What Is a Social Movement
黑人民权运动
What Is a Social Movements?
• There are many definitions of “social movements”. One professor argues that “a social movement is a type of behavior in which a large number of participants consciously attempt to change existing institutions and establish a new order of life.” In other words, people work together to change government policies and society.
• At the beginning of the movement, the base of their membership was the large number of black students in the South.The quiet sit-in by black students in Greensboro began the civil right movement in the 1960s. The civil rights movement, and the youth antiwar, and the women's liberation movements , had long roots in United States history. • The causes for the movements: • Afro-Americans, young people and women were dissatisfied with their lifves. • Negroes were prevented from working at good jobs and getting a good education, and their life was not the American way of life.
Social Movement
“I live in America, but I don’t belong here.”
Reห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ellion
Rebellious
The Hippie choose to live together in state-owned herd villages, located in New
York L.A San Francisco
Aim： For equality with men in education rights, political rights, business rights and property right of inheritance（遗产）. Represent： The United States first conference of women was hold in Seneca Falls in 1848 Susan B. Anthony ——in 1869 The National Women's Suffrage Association
• the 44th and current President of the United States • the first African American president • took place on January 20, 2009 • the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize
The Hippie
--Rebel and Guard US Sprit
What is Hippie?
“Youth in the 1960s, in the United
States, they are opposed to social state, and to Outrageous outfits, with long hair, live in groups, addicted to drug to vent their dissatisfaction with the community and society.”
USA in the 1960s
The Stonewall Riots were a turning point in the struggle for homosexual equality Developing sub-culture
Renewed repression The rise of gay activism
WHY: against a police raid
INFLUENCE
They are frequently cited as the first instance in American history when people in the homosexual community fought back against a government-sponsored system that persecuted sexual minorities, and they have become the defining event that marked the start of the gay rights movement in the United States and around the world.
The Vietnam War
What: a Cold War military conflict Where :occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia When :from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. Who: North Vietnam (communist allies) VS South Vietnam (U.S. and other anti-communist nations )
Exercise3AmericanRealism[修改版]
![Exercise3AmericanRealism[修改版]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/f66cbaf3e87101f69f319518.png)
第一篇：Exercise 3 American RealismExercise 3American RealismI. Multiple choice:1. The Age of Realism in the literary history of the United States refers to the period from ________ to_________.A. 1861....1914B. 1763....1918C. 1865....1914D. 1865. (1918)2. Stylistically, Henry James’fiction is characterized by _______________.A. highly refined languageB. ordinary American speechC. short, clear sentencesD. abundance of local images3. ________ is described by Mark Twain as a boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience.A. Tom SawyerB. Huckleberry FinnC. JimD. Tony4. The setting of __________ is America, where some Europeans, who are actually expatriated Americans, learns with difficult to adapt themselves to the American life.A. MiddlemarchB. The EuropeansC. Daisy MillerD. The Portrait of a Lady5. Mark Twain wrote most of his literary works with a _____________ language.A. grandB. pompousC. simpleD. vernacular6. Henry James experimented with many different themes in his literary career, the most influential one being _______________.A. nothingnessB. disillusionmentC. international themeD. relationship between men and women7. The book from which “all modern American literature comes”refers to _________________.A. the Great GatsbyB. the sun Also risesC. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnD. Moby-Dick8. Mark Twain stood on the side of China in its struggle against foreign invasions. His ___________ and__________ are two notable examples of his vigorous attacks on the imperialist behaviour of the United Statesand other foreign countries in China.A. the Treaty with ChinaB. To the Person Sitting in DarknessC. Disgraceful Persecution of a BoyD. Goldsmith’s Friend Abroad AgainII. Identification of fragment:“We dasn’t stop again at any town, for days and days; kept right along down the river. We was down south in the warm weather, now, and a mighty long ways from home. We began to come to trees with Spanish moss on them, hanging down from the limbs like long gray beards. It was the first I ever see it growing, and it made the woods look solemn and dismal.”Questions:A. Identify the author and the work.B. Whom does the word “we”refer to?C. What is the name of the river mentioned in the passage?III. Give brief answers:1. Who are the three dominant figures of the American Realistic Period and what are theirliterary differences?2. In American literature what is the significance of “Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”by MarkTwain?Suggested answers:I. 1.C2.A3.B4.B5.D6.C7.C8.A.BII. A. Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnB. The word “we”refers to Huck and Jim.C. the Mississippi riverIII.1. The three dominant figures of the period were William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James. Though the three prominent writers all worked for realism, they had different understanding of the “truth”. While Mark Twain and Howells seem to have paid more attention to the “life”of the Americans, Henry Jameshas apparently laid a greater emphasis on the “inner world”of man. He is a realist of the inner life. Though Twain and Howells both share the same concern in presenting the truth of the American society, they have each of them different emphasis. Howells focuses his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they live, while Twain deals with his own region and people of the lower class of society at the forefront of his stories. James writes mostly of the upper reaches of American society.2. First of all, the novel is written in a language that is simple, direct and lucid and faithful to the colloquial speech. This unpretentious style of colloquialism is best described as “vernacular”. Speaking in vernacular,wild and uneducated Huck, running away from civilization for his freedom, is vividly brought to life.The book is also significant for the shape given to it by the course of the raft’s journey down the Mississippi as Huck and Jim seek their different kinds of freedom. Twain, who knew the river intimately, uses it her both realistically and symbolically.Another great contribution of the book is the profound portrait of Huckleberry Finn. The novel begins with adescription of how Widow Douglas attempts to civilize Huck and ends with him deciding not to let it happen again at the hands of Aunt Sally. The climax arises with Huck’s inner struggle on the Mississippi, when Huck is polarized by two opposing forces between his heart and his head, between his affection for Jim and the laws of the society against those who help slaves escape. Huck’s final decision –to follow his own good-hearted moral impulse rather than conventional village morality –amounts to a vindication of what Twain called “the damned human race,”damned for its comfortable hypocrisies, its thoroughgoing dishonesties, and its pervasive crulties. With the eventual victory of his moral conscience over his social awareness, Huck grows.Huckleberry Finn marks the climax of Twain’s literary creativity. It is what Hemingway once describes asthe one book from which “all modern American literature comes.”第二篇：American Realism总结American RealismAmerican realism was an early 20th century idea in art, music and literature that showed through these different types of work, reflections of the time period. Also, American Realism age is the Gilded Age, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope. Although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, and Poe, the great age of American romanticism had ended. By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned. Realism appeared in the United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things was immediately observable. Naturalism is a new and harsher realism, appearing at the end of the 19 century. Because of perception of society’s disorders, writers try to present characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment; the religious “truths”were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.William Dean Howells, the arbiter of 19th century literary realism in America, defines realism: nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material with an objective point of view. Howells` emphasis hasalways been on ethics. He stresses the need for sympathy and moral integrity, and the need for different social classes to harmoniously adapt to their environment and to another.Henry James is the founder of psychological realism. The literary career of him is generally divided into three periods, in the first periods, James took great interest in international theme; exemplify the mature and formidable style of a third literary period, which critics have come to praise as “The Major Phase”. In his critical commentaries, he made major contributions to the art of fiction itself, helping to transform the novel from its alliance with journalism and romantic story-telling into an art from of penetrating analysis of individuals confronting society, chronicles of the psychological perceptions that James himself defined as the highest from of experience.Mark Twain is essentially an affirmative writer though his first novel, The Gilded Age, is considered as a failure, but his masterwork Adventures of Huckleberry Finn turns out to be a huge success. His works are characterized by the local colorist——the detailed presentation in prose fiction of the setting, dialect, customs, dress and ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive of a particular region. Without Mark Twain, American literature would be less delightful. After him, the American literature is no longer as the same before.Theodore Dreiser, his first novel “Sister Carrie”, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurst wood is successful work. And his “An American Tragedy”，the identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser’s greatest and most successful novel.第三篇：Unit 6 American RealismUnit 6 American Realism: William Dean Howells, Henry James and Mark TwainAmerican Realism: 1865-1914Historical BackgroundTwo phases: the phase of an expanding continental nation from 1865 till 1890s; and the so-called “progressive period”from 1890s till 1914.The Civil War: destroyed the innocence prevalent earlier in the 19th century;(Chang, 158: led many to question the assumptions shared by the Transcendentalists --- natural goodness, the optimistic view of nature and man, benevolent God.)The US changed from a nation of distinct regions into a nation dominated byNorthern industrialization, business and finance.Industrialism, mechanization, movement away from farm, metropolitan, lust forwealth and power“The Gilded Age”the age of wealth and poverty, of progress and decline, and theage of gaudy excesses.The closing frontierThe closing frontier: the development of railroads: mobile, Western settlement,settlement in the Great Plains and mountainous regions, awareness of regional characteristics; disillusionment and frustration, suffering and unhappinessThe Progressive EraFrom the 1890s on, there was a great deal of enthusiasm for various social andeconomic reforms, hence the term “the progressive era.”Most of the writers who wrote with seriousness and conviction were social critics.By the 1870s New England Renaissance had waned. (Hawthorne and Thoreau dead;Emerson, Longfellow and other New England celebrities old and feeble; Melville ceased to publish. Dickinson not brought to light yet. Only Whitman remained active.)The Age of Romanticism and Transcendentalism was by and large over.Parameters of Realism童明，143：Parameters of Realism: “American realism may be measured by the followingparameters”:1. Realism reacts against Romanticism’s emphasis on intuition, imagination, adreamy (or innocent) sense of wonder, idealism, faith in nature, and general optimistic belief in the goodness of things.2. Realists claim that they seek truth that is verifiable by experience and havepractical consequences; they do not seek abstract truth.3. Realism is embedded in a mimetic theory of art. “Mimesis”means “imitation.”Realists believe that literature imitates reality. …realists are attentive to such details as dialect, customs, and experiences that are commonplace and “real.”4. Realists try to describe a small portion of the knowable world in order to maintain“objectivity.”5. Local color and regional writings constituted the early phase of realism.Naturalism is another variation of realism in that it emphasizes a biological orsocioeconomic determinism.William Dean Howells (1837-1920)for several decades, the “dean”of his country’s literature.In a way the father of American Realism; born in a small town in Ohio; mostlyschooled himself from his father’s book-shelves; the editor-in-chief of The Atlantic Monthly , used the journal to spread realism;The writer should reveal the good in life as more real than the evil (emphasizesmorality; “this smiling continent,”“smiling aspects); realism is a form of democracy and is peculiarly suitable as an American method.A Modern Instance (1882)The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885)William Dean Howells: An American realist author and literary critic. "The Dean of American Letters"Henry James (1843-1916)Born into a wealthy cultured family of New York City;great influence from his father and brotherFather, Henry James, Sr.: an unorthodox theologian, one of the best-knownintellectuals in mid-nineteenth-century America;brother, William James, philosopher and psychologistPsychological realismLiterary criticism: “The Art of Fiction”Novels:His writing career can be divided into three distinctive periods:A. 1865-1882: The American (1877), Daisy Miller (1879), The Portrait of a Lady (1881);the “international theme”: American innocence in face of European sophistication B. 1882-1895: tales of subtle studies of inter-personal relationships; plays: TheBostonians (1886)C. 1895-1915:1895-1900: novellas and tales dealing with childhood and adolescence, a revival of his earlier theme of innocence in a corrupted world; The Turn of the Screw (1898); What Maisie Knew (1897);1900-1904: trilogy, three great novels, The Wings of the Dove (1902), The Ambassadors (1903), his most "perfect" work of art, The Golden Bowl (1904);1904-1915: some American impressions and some autobiographical matter.The International ThemeThe first and the third stages write about the “international theme”: innocentAmerican confronting the sophisticated European culture; the meeting of America and Europe, American innocence in contact and contrast with European decadence and the moral and psychological complications arising therefrom. For the American it was a process of progression from inexperience to experience, from innocence to knowledge and maturity.Local ColorismRealism and local colorism developed almost at the same time and were intertwined.Realism is at the heart of local colorism.Theoretical orientation:realism tries to capture the truth of life and portray life and people as they see it, esp.ordinary people;local colorism emphasizes the characteristics of their own region, deeply rooted inAmerica, in local soil and culture. For the first time, the rich variety of American life and American people are fully presented in literary works.Local colorism is mostly concerned with the characteristics of people and life of theirown regions. As a result, local colorists in different regions together presented a most colorful and comprehensive picture of America and American life, best presented not only the history of the country but the development of the nation and its culture.Hamlin Garland defined local colorism as “having such quality of texture andbackground that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native”;“texture”refers to the elements which characterize a local culture, elements such asspeech, customs and mores peculiar to one particular place;“background”covers physical setting and those distinctive qualities of landscapewhich condition human thought and behavior.The ultimate aim of the local colorists is to create the illusion of an indigenous littleworld with qualities that tell it apart from the world outside.More than any type of literary works, local colorist literature is typically Americanand has the least influence from the European tradition. Rooted in legends, folk tales and dialect of that particular region.Local colorism as a trend first made its presence felt in the late 1860s and earlyseventies. Bret Harte, “The Luck of Roaring Camp”(1868): a significant development in the brief history of local color fiction.Almost every part of America has its regional writers. C.f. 常耀信，181－182.Harriet Beecher Stowe, Sarah Orne Jewett, New England; Bret Harte, (considered by many the founder of the local color school), the far West mining camps; George Washington Cable, Kate Chopin, the deep South (the Creole culture)Last decade of the 19th century, three major groups:1, Western (meaning mid-West: Indiana, Illinois, Ohio) writers;2, New Englanders;3, the Southern writers.童明，145：Regional and local color writings may be considered the early stage ofliterary realism. They were instances of realism insofar as they depicted contemporary life, used the speech of the common people and avoided, in general, fantastic plotlines.Mark Twain (1835-1910)Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name of Mark Twain, grew upin the small town of Hannibal, Missouri, on the Mississippi River.Mark Twain’s contribution to the development of realism and to American literatureas a whole was partly through his theories of localism in American fiction, and partly through his colloquial style.One of the pioneers in stories that captured the “local color”of the West;Twain’s style, based on vigorous, realistic, colloquial American speech, gaveAmerican writers a new appreciation of their national voice. Twain was the first major author to come from the interior of the country, and he captured its distinctive, humorous slang and iconoclasm.1865, “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County”1873, The Gilded Age, gave its name to the America of the post-bellum period whichit attempts to satirize.1876, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer: innocence1883, Life on the Mississippi1884, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , a sequel to Tom Sawyer, a finer book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)a success from its first publication and has always been regarded as one of thegreatest books of Western literature and Western civilization.Ernest Hemingway: “All modern literature comes from one book by Mark Twaincalled Huckleberry Finn.”Episodic structure; two runaways; escape, quest for freedom; racism; feud;swindlers; inner struggle; wilderness and civilizationMark Twain in his lecture notes proposes that "a sound heart is a surer guide thanan ill-trained conscience", and goes on to describe the novel as "...a book of mine where a sound heart and a deformed conscience come into collision and conscience suffers defeat".Essentially an affirmative writer, humanistic; but toward the latter part of his life,increasingly violent in his censure of man and his society; in his later works, change from an optimist and humorist to an almost despairing determinist; A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (1889), The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (1924), The Mysterious Stranger (1916): bitter attacks on the human race.American realism: Local colorism and Mark twainMark Twain made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in theliterary history of the country: a significant contributionSherwood Anderson: the first writer after Twain to take the vernacular as a seriousway of presenting reality; Hemingway’s mentor in the colloquial styleErnest Hemingway: the direct descendant of Mark Twain; his masculine prose, withits infinite power of suggestion and connotation, is the continuation of and improvement upon Twain’s style.In writers such as Stephen Crane, Sherwood Anderson, Sinclair Lewis, Faulkner, orHemingway, a style that flows with the easy grace of colloquial speech and gets its directness and simplicity by leaving out subordinate words and clauses, the language of Mark TwainT. S. Eliot, Robert Frost, E. E. Cummings, William Carlos Williams, J. D. Salinger,etc.第四篇：US 3 American DreamTheAmerican Dream USIIITextbook Unit 9TermsGettysburg Address segregationRosa ParksMalcolm X“glass ceiling”The Great DepressionBrown v. Board of EducationMartin Luther King, Jr. civil disobedienceDiscussion Questions1. What rights does the Declaration of Independence guarantee? Who does it guarantee them to?Does it guarantee happiness?What is the problem with the promises and guarantees of the Declaration of Independence?2. Why was a civil war fought in America? What are the causes and effects of the war?3. What is a social movement? Which groups of people started socialmovements in the 1960s? What were their goals? Why did these movements occur in the 1960s?4. What is the goal of civil disobedience, or non-violent resistance? Who practiced this philosophy during the Civil Rights Movement? Was it successful? Who disagrees with this philosophy and why?5. What challenges do women face in modern times in both America and China?第五篇：passage translation exercises (翻译3)Passage translation exercises 1 1. 农历八月十五是中国的传统节日——中秋节。
The Impact of Social Movements on Society
The Impact of Social Movements on Society Social movements have been a significant part of human history, and their impact on society has been immense. Social movements are collective efforts by people to bring about change in society and address social, economic, or political issues. These movements have been instrumental in bringing about social change, challenging societal norms, and advocating for social justice. This essay aims to explore the impact of social movements on society from multiple perspectives.From a historical perspective, social movements have played a crucial role in shaping the world we live in today. The civil rights movement in the United States, for instance, led to the end of segregation and discrimination against African Americans. Similarly, the feminist movement fought for women's rights, resulting in significant changes in laws and policies that promote gender equality. Social movements have also been instrumental in bringing about political change, such as the Arab Spring, which led to the overthrow of authoritarian regimes in the Middle East.Social movements have also had a significant impact on culture and societal norms. For instance, the LGBTQ movement has challenged traditional gender roles and norms, leading to increased acceptance and visibility of non-heteronormative identities. The #MeToo movement has also brought to light the prevalence of sexual harassment and assault, leading to increased awareness and changes in workplace policies and social attitudes towards sexual violence.From an economic perspective, social movements have influenced the distribution of wealth and power in society. Labor movements, for instance, have fought for workers' rights and fair wages, leading to the establishment of labor laws and regulations that protect workers' rights. Environmental movements have also brought attention to the negative impact of industrialization and capitalism on the environment, leading to increased regulations and policies to protect the environment.However, social movements have also faced criticism and resistance from those who oppose their agenda. Some argue that social movements can be divisive and polarizing,leading to increased social tensions and conflict. Others argue that social movements can be co-opted by political elites and used to maintain the status quo rather than bring about meaningful change.Despite these criticisms, social movements have been an essential tool for people to express their grievances and demand change. They have been instrumental in bringing about significant social, political, and economic changes, challenging societal norms, and advocating for social justice. Social movements have given voice to marginalized groups and empowered them to demand their rights and dignity.In conclusion, the impact of social movements on society has been immense, and their legacy continues to shape the world we live in today. Social movements have been instrumental in bringing about significant social, political, and economic changes, challenging societal norms, and advocating for social justice. While social movements have faced criticism and resistance, their importance in bringing about change cannot be overstated. Social movements have given voice to marginalized groups and empowered them to demand their rights and dignity, making society more equitable and just.。
英语国家社会与文化入门下册课件BII U9
– The immediate reasons: Segregation laws in Southern states in the US prevented black and white people from being integrated;
– The Civil Rights Movement began when black people spontaneously protested segregation laws and created organized actions in protest of racial injustice.
The Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s
II. The Reasons behind the U.S. Social Movements in Post-World WII
A. In the 1960s, three groups –Afro-Americans, young people and women --were dissatisfied with their lives.
Founders of the NAACP: Moorfield Storey, Mary White Ovington and W.E.B. Du Bois.
Rosa Parks (1913-2005) and the Bus Boycott
The No. 2857 bus on which Parks was riding before her arrest (a GM "oldlook" transit bus) is now a museum exhibit at the Henry Ford Museum.
American_Social_Movement 讲课
The United States today celebrates the birth of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. with memorials (纪念活动 纪念活动), 纪念活动 parades (游行 and a "King Day of 游行) 游行 Service." The King holiday, which President Ronald Reagan signed into law in 1983, has become known as a day of community service (社区服务 社区服务). 社区服务
Martin Luther King
•Born in 1929 •Graduated in 1955 •Worked in a church •Organized his first action in 1955 •Formed an organization for black leaders to work together in 1957 •Give speech “ I Have a Dream” in 1963 •Received the Nobel Peace Price in 1964 •Murdered in 1968 •King’s Day —— the 3rd Monday in January
I. Background of the Civil Rights Movement
Greensboro Sit-in (格林斯博罗静坐 格林斯博罗静坐) 格林斯博罗静坐
On February 1, 1960, 4 freshmen from a black college in Greensboro, North Carolina (北卡罗莱纳州 sat down at a department 北卡罗莱纳州), 北卡罗莱纳州 lunch counter and ordered coffee. When refused, they continued to sit at the counter, openly defying the segregation law prevailing in the state. The next day, more students joined them. Thus began the civil rights movement ,which spread from the south to the north.
social_movements_in_the_1960s 美国20世纪60年代的社会运动
Background and Definition
What is a social movement?
• There are many definitions of “social movement”. One professor argues that “a social movement is a type of behavior in which a large number of participants consciously attempt to change existing institutions and establish a new order of life.” In other words, people work together to change government policies and society.
• Many young people resented traditional white male values in the U.S. society.
• Many people thought the war was wrong.
Background and
Definition
Who worked in the social movements?
Social movement(美国五十年代社会运动)
Beginng
Event:
Freedom Speech Movement自由演讲运动 In Octomber 1964, a CORE organiser distributed information and collected money at the campus of the University at Berkeley. 在1964年十月，种族平等的国会的组织者在伯克利( 美国加州西 部城市)大学公布消息并筹款。 The university police chief and deans came to stop him, and finally would arrest him. Then a large crowd of students spontaneously surrounded the car and protested so that 800 students were arrested. 警察局长和大学院长来阻止他,最后逮捕他。那一大群学生自发 地包围了车并且抗议,800名学生被逮捕。 However, the university was closed and the teachers voted to change the school rules. The movement was ended with students‘ success. 然而,大学被关闭,老师们投票决定改变学校的规则。这个运动以 学生们的成功而结束。
Organization组织:
SNCC: the Student Non-violent Corodinating Committee, by students, a collective leadership 学生非暴力协调会，由学生组织且集体领导 CORE: the Congress of Racial Equality, by James Farmer 种族平等的国会,由詹姆斯法默创建 SCLC: the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, by Ella Baker, in 1957 —— the non-violent prophase 南方的基督徒领袖联合会,由埃拉贝克,在1957年 ——非暴力的前期 Deacons for Defense of Justice 出于捍卫公正而建立的迪肯 the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, by Stokeley Carmichael —— the defensive anaphase
美国文化4.Socialmovementsin1960s
3
MOMODA POWER TEMPLATE
Some white professional men and women
Black and white young people Usually male
Some white housewives older Some white housewives
One of the most important of all social movement in the 1960s U.S. history. Rosa Parks (罗莎· 帕克斯) spontaneous action (自发行为) in 1955 was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement
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Social movement of the 1960s
组员： 赵超然 覃臻 谭秀梅
01
introductio 02
目录
CONTENT
Many young people resented traditional white male values in US society. They belived they had the right to choose the way they would live their lives.they wanted to work at jobs which were interesting,not just work to make money.they thought that they knew better than their teachers.
social movements of the 1960s
The Women’s Movement
• The women’s movement in the 1960s was started by three groups of professional women and an accident. • The first was a group of professional women who were appointed to a Commission on the Status of Women by president Kennedy in 1961. • The second group were mostly white housewives and mothers who read Betty Friedan’s book, The Feminine Mystique, published in 1963. • The third group were young activists in the civil rights and anti-war movements. They became known as the “women’s liberation” group or “women’s lib”.
Unit Nine
Social Movements of the 1960s
Social Movements
Civil Rights Movement Youth Movement We shall overcome! Let it all hang out! Hell, no, we won’t go. Speak your heart without interruption.
Three Main Organizations in the Civil Rights Movement
social movements
• Civil Rights Movement • Anti-war Movement • Women’s Liberation Movement
• • • •
We shall overcome! ----- black Americans Let it all hang out! ---- young people Hell, no, we won’t go! ---- anti-war demonstrators Speak your heart without interruption. ------women
Blowing in the wind
• How many roads must a man walk down Before you call him a man Yes 'n' how many seas must a white dove sail Before she sleeps in the sand Yes 'n' how many times must the cannon balls fly Before they're forever banned The answer my friend is blowin' in the wind The answer is blowin' in the wind How many years can a mountain exist Before it's washed to the sea Yes 'n' how many years can some people exist Before they're allowed to be free Yes 'n' how many times can a man turn his head Pretending he just doesn't see How many times must a man look up Before he can see the sky Yes 'n' how many ears must one man have Before he can hear people cry Yes 'n' how many deaths will it take till he knows That too many people have died
第八讲城市社会运动
（三）中国邻避运动
4、邻避效应
邻避效应，是指居民或在地单位 因担心邻避设施对身体健康、环 境质量和资产价值等带来诸多负 面影响，从而激发人们的嫌恶情 结，滋生“不要建在我家后院” 的心理现象。它能在社会现实中 起到一定的积极作用，但如若处 置不当，将带来诸多负面影响。
一、社会运动（social movement）
3、新社会运动理论
人类社会由工业社会转型向“后工业社会”， 这一巨变让社会运动的性质发生了变化。在工 业社会，最大的社会冲突源自阶级利益矛盾， 社会运动由阶级主导，其目标是向既得利益阶 层争取物质利益。但“后工业社会”之后，人 们不能再容忍“生活世界殖民化”的桎梏，开 始反对国家政权及商业集团对个人生活的约束 及操控。新的社会冲突产生新的社会运动形态。
社会运动的基本特征： 1、社会运动是一种抗议行为。 2、社会运动是一种体制外行为。 3、社会运动是一种集体行为。
一、社会运动（social movement）
（二）社会运动研究的取向
1、社会心理学取向 结构紧张/心理失衡模型：他们认为社会运动 是在社会秩序解体的情况下，个人将其所感受 到的挫折感、失落感所表现出来的情绪性表现， 参与的人与人之间并不存在有意义的互相联系。
一、社会运动（social movement）
（一）社会运动的涵义：
社会运动是指规模较大、相对持久并具有社会 改造理念的运动。 社会运动是指有许多个体参加的、高度组织化 的、寻求或反对某些特定社会变迁的体制外政 治行为。
一、社会运动（social movement）
（一）社会运动的涵义：
第八章社会行为（socialbehavior）
第八章社会行为（social behavior）本章学习目的：＊理解社会行为的涵义＊知道社会行为的分类＊了解社会行为的特点＊理解单向社会行为和无意识社会行为一．社会行为的涵义行为：广义上，元结构表述行为指有机体变化的状态狭义上指人体生物电做功的状态名结构把行为看作是一种指号，指有机体需要和刺激的情况下作出的反应狭义指人体在需要和刺激的情况下作出的反应1.几个相关的概念1）行为（behavior）一切行为都可视作一种指号(sign),表示某种信息或传递特定信息的指号。
[7]因此，我们可以把人的行为定义为：人类个体或若干个体在一定的条件下所表现的自身态势指号或做出的运动指号（包括媒介其他事物进行的）。
其中的态势和运动，有的是自己能觉察到，有意识有目的做出的；有的是自己没能觉察到，无意识进行的（即某种态势或运动发生前，主体没想到自身要做这样的行为，或者不知道自体的行为是何时开始的。
有的甚至在行为运作过程中或过程后，主体也未觉察出来。
如睡眠中打呼噜）。
这里假定了所有的行为都有向其他个体传达某种信息或意义的可能；生物个体的所有行为都有向其他个体传达某种信息或意义的可能。
同理，人类社会也是如此，个体或若干个体的所有行为都有向他者（单数的或复数的）提供表征、传达某种信息或意义的可能。
2）行动(action) 行动是行为的情况之一。
人类行动可定义为：人类个体或若干个体在一定条件下，有目的、有意识地努力去达成目标所进行着的行为。
一般由一组行为或若干组行为构成。
有时也仅仅由一个行为单位构成。
行动与行为的区别是，行为可以无意识发生，反射性发生，不自觉发生，可以没有目标取向；而行动都是有意识地、自觉地进行的，有明确的目标指向。
换句话说，行动可直接表述为是有意识、有目的的行为。
如一个人上山砍柴是行动；而在山中行走时跌倒或不留神被什么东西绊倒，此时的跌倒或绊倒的态势就不是行动而只是行为。
3）社会行为（social behavior）人类个体或若干个体有意识或无意识地影响到他人（单数或复数）的行为称作社会行为。
英语国家社会与文化2 social movements of 1960s
Chapter 9 Social Movements in 1960sFocal Points in this Topic（重点的知识点）1. Greensboro "sit-in"2.The Civil Rights Movement3.Martin Luther King, jr.4.The Anti-war Movement5.Free Speech Movement6.The Counter Culture7.Women's Liberation MovementI. Brief introductionQ: What is a social movement?Definitiona social movement: a type of behavior in which a large number of participants consciously attempt to change existing institutions and establish a new order of life.Two basic characteristics of all social movements: "structure"(有组织)and "spontaneity"(自发性) structureStructure means organizationsSpontaneity refers to the spontaneous actionsNecessary parts of a social movement：The historical background of the American social movements of the 1960s•1. WW2 & Korean War( the defeat of US in Korean War)•2. Hard times of depression of 1930s•3. American Dream美国梦(用此流行语以强调所谓民主、平等和自由等美国的立国理想)•4. Afro-Americans, young people and women were dissatisfied with their lives.American Negroes experienced different lives in the South and outside the South of AmericaWomen experienced different lives during and after World War IIYoung people resented traditional white male values in US societyCivil Rights Movement (黑人民权运动),i.boycotts抵制(refusals to buy particular products),ii.sit-in 静坐抗议(quite sit down as demonstrations)iii.the actions of freedom riders, 自由乘车客,1961年美国南部黑人民权运动者为抗议长途汽车种族隔离而采取的抗议行动，乘车示威的黑人(尤指美国南部黑人为抗议种族歧视而乘坐专为白人服务的公共汽车者)In 1963 a march to Washington led by Martin Luther King.The Civil Rights Act of 1964 民权法案The Voting Rights Act of 1965 选举权法-------It refers to the US law that forced the southern states to allow African-Americans to enter restaurants, hotels, theatres, train stations, buses etc. which had been reserved for white people for white people only (segregation).---Greensboro Sit-in (格林斯博罗静坐)On February 1, 1960, 4 freshmen from a black college in Greensboro, North Carolina [,kærə'lainə] (北卡罗莱纳州), sat down at a department lunch counter午餐室and ordered coffee. When refused, they continued to sit at the counter 柜台, openly defying 反抗the segregation law prevailing in the state.The next day, more students joined them. Thus began the civil rights movement (黑人民权运动), which spread from the south to the north.Later, this quiet “sit-in” became the major nonviolent direct action tactics to be used by black civil rights activists.The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X马尔科姆艾克斯, who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in the U.S.Montgomery [mənt'gʌməri] Bus Boycott 蒙哥马利抵制公交车隔离政策运动In December 1955, Rosa Parks, refused to give up her seat to a white man on a public bus. Alabama law required that blacks sit at the back of the bus, and when asked, surrender their seats to whites.Mrs. Parks was arrested.Local black leaders decided to boycott the city's bus system.Black people in the city spontaneously began to boycott the bus system refusing to ride on public buses.In the year long Montgomery bus boycott, blacks young and old, walked to work.With the bus company near bankruptcy, the aid of a 1956 Supreme Court decision, Montgomery blacks triumphed.Martin Luther King, Jr.•an Atlanta-born Baptist minister(浸礼会牧师)the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.•To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of "marches"The March on Washington of August, 1963, when King delivered his famous "I have a Dream" speech.•As a civil rights leader, King worked not only to end racial discrimination (种族歧视) and poverty, but also to raise the self image of the blacks.•Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis(孟斐斯) in April 1968.I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.Results of the civil rights movement•Legal segregation ended in the South.•Southern Afro-Americans can vote.•But Racism is still a problem.III. The Youth Movement青年运动•Because they resented traditional white male values in U.S. society, many young people were involved in the social movements of the 1960.•Free Speech Movement 自由言论运动(20世纪60年代兴起于美国加州大学的学生运动)•Mario Savio (马里奥·萨维奥), a student who had just returned from working with SNCC in the Mississippi Freedom Summer, took off his shoes and stood on top of the police car.•He demanded that the CORE worker be freed and the rules against free speech be changed.The students sat around the car for 32 hours in spontaneous, nonviolent, direct action.Mario Savio, 1964•Other students "sat-in"静坐抗议at the administration buildings行政办公室and organized "Free University" classes.•The California governor called hundreds of police to the campus. 800 students were arrested. •Graduate students organized a strike and closed the university.•The teachers and professors voted to change the rule that violate the 1st and 14th Amendments. （Bill of rights）•The young people's "Free Speech Movement" began with success.Counter Culture(反主流文化)•In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a phenomenon that historians called the "counter culture".•The Counter Culture rejected capitalism and other American principles.•They had morals different from taught by their parents. Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.•Among the most famous were the hippies (嬉皮士). They sought new experience through dropping out退学, drugs.•Music, rock music in particular became the chief vehicle媒介for the counter cultural assault on traditional American society.•The counter culture exerted发挥a great influence upon people's attitudes toward social mores ['m ɔ:ri:z]习俗, marriage, career, and success.The Anti-War Movement (against the war in Vietnam)Song: “Hell, no, we won’t go.”（战场如地狱，我们绝不去）Organizations---1. some as refugees from religious and political persecution (逃避宗教和政治迫害的难民)---2. some as adventurers from the Old World seeking a better life(从旧大陆来寻求好生活的冒险家)---3. some as captives brought to American against their own will to be sold into slavery （有一些则是被抓获后违背他们的意愿运到美国，被出卖为奴隶）Though people all share a common American culture, the nation contains many racial and ethnic subcultures with their own distinctive characteristics. (虽然人们有共同的美国文化，但美利坚民族包含了许多种族和少数民族的亚文化群)。
第十一章 社会运行
第一节 社会运行概述
一、社会运行的涵义 二、社会运行的条件 三、社会运行的状态 四、社会运行的调控
第二节
社会运行机制
一、社会运行机制概述 二、社会运行的动力机制 三、社会运行的整合机制 四、社会运行的激励机制 五、社会运行的控制机制 六、社会运行的保障机制
（二）社会运行机制的分类
1．根据形成过程分类
自发机制：依据一定的规律自然地、历史地形成的社会运行机制； 自为机制：人类根据一定的社会目标，通过人们的主观努力而有意识地 建立起来的社会运行机制。
2．根据作用领域分类
经济机制、政治机制、文化机制和心理机制。
3．根据表现形态分类
显性机制：人类可以完全预见运行后果的机制就是显性机制。 隐性机制：不能预见或没有发现的运行机制就是隐性机制。
4．根据层次分类
动力机制 整合机制 激励机制 控制机制 保障机制
二、社会运行的动力机制
动力机制包括动力结构、运作过程和运作方式与手段三部分：
（一）动力结构
1．外围结构 ①动力主体；②动力传导媒介：包括利益、文化和信息三种媒介。③ 动力受体。 2．内核结构 ①动力源；②动力方向；③动力储存体；④社会行动。
（一）控制手段
1．组织手段 2．制度手段 3．文化手段
（二）控制对象
1．微观对象：社会成员的价值观念和社会行为。 2．中观对象：社会利益群体之间的关系。 3．宏观对象：社会各子系统之间的关系。