科技文摘摘译

外文文献：
Increasing an individual‟s quality of life via their intelligent home
The hypothesis of this project is: can an individual‟s quality of life be increased by integrating “intelligent technology” into their home environment. This hypothesis is very broad, and hence the researchers will investigate it with regard to various, potentially over-lapping, sub-sections of the population. In particular, the project will focus on sub-sections with health-care needs, because it is believed that these sub-sections will receive the greatest benefit from this enhanced approach to housing. Two research questions flow from this hypothesis: what are the health-care issues that could be improved via “intelligent housing”, and what are the technological issues needing to be solved to allow “intelligent housing” to be constructed? While a small number of initiatives exist, outside Canada, which claim to investigate this area, none has the global vision of this area. Work tends to be in small areas with only a limited idea of how the individual pieces contribute towards a greater goal. This project has a very strong sense of what it is trying to attempt, and believes that without this global direction the other initiatives will fail to address the large important issues described within various parts of this proposal, and that with the correct global direction the sum of the parts will produce much greater rewards than the individual components. This new field has many parallels with the field of business process engineering, where many products fail due to only considering a sub-set of the issues, typically the technology subset. Successful projects and implementations only started flow when people started to realize that a holistic approach was essential. This holistic requi rement also applies to the field of “smart housing”; if we genuinely want it to have benefit to the community rather than just technological interest. Having said this, much of the work outlined below is extremely important and contains a great deal of novelty within their individual topics.
Health-Care and Supportive housing：
To date, there has been little coordinated research on how “smart house” technologies can assist frail seniors in remaining at home, and/or reduce the costs experienced by their informal caregivers. Thus, the purpose of the proposed research is to determine the usefulness of a
variety of residential technologies in helping seniors maintain their independence and in helping caregivers sustain their caring activities.
The overall design of the research is to focus on two groups of seniors. The first is seniors who are being discharged from an acute care setting with the potential for reduced ability to remain independent. An example is seniors who have had hip replacement surgery. This group may benefit from technologies that would help them become adapted to their reduced mobility. The second is seniors who have a chronic health problem such as dementia and who are receiving assistance from an informal caregiver living at a distance. Informal caregivers living at a distance from the cared-for senior are at high risk of caregiver burnout. Monitoring the cared-for senior for health and safety is one of the important tasks done by such caregivers. Devices such as floor sensors (to determine whether the senior has fallen) and access controls to ensure safety from intruders or to indicate elopement by a senior with dementia could reduce caregiver time spent commuting to monitor the senior.
For both samples, trials would consist of extended periods of residence within the …smart house‟. Samples of seniors being dis charged from acute care would be recruited from acute care hospitals. Samples of seniors being cared for by informal caregivers at a distance could be recruited through dementia diagnosis clinics or through request from caregivers for respite.
Limited amounts of clinical and health service research has been conducted upon seniors (with complex health problems) in controlled environments such as that represented by the “smart house”. For example, it is known that night vision of the aged is poor but there i s very little information regarding the optimum level of lighting after wakening or for night activities. Falling is a major issue for older persons; and it results in injuries, disabilities and additional health care costs. For those with dementing illnesses, safety is the key issue during performance of the activities of daily living (ADL). It is vital for us to be able to monitor where patients would fall during ADL. Patients and caregivers activities would be monitored and data will be collected in the following conditions.
Projects would concentrate on sub-populations, with a view to collecting scientific data about their conditions and the impact of technology upon their life styles. For example: Persons with stable chronic disability following a stroke and their caregivers: to research
optimum models, types and location of various sensors for such patients (these patients may have neglect, hemiplegia, aphasia and judgment problems); to research pattern of movements during the ambulation, use of wheel chairs or canes on various type of floor material; to research caregivers support through e-health technology; to monitor frequencies and location of the falls; to evaluate the value of smart appliances for stroke patients and caregivers; to evaluate information and communication technology set up for Tele-homecare; to evaluate technology interface for Tele-homecare staff and clients; to evaluate the most effective way of lighting the various part of the house; to modify or develop new technology to enhance comfort and convenience of stroke patients and caregivers; to evaluate the value of surveillance systems in assisting caregivers.
- Persons with Alzheimer‟s disease and their caregivers: to evaluate the effect of smart house (unfamiliar environment) on their ability to conduct self-care with and without prompting; to evaluate their ability to use unfamiliar equipment in the smart house; to evaluate and monitor persons with Alzheimer‟s disease movement pattern; to evaluate and monitor falls or wandering; to evaluate the type and model of sensors to monitor patients; to evaluate the effect of wall color for patients and care givers; to evaluate the value of proper lighting. Technology - Ubiquitous Computing：
The ubiquitous computing infrastructure is viewed as the backbone of the “intelligence” within the house. In common with all ubiquitous computing systems, the primary components with this system will be: the array of sensors, the communication infrastructure and the software control (based upon software agents) infrastructure. Again, it is considered essential that this topic is investigated holistically.
Sensor design: The focus of research here will be development of (micro)-sensors and sensor arrays using smart materials, e.g. piezoelectric materials, magneto strictive materials and shape memory alloys (SMAs). In particular, SMAs are a class of smart materials that are attractive candidates for sensing and actuating applications primarily because of their extraordinarily high work output/volume ratio compared to other smart materials. SMAs undergo a solid-solid phase transformation when subjected to an appropriate regime of mechanical and thermal load, resulting in a macroscopic change in dimensions and shape; this
change is recoverable by reversing the thermo mechanical loading and is known as a one-way shape memory effect. Due to this material feature, SMAs can be used as both a sensor and an actuator. A very recent development is an effort to incorporate SMAs in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) so that these materials can be used as integral parts of micro-sensors and actuators.
MEMS are an area of activity where some of the technology is mature enough for possible commercial applications to emerge. Some examples are micro-chemical analyzers, humidity and pressure sensors, MEMS for flow control, synthetic jet actuators and optical MEMS (for the next generation internet). Incorporating SMAs in MEMS is a relatively new effort in the research community; to the best of our knowledge, only one group (Prof. Greg Carman, Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles) has successfully demonstrated the dynamic properties of SMA-based MEMS. Here, the focus will be to harness the sensing and actuation capabilities of smart materials to design and fabricate useful and economically viable micro-sensors and actuators.
Communications: Construction and use of an “intelligent house” offers extensive opportunities to analyze and verify the operation of wireless and wired home-based communication services. While some of these are already widely explored, many of the issues have received little or no attention. It is proposed to investigate the following issues: Measurement of channel statistics in a residential environment: knowledge of the indoor wireless channel statistics is critical for enabling the design of efficient transmitters and receivers, as well as determining appropriate levels of signal power, data transfer rates, modulation techniques, and error control codes for the wireless links. Interference, channel distortion, and spectral limitations that arises as a result of equipment for the disabled (wheelchairs, IV stands, monitoring equipment, etc.) is of particular interest.
Design, analysis, and verification of enhanced antennas for indoor wireless communications. Indoor wireless communications present the need for compact and rugged antennas. New antenna designs, optimized for desired data rates, frequency of operation, and spatial requirements, could be considered.
Verification and analysis of operation of indoor wireless networks: wireless networking
standards for home automation have recently been commercialized. Integration of one or more of these systems into the smart house would provide the opportunity to verify the operation of these systems, examine their limitations, and determine whether the standards are over-designed to meet typical requirements.
Determination of effective communications wiring plans for “smart homes.”: there exist performance/cost tradeoffs regarding wired and wireless infrastructure. Measurement and analysis of various wireless network configurations will allow for determination of appropriate network designs.
Consideration of coordinating indoor communication systems with larger-scale communication systems: indoor wireless networks are local to the vicinity of the residence. There exist broader-scale networks, such as the cellular telephone network, fixed wireless networks, and satellite-based communication networks. The viability and usefulness of compatibility between these services for the purposes of health-care monitoring, the tracking of dementia patients, etc needs to be considered.
Software Agents and their Engineering: An embedded-agent can be considered the equivalent of supplying a friendly expert with a product. Embedded-agents for Intelligent Buildings pose a number of challenges both at the level of the design methodology as well as the resulting detailed implementation. Projects in this area will include：
Architectures for large-scale agent systems for human inhabited environment: successful deployment of agent technology in residential/extended care environments requires the design of new architectures for these systems. A suitable architecture should be simple and flexible to provide efficient agent operation in real time. At the same time, it should be hierarchical and rigid to allow enforcement of rules and restrictions ensuring safety of the inhabitants of the building system. These contradictory requirements have to be resolved by designing a new architecture that will be shared by all agents in the system.
Robust Decision and Control Structures for Learning Agents: to achieve life-long learning abilities, the agents need to be equipped with powerful mechanisms for learning and adaptation. Isolated use of some traditional learning systems is not possible due to high-expected lifespan of these agents. We intend to develop hybrid learning systems
combining several learning and representation techniques in an emergent fashion. Such systems will apply different approaches based on their own maturity and on the amount of change necessary to adapt to a new situation or learn new behaviors. To cope with high levels of non-determinism (from such sources as interaction with unpredictable human users), robust behaviors will be designed and implemented capable of dealing with different types of uncertainty (e.g. probabilistic and fuzzy uncertainty) using advanced techniques for sensory and data fusion, and inference mechanisms based on techniques of computational intelligence. Automatic modeling of real-world objects, including individual householders: The problems here are: “the locating and extracting” of information essential for representat ion of personality and habits of an individual; development of systems that “follow and adopt to” individual‟s mood and behavior. The solutions, based on data mining and evolutionary techniques, will utilize: (1) clustering methods, classification tress and association discovery techniques for the classification and partition of important relationships among different attributes for various features belonging to an individual, this is an essential element in finding behavioral patterns of an individual;and (2) neuro-fuzzy and rule-based systems with learning and adaptation capabilities used to develop models of an individual‟s characteristics, this is essential for estimation and prediction of potential activities and forward planning. Investigation of framework characteristics for ubiquitous computing: Consider distributed and internet-based systems, which perhaps have the most in common with ubiquitous computing, here again, the largest impact is not from specific software engineering processes, but is from available software frameworks or …toolkits‟, which allow the rapid construction and deployment of many of the systems in these areas. Hence, it is proposed that the construction of the ubiquitous computing infrastructure for the “smart house” should al so be utilized as a software engineering study. Researchers would start by visiting the few genuine ubiquitous computing systems in existence today, to try to build up an initial picture of the functionality of the framework. (This approach has obviously parallels with the approach of Gamma, Helm, Johnson and Vlissides deployed for their groundbreaking work on “design patterns”. Unfortunately, in comparison to their work, the sample size here will be extremely small, and hence, additional work will be required to produce reliable answers.) This initial framework
will subsequently be used as the basis of the smart house‟s software system. Undoubtedly, this initial framework will substantially evolve during the construction of the system, as the requirements of ubiquitous computing environment unfold. It is believed that such close involvement in the construction of a system is a necessary component in producing a truly useful and reliable artifact. By the end of the construction phase, it is expected to produce a stable framework, which can demonstrate that a large number of essential characteristics (or patterns) have been found for ubiquitous computing.
Validation and Verification (V&V) issues for ubiquitous computing: it is hoped that the house will provide a test-bed for investigating validation and verification (V&V) issues for ubiquitous computing. The house will be used as an assessment vehicle to determine which, if any, V&V techniques, tools or approaches are useful within this environment. Further, it is planned to make this trial facility available to researchers worldwide to increase the use of this vehicle. In the long-term, it is expected that the facilities offered by this infrastructure will evolve into an internationally recognized “benchmarking” site for V&V activities in ubiquitous computing.
Other technological areas：
The project also plans to investigate a number of additional areas, such as lighting systems, security systems, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, etc. For example, with regard to energy efficiency, the project currently anticipates undertaking two studies:
The Determination of the effectiveness of insulating shutters: Exterior insulating shutters over time are not effective because of sealing problems. Interior shutters are superior and could be used to help reduce heat losses. However, their movement and positioning needs appropriate control to prevent window breakage due to thermal shock. The initiation of an opening or closing cycle would be based on measured exterior light levels; current internal heating levels; current and expected use of the house by the current inhabitants, etc.
A comparison of energy generation alternatives: The energy use patterns can easily be monitored by instrumenting each appliance. Natural gas and electricity are natural choices for the main energy supply. The conversion of the chemical energy in the fuel to heat space and warm water can be done by conventional means or by use of a total energy system such
as a V olvo Penta system. With this system, the fuel is used to power a small internal combustion engine, which in turn drives a generator for electrical energy production. Waste heat from the coolant and the exhaust are used to heat water for domestic use and space heating. Excess electricity is fed back into the power grid or stored in batteries. At a future date, it is planned to substitute a fuel cel
for the total energy system allowing for a direct comparison of the performance of two advanced systems.
中文译文：
智能家居能提高个人的生活品质
假设这个项目是：个人的生活质量能否因为在家庭环境中运用了智能技术而得到提高呢？这种假设是很广泛的，因此，研究人员将通过调查各种各样的、有潜在研磨意识的、分节的人群来证明这个假设。

特别的是，该项目将着重于调查卫生保健方面的需求，因为我们相信这部分的实施可使房屋获得最大利益。

从这个假说可以得出两个研究问题：什么样的医疗保健问题可以改进"智能屋"，如果让"智能屋"得以兴建，什么技术问题尚需解决？在加拿大的境外存在着少数的倡议，他们的目的是调查这方面的知识，但是并没有对这方面的工作有一个全球视野。

通常，小地方的研究工作会涉及到怎样通过个别件实现更大目标这样一些主意。

这个项目着重研究“试图做什么”，并认为如果没有这个全球方向，其他措施不能解决这项建议，并表示，有了正确的走向世界的方向，零件将产生比个人组成部分更大的回报。

这新的领域跟外地的业务流程工程有许多相似之处，那里有很多产品失败，其原因是只考虑了一个小组设置的问题，通常是技术方面。

当人们开始认识到有一个全面的方法是至关重要的时候，成功的项目和措施才开始流通。

如果我们真的希望它可以造福于社会，而并非只是创造技术利息，这种全面的规定也将适用于外地的"小巧房屋" 。

话虽如此，下面叙述的许多工作都是非常重要的，其个别题目还包含大量的新生事物。

医疗保健和辅助房屋：
截至目前为止，有很少的协调研究是关于“智能屋”是否可以降低体弱的老人留在家里的成本，而并非由经验丰富的非正式照顾者照顾。

因此，其提出的研究得目的，是确定各种住宅技术对帮助老年人保持其独立生活和帮助看护延续自己的爱心活动是否有用。

整体设计的研究是通过两个组别的老人来进行的。

第一组是老年人他们脱离了急性护理的环境后保持独立性的能力降低。

其中一个例子是老人髋关节置换手术。

这组可能受益于技术，并将有助于他们更好适应流动性的降低。

第二组是老人有慢性健康问题，如老年痴呆症，并正接受一个生活在一定距离之外的非正式的照顾者的援助。

生活在离需要照顾的老人有一定距离的非正规照顾者正处于高风险时期的照顾倦怠。

照顾者监测需要照顾的老人的健康和安全是其中一项重要的任务。

设备，如地板传感器（以确定是否老人跌倒）和访问控制器（在入侵时确保安全或显示老人是否外出）。

利用这些
设备可以减少照顾着照顾老人所花的时间。

用“智能家”将得出两个样本。

由急性护理医院照顾的上面例子中的老人出院。

例子中的通过一定距离之外的非正式照顾者照顾的老人将通过诊所的诊断出院或者要求休息的照顾者回来照顾。

数量有限的、针对老人的复杂的健康问题的临床及健康服务研究工作在受控制的环境（如聪明屋中的环境）中完成。

举例来说，据了解，针对高年龄人的夜视差，但有极少人认为觉醒或夜间活动课可以达到最低水平。

对老年人来说它造成伤害，残疾的和额外的卫生保健成本是重大的问题。

对于那些有疾病的人，在日常生活活动中安全是至关重要的。

对我们来说，能够掌握病人在哪个阶段下降时至关重要的。

患者和看护者的活动会受到监察，并在具备下列条件的情况下收集数据。

项目将集中于亚群，并期望在他们的条件和生活作风的技术的影响后搜集科学数据。

例如：有着稳定的慢性残疾的人宜遵循以下照料：研究专门针对为这类病人（这些病人可能有忽视，偏瘫，失语和判断方面的问题）的最好的类型和位置的各种传感器;研究在不同类型的地板材料上使用轮椅或拐杖的变动; 通过电子保健技术研究照顾者的支持;监测下降的频率和位置，以评估针对中风患者和看护者的智能家电的价值;评价建立用于远程居家服务信息和通信技术；最有效的评价面向远程家居服务的工作人员和客户评价的技术接口的办法是使房子的各部分照明均匀;修改、开发新技术以提高中风患者和看护者的舒适性和方便性;评估协助照料的监视系统的价值。

有着阿尔茨海默病的人的照料：评价智能家居（陌生的环境）在有或无提示的情况下的自我护理能力; 评估它们在智能家居环境中用陌生的设备的能力;评价和监测有着阿尔茨海默病的人的运动模式;评价和监测下降或波动; 评价监测患者的各种类型和型号的传感器;观察病人和照顾者墙的颜色;评估适当照明的价值。

技术-普适计算：
无所不在的基础设施的计算被看作智能屋的骨干。

所有普通的运算系统的主要部件包括：一系列的传感器，通信基础设施和软件控制（基于软件代理）的基础设施。

重要的是，这话题是从整体上的研究得出的。

传感器设计：这里研究的焦点是（微型） -传感器的发展和传感器阵列所使用的智能材料，例如：压电材料，磁致伸缩材料和形状记忆合金（形状）。

特别是，形状是一类智能材料，它能吸引候选人传感及致动，主要是因为它有比其他智能材料异常偏高的工作输出/体积比。

形状进行固固改造时，受到适当的机械和热负荷作用，导致在尺
寸和形状上宏观的变化;这种变化是由可回收扭转热机械载荷和被称为单向形状记忆效应的东西产生的。

这种材料功能、形状可用于传感器和执行器。

在近期的发展中，我们正努力把形状应用在微机电系统（ MEMS ），使这些材料可以作为微型传感器和执行器的重要组成部分。

微机电系统是一个领域的活动，在这个领域某些技术已经成熟，能够让一些商业应用出现。

例如微化学分析仪，湿度和压力传感器，流量控制的微机电系统，合成射流器和光学微机电系统（下一代互联网）。

在研究社会把形状应用在微机电系统是一个相对较新的努力，它足以穷尽我们所知。

只有一组（洛杉矶加州大学机械工程的格雷戈教授）已成功地演示了动态性能的形状记忆合金作为基础的微机电系统这个试验。

在这里，工作的重点是利用智能材料的动能力设计和制造经济上可行的微型传感器和驱动器。

构造：建造和使用的"智能屋"为分析和核实以无线和有线家庭为基础的通讯服务提供了广泛的机会。

而有些公司中已经开始广泛地探讨，但许多问题没有注意到。

现拟调查了以下几个问题：
在一个住宅环境里频道统计的测量：室内无线信道的统计知识是至关重要的，利用它可设计高效率的发射机和接收机，以及确定适当程度的信号电源，数据传输速率，调制技巧，以及无线链路的差错控制编码。

它所产生的干扰，信道失真，导致的并谱的局限性，以及残疾人士的设备（轮椅，监测设备等），都是特别令人感兴趣的。

设计，分析与验证以加强天线用于室内无线通信。

目前室内无线通信有必要改为紧凑和坚固的天线。

新的天线设计，可使数据传输速率优化，频率的操作方便，在空间需要方面也可加以考虑。

核查和分析室内无线网络的操作：家庭自动化的无线联网标准最近已商品化。

一体化的一个或一个以上这样的系统被纳入智能家居，将为核实这些系统操作提供机会，并审视其局限性，并确定这些标准是否是超过设计要求，是否满足典型的业务需求。

确定有效的通信线路来规划"智能家居" ：对于有线和无线基础设施的性能/成本比较，测量和分析各种无线网络配置将有利于网络设计的确定。

审议协调室内较大规模的通信系统：室内无线网络广泛应用到附近的居住地。

这些居住地存在着广阔- 大规模的网络，例如蜂窝电话网，固定无线网络和基于卫星的通信网络。

这些服务的宗旨是保健监测、跟踪老年痴呆症患者。

软件代理商及其工程：一种嵌入式剂。

在这一级别的设计方法中智能建筑嵌入式代理商面临不少挑战，以及由此产生的详细执行。

这方面的项目将包括：
-适用于人类居住的有大型代理系统的建筑：为这些系统设计新的体系结构的住宅/延续护理环境近代的技术需要成功部署。

一个合适的架构，在实时性上应该是简单、灵活的，这样能提供有效的代理操作。

在同一时间内，应允许规则和限制的分层次和刚性，以确保居民建筑制度的安全。

这些相互矛盾的要求，需要设计一个新的、适用所有的建筑的体系结构来加以解决。

-学习代理的决策和控制结构：在实现终身学习能力方面，代理商必须具备强大的机制来学习和适应能力的需要。

孤立原来使用的传统的学习制度，是不可能让这些代理商达到高预期寿命的。

我们打算发展混合学习系统，结合新兴的多种具有代表性的学习技术。

这种系统将基于适应新形势，或学习新的行为模式来达到自身的成熟及对数额变化能做出各种不同的做法。

为了应付高水平的非确定性（不可预测的人类用户），我们能够利用先进的技术处理不同类型的不确定性（如概率和模糊不确定性），这种稳健的行为将制定和组织实施，在推理机制的基础上计算智能。

-自动模拟真实世界的物体，包括个别户主：问题是：为具有代表性的个性、习惯的个人 "定位，并提取"信息是至关重要的;系统能够跟随个人的心情与行为而作出反应。

在解决这个方案的基础上，数据挖掘和进化技术将利用：（ 1 ）聚类方法，对寻找行为模式的个人来说这是一个至关重要的因素; （ 2 ）以规则为基础的系统的学习和适应能力，可用来开发模型单独的特性，这对估计和预测潜在的活动和前瞻性的规划是至关重要的
-调查普适计算的框架特点：考虑以分布式因特网为基础的系统，这也许是最常见的普适计算，在这里，最大的冲击不是来自特定的软件工程过程，而是让这些领域快速部署现有的软件框架或'工具箱' 。

因此，建议以普适计算为基础设施的"智能家居"的建造，也应该加以软件工程来研究。

研究人员将开始访问的几个真正存在的普适计算系统，试图建立一个初步了解该功能的架构（这种做法显然与伽马射线，掌舵，约翰逊和针对"设计模式"的开创性工作相平行。

不幸的是，和他们的工作相比，样本在这里将非常小，因此，为得到可靠的答案额外的工作要做）。

这个初步框架，也将随之被利用为智能式房子的软件系统。

毫无疑问，由于要求普适计算环境的展开，这初步的框架将大大演变建造该系统的过程。

据认为，这种密切参与体系建设的行动，是制作一个真正有用的
和可靠的伪影的组成部分。

截至去年底的施工阶段，它预计产生一个稳定的框架，这个框架能够证明，适用于普适计算的一大批至关重要的特点（或图案）将被发现。

为普及计算验证和核查问题：希望众议院能为普及计算调查核实和验证问题提供一个试验台。

众议院将可以用来评估并确定（如果有的话）VV 技术，工具或方法在这个环境中是否有用。

此外，它计划把这项试验设施提供给世界各地的研究人员，以增加这种评估的利用。

就长期而言，我们期望该设施所提供的基础设施，将演变成对于普及计算的V及V活动而言一个国际公认的"基准"的网站。

其他技术领域：
该项目还计划调查一些其他领域，如照明系统，安全系统，供暖，通风和空调设备等，举例来说，对于能源效率，该项目目前承诺了两项研究报告：
测定保温帘的成效：因为密封问题，外墙保温窗帘随着时间的推移是否无效。

内部风窗是优越的，它还可用来帮助减少热损失。

不过，他们的运动和定位需要适当控制，以防止由于热创击而导致的窗破损。

将根据实测外部光照水平启动开幕或闭幕周期，现行内部的加热水平等。

发电替代品的比较：能源利用方式，可以通过检测每个家电进行监察。

天然气和电力是一种主要能源供应。

通过传统方式或使用一个总的能源系统（沃尔沃研发体系）我们可以在燃料加热空间和温暖水中转换化学能。

有了这一套系统，燃油用来给小内燃机供电，反过来又能驱动一台发电机的电气能源生产。

冷却剂与排气的余热的热水供给家庭使用和空间加热。

过剩的电力反馈到电网或储存在电池中。

在以后的一个日期，计划用能源总系统取代燃料电池，可以直接比较出两先进的系统的差别。