!ch13

10
Modifications to the Income Definition
Earnings + Transfer Payments + Net Capital Gains = Consumption + Taxes + Donations + Gifts + Saving 收入+转移支付 资本利得=消费 税收+赠与 转移支付+资本利得 消费+税收 赠与+捐 收入 转移支付 资本利得 消费 税收 赠与 捐 献+储蓄 储蓄 来源=使用 即：来源 使用
3
The First Regular US Income Tax
The initial income tax exempted the first $3,000 for singles and the first （初始收 入）$4,000 for married couples. It imposed a 1% rate on income up to $20,000 and higher rates at higher levels of income. 超过20000美元税率为 美元税率为7% 超过 美元税率为
7
Capital Gains资本利得：包括已实现 资本利得： 资本利得 的资本利得和 未实现的资本利得
Capital gains are the increased value of assets that a person holds. If people own stocks that go up in value, net worth increases and therefore they have an increase in income by this definition. This is true whether or not they actually sell the assets and see the money in their bank accounts.
13
Home Production家庭生产
Home production is any activity that is performed by people in the home. Most of the things we do for ourselves can be purchased. If you earn the money to have things done for you, then you are taxed on that income. If you do it yourself, you are not.
8
Realized and Unrealized Capital Gains 已实现的资本利得和未实现的资本利得 Realized Capital Gains（已实现的资本利得） （已实现的资本利得） are those gains that a person has received by selling an asset. 出售资产的所 得 Unrealized Capital Gains（未实现的资本利 （ 得） are those gains that a person has not yet received by selling an asset, but which exist only on paper as the market price of the asset they hold has increased.（未出 （ 售资产以换取现金时资产价值的增长额） 售资产以换取现金时资产价值的增长额）
14
The Home Itself
Under a Haig-Simons definition of income, whether or not you own your home, you are consuming housing services and it is therefore income. Economists call the money that homeowners do not have to pay for the housing services they consume imputed rent.
Suppose the market value of a parking space for a year is $1000. Suppose it is given to a person as a part of their job. Taxing a person as though they earned that $1000 would be inappropriate if they did not value the parking space at $1000 and could not sell the rights to that spot for $1000. 16
5
Comprehensive Income: The Haig-Simons Definition 综合所
得：黑格-西蒙斯定义 黑格 西蒙斯定义
Algebraically it is defined as
Where I = Income
I = C + ∆NW
C = Consumption ∆NW = The Change in Net Worth净资产价值的变动额 净资产价值的变动额
J
Income per Day
J' I1 IG
N
E B U2 U1 H
T
{I
E'
0
L1 L2 Leisure Hours per Day
19
13.1 The Impact of a Flat-Rate Income Tax on the Work-Leisure Choice
15
The Impracticality of Taxing In-Kind Income, Home Production, and Imputed Rent
It would be impractical to tax any of these kinds of income, because the value that is being received by the consumer depends upon the tastes of the consumer.
12
In-Kind Income（以货代款收入） in Haig（以货代款收入） Simons Definition
Under the comprehensive income definition, all income should be treated equally, whether it is paid in cash or inkind. Many jobs offer free parking, subsidized medical insurance.
11
Problems with Measuring Income using the Haig-Simons Definition 使用黑格 西蒙 使用黑格-西蒙
斯定义衡量收入的问题
How do you measure unrealized capital gains on assets that are not regularly traded? Is the cost of an automobile used to drive to and from work a “cost of acquiring income?” Are child care expenses? Union Dues? Education expenses? How do you distinguish what part of an expense is a cost of acquiring income and what part is merely consumption?
6
Implications of the Haig-Simons Definition
If a person borrows to consume, there is no increase in income because the change in net worth is negative. If a person sells an asset so as to consume, there is no increase in income. 所得既包括劳动所得， 所得既包括劳动所得，又包括资本所得 劳动所得：工资、薪金 劳动所得：工资、 资本所得：利息、股利、 资本所得：利息、股利、租金之和
Chapter 13 The Theory of Income Taxation所得税理论 所得税理论
1
Income Taxes 所得税
所得税占联邦收入的50%（ 2001年），州 （ 所得税占联邦收入的 年），州 政府收入的30%（2003年） 政府收入的 （ 年 4月15日：美国报税日 月 日
2
Income Taxes
所得税
Income Taxes were introduced as an emergency measure during the U.S. Civil War（1861-1872）. （ ） An 1894 attempt to introduce a regular income tax was declared unconstitutional. In 1913, the 16th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution allowed for personal and business income taxes. 个人收入税和营业税） （个人收入税和营业税）