的国内外配套资料和其他教材的相关知识对该教材的课(章)后习题进行了详细的分析和解答,并对相关重要知识点进行了延伸和归纳。

(完整版)跨文化交际

(完整版)跨文化交际

第一章关于文化、交际及跨文化交际第一节文化一、文化的定义(一)《现代汉语词典》对于“文化”的解释:1。

人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质和精神财富的总和,特指精神财富,如文学、艺术、教育、科学等。

2。

考古学用语,指同一个历史时期的不依分布地点为转移的遗迹、遗物的综合体。

同样的工具、用具,同样的制造技术等,是同一种文化的特征,如仰韶文化、龙山文化。

3.指运用文字的能力及一般知识。

文化是个非常复杂的系统,它是一个整体,我们所能观察到的只是形成文化系统的具体要素,就是一个个具体的文化现象。

简单归结,文化即是人们所思、所言(言语和非言语)、所为、所觉的总和。

二、文化的特征1。

文化是人类所独有的,是区别人类和动物的主要标志。

是由人类进化过程中衍生出来或创造出来的。

2。

文化不是先天所有,而是通过后天习得的。

3。

文化是一个体系。

4.文化在一个群体中具有共享性。

5。

文化是丰富多样的.6。

文化是发展变化的;7.文化具有民族性和特定的阶级性;8.文化常有本民族文化优越感的倾向;9.文化是建立在象征符号之上的,是可以传递的。

第二节交际一、交际的概念交际这一词汇communicate来源于拉丁语commonis一词,commonis是common的意思.很明显,交际这一概念与“共同”commonness密切相关,即“共同”或“共享”是交际的前提。

交际是符号活动,它是一个动态多变的编译码过程,当交际者把意义赋予言语或非言语符号时,就产生了交际。

交际受制于文化、心理等多种因素 ,交际不一定以主观意志为转移,可能是无意识和无意向的活动 .跨文化交际中“交际"可定义为:信息发送者与信息接受者共享信息的过程。

人们的交际行为主要是以语言为媒介进行信息交换的动态过程。

二、交际的特点1. 交际是传播者和接收者之间的相互活动;2. 交际的双方是动态的;3。

交际过程一旦完成,所发出的信息是不能收回的;4.交际具有社会性。

三、文化和交际的关系文化会影响到交际。

跨文化交际主要内容梳理1

跨文化交际主要内容梳理1

A.问候与祝福 A.问候与祝福
This, of course, is a common Chinese greeting around meal time and the people merely nodded with a smile, waved goodbye and went off. As we all realise that this remark was nothing more than a Chinese way of saying Hello or Hi.. 当然,在中国人们普遍习惯围绕吃饭时间来寒暄,彼此微笑 着点点头,挥挥手说再见然后各自走开。正如我们知道的那样, 这仅仅是一种中国式的问候方式。 If the greeting had been put literally into English Have you eaten yet? Or Have you had your lunch? It would have sounded rather unusual 如果将其用书面化的英文表达如“ 如果将其用书面化的英文表达如“Have you eaten yet?”或者 yet?” “Have you had your lunch?”那会听起来很怪。 lunch?”
《跨文化交际》主要内容梳理
第一 日常谈话中的文化差异5 日常谈话中的文化差异5 pliments and praiseC
赞美与夸奖
American and Chinese have differences in replying to compliments: Americans tend to accept the compliment while Chinese generally murmur some reply about not being worthy of the praise. 美国人与中国人对待赞美的态度不同:美国人 倾向于接受赞美,而中国人通常会低声回复说 自己不值得被夸奖. 自己不值得被夸奖.

跨文化交际学习内容及重点提示

跨文化交际学习内容及重点提示

《跨文化交际》第一部分—第三部分学习内容及重点提示《跨文化交际》教材共分8个单元,第二、四、五单元在内容上互相呼应,可以看作一个整体的两大部分:中西方交际方式的主要差异,和由于不同的价值观引起的中西方在处理主要社会关系方面的差异。

第八单元主要对人类交际历史作了简单的回顾,并对其未来进行了展望。

所以,本课程涉及的主要内容其实为六个方面。

一、文化、语言与交际的关系二、中西方交际方式的主要差异三、中西方在处理主要社会关系上的差异四、汉英姓名和称谓的异同比较五、中西方非言语交际的主要差异六、汉英中常见的成语、谚语、俚语、委婉语及禁忌语的对比第一部分:文化、语言与交际的关系语言既是交际的工具,也是文化的载体。

交际不仅是一种语言的交流,更是一种思想和文化的交流。

如果交际双方不能真正了解彼此的文化背景,达成共识,互相理解,那么仅凭单纯的语言技能,这样的交流往往会产生误解,导致失败。

不能脱离或者说割裂语言所承载的文化单纯地去学英语。

这就是为什么我们要学《跨文化交际》这门课程。

为了能进行成功的跨文化交际,我们不但要学会使用英语这种语言,而且还要培养我们的文化素质,也就是说,我们不仅要了解英语国家的文化,而且还要反观我们自己国家的文化,并对两者进行客观地比较。

交际需要语言来传递信息,词语在语言表达方面起着很重要的作用。

如果脱离语境,孤立地看词语,那么它本身并没有什么意思,它只不过是一种特定的符号,传递了某一个社团的人们对某一种物体或思想的共同释义即共同认识。

词语的常规含义分为两种,一种是概念含义Concept meaning,另外一种是联想含义Associative meaning。

概念含义,一般不太会引起歧义,但不同的文化背景就有不同的联想含义。

所以在跨文化交际中,由于不同的联想含义,交际双方经常会无法理解彼此的所指,结果很容易引起误解。

如何正确诠释或理解交际中各方的“含意”是交际成功的关键。

一般来说,有这么三种含意,即话语本身的意思,说者的意思和听者的意思(utterance meaning; speaker’s meaning and hearer’s meaning)。

跨文化交际重点归纳

跨文化交际重点归纳

跨文化交际重点归纳跨文化交际重点归纳Unit 1 Intercultural CommunicationWhat is culture?Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.Generally speaking, culture is the way of life.Culture is everything and everywhere.Thanks to culture, without it we can’t survive in societyA metaphor比喻 of cultureWe compare culture to iceberg.It suggests that only small part of it is visible while most of it lies concealed.Habits, dress and manners are visible.Worldview, value systems, ways of thinking, national character and any other deep concepts are foundation of visible part. “Where are you going?”in China ,we give a general answer to it.Chinese culture emphasizes on social relationship and the heavy interdependence between Chinese people.In western countries, it may be interpreted as an intrusion into one’s privacy.The underlying individual-oriented relationship is the invisible part of the iceberg.exercise1. If you are a tourist guide, what are you expected to say when you are showing the foreign visitors to another site?A. This way, please.B. Come here, please.C. Follow me, please.D. Move on.2. A visitor stops you in the corridor of your head-office probably to ask for the way. What is your most likely reply to the visitor’s “Excuse me”?A. What’s the matter?B. Yes?C. That’s all right.D. Don’t worry.3. At a fair, a visitor, accidentally having knocked down your poster, says, “I’m terribly sorry.” What should you reply?A. It doesn’t matter.B. Never mind.C. Don’t worry.D. That’s all right.What is Intercultural communication?“Intercultural communication is contact between persons whoidentify themselves as distinct from one another in cultural terms.” (Collier & Thomas, 1998)intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities. (Samovar & Porter)To further understand “intercultural communication”, please read the section of “Intercultural Communication Reading” on P.2 and answer the questions:1 In the story, why does Pete could not communicate well with Chinese students?Language problemCulture problemThe way Pete handled the intercultural communication situation 2 What are the major barriers in intercultural communication? Language difference.(If we understand others’ language or dialect, but not their communication rules, we can made fluent fools of ourselves.) Nonverbal communication: gestures, postures, facial expression etc.Stereotypes: like culture, religion, idea, value, etc.Watch a video and get a deeper understanding.Classifications of Communicationverbal /nonverbalDirect /indirectInterpersonal / interorganizational / mass media-based Intracultural /interculturalIntrapersonal / interpersonal/…Case studyRead the passage of “ an Intercultural Classroom”. This is the beginning of this passage:It was a hot day. Since it was still too early to use the air-conditioner, according to the regulations of the university, every class kept its door open to make the classroom cooler. While I was lecturing on Chinese grammar in Class 4, waves of laughter came from the neighboring Class 5. A German student named Stephen raised his hand and stood up. “The laughter from Class 5 is bothering us. I think we should go to their class to protest,” he said….1 How many different solutions did Class 4 propose?2 what is the mode of communication favored by Asians?What cultural values underlie it?Asian people are very courteous and indirect in their communications. They put great emphasis on group harmony, theyare very tolerant, even when they are offended. These collectivistic values, shaped by Confusion teachings, were spread from China to many Asian countries.3 what is the mode of communication favored by Westerners? What cultural values underlie it?Westerners are generally very direct and frank in their mode of communication. And they have a strong sense of protecting their own rights. Individualistic values are the underlying principles governing their behavior.Classroom activity 11. Read the story on P1 and answer: Why do you think the driver is asking for $50 instead of $32.5?2. Work in groups and write down 5 ways to deal with the situation.Some likely interpretationsThe taxi driver is trying to cheat Lee.extra charges for luggage that Lee doesn’t know about. Extra charges for tolls that Lee doesn’t know.There is an honest misunderstanding.L ee misunderstood what the driver said, or didn’t hear what he said clearly.The driver has included a tip for himself –an unreasonably large one.Culture NoteTaxi charges: in taxis in the us, it is quite normal to have asmall extra charge for each of luggage. In the us there are also sometimes tolls for bridges, tunnels and certain roads. and the taxi driver will pay these first and then add them to the cost of the ride.Tipping: in the us it is normal to add a tip of 10%-15% to the cost of a taxi ride. (tipping is not normal in fast-food restaurants where customs get their own food.Taxis in the Us: while taxis can often be found at Us airports, taxis are rare in all but the largest American cities, and to get a taxi people often need to call a taxi company. This is because most Americans drive their cars. (in large cities, taxi drivers are often immigrants form other countries who do not speak English as their first language.)Classroom activity 2Read Letter to Fran: Not Eating and answer the following questions.1. Why did Nancy eat so little?2. Tell the possible reasons for Nancy’s problem.Possible reasonsOn the whole, American cooking tends to be somewhat more bland than the cooking in most parts of China.Some westerners have allergic reactions to MSG(often used in Chinese cooking) and get headaches if they eat food containing it.Some Christians won’t drink alcoholic beverages.Read Fran’s Response: Not Eating after class and get more information.Discuss the differences of table manners between Chinese and Westerners.Chinese people often use words like color 、smell 、taste、shape to describe the food.Westerners usually pay more attention to the calories、vitamins、proteins and so on.we would invite many people “the more the better”If the host respect you ,he will give you a seat at first and sit on the left chair .The host will prepare all the things ready. The host will get delicious food into the guest’s bowl .Westerners would like to keep quiet. They regard the right as a symbol of respect.The host will let the guests choose what to eat or drink.Individualist and CollectivistWhat are the characteristics of Individualist and Collectivist?Classroom activity 3Read the passage Individualist and Collectivist Cultures and finish the following tasks.What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Assignment:Review unit 1 and Preview unit 2Work in teams of 6 and deliver a presentation on following topics:What are differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Unit 2Review: Interpretation解释、翻译 of greetings上哪去?Where are you going?It’s none of your business!。

跨文化交际重点归纳

跨文化交际重点归纳

跨文化交际重点归纳Unit 1 Intercultural CommunicationWhat is culture?Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people. Generally speaking, culture is the way of life.Culture is everything and everywhere.Thanks to culture, without it we can’t survive in societyA metaphor比喻of cultureWe compare culture to iceberg.It suggests that only small part of it is visible while most of it lies concealed.Habits, dress and manners are visible.Worldview, value systems, ways of thinking, national character and any other deep concepts are foundation of visible part.“Where are you going?”in China ,we give a general answer to it.Chinese culture emphasizes on social relationship and the heavy interdependence between Chinese people.In western countries, it may be interpreted as an intrusion into one’sprivacy.The underlying individual-oriented relationship is the invisible part of the iceberg.exercise1. If you are a tourist guide, what are you expected to say when you are showing the foreign visitors to another site?A. This way, please.B. Come here, please.C. Follow me, please.D. Move on.2. A visitor stops you in the corridor of your head-office probably to ask for the way. What is your most likely reply to the visitor’s “Excuse me”?A. What’s the matter?B. Yes?C. That’s all right.D. Don’t worry.3. At a fair, a visitor, accidentally having knocked down your poster, says, “I’m terribly sorry.” What should you reply?A. It doesn’t matter.B. Never mind.C. Don’t worry.D. That’s all right.What is Intercultural communication?“Intercultural communication is contact between persons who identify themselves as distinct from one another in cultural terms.” (Collier & Thomas, 1998)intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities. (Samovar & Porter)To further understand “intercultural communication”, please read the section of “Intercultural Communication Reading” on P.2 and answer the questions:1 In the story, why does Pete could not communicate well with Chinese students?Language problemCulture problemThe way Pete handled the intercultural communication situation2 What are the major barriers in intercultural communication? Language difference.(If we understand others’ language or dialect, but not their communication rules, we can made fluent fools of ourselves.) Nonverbal communication: gestures, postures, facial expression etc. Stereotypes: like culture, religion, idea, value, etc.Watch a video and get a deeper understanding.Classifications of Communicationverbal /nonverbalDirect /indirectInterpersonal / interorganizational / mass media-basedIntracultural /interculturalIntrapersonal / interpersonal/…Case studyRead the passage of “ an Intercultural Classroom”. This is the beginning of this passage:It was a hot day. Since it was still too early to use the air-conditioner, according to the regulations of the university, every class kept its door open to make the classroom cooler. While I was lecturing on Chinese grammar in Class 4, waves of laughter came from the neighboring Class 5. A German student named Stephen raised his hand and stood up. “The laughter from Class 5 is bothering us. I think we should go to their class to protest,” he said….1 How many different solutions did Class 4 propose?2 what is the mode of communication favored by Asians? What cultural values underlie it?Asian people are very courteous and indirect in their communications. They put great emphasis on group harmony, they are very tolerant, even when they are offended. These collectivistic values, shaped by Confusion teachings, were spread from China to many Asian countries.3 what is the mode of communication favored by Westerners? What cultural values underlie it?Westerners are generally very direct and frank in their mode ofcommunication. And they have a strong sense of protecting their own rights. Individualistic values are the underlying principles governing their behavior.Classroom activity 11. Read the story on P1 and answer: Why do you think the driver is asking for $50 instead of $32.5?2. Work in groups and write down 5 ways to deal with the situation. Some likely interpretationsThe taxi driver is trying to cheat Lee.extra charges for luggage that Lee doesn’t know about.Extra charges for tolls that Lee doesn’t know.There is an honest misunderstanding.L ee misunderstood what the driver said, or didn’t hear what he said clearly.The driver has included a tip for himself –an unreasonably large one. Culture NoteTaxi charges: in taxis in the us, it is quite normal to have a small extra charge for each of luggage. In the us there are also sometimes tolls for bridges, tunnels and certain roads. and the taxi driver will pay these first and then add them to the cost of the ride.Tipping: in the us it is normal to add a tip of 10%-15% to the cost of a taxi ride. (tipping is not normal in fast-food restaurants where customs gettheir own food.Taxis in the Us: while taxis can often be found at Us airports, taxis are rare in all but the largest American cities, and to get a taxi people often need to call a taxi company. This is because most Americans drive their cars. (in large cities, taxi drivers are often immigrants form other countries who do not speak English as their first language.)Classroom activity 2Read Letter to Fran: Not Eating and answer the following questions.1. Why did Nancy eat so little?2. Tell the possible reasons for Nancy’s problem.Possible reasonsOn the whole, American cooking tends to be somewhat more bland than the cooking in most parts of China.Some westerners have allergic reactions to MSG(often used in Chinese cooking) and get headaches if they eat food containing it.Some Christians won’t drink alcoholic beverages.Read Fran’s Response: Not Eating after class and get more information. Discuss the differences of table manners between Chinese and Westerners.Chinese people often use words like color 、smell 、taste、shape to describe the food.Westerners usually pay more attention to the calories、vitamins、proteinsand so on.we would invite many people “the more the better”If the host respect you ,he will give you a seat at first and sit on the left chair .The host will prepare all the things ready. The host will get delicious food into the guest’s bowl .Westerners would like to keep quiet. They regard the right as a symbol of respect.The host will let the guests choose what to eat or drink.Individualist and CollectivistWhat are the characteristics of Individualist and Collectivist? Classroom activity 3Read the passage Individualist and Collectivist Cultures and finish the following tasks.What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Assignment:Review unit 1 and Preview unit 2Work in teams of 6 and deliver a presentation on following topics:What are differences between an individualist culture and a collectivistone?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Unit 2Review: Interpretation解释、翻译of greetings上哪去?Where are you going?It’s none of your business!去哪啦?Where have you been?吃过了吗?Have you had your meal?Are you going to invite me to dinner?Acceptable Greetings中文出去呀?吃饭去?回来了?忙着呢?忙什么呢?在洗车呀?这衣服真漂亮,新买的吧?你看起来气色不错。

跨文化交际重点归纳

跨文化交际重点归纳

跨文化交际重点归纳Unit 1 Intercultural CommunicationWhat is culture?Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.Generally speaking, culture is the way of life.Culture is everything and everywhere.Thanks to culture, without it we can’t survive in societyA metaphor比喻of cultureWe compare culture to iceberg.It suggests that only small part of it is visible while most of it lies concealed.Habits, dress and manners are visible.Worldview, value systems, ways of thinking, national character and any other deep concepts are foundation of visible part.“Where are you going?”in China ,we give a general answer to it.Chinese culture emphasizes on social relationship and theheavy interdependence between Chinese people.In western countries, it may be interpreted as an intrusion into one’s privacy.The underlying individual-oriented relationship is the invisible part of the iceberg.exercise1. If you are a tourist guide, what are you expected to say when you are showing the foreign visitors to another site? A. This way, please. B. Come here, please.C. Follow me, please.D. Move on.2. A visitor stops you in the corridor of your head-office probably to ask for the way. What is your most likely reply to the visitor’s “Excuse me”?A. What’s the matter?B. Yes?C. That’s all right.D. Don’t worry.3. At a fair, a visitor, accidentally having knocked down your poster, says, “I’m terribly sorry.” What should you reply? A. It doesn’t matter. B. Never mind.C. Don’t worry.D. That’s all right.What is Intercultural communication?“Intercultural communication is contact between persons who identify themselves as distinct from one another in cultural terms.” (Collier & Thomas, 1998)intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities. (Samovar & Porter)To further understand “intercultural communication”, please read the section of “Intercultural Communication Reading” on P.2 and answer the questions:1 In the story, why does Pete could not communicate well with Chinese students?Language problemCulture problemThe way Pete handled the intercultural communication situation2 What are the major barriers in intercultural communication? Language difference.(If we understand others’ language or dialect, but not their communication rules, we can made fluent fools of ourselves.) Nonverbal communication: gestures, postures, facial expression etc.Stereotypes: like culture, religion, idea, value, etc.Watch a video and get a deeper understanding.Classifications of Communicationverbal /nonverbalDirect /indirectInterpersonal / interorganizational / mass media-based Intracultural /interculturalIntrapersonal / interpersonal/…Case studyRead the passage of “ an Intercultural Classroom”. This is the beginning of this passage:It was a hot day. Since it was still too early to use the air-conditioner, according to the regulations of the university, every class kept its door open to make the classroom cooler. While I was lecturing on Chinese grammar in Class 4, waves of laughter came from the neighboring Class 5. A German student named Stephen raised his hand and stood up. “The laughter from Class 5 is bothering us. I think we should go to their class to protest,” he said….1 How many different solutions did Class 4 propose?2 what is the mode of communication favored by Asians? What cultural values underlie it?Asian people are very courteous and indirect in their communications. They put great emphasis on group harmony, they are very tolerant, even when they are offended. These collectivistic values, shaped by Confusion teachings, were spread from China to many Asian countries.3 what is the mode of communication favored by Westerners? What cultural values underlie it?Westerners are generally very direct and frank in their mode of communication. And they have a strong sense of protecting their own rights. Individualistic values are the underlying principles governing their behavior.Classroom activity 11. Read the story on P1 and answer: Why do you think the driver is asking for $50 instead of $32.5?2. Work in groups and write down 5 ways to deal with the situation.Some likely interpretationsThe taxi driver is trying to cheat Lee.extra charges for luggage that Lee doesn’t know about. Extra charges for tolls that Lee doesn’t know.There is an honest misunderstanding.L ee misunderstood what the driver said, or didn’t hear whathe said clearly.The driver has included a tip for himself –an unreasonably large one.Culture NoteTaxi charges: in taxis in the us, it is quite normal to have a small extra charge for each of luggage. In the us there are also sometimes tolls for bridges, tunnels and certain roads. and the taxi driver will pay these first and then add them to the cost of the ride.Tipping: in the us it is normal to add a tip of 10%-15% to the cost of a taxi ride. (tipping is not normal in fast-food restaurants where customs get their own food.Taxis in the Us: while taxis can often be found at Us airports, taxis are rare in all but the largest American cities, and to get a taxi people often need to call a taxi company. This is because most Americans drive their cars. (in large cities, taxi drivers are often immigrants form other countries who do not speak English as their first language.)Classroom activity 2Read Letter to Fran: Not Eating and answer the following questions.1. Why did Nancy eat so little?2. Tell the possible reasons for Nancy’s problem.Possible reasonsOn the whole, American cooking tends to be somewhat more bland than the cooking in most parts of China.Some westerners have allergic reactions to MSG(often used in Chinese cooking) and get headaches if they eat food containing it.Some Christians won’t drink alcoholic beverages.Read Fran’s Response: Not Eating after class and get more information.Discuss the differences of table manners between Chinese and Westerners.Chinese people often use words like color 、smell 、taste、shape to describe the food.Westerners usually pay more attention to the calories、vitamins、proteins and so on.we would invite many people “the more the better”If the host respect you ,he will give you a seat at first and sit on the left chair .The host will prepare all the things ready. The host will get delicious food into the guest’s bowl .Westerners would like to keep quiet. They regard the right asa symbol of respect.The host will let the guests choose what to eat or drink. Individualist and CollectivistWhat are the characteristics of Individualist and Collectivist? Classroom activity 3Read the passage Individualist and Collectivist Cultures and finish the following tasks.What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Assignment:Review unit 1 and Preview unit 2Work in teams of 6 and deliver a presentation on following topics:What are differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Unit 2Review: Interpretation解释、翻译of greetings上哪去?Where are you going?It’s none of your business!去哪啦?Where have you been?吃过了吗?Have you had your meal?Are you going to invite me to dinner?Acceptable Greetings 中文出去呀?吃饭去?回来了?忙着呢?忙什么呢?在洗车呀?这衣服真漂亮,新买的吧?你看起来气色不错。

跨文化交际第一部分-第三部分学习内容及重点提示

跨文化交际第一部分-第三部分学习内容及重点提示

《跨文化交际》第一部分—第三部分学习内容及重点提示《跨文化交际》教材共分8个单元,第二、四、五单元在内容上互相呼应,可以看作一个整体的两大部分:中西方交际方式的主要差异,和由于不同的价值观引起的中西方在处理主要社会关系方面的差异。

第八单元主要对人类交际历史作了简单的回顾,并对其未来进行了展望。

所以,本课程涉及的主要内容其实为六个方面。

一、文化、语言与交际的关系二、中西方交际方式的主要差异三、中西方在处理主要社会关系上的差异四、汉英姓名和称谓的异同比较五、中西方非言语交际的主要差异六、汉英中常见的成语、谚语、俚语、委婉语及禁忌语的对比第一部分:文化、语言与交际的关系语言既是交际的工具,也是文化的载体。

交际不仅是一种语言的交流,更是一种思想和文化的交流。

如果交际双方不能真正了解彼此的文化背景,达成共识,互相理解,那么仅凭单纯的语言技能,这样的交流往往会产生误解,导致失败。

不能脱离或者说割裂语言所承载的文化单纯地去学英语。

这就是为什么我们要学《跨文化交际》这门课程。

为了能进行成功的跨文化交际,我们不但要学会使用英语这种语言,而且还要培养我们的文化素质,也就是说,我们不仅要了解英语国家的文化,而且还要反观我们自己国家的文化,并对两者进行客观地比较。

交际需要语言来传递信息,词语在语言表达方面起着很重要的作用。

如果脱离语境,孤立地看词语,那么它本身并没有什么意思,它只不过是一种特定的符号,传递了某一个社团的人们对某一种物体或思想的共同释义即共同认识。

词语的常规含义分为两种,一种是概念含义Concept meaning,另外一种是联想含义Associative meaning。

概念含义,一般不太会引起歧义,但不同的文化背景就有不同的联想含义。

所以在跨文化交际中,由于不同的联想含义,交际双方经常会无法理解彼此的所指,结果很容易引起误解。

如何正确诠释或理解交际中各方的“含意”是交际成功的关键。

一般来说,有这么三种含意,即话语本身的意思,说者的意思和听者的意思(utterance meaning; speaker’s meaning and hearer’s meaning)。

《跨文化交际》主要内容梳理共28页文档

《跨文化交际》主要内容梳理共28页文档

《跨文化交际》主要内 容梳理
6、纪律是自由的第一条件。——黑格 尔 7、纪律是集体的面貌,集体的声音, 集体的 动作, 集体的 表情, 集体的 信念。 ——马 卡连柯
8、我们现在必须完全保持党的纪律, 否则一 切都会 陷入污 泥中。 ——马 克思 9、学校没有纪律便如磨坊没有水。— —夸美 纽斯
10、一个人应该:活泼而守纪律,天 真而不 幼稚, 勇敢而 鲁莽, 倔强而 有原则 ,热情 而不冲 动,乐 观而不 盲目。 Байду номын сангаас—马 克思
谢谢
11、越是没有本领的就越加自命不凡。——邓拓 12、越是无能的人,越喜欢挑剔别人的错儿。——爱尔兰 13、知人者智,自知者明。胜人者有力,自胜者强。——老子 14、意志坚强的人能把世界放在手中像泥块一样任意揉捏。——歌德 15、最具挑战性的挑战莫过于提升自我。——迈克尔·F·斯特利
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第一章跨文化语言交际概述第一节文化、语言和交际一、关于文化的概念(一)文化的内涵和特性1、关于文化的内涵概括地讲,文化即是人们所思、所言(言语和非言语)、所为、所觉的总和。

在不同的生态或自然环境下,不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化,也被自己的文化所塑造。

交际即文化,文化即交际,如果没有交际,文化是难以形成的。

科学的提法是:“文化是冻结了的人际交流,而交际是流动着的文化。

”2、关于文化的特性(1)文化由人们的内稳和外显的行为组成。

(2)文化是通过符号被人们习得和传授的知识。

(3)文化是群体行为规则的集合。

(4)文化与社会是潜在现实中两种类型或两个层面上的概念。

(5)文化是历史所衍生及选择的传统观念。

(6)文化和交际具有同一性。

(7)文化是动态多变的。

(8)文化具有选择性。

(9)文化是群体或民族中心主义的意识产物。

(10)文化是个非常复杂的系统。

(二)文化定势、群体文化、亚文化1、文化定势和群体文化世界上大多数社会中都可能存在着若干群体或社团,这些群体或社团对地域、历史、生活方式、世界观,以及价值观等方面的共享,使其成员形成并发展和强化了自己独特的文化和与其相关的交际文化。

存在两种不同类型的文化范畴:一是全民族的文化,即整体的文化形象,二是具体的个性文化,即是按个人的社会情况或个人所属文化群体为基础的文化,有的学者把这种文化称之为群体文化或副文化。

2、亚文化与亚群体在跨文化交际研究中,对文化分类的一种较为传统的做法是把文化分成主流文化和亚文化。

亚文化是指存在于某一主流文化之中的一种非主流文化,某一少数群体的文化,这一文化中的行为模式区别于主流文化的行为模式。

二、关于语言的概念(一)语言是交际工具1、交际媒介言语交际是人类社会中必需的另一种交换活动,交换的是信息、思想、情感。

语言就是一个符号系统,一个人脑子里贮存了符号和符号的组合规则,他就可以和别人交际,传情达意,沟通信息。

2、符号功能符号是用某种能感知的形式来代表某种事物或现象的结合体。

符号由两个要素构成:一个是形式,必须是人们可感知的途径,如听觉、视觉、嗅觉、触觉等等;另一个是意义,即这个形式所代表的事物或现象。

形式和意义结合,就成了“符号”。

人类语言是一种有声语言,用声音形式来表示意义,通过听觉途径来感知和理解话语。

(二)语言是思维工具“思维”和“思想”不完全相同:思维是人们认识现实世界的过程;而思想是人们对现实世界认识的结果。

换句话说就是,用什么方法想问题,想得多想得少,想得到想不到等等,这种动脑筋去想的活动就是思维;而用不同的方法去想因而得到了不同的认识,想得多或想得少、想得到或想不到也都可能得到不同的认识,这些动脑筋想出来的就是思想。

从这个意义上说,思维和思想并不是一回事。

但思维和思想又有联系:因为不管怎么去想,总会想出来一些结果(没有结果也是一种结果);反过来不管是什么样的结果,总是经过想的过程得出来的。

从这个意义上说,思维和思想事实上又分不开。

所以广义的“思维”,就既包括不同程度或不同阶段想的过程,也包括不同程度或不同阶段想的结果。

三、关于交际的概念(一)交际的本质属性(1)符号是人们交际时使用的主要手段。

(2)任何符号都可用来交际。

(3)交际是一个编码和译码过程。

(4)交际行为是文化和社会行为。

(5)交际活动是有规则可循的。

(6)交际者可以对对方交际行为的结果作出预测。

(7)交际是文化系统的有机组成部分。

(8)人们在交际时可能会出现问题或障碍。

(二)交际的构成要素(1)信息源/行为源(message or behavioral source)(2)编码(encoding)(3)信息(message)(4)渠道(channel)(5)信息接收者/反应者(receiver/recipient/responder)(6)译码(decoding)(7)反应(response)(8)反馈(feedback)第二节跨文化语言交际学一、“跨文化语言交际”的概念在特定的交际情景中,使用不同的母语、具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言进行的语言交际。

二、“跨文化语言交际”与相临学科(一)与“跨文化交际学”的区别“交际”是个宽泛的概念,除了通过语言媒介进行的交际,还包括通过非语言媒介进行的交际,比如音乐、艺术、形体、实物、行为等等。

所以交际不简单等同于语言交际。

(二)与“言语交际学”的区别研究言语交际的一般特征、过程、环节、规律、效果,通常以某种特定文化背景为论述基础,但不涉及不同文化背景交际者的言语交际。

(三)与“文化语言学”的区别主要论述特定文化要素在特定语言系统中的投射和反映,包括语音、语汇、语法、文字等方面的表现特征,是通过文化来研究语言,但不涉及不同文化背景交际者的言语交际。

(四)与“比较语言学”的区别对不同语言的特征进行比较研究,注重不同语言之间的差异和共性,属于语言类型学的范畴,是语言本体研究,不涉及文化因素。

第二章文化背景与跨文化交际第一节文化因素与跨文化交际一、价值观价值观念是任何社会或文化中的人们所回避不了的指令、是人们行为的规则、思维的方式、认知的准绳、处世的哲学、演绎推理的模式、评价事物的规范、道德的标准等等。

人们在不知不觉中通过交际习得这套价值系统,它变成他们的集体无意识,变成他们的信仰、心态、行为、生活等诸方面可评价系统,变成他们民族性格的基石。

(一)群体取向与个人主义取向群体取向表现在两个方面,一是群体取向,二是他人取向。

在群体取向影响下,中国人提倡凡事以家庭,社会和国家利益为重,个人利益在必要时可以忽略。

外国学者认为中国文化是“无我文化”。

他人取向是群体取向的伸延,表现在:中国人在做事情时,首先考虑别人怎么看,怎么说。

与中国文化相反,西方人,尤其美国人,极端崇拜个人主义。

有的学者认为西方的个人主义取向渊源于十五世纪的文艺夏兴时代,在二十世纪它得以发展到顶点。

个人主义也意味着对自由,对差异的追求——人们的行为、言论、思想都体现与别人有所差异。

差异几乎与个人主义同义,受到同样的赞赏;而保持一致,顺其自然,则是个体人格丧失的表现。

(二)求变与求稳定美国文化的真谛在“变化”二字,核心思想是“无物不变”,而且变化永无停顿。

对美国人来讲,变化,发展,改善,进步,成长与未来几乎都是同义词,没有变化就没有进步,就没有未来。

在儒家思想影响下的中国人的生活则在稳定中求进步,求发展。

“统一和稳定”是是社会发展的保证,这当然包括家族、家庭、社会和国家乃至个人的社会地位、地域、社会关系等方面的稳定。

中国正是在“稳定”中求生存,求发展,求进步的。

(三)性本善与性本恶人性指人之所以区别于动物的根本属性。

中国人传统的人性论是性善为本,这种人性论渊源于孔子思想,他指出,“性相近,习相远”。

从他的“仁者爱人”,“为仁由己”,以及“安于现状”的原则来看,孔子主张性本善。

与“性本善”的人性论相反,影响西方的基督教的人性论是“人之初,性本恶”,人们认为自己在上帝面前是有罪的,这就是被西方学者广泛称之为的原罪说,。

当然,不论是“性本善”还是“性本恶”,人的本性不是静止不变的。

就是说,善可以变成恶,而恶也可以变善。

这就是为什么传统中国文化尤其注重内省和人格完善的修身哲学,也就是说“仁”的概念一直占据着中国文化的中心位置,强调做人必须爱人,达到“仁至义尽”。

而在西方,人从原罪为起点,为了变成好人,因而规定一系列法律来治理上帝的臣民,一切行为必须在法律范围内进行,否则会绳之于法。

这一点在传统的中国文化中也是难以想象的。

二、世界观世界观的问题涉及到人们如何认识宇宙,自然,以及如何看待人与自然的关系等。

这一问题和价值观紧密相关,并对人们的思维方式,民族性格,社会行为等起到同样的支配作用。

在世界观方面,东西方有共同之处。

首先他们都认为世界由物质组成;其次,世界都是由两个相反相成的要素组成。

然而差异也是明显的。

古代中国哲学家认为,世界的组成部分相互依存,构成一个矛盾的统一体,即所谓“万物皆一”,如阴阳,有无,精神和物质。

而西方则认为世界的组成部分是对立的,并存的,相互独立的。

如精神和物质,主体和客体等就是这样的关系。

三、民族性格以价值观念为基础的民族性格,是了解一个民族的文化和行为的重要方面,它同价值观念一起构成底层文化结构,对交际行为起着支配的作用。

传统地看,中国民族性格的塑造体现了以人和人生为中心的人文特质,即重视人与自然的和谐,如何做人,人与人之关系的协调等构成中华民族的民族精神。

而西方对人生的探讨远远不象中国人那样感兴趣,他们偏重于追求世界的本体,如何认识自然或客观世界,以及怎样认识世界;而不是怎样处世做人。

从这一点看中国民族性主要是入世的,而西方则是创世的。

在“开放”改革”的形势下,在中国,旧的观念开始受到挑战,中国人的民族性格也开始发生一些变化,这些挑战和变化体现在以下几个方面:(1)中国人开始摆脱绝对化地以群体取向为上的道德束缚,人们开始要求把道德的社会功能从主要是调节人际关系改变为主要保证个人得以自我发展和自我完善上来。

(2)在平等观念上,传统的要求结果均等或差序格局被要求以机会均等代替。

(3)人们开始要求对个人生活方式的广泛干涉及过多关注应当受到限制。

(4)一些不符合时代特点的观念正在破除,勇于革新,竞争意识,开拓进取等观念正在形成。

(5)社会期望由“无为”和“依赖”开始向“自为”和“自主”转化,其结果必然是自我的注重与珍重。

四、自然环境(一)地理环境物理环境包括地理、气候、城市建筑、城市布局以及家庭房间的布置、装饰等等,这些因素在不同程度上决定人们的活动和行为方式。

多数人类学者、社会学家都认为一个国家的自然地理条件在不同程度上对文化起着决定性的作用,在经济不发达的古代社会尤其如此。

在古代,文化和环境的关系,主要表现在自然环境在很大程度上决定了人们的生存方式、生产方式及行为模式或行为的社会规范。

(二)建筑风格城市的建筑风格,它的物理结构以及其内部的设计风格都会受它存在的文化的影响,反过来,又影响着人们的生活方式,性格及交往活动方式。

比如北京是直觉的,感性的,是圆式的;纽约是演绎的,理性的,是直线式的;北京是文化的,传统的,是历史的;纽约是实用的,是现代的,是未来的;北京的生活节奏是慢悠悠的,安详宁静,充满了人情味;纽约是快速的,充满了竞争和铤而走险;纽约林立的高楼大厦是平等的,独立的,你我分明的;而北京的四合院是主次分明,相互依存,渗透着等级差异,而且亦此亦彼;纽约人人际交往是直接了当的,坦诚直率的,赤裸裸的,没有铺垫和伏笔,北京人人际交往则是迂回的,含蓄的,和模棱两可的。

北京城是静的城市,崇尚精神,与自然和谐;纽约是动的城市,崇尚物质,与自然竞争。

我们创造了环境,环境反过来又塑造了我们。

两座城市同样拥挤,然而纽约人对隐私的个人欲求强烈,彼此尊重邻人私有空间,因此人们之间是“冷漠”的;而在北京,人际间相互身体接触司空见惯,虽然人们同样视而不见,但却少一些“冷漠”之感。

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