TOEFL语法笔记
托福语法笔记
三、平行结构
A，B，or/and C
A, B，C三个元素必须对应
四、宾语从句结构
宾从：S+Vt+(that + SVO)
*看到这些Vt后，第一反应找that
indicate,state,regard,demonstrate,find,estimate, show,hold,
insist,say,tell,believe,think,learn
*adv.不能修饰任何名词
但是adv.+同位语是正确的:...,(which is)approximately the distance .
九、形容词的并列结构--------->可参考改错类型十
(A) adj adj adj + noun.
n个adj不并列，有确定的先后顺序
(B)当多个形容词用逗号连接时，这几个形容词完全对等，无先后顺序
~~~~~~~~~现在分词与名词为修饰关系，相当于adj,所以中心词为名词
Doing exercise is a good habit.
~~~~~动名词是只有动词牲的名词，可以带宾语，与名词之间是动宾关系，
中心词是动名词
*Doing复数noun.+单V
十四、make结构
make +宾(noun.,代词)+宾补(noun.,adj),必须加宾补
(F)*what is now永远对
where + V永远错，因为where是adv.
六、介词+which结构
which只能用于定语从句，在从句中必须作主/宾语
(A)SVO+which+不完整句(缺主语)
(B)SVO+prep.+which+完整句
新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第一部分：听力）2
TOEFL听⼒选项原则（适⽤于PART A）1．迅速看选项，找出其中相同、相似、相关的东西，确定场景，预测内容。
2．排除不符合TOEFL思路的选项，排除不合逻辑、常识的选项，排除读起来拗⼝的选项。
3．注意选项中的主谓及标志词。
Δ主语（题）做题法：4个选项主语不⼀致的时候，只要找对与对话中的主语⼀致的，即为正确答案。
Δ标志词：如shuold表⽰“建议”，agree表⽰“同意”等等。
4．注意意思相反的两个选项，正确选项必居其⼀。
5．注意相似的两个选项6．注意有同义词的选项。
7．注意有反义词的选项。
8．注意有同形异义词的选项。
如：A. go to the park B. park the car park在对话中的含义不⼀样。
9．注意数字及数字所修饰的名词n.10．在⼩对话题中听见什么不选什么。
TOEFL段落题题⽬特征：对话2个，passage3个，⼀般⼀段4个问题。
开头⼀条，结尾⼀条，终结两条。
开头：IC句题：开头句型，开头语⽓和原词，重复率⾼的词：原词的数/概念的重复。
场景：who what where why中段：细节题结尾题TOEFL段落题解题思路：1．确定段落的主题（找相同相似相关的东西）2．反推段落的问题如果两个选项相似，正确答案必居其⼀段落第⼀条是n./名词性短语，则是IC题段落中间是n/名词性短语，只要⽂中提到，就是正确答案。
即：听到什么选什么。
TOEFL对话段落题的题型：1．所听即所选（93、5、36）2．重复原则，重复多的就是答案（93、5、37）3．强调原则，强调多的就是答案（93、5、38）4．建议原则，有建议的就是考点。
5．对话题结构特点：开头：打招呼后，信息作为开头。
结尾：最后⼀句。
TOEFL错题原因：慢热（听时不看） Part A⾛神（延长时间）连错（学会放弃）读题（先紧后松）⽼题重要题型：中间带but转折题：1．语⽓转折： 90.1.33/96.12.A142．表单词多种含义 89.8.24/96.10.A2对⼀般疑问句的回答:1．听清第⼆句开头的短结构 89、8、322．间接回答⼀定表⽰反对 96、10、A123．听不懂没关系（第⼆句长⽽绕），选⼀个否定答案就可以 96、8、30 4．第⼀句语调特征：最后为升调5．第⼆句习语。
托福语法高分要点(完全整理版)概要
目录第一章名词 (2第二章形容词 (13第三章副词 (19第四章介词 (23第五章动词 (28第六章代词 (41第七章简单句 (45第八章并列句 (50第九章主从复合句 (54第十章时态 (62第十一章一致原则 (65第十二章倒装 (69第十三章被动语态 (72第十四章常考关于It的句式 (74 第十五章虚拟语气 (77第一章名词正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容第一节可数名词考点一单复数可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。
TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式下面我们会讲一下复数形式。
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则:1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs例题:(1 Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance.A B C D答案:A应改为:Flowers解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数(2 Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronicA B C Dpain.答案:A应改为:Doctors解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数考点二复数形式特例这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意1.单复数词形相同如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人, aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft 等2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如:basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crisesmedium(媒体-media datum(数据-data curriculum(课程-curriculalarva(幼虫-larvae criterion(标准-criteria phenomenon(现象-phenomena3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如:clothes trousers compasses(圆规 scales(天平 savings(储蓄,statistics(统计数据, headquarters(总部,4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如:goods(货物, manners(礼貌, troops(军队, authorities(当局5 不规则的名词复数child - children mouse - mice louse - licetooth - teeth foot - feet6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词例题:(1 With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leadingA B Cjazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities.D(2Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed feetA B C D答案:D应改为:foot解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬第二节限定词名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类:1.之后肯定接单数:a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc.例句:Each of them has two books.You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本2.之后肯定接复数:these, those, many, such, other,大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…,a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small number of, several,one of, all (of, some /any (of, most(of, a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用考点一否定限定词no(1 no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如:No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花.No one is here.(2 no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。
新东方托福冲刺精讲班笔记吐血
Listening1.开头——复习+主旨例外：①课堂复习——不考标志过去时态开始标志：now,today, OK, while②老师道歉③归纳法的开头,先给出例子,再给出结论--记例子的主体&论点2.结尾——推断+细节3.注意重复的细节与观点4.举例——记例子主体,注意提示词5.定义解释——其中的关系6.注意可以的停顿7.注意课堂引导词——remember now OK while imagine today8.讲课中的问答9.因果关系10.听清层次——firstly secondly...11.注意转折12.Listen again 专业术语不变避免原词重复Speaking notesQ1&Q2To start with I believe most of people would choose... However i would like to choose...today i have two arguments to supports to support my idea.Today i mainly have one important argument to back up my ideaTake me for example... For instance... For exampleFurthermore what's moreTo summarize to conclude all in allBased on the two points i have already mentioned ...will always be my choice...Q31.The school wants/plans to doThe school policy is...The school wants to carry out a policy which is...2.sb suggests/advises that the university should stop do...3.In the conversation, the man disagrees, and he has two pointsIn the listening material, the man agree with the policy because of the following reasons...4.First, the school think, however the man think...Second...Based on the two points the man disagree.Q4In this set of material, the reading passage introduce a theory/principle/definition...which meanssuggests that...In the lecture, the professor uses/gives us/provides us/offers us one/two examples to explain/illustrate/demonstrate/clarify this theory.The first is about...The second is ...Q51.time conflict①to find sb else to replace/take place of youto find sb to help him②drop, give up,cancel one of the plans③reschedulePut off, delay, postpone,to find another day to do.Do/finish...before...④ask for extension/extra days/putting off the dead line2.course is not available①to take the same/similar course next semester②take it in another school③choose the graduate lessonQ6The lecture is about/the topic is about...The professor mainly talked about ...According to the lecture...In this listening material the professor explain...All in all/in conclusion...Tips1.DefinitionThe term ...is defined as..The definition of the term is...2.ResultThe/it result turn out to be...pareIn the experiment, students are divided into two groups.The first group is... In the second group the situation is totally different/is on the contrary.Writing一、Heading一方案1凸显主题引述观点我的立场1.凸显主题①As is often the case, Under many circumstances,Currently / In contemporary society, +X/ the issue of X+is widely discussed.is so much concerned that it has aroused a wide discussion.is much concerned to a point where a wide discussion has been aroused. is much concerned at such a degree that a wide discussion has beenaroused.is much/ widely discussed to a point where a deep contemplation has been aroused.②so…that…He is so 2 that he is used to running outside at cold winter mid-night with nothing on.= subj+ v. + adj. / ved. + to a / the point whereHe is 2 to a point where he is used to running outside at cold winter mid-night with nothing on.= subj+ v. + adj. /ved. + at such a degree that…He is 2 at such a degree that…2.引述观点againstSome people maintain/ hold that it is …that…A few people hold the opinion that…One point is that…One perspective is that…One conventional idea/ acceptance / view / notion is that…forA common belief is that…A prevailing notion/ acceptance is that…题目核心名词不动题目中观点的方向不动3.我的立场程度+ 态度①程度to large extent,at large degree,on large scale,②态度I agree with this opinion.I am on the side of this claim / assumption / assertionI side with this claim.I stand with this claim.I would nod in agreement with this claim.I lean toward this claim.I disagree with this opinion.I am on the opposite side of this claim.I side on the opposite.I stand against this claim.I would cast doubt on this claim.I would frown on this claim.全局Currently, the issue of X is much concerned to a point where a wide discussion has been aroused. Some people maintain that it is … that…. To large extent, however, I am on the opposite side of this claim. 二方案2一分钟快捷法：Some people hold / maintain that…I reckon/ deem thatagainstSome people maintain that…. To large extent, however, I am on the opposite side of this claim and reckon that it assumes a distorted and narrow view.forA prevailing acceptance is that…. To large extent, I am on theside of this claim and reckon that it sensible and rational. Body structureBody+support+strong二、基本思路框架：一1.让步Concede：客观性—题目观点有点道理To begin with, I have to concede that…2.主旨段1：分析—题目观点/言论谬误NeverthelessNonethelessthe claim—problematicAttention: 探讨论点 > 议论话题3.主旨段2:推理—后果严重,危害巨大At last, the influence—negative4.其他备选思路Optional 1: 可行性欠佳not feasibleOptional 2: 效用差ineffectiveOptional 3: 当A>B时,支持弱者B is also significantOptional 4：当题目中X is the …est,质疑“最”X is not the …est. Optional 5：因果关系不合理No direct relation between A and B二中心句：1 .让步To begin with, I have to admit that…To begin with, it is undisputable that…First of all, I have to concede that X, at some / certain degree, is/ can…First of all, I have to concede that doing some writing, at certain degree,is beneficial与题目立场一致.限制级让步—避免喧宾夺主…, to some / certain extent,……, at some/ certain degree,……, on some/ specific occasions,….…, in particular / certain cases, ……, under some / particular circumstances,……, theoretically speaking,……, in short-terms,…… is/ can somewhat…… is/ can relatively…2. against1—分析：题目观点谬误本质使然驳斥言论>质疑话题Nevertheless, X/ the assumption that…is not immune to several defects, which makes this claim / assertion open to question.Nevertheless, X/ the assumption that… is not immune to several defects, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative. Nevertheless, the assumption that… is also contaminated with several defects/ irrationalities, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative.Do—undertake Be engaged inTip:下定义A isB B=n. –A functionA serves asB / A functions as BFriends serve as companionships.media serve as sources of influence.作判断A is B B=adj. / n.A is accepted / acknowledged as BThis proposal is accepted as beneficial.This proposal, to large extent, is accepted as beneficial.3. against2—推理：后果很严重/危害巨大effect vs influenceNegative influence—destructive consequencesdisastrous consequencesAt last, the consequences/ misleading of…would be negative / destructive / pernicious.At last, the consequences/ misleading that … is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive.4.其他备选思路中心句Option1: 这样做不可行 feasible = viable--It is not feasible the feasibility of … is open to question.--It is not viable the viability of… is open to question.The feasibility/ viability of … is vulnerable to any question or challenge.… can hardly be converted from blueprint into reality.… can merely rest on the blueprint.Option1 效果欠佳--切断联系Step1 It can not solve this problemStep2 It fails to offer solutions to this problem.Step3For 建议This proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….For 结论This definition/ conclusion/ X is awkward in serving as a reference for...PracticeThis proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….Option2: B重要 for A>B 话题B is of great significance for …Great significance for…is closely attached to B--Great significance for the rise of a nation is closely attached to the promotion of education.--Great significance for leading a healthy life is closely attached to the preservation of environment.--Great significance for the duty of celebrities is closely attached to the participation of social services.Option4: X并非最佳There is no point to claim that X serves as the best/ ultimate/ the most approved solution / definition.It is groundless to assert that…serve as—function asOption5: 因果关系不合理There is no direct causal relation between A and BThis claim suffers from a fallacy of causal oversimplification.This assumption/ assertion fails to establish a causal relation betweenA and B.三、Body一1.让步First of all/ to begin with, I have to concede that X, at certain degree, is beneficial / is effective.2.观点谬误Nevertheless, the assumption that… is not immune to several defects, which makes this claim/ assumption / assertion open to question. Nevertheless, the assumption that… is also contaminated with several irrationalities, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative.3 .后果严重At last, the consequences / the misleading that X is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive. / disastrous/ pernicious.4.可行性欠佳The feasibility / viability of X is vulnerable to any question or challenge.5. Ineffective即使有结果,也很难达到目的for 建议类话题To carry the idea further, this proposal / solution/ approach is awkward in serving as a key that guarantees the effectiveness and efficiency.for 定义/结论类话题To carry the idea further, this definition/ conclusion is awkward in serving as a convincing reference that can offer objective and accurate / reliable / trustworthy guidance.6. not the best/ --est for 最…话题There is no point to claim that... serves as the best/ ultimate/ the most approved solution / definition.7. 挽救B—B重要 for A>B 话题Great significance is also supposed to be attached to B.8. 因果关系不能建立This claim suffers from a fallacy of causal oversimplification.First of all, I have to concede that…, at some / certain degree, is/ can…For one thing, X, on some occasions, is/ can…For the other, it is/ can also somewhat/ relatively…, on the ground that…, for the reason that…, for the sake that…First of all, I have to concede that doing some writing, at certain degree, is beneficial. For one thing, such exercises, on some occasions, contribute to promoting writing skills. For the other, writing can somewhat sharpen the mind.二方案1—双论据论点First of all, I have to concede that X, on certain occasions, is beneficial. 论据1For one thing, X serves as 是什么 through which 作用/效果论据2For the other, X also contributes to/ X is also effective in人例case of/ the case concerning … serves as an example/ evidence / an evident example which, to large extent, can support / solidify /consolidate my claim that it is… that…事例the personal experience of … serves as an example / evidence that/ which can largely consolidate/lend credible support to my claim that…方案2—单论据论点First of all, I have to concede that X, on certain occasions, is beneficial, CS2. against1—本质不好i Nevertheless, the inherited/intrinsic /inborn defect of X can largelyundermine the claim/ assumption that….ii Nevertheless, X/ the conclusion that…/ the proposal that… is not immune to several defects, which makes this claim/ assumption / assertion open to question.Nevertheless, X/ the conclusion that…/ the proposal that… is not immune to several defects, which degrades this claim as problematic /misrepresentative.For 建议类话题：复杂任务简单化As is often the case, / Under many circumstances,/ As a matter of fact, 待解决之问题/达成之目标 is acknowledged as a complicated task/ project/ cause whose solution involves/ requires a combination/ joint of efforts on both the internal and external layers and cannot possibly be tackled/ accomplished by XAs is often the case, 待介定之事物 is acknowledged as a complicated phenomenon / concept/ existence whose definition involves/ requires/ concerns a combination of elements / factors on both the subjective and objective layers and cannot possibly be defined by highlighting X.数据With reference for a survey by International …, % of the people / respondents between and in European countries / . claimed that…With reference for a survey by International …, % of the people / respondents between 15 and 65 in European countries / . claimed that X is the last option employed to…With reference for a survey by International …, %of the people / respondents between 15 and 65 in European countries / . had gloomy views over the effectiveness / the prospect of XAccording to a survey by International Deserts , the deserts all over the world are extending at a rate of 250 football fields every 3 hours.实事—caseThe case concerning … serves as an example/ evidence / an evident example which can, to large extent, support/ solidify/ justify / reinforce / bolster / consolidate my claim that…人例—personal experienceThe personal experience concerning … serves as an evident example which can largely consolidate my claim that…Optional结论/建议未必适用于所有情形无视个案差异… is not unexceptionally acceptable… is not undisputable all the time / under any circumstances The other flaw is that the validation of the view presented in this topic is not universally self evident. On occasions that…,/ On conditions that… , the utmost significance is supposed to be attached to X, whereas when this prerequisite/ the condition removes, the emphasis/ focus would also be switched to other….Tip: 本段质疑言论的组织架构：言论谬误The assumption/ assertion that… is problematic.谬误/漏洞1—复杂的事物被简化X复杂,解决/定义需要诸多 a combination of 努力 efforts/ 因素elements谬误/漏洞2—观点的合理性是有条件的X 不总正确not universally self-evident, 只有在…条件下,on conditions that…, 才合理,否则就不行X has been proved to be the most effective …/ the best …Any other efforts / possibilities have been proved to be vain attempts X has been proved to be the most effective …/ the best … that can ruleout any other …X enjoys the widest preference后果很严重At last, the consequences/ influence of… is negative / destructive / pernicious.At last, the consequences that X is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive.子论据1：负面影响+小的个体 individual 大到整体 society/ system/ industry One point that is worth of mentioning is that…The negative influence of X would be infectious.The negative influence of X would result in a series of chain reaction. The negative influence of X would give rise to Domino Effect/ Butterfly Effect.it can inevitably endanger/ jeopardize both the individual… and the whole society/ industry/ system.The negative influence of X would be infectious, which can inevitably jeopardize / endanger both the individual… and the whole…子论据2：弊大于利To carry the idea further,Other than that,In addition, advantages vs. disadvantagesthe disadvantages outweigh the advantages.= the advantages are outweighed by the disadvantages.the disadvantages overshadow the advantages.= the advantages are overshadowed by the disadvantages.Advantages:The expected/ the foreseeable benefits and opportunities / solutions…can offerFor conclusion The expected reference and guidance … can offer Disadvantages:the potential risks and uncertainties … can incurFor conclusion--the potential confusions and misleading … can incurDisadvantage > advantage--the potential risks and uncertainties … incurs far outweigh the expected benefits and opportunities it can offer.--the potential confusions and misleading … incurs can rule out any reference and guidance it can offer.To be exact, it is tantamount to an act of trading A for Btrade long-term … for short term…trade … in the long run for … at presenttrade the possibility of sustainable development for the reality of present interests.trade the unique… for common…trade the cherished… for common / ordinary …trade the invaluable … for the valueless …trade everything for nothing子论据3影响负面且深远Even worse, It runs the risk of driving …to a dead end.This proposal / conclusion is acknowledged as an illogical and irrational assumption/ assertion which indicates / reveals / mirrors a set of misplaced values that run the risk of driving … to a dead end.三思路框架：1.让步To begin with, I have to concede that knowing how to use money effectively, at certain degree, is beneficial. For one thing, it somewhat minimizes the risk of financial problems in the future. For the other, the acquisition of such knowledge and skills, at certain degree, contributes to relatively sensible consuming habits.2．因素分析Nevertheless, the claim of emphasizing the role that learning money management at young age plays in making a financially responsible adult is contaminated with several intrinsic irrationalities. As is often the case, implanting a sense of financial responsibility into an individual is acknowledged as a complicated task whose solution involves a combination of efforts on both the internal and external respects and cannot possibly be tackled/ accomplished by simply making children learn management. The personal experience of Madoff serves as an evident example which can largely consolidate my claim. Although Madoof received good education for money management since he was young, he did not have any sense of responsibility and was labeled as a cheater in 2008. The other flaw this assumption suffers from is that it ignores the differentials among cases. On conditions that that the learning of managing money is combined with the instillation of conscience and moral, or that this proposal has been proved as the most effective measure which can rule out any other solutions, making children learn to manage money is acceptable, whereas when this prerequisite removes, the things would be otherwise.3. 演绎推理At last, the consequences that this proposal is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive. One point that is worth of mentioning is that the misleading and confusion that relating managing money to financial responsibility can incur far outweigh the expected benefits and solutions it can offer. Other than this, learning money management on early stage bears the possibility of bringing in materialism into our education and misplacing the values, which runs the risk of driving the healthy growth of our next generation to a dead end.EndingTo sum up, at large degree, I would cast doubt on this assumption. What is more, it is essential for us to have circumspection over all the factors before any critical decision-makings.Tip:其他备用思路：Option1--可行性欠佳What is more, the feasibility of X is vulnerable to any question or challenge.A host of impediments that are expected to encounter like A, B, C andD are acknowledged as significant factors that play decisive rolesin minimizing the viability.In this sense, it is almost a mission impossible to…重要因素表达—用于论点+论据… serves as a significant factor that plays decisive role in….… serves as an indispensable element that is not supposed to be overlooked.Tip :不可行的障碍--show no respect the legal principles--overlook the basic laws of nature--violate the ethical bottom line--the unsatisfactory voices from the public--limited budgets or financial problemsOption2--即使有结果,也很难达到目的个性化方案—选配--牵强的联系For 建议This proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….For 结论This definition/ conclusion/ X is awkward in serving as a convincing/ credible reference for...教师是否应该根据他们的表现而支付薪水Paying teachers in accordance with their performance is awkwardin serving as a key to enhancing / improving/ promoting /upgrading the education.This proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….+切断联系 For 建议As a matter of fact/ In effect, A/ the former does not function as the exclusive prerequisite for B/ the latter.+冲淡联系1 原因多样Under many circumstances, a host of solutions/ possibilities such as A1, A2, A3 and A4 are also indispensable/ significant approaches that are not supposed to be overlooked....is a significant factor that plays a decisive role in…… is also an indispensable element that is not supposed to be overlooked.+冲淡联系2 结果无效On the other hand, such oversimplified strategy would be doomed/ deemed as counterproductive.+阶段性结论In this sense, there exists no direct causal relation between A andB the result and the proposal.For 结论This definition/ conclusion/ X is awkward in serving as a convincing/ credible reference for...+切断联系For 结论A does not serve as an exclusive prerequisite for gaining a betterunderstanding about B+冲淡联系1可能性多样Under certain circumstances, B can be concluded as A1, whereas under others, the definition/ conclusion like A2, A3, A4 are also sensible/ acceptable/ rational.+冲淡联系2 定义/概括无效GeneralOn the other hand, such over generalized conclusion fails to be representative.+阶段性结论In this sense, there exists no direct relation between the conclusion/ definition and the phenomenon.In this sense, A can tell just part of the story.Option 3-- ... is not the ..estThere is no point to claim that A serves as the best/ ultimate/ the most approved solution / definition.A multitude of other options/ elements/ possibilities / solutions such as B, C, and D are also significant factors that are not supposed to be overlooked.In this sense, it is groundless to put ultimate premium on A.Option 4--挽救B-B重要 for A>B 话题Great significance is also supposed to be attached to B.Option5—因果无法建立：Furthermore, the claim that… suffers from a fallacy of causal oversimplification.Furthermore, the claim that … rests on a gratuities causal relationship which is in short of legitimacy.In effect, the former does not serve as the exclusive prerequisite for the latter.Under many circumstances, a host of approaches / solutions/ reasons/ possibilities as A, B, C and D are also acknowledged as significant factors that are not supposed to be overlooked.In addition, this conclusion runs the risk of misleading the understanding / the definition of…In addition, this proposal bears the possibility of driving the result to quite different paths.In this sense, there exists no direct causal relation between A and B.Topics:Because we are busy, we can do few things well.Because we are busy, politeness has become unnecessary and out of fashion. In order to make ourselves happy, we should learn how to make others happy first.For这样很好本性使然… is blessed/ gifted withadvantagemerit in …./thatgeniusX is blessed with a multitude of merits.As it stands, X enjoys many advantages like A, B, C and D.According to a survey by…, X% of the respondents …这是不可避免的 indispensable / 重要部分A is a part of B= A is included in B= A serves as / functions as an indispensable episode in composing B the absence of… would result in…Families serve as indispensable episode in composing our society.Failures in every segment of our life serve as indispensable episodes in composing our growth.Competition serves as indispensable episode in composing our market. The multimedia and the internet serve as indispensable episodes in composing our modern life.The quantum leaps in science and technology serve as indispensable episode in composing our civilization.这样做可行且运转良好What is more, the feasibility of X can withstand question or challenge.A host of factors such as A, B, C and D are acknowledged as significantelements that play decisive roles in maximizing the viability.Not only does it enjoy feasibility, but also it can operate in a smooth way.如果这样,结果诱人Other than this, the positive consequences of X would turn out to be profound.it will benefit both the individual and the whole systemit contributes to promoting …., boosting …..and …will thereafter beenhancedIt contributes to promoting the advance of economy, boosting the communication among cultures and the reputation of a city is thereafter enhanced.It contributes to promoting the efficiency, boosting the effectiveness and our self-confidence is thereafter enhanced.It contributes to promoting our skills in getting along with others, boosting our abilities in thinking over things and our minds are thereafter sharpened.Advantage> Disadvantage应该这样,因为这样做不仅有益,而且无害;A andB can co-exist harmoniouslyA andB are not 2 mutually exclusive matters.A andB are compatibleA andB are 2 mutually exclusive matters. As a matter of fact, the former andthe latter can co-exist harmoniously.The existence/ advance of A does not act/ serve as a terminator forBThe existence / advance of A does not bring negative influence / consequenceon BTo sum up, I side on the opposite of the claim that… What is more, it is essential for us to pay more attention to …/ What is more, special attention is called for to四、Tip1.若要/为了X目的, 就得YX and Y are closely relatedthere is a direct causal relation between X and YY serves as the exclusive prerequisite for Xcreate—creativity,advent,reckon,doomed to be,the sin revelation 2.这样不好/不应该本性/本质使然be born with / to be inherit intrinsic natureinborn problematiclast, the consequences/ influence of… is negative / destructive / pernicious.At last, the consequences that X is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive.and more--an/ the increasing number of +可数名词--the increasing + 不可数名词--the increasingly + adj. + n.Give rise toof great significance for…great significance for… is closely attached to…great significance for your future career is closely attached to your study.great significance for the effectiveness of leadership is closely attached to the respect from the public.7.可能…, to large extent, …… bears the possibilities that…… runs the risk of…--This measure runs the risk of triggering disasters.switch alter convertDo undertake be engaged in estimate assess9.10.没有上过大学Lyndon Johnson AbrahamLincolnGrover Cleveland—honest + independent Andrew Jackson—the incarnation of courageMike Dell Stephen Jobs Zuckburge接受过优秀教育OxfordMargaret Hilda Thatcher David Cameron Bill ClintonStephen Hawking Mr. BeanHarvardFranklin Roosevelt Obama John F. KennedyGeorge W. Bush Gary Faye Locke素材accumulate the knowledge train the skills broaden the horizon experience the defeats/ failures strengthen the willsharpen the mind develop personalities shape valuespurify the soul detach the view12.媒体books:magazine; text book; bibliography; encyclopedia; novelTV programs; TV networksvideo; audience; display; screenread—reading—reader words; lines; passages重要影响力杂志New Yorker；the Times—实事评论性杂--through which we can extract insightful thoughts.Vogue；ELLE;—时尚杂志--let us breathe fashionable airReader’s Digest—综合性期刊National Geography—人文景观the Palace museumthe Louver Palacethe Expos—有必要出现暴力内容的娱乐the western movies—pioneering spiritGone with Wind--setting Atlanta on fire—chaosSchindler's List--Whoever saves one life, saves the world entireSaving Private Ryan-- the value of lifeBrave Heart-- shedding blood and sacrificing for just one chance for freedom Negative—过分暴力的娱乐-- Transformer 3-- justice do not have to be exchanged by extreme violencenor at the price of the whole Chicago City with thousandsof innocent lives.small step though it is for young people, a giant leap for the future life.That's one small step for me, one giant leap for mankind.Achilles’ Heelthe absence of innovation/ sympathy is acknowledged as the Achilles’Heel of our education.the absence of creditability is acknowledged as the Achilles’ Heel of political leadership.significant五、综合写作一HeadingThelecturerefutesobjects tosides on the opposite ofthepointsillustratedinthereadingmaterial.In accordance with With reference forAccordingto the listening,theprofessorthe lecturerclaims /asserts that。
王海波托福语法笔记
托福考试语法辅导：王海波语法笔记TOEFL语法中，不允许缩写！当然所有格不算在内。
如：It’s a book.应为It is a book.不能出现太口语化的句子！如：It is really beautiful.应为It is very beautiful. really只能表示真假，不能修饰beautiful.基本技巧：1，插入语永远对。
代词95%为错。
2，情态动词永远不错。
first划线永远对（因为first词性完备，任何词性的用法都存在）；虚拟语气不考；waters永远对（water做水域解，可以有复数形式）；self划线永远错。
3，搭配词对（错误率较高）Ex：another other互改。
区别：another后面跟单数名词；other后面跟复数名词。
填空题基本做题方法（以9501为例）：1先找句子的分段点（即连词，分词，介词和标点符号）将句子分为几段，选择要看的那部分句子，即只关注与空格相关的那部分句子（主要是空格所在的那部分句子）。
句法：①简单句： S+V②并列句：句子；句子。
句子，and/or/but/then句。
简化掉没有空格的那部分句子。
③复合句：主句+从句如Because+句子，句子。
When+句子，句子。
if+句子，句子。
简化掉没有空格的分句。
步骤实质：将复合句或并列句化为简单句，使得每句话实际上只须读一半即可。
2简化句子简化原则：①副词，冠词，数词可以划掉②介词短语（即prep.+n）可以划掉（主句句首除外）③作定语（即修饰名词）的adj或分词短语可以划掉④句中作状语的分词短语可以划掉⑤与空格无关的句子可以划掉两个标点符号之间不能随便划掉。
因为这部分句子可能对整句话的逻辑关系起作用步骤实质：进一步简化句子，找到句子的主干即主谓。
句法（三种）：复合句＝主句+从句并列句＝分句+分句简单句＝主语+谓语任何句子都归结为简单句，而简单句都归结为主谓，因此抓住主谓即可。
3分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺句子成分。
新东方TOEFL复习笔记(第二部分：语法笔记)3(2)
新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）3(2)4．each / every 单数，可数eg each ten boys √each major styles Xeach major style √5．数词 / several + pl.five aircraft √ several settings √several + n.s6．one of+pl （讲义P1 7）among+pl (讲义P1 11)7．first / only / simple 单/复数均可the first school 第一所学校the first schools 第一批学校the only university 的大学the only university 的几所大学single: a single +n.(sing) / no single +n.(sing)也可pl: two single rooms8．another+sing （复数也可以，但不多）other + pl （单数也可以，但不多）anyother +singanother two boys other part tthe other+sing / plany other state = any of the other states9． Hundred / thousand / million数量词=数词+量词five thousands pieces X → five thousand piece （five:数词 thousand 量词）一亿本书：hundred millions books Xhundreds million books Xhundreds millions books X(a) hundred millions books √数量10．a number of + pl + v(pl) （讲义P1 8 9）the number of +pl+v(sing)11．Various / diverse / numerous +pl.C、可数与不可数名词：1．常考的可数n. （讲义?P23 5）a chance discovery 一个偶然发现population:人口数/Λ / 各地的人口数/c/ 人群/c/：a sample population make great efforts to docolor effectsa clue 一条线索an amount of + /Λ /2．常考的不可数名词：(讲义 P10 1)a. 流体：air smoke oil water…b. 总称名词：poetry foliage…[集合名词：family people police…+are]c. 抽象名词：wisdom knowledge information…d. 自然现象：sunlight darkness weather rain…[但是：a heavy rain 前有adj.，raindrop雨滴，可数]e. 颗粒装物体：rice salt parder（颗粒）…f. 疾病：measles mumps diaheties…g. 学科：讲义 P10 2 statistics:统计学，不可数；统计数据，可数【。
托福口语语法知识汇总
托福口语语法知识汇总一.非谓语动词：主要包括四种形式：比如动词不定式to+v，动名词v-ing，现在分词 v-ing，过去分词 v-ed。
考生在应用非谓语动词的时候需要注意，这个词不能用作谓语，在句子中只能充当主语，宾语，和状语。
1.动词不定式to+v：这个结构能够表示目的，结果或者某个具体的动作。
例：在To let children do a part-time job helps cultivate their independence and self-control.这句话中的to let就表示目的2. 动名词 v-ing：在托福口语考试中，如果考生想表达动作的主动概念和实行意义能够采取这个结构。
而且考生需要注意的是，有一些动词之后只能够加动名词，比如admit 承认 / advise 建议 / appreciate 感激 / avoid 避免 / consider 考虑 / delay 推迟 / deny 否认等等例：在The best way of keeping fit is to do aerobic exercises and reduce junk food intake. 这句话中的keeping就属于动名词v-ing的结构3. 现在分词 v-ing：在托福口语考试中，如果考生想表示动作的主动或者实行能够使用这个结构。
例：在Some advertisements are misleading and cheating. 这句话中的misleading and cheating就是现在分词v-ing的形式。
4.过去分词 v-ed：这个结构能够协助考生表达动作的被动或完成。
例：Overseas students are vulnerable to feel depressed when facing difficulties. 这句话中的depressed就是过去分词的v-ed结构二. 虚拟语气：在托福口语考试中，考生如果想表示自己所说的话并不是事实，而是假设、愿望、怀疑、或推测等等，能够采用这个结构。
新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）1（5）
k）定语从句的省略结构：(讲义 26 27)1．如果that / which在定从中作obj，可以省略.sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt→s+vt+n+s+v s+vt+n1+n2+vt*当做题时，若发现两个名词在⼀起，但是似乎连不上，则⼀定省略that / which，则动词为vt，做谓语。
2．定从的特殊省略（新题 P92 13）the way (in which) + 句⼦the reason (why that)+句⼦ 均为完整句the time (that / when)+句⼦I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweatest voicein the world.By the time省that+句⼦，句⼦。
3．定从的主系省略（主+系可同时省）即：which be , who be , that be可同时省（讲义P7 17）*在新题中难题常与which be的省略有关（新题 P196 15）l）状语从句的省略结构：（讲义 P8 28 29）Although (it is)native to Europe, svo.Although (she was) affluted by…svo.Even though (it is) costly,svo.省略条件：1）特定的状语从句引导词：although though even though when while if as2）从句为主系表结构3）从句主语与主句主语⼀致。
Alought (主+系)+表，主谓宾。
省略⽅式：a）可以同时省略主+系→连词+表语（a. 分词 svo）b）主系必须同时省c） Alough / Thouth / While / If / As / When +（系表）+a./分词，svo√ ⼀定是答案m）doing结构：（讲义 30 31）doing现在分词→ a./ad.作定于/状语动名词→ n. 作主语/宾语eg：1）Stranving troop have to surrender.现在分词修饰n.，翻译为“…的”2）Transforming faw materials into useful products is called maufacturing. （Transforming：动名词）具有动词特征的n做主语或者宾语，但同时⼜可接宾语，动名词与n为动宾关系，中⼼词为v-ing，翻译为“…的⾏为”。
托福考试语法结构知识点
托福考试语法结构知识点托福考试是一个评估非英语母语者英语能力的标准化测试，其中语法结构是考试的一个重要部分。
掌握语法结构的知识点对于正确理解和运用英语语言至关重要。
本文将介绍托福考试中常见的语法结构知识点，帮助考生更好地备考。
一、动词时态和语态1. 一般现在时：用于陈述普遍事实、经常重复的动作或客观真理。
例如：Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.2. 一般过去时：用于过去发生的动作或状态。
例如：I watched a movie yesterday.3. 现在进行时：表示正在进行的动作或现阶段的状态。
例如：She is reading a book now.4. 过去进行时：表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。
例如：They were studying when I called them.5. 将来时态的使用：用于表示将来的动作或状态。
例如：I will go to the party tomorrow.6. 被动语态：用于强调动作的接受者而不是执行者。
例如：The book was written by Mark Twain.二、主谓一致1. 单复数主谓一致：主语是单数时，谓语动词要用单数形式；主语是复数时，谓语动词要用复数形式。
例如：She walks to school every day. They walk to school every day.2. 近距离主谓一致：当主语和谓语之间有介词短语或从句时，要根据主语而不是介词短语或从句来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。
例如：The book, along with its companion, is on the shelf.三、条件句1. 第一型条件句：表示真实条件和其可能的结果。
例如：If it rains,I will stay at home.2. 第二型条件句：表示对现在或未来假设的不太可能或不可能的条件及其可能的结果。
TOEFL语法满分精要之精要
从句表语，宾语，定语从句1．That引导宾语从句时That可省，引导主语从句，表语从句不可省2．Wh-型代词和副词引导疑问句时要倒装，从句都不能倒装3．引导宾语从句的whether和if通常可以互换，但与or，not连用时只能用whether4．As if也经常用于引导表语从句5．某些形容词后，跟that引导的表语从句，that常被省略，这些词有：afraid, alarmed, amazed, amused, angry, annoyed, astonished, aware, clear, confident, depressed, disappointed, distressed, glad, grateful, happy, hopeful, horrified, irritated, pleased, proud, sad, shocked, sorry, sure, thankful, upset等等6．关系代词在定语从句中必定担当一个句子成分，所以注意主语，宾语的重复，同时做主语的时候不可省略7．关系代词本身没有单复数区别，从句中的谓语动词取决于先行词8．在定语从句中做介词宾语的关系代词只能用which和whom9．关系代词whose在定语从句中做定语，修饰名词，该名词可以是人，也可以是物，且后者居多，表示of which10．定语从句中的语态取决于先行词（当关系代词做主语时）11． Such….as中as引导定语从句，不可替换成别的任何词12． The same ….as/that中，as表示同类，that表示not changed, not another（即该事物本身），如：you’ve made the same mistakes as I did(another) ; you’ve made the same mistakes as you made last time (itself)13． What不能引导定语从句14．先行词为all, nothing, everything, something, anything, much, little 等（复合）不定代词时，或先行词有序数次，最高级修饰，或被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时，只能用that引导定语从句而不能用which15．介词＋关系代词引导定语从句时，人用whom, 物用that16．非限定性定语从句只能由which, who, whom引导17．先行词有多个（人和物并存），用that引导定语从句18．定语从句与强调句型需要注意区分，强调句型为it is/was + 强调成分+ that/who，在强调句型中，去掉is/was that/who 两部分仍然可成为一个完整句状语从句连接词：时间：when, whenever, as, while, before, after, until, till, once, the moment, as soon as, by the time, since地点：where, wherever原因：because, as, since, now that目的：so that, in order that, for fear that, in case that, lest结果：so that, so….that, such….that条件：if, as long as, unless, provided让步：though, although, no matter, however, even if方式：as if, as though, as比较：than, as注意：状语在句子中不作为一个语法成分，因此状语也不仅仅限于从句，也可以由介词短语作为状语，并且介词短语有时在中文意思上和连接词完全一样，而介词只能接名词，连接词可以引导从句，需要注意区分常见介词与连词的混淆1．Despite, in spite of －介although, though－连2．During－介3．Because of, on account of, thanks to－介4．Too…..to….为不定式结构，so….that….为状语从句结构，不可混淆5．Since是介词和连接词，做连接词时，可以引导原因状语从句和时间状语从句，做介词时只能后面跟时刻6．Even为强调副词，不能引导状语从句，必须用even though, even if有几种状语从句中可以省略主语和部分谓语，有：When, while引导的时间状语从句If, unless引导的条件状语从句Though, even though, although, no matter how引导的让步状语从句As if引导的方式状语从句但是省略必须满足以下两点要求：1．从句主语和主句主语一致2．从句谓语必须包括动词be此时可以省略是主语和谓语部分中的动词be，其他连接词引导的不可省略同位语从句要点：1．可接同位语从句的名词（泛属于抽象概念，概括性，蕴涵性的需要一定解释的名词即可）信息：information, news, word, message, story, proof, announcement等思想：thought, idea, belief, truth等心理活动：hope, doubt, fear等问题回答：question, problem, answer, reply等建议劝告：suggestion, proposal, advice等许诺保证：promise, permission等2．同位于从句的引导词：that, whether, who, what, when, where, why, how同位语从句与定语从句判断标准：看前面的名词能不能与句子划等号That只要不是在从句中作主语都可省略，但that作从句中介词后的宾语则必须当that紧跟先行词时才可省略。
新托福考试核心语法
8.从属连词和并列连词：掌握从属连词如because、although、if等引导的从句的用法，以及并列连词如and、but、or等连接并列结构的方法。
9.修饰语和定语从句：了解形容词和副词作为修饰语的用法，特别是在描述人、事物、地点和时间等方面的修饰。掌握定语从句的形成和使用规则。
10.数量词和度量词：熟悉基本的数量词和度量词，如few、many、much、little、a few、a lot of、a little等的用法和区别。
4.代词：熟悉人称代词、物主代词、反身代词和相互代词等的用法，包括主格、宾格、形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的形式和用法。
5.动词：掌握动词的时态、语态和情态动词的用法，包括动词的逻辑主语、及物动词和不及物动词的区别，以及动词的非谓语形式如动名词和不定式的用法。
6.介词和介词短语：了解常见介词如in、on、at、by等的用法，特别是在表示时间、地点和方式等方面的搭配规则。
新托福考试核心语法
1.时态和语态：熟悉一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时以及完成时等时态的用法，并了解被动语态的构成和使用。
2.句子结构：掌握简单句、并列句、复合句和条件句等不同类型的句子结构，包括主谓结构、主谓宾结构、主系表结构、状语从句名词和不可数名词的区别，并能够正确使用名词的修饰语和定语从句。
最新戴云托福语法笔记
戴云托福语法总体原则1.不要认为题目出错了2.不要想方设法读懂题目3.粗心是TOEFL 语法满分的最大敌人4.不要在未划线的部分找答案5.不要浪费时间考虑如何改正错误6.弄懂句子的基本结构永远是最重要的7.不要再难题上浪费太多工夫8.绝不放过任何一个动词、连词、关系代词、关系副词9.平行结构和同位语的判断至关重要10.要遵循基本语法规则基本语法规则词法及物动词的用法∙及物动词永远需要宾语∙及物动词后面如果没有宾语，一定用过去分词形式∙如果及物动词的过去分词作谓语，前面一定有be 动词举例：“Vt-ed”单独出现永远不是谓语，“Vt-ed + O”或“be + Vt-ed”才可以是谓语。
形容词的用法∙形容词修饰名词，放在名词前∙形容词短语修饰名词，通常放在名词后∙形容词经常用作表语，而副词不能作表语副词的用法∙副词一般不修饰名词，但表示频率、强调、推测的副词可以放在名词的限定词前，修饰名词或句子。
这些副词如：particularly, especially,originally, essentially, usually, commonly, generally, normally,probably, notably, ...∙副词可修饰形容词。
这时，副词、数词、介词、分词从句放在他们的前面。
这样的副词如：approximately, nearly, around, about, ...代词的用法∙代词具有单复数、阴阳性、格的分别∙任何关系代词在从句中充当主要成分∙作主语的关系代词永远不能省略∙作宾语的关系代词通常可以省略∙关系代词whose 和复合关系代词（如what），永远不能省略∙that, whose 可以指代人、物；which 只能指物；who, whom 只能指人∙关系代词、关系副词引导主语从句介词的用法∙介词永远需要宾语∙介词词组在TOEFL 语法中不作主语（在口语中可能会出现这种情况，如“From 1.4m to 1.6m is suitable.”）∙介词后不可用陈述句、不定式或关系代词who、关系代词that 作宾语∙介词of 的用法：o n1 + of + n2 （of 前后中心词多为名词）o例外：▪be + of + n. = be + adj.▪(be +) adj. + of + n. （这里的形容词主要有capable,short, bare, typical, characteristic, indicative）o在改错题中，“them of”和“it of”是常见的错误形式，其正确的形式应为“those of”和“that of”（类似地，“it/them + 过去分词”应该改为“that/those + 过去分词”）名词的用法冠词的用法标点符号的用法逗号的用法∙逗号不能隔断主语和谓语、谓语和宾语、谓语和表语。
新东方TOEFL复习笔记(第二部分：语法笔记)2
新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）2在TOEFL中：____n.(pl.)+v.(sing)，一般空格内优先选doing （讲义 31）n）make结构：（讲义31 32）make+obj+宾补obj：n/代词宾补：n./adj.1） make+n1+n2 make the boy president (班长)2） make+n./代词+a. (新题 P78 11)make it unique it:真宾语3）make it possible to do it：形式宾语（讲义 33）that +句子4）make sth possible sht:短宾语 possible宾补make possible sth sth长宾语 possible宾补（新题32）o）the more…the more结构标准句式：the more sub+v1 the more sub+v2！）对称性：结构中的n.前必须有限定词the more the +n1 the more the +n22）省略性：结构中相同的谓语可省，尤其是be动词可省3）倒装性：The more svo , the more svo .是一个复合句。
条件状从主句因此从句不能倒装，而主句（第二个the more）可倒装。
p）表结果的伴随状语从句结构：（讲义 36 37）svo,doing….伴随状语表结果：thus / thereby → svo,thus / thereby +doing…*thus / thereby 后不一定加doing*as f ar / long / early as 出现即为答案/many / muchq）adj短语做后置定语结构：（讲义 38 39）*==等价于定从的省略a door (close to the window) 省略which bea distance (equal to twice)n1+(a.+prep+n2) adj短语foods (high in fat) √leaves (rich in suger) √n1+which be（比较级+than+n2）相当于从句的省略a temperature (highter than 50C)r）adj最高级的省略结构：（讲义 40 41）the most improtant of all booksthe most elaborate of all birdneststhe+a.最高级+单数n. X +of 复数n. 一样错*单数n.必须省略，则the+a.最高级+of+n.(pl.)n.(可代替)→ ad. X / v.过去时Xa. n.(sing) of √ *the a.原级 of+ the restfulof Xthe poor of √s）不规则动词的过去式作谓语结构：（讲义 42 43）She set set-set-setIt cost cost-cost-costIt spread spread-spread-spreadt）规则动词的过去分词作后置定语结构（讲义 44-46）46条：Automatons programmed… 非谓语，整个句子少谓语lack a. be lack ofvi. be lack invt. Sub+lack+obj*如何判断n+v-ed是谓语还是非谓语？eg：n+called call-called-calledWe called him Bush. 主动，过去式，谓语He was called Bush. 被动，过去分词，谓语…a boy called Bush? 被动，过去分词，后置定语根据主/被动确定，主动语态为过去式，被动语态为过去分词，被动式中有be即是非谓语。
托福考试语法讲解+语法笔记汇编 附全部答案
1. An underlying assumption of most market research is that people are continually _____financial decisions based on their desire for goods that give them the most satisfaction.(A) making(B) and make(C) being made(D) having made答案：A测试点：谓语。
分析：that从句中有主语但谓语不全，选择(A)making与系词and组成进行时。
解题要点：continully和always等词常与进行时连用，表示“一贯如此”。
2. _____ tempera paint, the artist mixes dry pigments with water until the mixtureresembles a stiff paste.(A) In preparation(B) The preparing of(C) To prepare(D) Prepared答案：C测试点：状语／不定式。
分析：逗号后为句子，逗号前为状语。
动词不定式(C)作目的状语。
3. When two straight lines meet, _____ an angle.(A) it is formed(B) formed(C) they form(D) to form答案：C测试点：主谓结构。
分析：逗号前为when引导的从句，逗号后应是主句。
主句主、谓语俱缺，应在答案中选择主语+动词的形式，即(A)或(C)。
(A)用了形式主语n，但空格后并无真正的主语部分。
故选(C)4. Madge Macklin promoted the expansion of medical training to include genetics _____supported the founding of genetics departments in North American medical schools.(A) nor(B) and(C) while(D) if答案：B测试点：连词。
TOEFL普林斯顿样题3语法笔记
TOEFL普林斯顿样题3语法笔记TOEFL普林斯顿样题3语法笔记编委：Diaboss1. Cobalt resembles iron and nickel in tensile strength, appearance, ---.(A) is hard(B) although hard(C) has hardness(D) and hardnessKey：D分析：考点是并列平行结构。
介词后为平行结构，正确答案为D。
（A）两个谓语动词，使句子结构混乱；（B）although为连词，后面不能接形容词；（C）理由同（A）。
参考译文：钴在张力、外观和硬度方面与铁和镍类似。
2. --- who was the first Black woman to run for the office of President of the United Statesin1972.(A) Shirley S. Chisholm(B) It was Shirley S. Chisholm(C) Shirley S. Chisholm was(D) When Shirley S. ChisholmKey：B分析：考点是it引导的强调句型。
很明显该句为强调句型，答案为（B）。
（A）、（B）、（C）使句子结构混乱。
参考译文：1972年Shirley S. Chisholm成为第一位竞选美国总统的黑人妇女。
3. --- versatile performer, soprano Kathleen Battle has oftenconcluded a program of artsongs and arias with selections from ragtime or popular music.(A) A(B) Which(C) So(D) BecauseKey：A分析：考点是主谓结构（句子基本结构）。
该句的主谓宾齐全，逗号前的成分是主语的同位语，空格处应该为冠词。
托福语法笔记
1999年08月语法题1. In 1864 Nevada enter the United States as _______ thirty-sixth state.(A) in the(B) to be the(C) was the(D) the答案：D分析：as是介词，后面应该是名词性结构。
翻译参考：1864年内华达进入合众国，成为第三十六个州。
2. Bob Stephenson, a biologist in Alaska who studies the Canadian lynx, a type of wildcat, haslearned ______ from studying their tracks in the snow.(A) how lynx hunt(B) lynx hunt how(C) how hunt lynx(D) lynx how hunt答案：A分析：缺宾语，每一个选项中都有how, 说明需要how引导的宾语从句，排除B, D, 语序不对；名词性从句应该用陈述语气，所以选A.翻译参考：Bob Stephenson是阿拉斯加一个生物学家，研究加拿大山猫，一种野生的猫科动物，他从其在雪地上留下的足迹获悉了山猫是如何捕猎的。
3. ______ lay eggs , but some give birth to live young.(A) Although most insects(B) Most insects(C) Despite most insects(D) Most insects that答案：B分析：从句完整，从主句的谓语来看主句缺复数主语，所以选B。
A中的Although和but不能同时出现在一个句子里面; B despite后面不能跟句子；D that使得逗号前面无法成为主谓句。
翻译参考：大部分昆虫都生卵，但是有些生产活体的幼虫。
4. Author Sraah Jewett established her literary reputation with Deephaven, a collection of sketches ______.(A) with rural Maine life(B) that life in rural Maine(C) about life in rural Maine(D) life in rural Maine答案：C分析：B, D 比较好排除，B that后从句无谓语；D sketches与life无法连接；根据题义，是讲这个文集的内容，所以about更贴近题义。
托福考试语法部分的最重要的规则（1）
TOEFL语法第⼀条：单数可数名词不能单独存在
例⼦：I LIKE THE FLOWER或I LIKE FLOWERS。
不能是：I LIKE FLOWER。
黄⾦规则1：
⼀个句⼦有且只有⼀个谓语，若有⼀个谓语就不能再有第⼆个谓语。
若有另⼀个谓语，就必有连词，关系代词，副词。
⼀个句⼦若有连词，关系代词，副词，那此句就⼆谓语，分句各有⾃⼰的谓语。
例⼦：I GO TO THE SCHOOL。
ALTHOUGH HE HITS ME，I DON’T HOLD THE GRADGE。
黄⾦规则2：
在时间，条件，让步，⽅式，状语从句中，如果从句的主句和主句的主语⼀致，并且从句的谓语构成中有BE动词，从句主语BE动词可以同时省略。
THE BUILDING WAS……，WHEN BUILT……
of⽤法：OF的后⾯⼀定是名词，OF的后⾯不⼀定⾮要是名词，但⼀般是名词。
简略式：N1 + OF +N2
AS的后⾯可以跟⼀个从句的。
例如：AS GOOD AS SHE IS。
等。
以上两个规则加上语第⼀条加上TOEFL的词组的特殊搭配，语法可以⼏乎得满分。
但上⾯的东西，各位T友⼀定要灵活运⽤。
这些可是新东⽅语法教育的精华。
更多的语法规则需要⼤家的总结。
希望各位T友积极动起来。
预祝⼤家语法满分。
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TOEFL语法笔记王海波代词95%为错，情态动词永远不错，first 划线永远对，虚拟语气不考。
填空的基本做法：1 先找句子的分段点（即连词，分词，介词和标点符号）将句子分成记几段，选择要看的那部分句子，即只关注与空格相关的那部分句子。
句法：{①简单句：S+V②并列句：分句+并列句子+；句子+。
并列句划为简单句：句子，and/all/but+句子。
③复合句：主句+从句划为简单句2 简化句子简化原则：①adv/数/冠可以划掉②介词短语可以划掉③修饰名词的adj/n可以划掉④做状语的分词短语可以划掉⑤与空格无关的句子可以很划掉p65-5/83 分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分。
捷径：可直接套用句型和结构p53-14 ，倒装句答案的首字母为系动词或助动词p92-14 * ——+n为There be 句型p210-74 区分四选项，结合句意和语感确定答案。
句子→简单句→主干→判断→选答案主语，——，谓宾。
100%考↓插入语定语从句或省略的定语从句定语从句中主和系可以同时省略which+be/that+be/who+be 可以省略①定语从句②n③adj短语/分词短语/介词改错做题要点：1 语法与句意并重，一定要通读全句（做题思想）。
2 一边读句意，一边思考划线部分的语法知识点是否正确。
3 熟悉掌握各种错误类型。
4 做题ABCD要看全，选择一个最明显的错误，最好有明确的理由。
填空的固定句型和结构一主句专一结构1-2※句子，句子。
为错任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词。
※任何从句都是正常语序。
二谓语专一结构3-4任何一个句子只有一个谓语，谓语动词之间一定要有连词连接。
※主谓……谓……错主谓……，谓……。
错三平行结构5-6X and YX ，Y and Z 各元素必须一致to do ，do and do 。
be done ，done and done。
※——，——，and——。
四what 结构7-8缩合连接代词（1）what =the thing that =all that thing 由句意定7 中what =the corp that 8 中what =the place that（2）what 在前后句中必须同时做成分what =the thing that（3）n+what 错n+the thing that √※prep+what+SVO 错what →which √（4）what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以做主语，宾语，表语。
（5）what is now 永远对，是可有可无的插入语例：8，p211-13，p227-11（6）what 90%以上的出题形式①prep——V ②Vt——Vwhatever = anything what whoever = anyone who（7）what little，what fewwhat little = the little ……that五prep + which 结构9-10which 做为关系代词，只可用于引导从句，且在从句中必须做主语或宾语。
（Ⅰ）S+Vt+n+which+Vio/SVt※which +不完整句（Ⅱ）S+Vt+n+prep+which+SVO※prep + which +完整句句子+ prep + which +句子※句子——句子。
优先选择prep +which/in that定语从句：S+Vt+n+that/which+不完整句同谓语从句：S+Vt+n+that+完整句六in that 结构只要出现就是答案in that =because 连词引导原因状语从句，但不能位于句首。
※句子+in that +句子。
√七同位语结构13-17同位语{主语→n 说明或解释主语或宾语的某一属性或特征。
{宾语→n（一）主语同位语的三种位置①主语同位语，主谓宾。
即，n，SVO。
位于句首的孤立名词只能是同位语。
13②主语，主语同位语，谓宾。
即，S，n ，VO 。
③主语同位语+主谓宾。
（二）宾语同位语的两种位置①主语+谓语+宾语，+宾语同位语。
即，SVO，n。
位于句尾的孤立名词必是宾语同位语不定式。
※adv + 同位语√②主语+谓语+宾语+宾语同位语八adj的并列结构18-19几个adj排成一列修饰同一个名词，adj间不并列，有明确的先后顺序。
逗号可以连接两个adj。
※带连字符的合成词为答案。
九比较结构20-23X play tennis better than ①Y 省略性②Y does 对称性③does Y 倒装性（Ⅰ）对称性※比较结构中，比较对象要对等。
※优先选择that/those/the one ，一定不选it/them ，比较对象一定要有范围。
（Ⅱ）倒装性比较结构than 可以倒装，可以不倒装。
p52-10比较结构中，相对谓语可省，尤其是be 动词常省。
十定语从句24-251 定语从句中，主+系可以同时省略，即，that +be/which+be/who +be 可同时省略。
※新题中难题常与which +be 省略2 定语从句中，如that/which 做宾语时可以省略，S+Vt+n+that /which+SVt。
可省略S+Vt+n1+n2+Vt※......n1+n2 (V)↓省略that/which3 定语从句中的特殊省略（1）……the way （in which ）+句子（2）……the time （when /that）+句子（3）……the reason （why/that）+句子十一状语从句的省略结构28-29※省略条件(1)特殊的状语从句引导词Although ，Though ，Even though ，when ，while ，if ，as 。
（2）从句必须为主系表结构（3）从句主语与主句主语一致省略方式：可以同时省略主+系Although（主+系），主谓宾。
十二宾语从句结构26-27indicate ，state，等Vt 后常考that 引导的宾语从句，即，S+Vt+that +SVO。
看见这些词就向后找that ，词：indicate ，state ，demonstrate ，find ，estimate ，show ，hold ，insist，say ，tell ，believe ，think ，learn ，mean ，know 。
划线的that可以省略限定词+数+adj+n十三doing 结构30-31doing {动名词≈n 做句子主语或宾语{分词≈adj/adv 做定语或状语○现在分词修饰n，相当于adj，现在分词与n为修饰关系，n为中心词，翻译为“……的”。
○动名词：具有动词特征的名词，作为n，在句子中做主语/宾语，但同时又可接宾语，动名词与名词的关系是动宾关系，中心词是动名词，翻译为“……的行为”。
※——复n +单数V 。
优先选择doing Doing +复n +单数V 。
十四make 结构32-33make +宾语+宾补↓↓n/代词n/adj（1）make +n1+n2 p210-8（2）make +n/代词+adj p52-6 p18-11（3）make it possible { to do sth↓{that + 句子形式宾语（短宾语）（4）make sth possible √※make possible sth （长宾语）√p307-10十五the more ……the more 34-35标准句式：The more S+V ，the more S+V 。
（Ⅰ）对称性：结构中的n 前必须有限定词。
※the more the + n ，the more the + n。
优先选择（Ⅱ）结构中相同的谓语可以省略，尤其是be动词常省。
（Ⅲ）倒装性：the more S + V ，the more S +V 。
条件状语从句只有第二个the more可以倒装十六表结果的伴随状语结构36-37 p182-11SVO，doing ……SVO ，thus/thereby +doing……※thus/thereby 后面不一定接doing十七adj系表作后置定语结构38-39equal to similar ton1 + （adj+prep+n2）※当adj短语做后置定语修饰n时，等价于定语从句的省略。
↓↓省略which be 形容词短语语序：food high in fat leaves rich in sugar p183-14※n1+ （-er +than +n2）p169-3↓which +be十八adj最高级的省略结构40-41the + adj最高级+ 单数n + of + 复数n※单数n必须省略the + adj最高级+ of + 复数nthe + {①n }of{②最高级}the + adv/V/-ed 错the + adj原级+ of √p66-25/32a + 单数可数n + of p79-28 p93-40 p118-27十九不规则动词的过去式42-43set set set spread spread spread cost cost cost二十倒装结构44-49位置13，14，15或5，10。
①只有主句才能倒装。
②倒装句答案是系动词或be动词。
（Ⅰ）否定adv位于句首引起倒装44Not only ，Not untill，hardly ，scarcely ，rarely ，seldom ，No sooner ……later . Not untill （prep）+时间+主谓倒装。
Not untill（连词）+句子（正常语序）+主谓倒装。
（Ⅱ）only only +状语位于句首45only{adv recently{状语从句when +句子{prep+n in recent years（Ⅲ）adj/分词短语位于句首倒装46adj +prep+n +系V+主语adj短语※Typical of ，characteristic of分词+prep +n+系V+主语p131-15※coinciding with +n（Ⅳ）So 位于句首（So ……that ）47主语+be +So +adj + that +句子表语So +adj +be + 主语+ that +句子（Ⅴ）表地点，范围的介词短语位于句首，且谓语动词为系动词时引起倒装。
48- 49※倒装句中不能出现there常考的介词短语：Among ，between ，in ，at ，beneath常考的系动词：be ，lie ，exist ，remain ，rest（Ⅵ）比较结构中，than 后面可以倒装也可以不倒装。
（Ⅶ）As位于句中，类似于So。
David is a good teacher，as are his family.二十一规则动词的过去分词作后置定语结构50-52We called him bush . 主动, 过去式,谓语He was called bush . 被动,过去分词,谓语A boy called bush was ……被动,过去分词,后置定语{主动→过去式过去分词{有be时谓语{被动→过去分词{无be时后置定语n+-ed①先从逻辑上判断n ,-ed 的主被动关系.②主动为过去式,谓语; 如果为被动,则为过去分词,后置定语.二十二逻辑主语结构53-56①(n)Doing ……，SVO.(n)Done……，SVO.位于句首做状语的分词短语的逻辑主语,即为句子主语.②(with/without) n1+doing ……, n2+VO ；n1+ done ……，n2 +VO.独立主格：Although +doing ……,SVO. If + done ……，SVO.位于句首做状语的分词短语前,可加状语从句的引导词(7个).prep +n,SVO. p104-10 讲义p4-55(n)To do ……，SVO.↑可以一致,可以不一致,一般情况一致Although to do ,SVO.和If to do ,SVO. 为错. 位于句首的不定式,不可接状语从句的引导词. ※when to do 只可作主语/宾语,不可做状语.when to do ,SVO. 错SVO+when to do ……. 错二十三宾补结构57-60某些Vt接宾语后句意不完整，必须加n/adj来补充说明，这个n/adj就为宾补。