浦东新区2011学年第一学期高三年级期末语文考试(含答案).doc.
浦东新区2011学年第一学期期末质量抽测高三
浦东新区2011 学年第一学期期末质量抽测高三英语试题（本卷满分150 分；完卷时间120 分钟）第I 卷（共105 分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have hear d. …1. A. 16.‖ B. 10. C. 8. D. 8.2. A. Mother and child. B. Manager and customer.C. Nurse and child.D. Boss and clerk.3. A. Frank. B. Rude. C. Determined. D. Sensitive.4. A. At 9:40. B. At 10:10. C. At 10:20. D. At 10:50.5. A. Tom is lazy and doesn’t want to work hard. …B. Tom is so stupid that he can’t study well.C. Tom should have a more patient teacher.D. Tom just doesn’t know why he needs to study.6. A. He thinks the class is not big enough. B. He doesn’t agree with the woman.C. He thinks that the class is too big.D. He is going to sign up for another class.7. A. Bobby would not keep on doing the experiment.B. Bobby had got the result of the experiment already.C. Bobby thought the experiment was well done.D. Bobby had expected the experiment to be easier.8. A. They will hold a furniture display. B. They are short of chairs for the audience.C. They will hold a lecture tonight. ‖D. They haven’t prepared the lecture well.9. A. She will disappoint everybody with her speech.B. She will do as good a job as she did last time.C. She will be successful if she practises more.D. She has good reason to worry about the speech.10. A. They shouldn’t change their plan. B. They’d better change their mind.C. The tennis game won’t last long.D. The weather forecast is not reliable.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. Because no police drove me away. B. Because he liked to dream there.C. Because he had no money.D. Because he could see the hotel.12. A. One Saturday evening. ‖ B. One Sunday evening.C. One Saturday morning.D. One Sunday morning.13. A. Because he didn’t like the warm and soft bed.B. Because he liked to sleep in the park.C. Because he couldn’t pay for it.D. Because he wanted to have a good dream.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. Lawyer. B. Computer programmer.C. Blogger (博客).D. Firefighter.15. A. 21% of all the employers. B. 1% of American teenagers.C. 79% of all the employers. ‖D. 1% of American adults.16. A. With many bloggers, America is sure to win her reputation in the world.B. Washington is the city which has most bloggers in America.C. There are few employees of newspapers than a few years ago.D. The topics of blogging cover almost every area of peo ple’s daily life.Section CDirections: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation. Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.At the Lost and FoundThe item lost: The man’s17 camera.The name of the man: 18 Adams. ‖The thing the woman is supposed to do: To fill in a Lost 19 Form.The man’s telephone number:20The camera’s make and model:S amsung J302.Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.How does Clive spare his free time? H elp in 21How does Catherine spare her free time? 22What are Clive’s favorites? The books with lots of 23 in them. ‖What does Catherine feel nervous about? Her 24 is drawing near.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.25. The January Proficiency Oral Test is actually close _____ hand. ―A. atB. inC. byD. on26. To keep slim, Alice will spend half of her holiday practicing Yoga and _____ half learningdancing.A. anotherB. the otherC. other’sD. other27. Life is full of ups and downs, but if you focus on the negative, it _____ affect everything you do.A. mustB. dareC. shouldD. can28. David got a higher grade for Mathematics, and he did make _____ mistakes.A. fewB. fewerC. lessD. more29. - Has Tim finished writing his annual budget report?- I have no idea. He _____ it this morning.A. didB. has doneC. was doingD. had done30. The construction of the new art museum started two years ago, but it _____ so far due tovarious reasons.A. has not completedB. has not been completedC. had not completedD. had not been completed31. Studies show that daydreaming contributes significantly to concentration powers and theability _____ with others.A. communicatingB. to be communicatedC. to communicateD. to communicating32. While staying home is a tradition at the Spring Festival, ―_____ a trip with family memberscan also be a nice alternative.A. to takeB. takingC. tookD. taken33. Rescuers pulled out the last surviving miner _____ for 40 hours following a rock burst.A. trappedB. being trappedC. were trappedD. had trapped34. The General Bureau has put a sever ban on TV series _____ scenes of smoking cigarettes.A. to showB. shownC. showingD. to be showing35. Only through lifelong learning _____ in the highly competitive society.A. you can surviveB. can you surviveC. do you surviveD. are you survived36. Employers often give jobs to _____ they believe has work experience and a strong sense of duty.A. whoeverB. whomeverC. whoD. whom37. Thanksgiving Day takes on an entirely different look in China, _____ malls and e-businessesare competing in sale promotions as the holiday approaches.A. whereB. thatC. whatD. which38. As a saying goes, life is a cafeteria. You can get anything you want _____ you are willing topay the price.A. even ifB. as far as‖C. as ifD. as long as39. The chairman announced the end of the meeting _____ I could get in a word.A. beforeB. whenC. afterD. once40. If you often feel tired out and can’t focus your attention, that is _____ you have to stopworking and to have a rest.A. whyB. whetherC. whenD. whatSection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can onlybe used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. steadilyB. processesC. environmentalD. displaysE. coveredF. variesG. severeH. influenceI. inheritedJ. fortunatelyMany trees and shrubs change color in fall. For years, scientists have worked hard tounderstand the changes that happen to them. They find that three factors 41 fall’s col orfulfarewell —leaf pigments (色素), length of night, and weather. The timing of the color change ismainly regulated by the increasing length of night. ‖None of the other 42 influences, such as temperature, rainfall, food supply, are as unchanging as the 43 increasing length of nightduring fall. As days grow shorter, and nights grow longer and cooler, biochemical 44 inleaves begin to paint the landscape with an explosion of colors. And Nature puts on one of itsmost splendid 45 of beauty.The timing of the color change 46 by species. Some species in southern forests canbecome vividly colorful in late summer while all other species are still vigorously green. Oaks puton their colors long after other species have already shed their leaves. These differences in timing among species seem to be genetically 47 , for a particular species, whether on a high mountain or in warmer lowlands, will change color at the same time.However, some species are evergreens. Pines, for example, are green all the year roundbecause they have toughened up. They have developed over the years a needle-like or scale-like foliage (绿叶植物), which is 48 with a heavy wax coating. And the liquid inside their cellscontains cold-resistant elements. So the leaves of evergreens can safely withstand (经受住) all butthe most 49 winter conditions, such as those in the Arctic.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Every year the United States exports ―cultural products‖to the rest of the world while it only imports similar products from other countries equal to about one percent of the amount exported.Movies, for example, are one such 50 . The movie industry in countries like England andItaly is almost completely 51 on American exports. Both countries report that 85% to 95%of all movie tickets sold each year are for movies produced in the United States. Millions of peopleworldwide buy American pop, rap, and rock music. Billions of people drink Coca-Cola and eatMcDonald’s hamburgers. ‖American software 52 the computer market.Can all of the above products be called ―cultural‖, however? That depends on how one 53culture. Most people 54 culture into two forms: ―high‖culture and ―low‖culture. Highculture is the kind produced by writers arid 55 . It is more concerned with stimulating thoughtin the people who view or use it and does not 56 care how marketable people find it. Lowculture, 57 , is viewed as a product usually for entertainment and is only as good as how wellit sells. Because it is 58 by masses of people, this type of culture can also be called ―massculture‖. The 59 between low and high culture are not very clear.Pierre Guerlain, a professor of English and American Studies in France, points out that whena cultural product is imported, the product cannot cover the existing culture, thus 60 it. Theimported product is changed to adapt to the local context. Anyone who believes that a societywhich imports American products of mass culture will become a 61 of America is beingnaive (幼稚的). ‖American may seem to have the strongest hand in exporting cultural products, but there is a boomerang (相反的) 62 for being more of an exporter than importer. Because Europeansand Japanese import so many cultural products from the United States, they know a lot more about American culture 63 than Americans know about European or Japanese culture. It is adefinite advantage for the Europeans and Japanese to be bilingual as well as bicultural. Thesecountries can use their knowledge of American society and 64 to increase their chances of success in the American market.50. A. aspect B. product C. example D. project51. A. fixed B. emphasized C. called D. dependent52. A. dominates B. abandons C. enters D. grasps53. A. defines B. presents C. absorbs D. creates54. A. prefer B. divide C. alter D. view55. A. designers B. technicians C. composers D. artists56. A. comprehensively B. temporarily C. necessarily D. representatively57. A. as a result B. as a whole C. on the average D. on the other hand58. A. consumed B. produced C. invested D. sponsored59. A. connections B. distinctions C. ranges D. advantages60. A. overcoming B. accepting C. attracting D. replacing61. A. source B. supplier C. copy D. target62. A. effect B. feedback C. disadvantage D. idea63. A. in particular B. in general C. in contrast D. in the meantime64. A. values B. economy C. policies D. characteristicsSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinishedstatements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Until recently, the ―science of the future‖was supposed to be electronics and artificial intelligence. Today it seems more and more likely that the next great breakthroughs in technology will be brought through a combination of those two sciences with organic chemistry and genetic engineering. This combination is the science of biotechnology.Organic chemistry enables us to produce marvelous synthetic materials. However, it is stilldifficult to manufacture anything that has the property of wool to conserve (保存) heat and also toabsorb moisture. Nothing that we have been able to produce so far comes anywhere near thecombination of strength, lightness and flexibility that we find in the bodies of ordinary insects.Nevertheless, scientists in the laboratory have already succeeded in ―growing‖a material that has many of the characteristics of human skin. The next step may well be ―biotech hearts and eyes‖which can replace diseased organs in human beings. These will not be rejected by the body, as is the case with organs from humans.The application of biotechnology to energy production seems even more promising. In 1996the famous science fiction writer, Arthur C. Clarke, many of whose previous predictions havecome true, said that we may soon be able to develop, remarkably cheap and renewable sources ofenergy. Some of these power sources will be biological. Clarke and others have warned usrepeatedly that sooner or later we will have to give up our dependence on non-renewable powersources. Coal, oil and gas are indeed convenient. However, using them also means creatingdangerously high levels of pollution. It will be impossible to meet the growing demand for energywithout increasing that pollution to disastrous levels unless we develop power sources that areboth cheaper and cleaner. ‖It is attempting to think that biotechnology or some other ―science of the future‖can solve our problems. Before we surrender to that temptation we should remember nuclear power. Only a few generations ago it seemed to promise limitless, cheap and safe energy. Today those promises lie buried in a concrete grave in a place called Chernobyl, in the Ukraine. Biotechnology is unlikely, however, to break its promises in quite the same or such a dangerous way.65. The materials produced with organic chemistry are _____ at present.A. not as good as natural materialsB. as good as an insect’s bodyC. better than natural materialsD. as good as wool66. According to the passage, it may soon be possible _____.A. to transplant human organsB. to make something as good as human skinC. to produce drugs without side effectsD. to make artificial hearts and eyes67. In 1996, Arthur C. Clarke predicted that _____.A. the Chernobyl disaster would happen in two yearsB. oil, gas and coal could be repeatedly used in the futureC. biological power sources would be put into use soonD. we will never stop using non-renewable power sources68. What do we learn from the last paragraph?A. Biological power will keep all its promises.B. Biological power is cheaper than nuclear power.C. Biotechnology can solve all our future energy problems.D. Biological power may not be as risky as nuclear power.(B)We’ve all been there, finishing a whole bag of chips out of boredom or downing cookie after cookie while cramming (死记硬背) for a big test. But when done a lot —especially without realizing it —emotional eating can affect weight, health, and overall well-being.Not many of us make the connection between eating and our feelings. But understanding what drives emotional eating can help people take steps to change it. ‖One of the biggest myths (荒诞的说法) about emotional eating is that it’s driven by negative feelings. Yes, people often turn to food when they’re stressed out, lonely, sad, anxious, or bored. But emotional eating can be linked to positive feelings too, like th e romance of sharing dessert on Valentine’s Day or the celebration of a holiday feast.Sometimes emotional eating is tied to major life events, like a death or a divorce. More often,though, it’s the coun tless little daily stresses that cause someone to seek comfort or distraction infood.Emotional eating patterns can be learned: A child who is given candy after a big achievement may grow up using candy as a reward for a job well done. A kid who is given cookies as a way to stop crying may learn to link cookies with comfort. It’s not easy t o ―unlearn‖patterns of emotional eating. But it is possible. And it starts with an awareness of what’s going on.We’re all emotional eaters to some extent (who hasn’t suddenly found room for dessert after a filling dinner?). But for some people, emotional eating can be a real problem, causing serious weight gain.The trouble with emotional eating (aside from the health issues) is that once the pleasure of eating is gone, the feelings that cause it remain. And you often may feel worse about eating the amount or type of food you did. That’s why it helps to know the d ifferences between physical hunger and emotional hunger. ‖Next time you reach for a snack, check in and see which type of hunger is driving it.69. People turn to emotional eating because _____.A. they are preparing for the testB. they enjoy the pleasure of eatingC. they want to seek comfort or distractionD. they feel better after eating70. By saying ―We’ve all been there‖(Paragraph 1), the author means _____.A. finishing a whole bag of chips out of freedom is badB. we are all emotional eaters to some extentC. our health will be affected by emotional eatingD. people eat more without realizing it71. If you want to break away from the patterns of emotional eating, the first thing you should do is to _____.A. reduce stress and anxietyB. relax and try to lose weightC. stop seeking comfort from foodD. realize what is happening(C)ASK LASKASYOU’VE GOT QUESTIONS, SHE’S GOT ANSWERSQ My problem is computer gaming. I do it day and night, averaging four hours of sleep. I can’t control of this, and I don’t know where to go for help. Do you?PlayerA Dear player,You have an addiction. For some people playing video games releases dopamine, a powerfulbrain chemical that makes you feel good. You’d toss your cigarettes if you were ready to quit,right? To kick the habit, get help from a health professional. And don’t look for help on line; that would be like an alcoholic going to the bar for advice. ‖Q My brother’s wife just had triplets (三胞胎). This is such a joy! Yet every time I share the news with co-workers, they ask me if she was on fertility pills. I think this is rude — or has society just become so talk-show numbed (麻木的) that you can ask anyone anything? No Show HostA Dear Host,Yes. Our society has become increasingly disrespectful of privacy. But don’t blame it all onthe talk shows. Continue to celebrate and greet impolite questions with stony silence. Their fertilityhistory i s nobody’s business but their own.Q I work at an amusement park, and my manager steals supplies. She has a catering business on the side, and we’ve seen her load up her van at the back gates. The big bosses think she the best thing since buttered brea d, and we’re all afraid that if we say nothing, we’ll lose our jobs. What can we do? RighteousA Dear Righteous,Be sure you’re right. You must have evidence about what and why things are going out theback gates. Once you know for certain, it’s tim e to go to the bosses and report what you have seen.Q My stepson’s wife so metimes leaves their eight-year-old home alone for ―a short run to the store.‖That may be an hour or so. I believe by law we should report it. What do you think?The In-lawsA Dear Laws,I don’t know what the child-protection laws in your state are, but I do know that childrenneed care and attention. This child may be able and unafraid, but kids aren’t always careful. It alsosounds like there is stress in your family relationship. One thing you can do to help this situation is offer to baby-sit when Mom needs to step out.72. Which of the following statements is true?A. Dopamine is a powerful brain chemical good to our health.B. Looking for help on line is like getting help from a health professional.C. Player is a video game addict who smokes and sleeps few hours.D. Player is advised to stay clear of the screen. ‖73. According to the Q&A, _____.A. Host’s colleagues are insensitiveB. The talk-show is to blameC. Somebody’s business is everybody’sD. Host’s sister-in-law was on fertility pills74. What we can infer from the Q&A is _____.A. The Mom is not to blame because she needs a short run to the storeB. Children need care and attention, though not for all of themC. Laws, the old lady, wants to report what she sees to the child’s fatherD. LASKAS doesn’t seem to approve of Laws’ trying to report what she sees75. Which Q&A mentioned transport?A. The first.B. The second. ‖C. The third.D. None.Section CDirections: Read the following passage and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.A. Illegal hunting has caused a decrease in the number of sea turtles.B. Most turtles are eaten by Mexicans and Mexican Americans.C. A campaign to protect sea turtles. ‖D. Many people kill and eat turtles in a religious observance.E. Government should prevent sea turtle hunting to increase the number of the species.F. A letter was written to Pope to save endangered sea turtles.76.Environmental groups in the United States are leading a campaign to save thousands of endangered sea turtles. ‖They have asked Pope John Paul the Second to ban turtle meat during the Christian religious observance known as Lent. Christians observe Lent in preparation for the holiday of Easter.77.Environmental groups say illegal turtle hunting is one of the major threats to endangered sea turtles in southern California and Mexico. It has been illegal to harvest and eat sea turtle meat in Mexico for more than ten years. However, demand for sea turtle meat is widespread in both Southern California and Mexico. Biologists believe that illegal hunting is one of the main reasons for the sharp drop in sea turtle populations during the past thirty years.78.The week before Easter Sunday is an especially deadly time for the turtles. As many as 5,000 turtles are killed during this time each year. Many Mexicans and Mexican Americans eat turtle meat during the days before Easter. Many people do not eat meat during this holy time in order to obey the rules of Lent. Because sea turtles swim, many people consider them to be fish. Fish is permitted during Lent.79.The Sea Turtle Conservation Network is a union of fishermen, environmental activists and researchers. They sent a letter to Pope John Paul, urging the Roman Catholic Church leader to officially declare that sea turtle flesh is meat, not fish or seafood. They say thousands of these endangered animals would be saved if people did not eat them during this religious period. The letter also asked members of the Catholic Church to obey laws banning the capture of turtles in Mexico and the United States. ‖80.About 35,000 endangered sea turtles are killed illegally near the coasts of Baja, Californiaeach year. Studies have shown a sharp drop in the numbers of females. They travel from as faraway as Japan to lay their eggs on local beaches. Environmental activists say hunting sea turtlesfor their meat is the main barrier to the recovery of the species. They have urged the governmentsof the United States and Mexico to improve enforcement of the ban on sea turtle harvesting.Section DDirections: Read the passage carefully and answer the questions or complete the statements in no more than 12 words.―Severe fatigue (疲乏), very weak. I could barely walk down the block,‖says Wendy Moro. Why, she wondered, then, Wendy and her doctor begin to suspect her plate. ―A few times a week I was having fish, whether it was once or four times,‖says Wendy. ―What kind of fish? Swordfish, tuna and sea bass, the highest mercury-content (汞含量) fish sold in the commercial market,‖says Dr. Jane Hightower.Mercury enters the ocean with commercial pollution. It works its way up the food chain, andapparently into to some of the most popular fish on the market. Wendy’s doctor, Dr. JaneHightower, was so suspicious that she began testing her Bay Area patients. All consumed largeamounts of fish, and an overwhelming majority tested high for mercury in their systems.―I was seeing hair loss, fatigue, muscle ache, headache, feeling just an ill feeling.‖Hightowersaid.The symptoms began to clear up when Hightower cut the amount of fish in their diets. ―Itwas so obvious, but the problem was still unknown to the public,‖she said. ―I even wanted to rent a tent and a tambourine.‖(A tambourine is a small one-sided drum with metal disks around its rim.) Her published findings drew national attention. But despite her study, there is still fierce debate over how much fish is safe to eat, and how much mercury consumers are actually eating. So we decided to do our own test.According to the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), the safe level of mercury intakefor a 120-pound woman like Wendy is a little over 38 micrograms per week. On average, a singleserving of tuna purchased here in the Bay Area contained more mercury than the EPArecommends a woman of Wendy’s size eat for an entire week. Sea bass had nearly twice that level,and swordfish nearly six times th e EPA’s safe mercury intake for a week, in a single serving.While there is little scientific data on how the body reacts to high levels of mercury, it hasbeen linked to symptoms ranging from muscle pain to hair loss, birth defects, and muscle fatigue.And, as in our testing, the evidence is mounting that the larger the fish, the more the exposure.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statement in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. The popular fish on the market obtain mercury through _____ and _____.82. When Dr. Hightower ―wanted to rent a tent and a tambourine‖, she meant to _____.83. What did Dr. Hightower do with the information she discovered?84. What should people do according to the test done by the EPA?第II 卷（共45 分）I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 简单的生活方式有利于环保。
上海市浦东新区届高三上学期期末质量抽测语文试题
上海市浦东新区届高三上学期期末质量抽测语文试题试卷说明：浦东新区201学年度第一学期期末质量高三试卷.1考生注意：1．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包罗试题与答题要求，所有答题必需涂(选择题)或写(非选择题)在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
2．答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上。
3．答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。
4．考试时间150分钟，试卷满分150分。
一阅读（80分）（一）阅读下文，完成第1-6题。
（17分）①修订本的出现，自然意味着原版本的先期存在。
两者的关系，初始的意图是改进与进化，“彼可取而代之”。
但就实现效果来说，不能一概而言，有初衷达成的，有不进反退的，亦有滋味难明的，其交织错落实可形成一个话题。
文学作品的原版与修订版并存，为文学研究提供了比照的丰富资料，作家的创作心理、思想嬗变乃至外界予其的潜在影响，都于同一文本的异样风貌间显露无疑。
而原著者为何会修订本身已然完成且出版经年的作品，显然是值得探究的。
②艺术上的求精，是作家修订作品理所当然的理由。
上世纪80年代重出《围城》时，钱钟书虽不悔少作，但重读总不免看到不太中意的地方，做些修订，于是有了我们现在所能见到的通行定本。
而不久有人未经授权，擅自将《围城》颁发于《文艺复兴》杂志的初刊本、上海晨光出版社初版本与后来的修订本进行汇校，且将之印行于世，结果引来一场侵权官司，是当年轰动一时的文化事件。
小的修订因著作的重要引发关注，而当代作家薛忆沩对本身多部小说的重写式修订，或许未引人注目，但却值得言说。
薛忆沩的修订力度之大，等于重写，范围之广，涵盖了其先前创作的大部分作品，不仅有中短篇，还有长篇。
这种修订已是对原版本之质的改变，若有研究者做文本的比力研究，想来会有不小的收获。
③若论对本身作品孜孜不倦的修订者，金庸是个不能不提的人物。
自70年代初完成《鹿鼎记》之后，他颁布发表停笔，不再写新的武侠小说，从此开始对以往的十五部作品进行精心修改润色，先后花去十年时间，方始完工。
上海市青浦区高三上学期期末考试语文试题.pdf
青浦区2011学年第一学期级期考试（满分150分，完卷时间10分钟）2012.1 （考试时间：150分钟 满分：150分） (注：答案请写在答题纸上，否则不予评分) 一、阅 读（80分） （一）阅读下文，完成1-6题。
（18分） 有数，就有美（有删改） 翟 墨 （一） ⑴“天生之物，无一无偶，无一齐者。
”(刘大槐《论文偶记》)世界上一切事物都是矛盾的统一体，这统一物的矛盾，常常体现为“二”、“四”、“六”、“八”之偶。
⑵这“偶”，有时表现为中轴线两边的均衡对称。
如合欢树的叶，蝴蝶的翅，人的耳目手足。
鼻口虽为一，但仍然有左右鼻孔与上下唇齿之分。
这“偶”，有时象征着相反相成的衬托或对比：有无相生，难易相成，长短相较，高下相倾，音声相会，前后相随。
”《老子》) ⑶“无独有偶”的观念几乎贯穿在各种艺术创造之中。
北京紫禁城的建筑是以天安门--地安门为中轴左右对称的；中国古典小说章法中有正对，反对，有一卷中自为对，隔数十卷遥为对。
中国的对联、诗词更讲究对仗，如有这么一副对联：“冻雨洒窗，东两点西三点；切瓜分客，上七刀下八刀。
”既对仗工整而又拆字为数，其构思之妙令人叹为观止! ⑷这“偶”只是相对的，并非绝对平均的“一刀切”。
薛雪《一瓢诗话》曰：“诗家最忌雷同，而大本领人偏多于雷同处见长。
……惟其篇篇对峙，段段双峰，却又不异而异，同而不同，才是大本领，真超脱。
” ⑸这“偶”推演到极致，便是中国宇宙观、美学观的高度概括：太极图与八卦。
⑹《易·系辞》上：“易有太极，是生两仪。
两仪生四象，四象生八卦。
”太极图的阴阳“鱼”，八卦的阴阳“爻”，都是以“阴阳”这一基本范畴派生出种种对立因素的复杂交织与运动变化，成为中国艺术美学原理的认识基础。
⑺在“偶”中，有一个不对称的偏正平衡。
它构成一个最美的比率，那就是黄金比—1：0．618。
实验证明，这个比率正同人在最愉快时的“信塔”胸电波高频与低频的比率相吻合。
更有趣的是，葵花籽的巧妙排列，牵牛花藤的缠绕生长，自然界中许多美的生长曲线，都酷似数学上的对数螺旋线。
上海市高中语文试卷
宜麦，河水调宜菽，洛水轻利宜禾，渭水多力宜黍，江水肥宜稻。”这些都指出了江南是比较
适合生长水稻的地区。但在这样的生产方式下形成的是什么样的文化心理呢?
(8)正如黑格尔所认为的那样，以航海为生产方式的海岸民族，就容易培育起敢于冒险的
精神和机智沉着的品格；草原的游牧民族，在长期的迁徙不定和马上生涯中，比较容易形成
(6)除了地理环境以外，在其基础上形成的有着区域特点的生产和生活方式对人的文化
心理也产生着极大的影响。而最能代表江南地区生产和生活方式的，一是稻作，二是舟船。
(7)“霜落吴江，万畦香稻来场圃”、“十里西畴熟稻香，槿花篱落竹丝长”所描绘的就是金
秋时节江南地区处处稻谷飘香的美景。((淮南子·坠形训》这样认为： “汾水浊宜麻，济水和
样可以通过比较江南江北地形地貌的差异来进行阐述。
(5)不同的自然风貌会影响到人的审美心理。我们知道，就普遍的情况来看，北方多崇山
峻岭和高原，植被和色彩都显得相对单调。但另一方面，这单调却又是严峻、崇高和阔大的，
生活在那里的人们，目光所及，是巨大而高远的世界，所以，生活在北方的人其心胸也就随
之扩展，喜好刚毅雄强、粗犷豪迈的美感类型；而江南则有丰饶的物产、秀美的山川，其植被
(9)而至于舟船，无论是出门代步，还是捕捞运输，对于生活在水乡泽国的人们，其意义 都不言而喻。我们知道，骑马坐车与驾船荡舟的感觉差异是明显的，即便同样是驾船，荡舟 于山水平远的江南水网与航行于激烈动荡的大海，培育出的也是完全不同的文化性格。在大 海中航行，需要冒险的精神和沉着机智的品格，激发的是人的扩张的野心和征服世界的欲望； 相反，当我们轻轻摇荡于逶迤绿水、微动涟漪之际，我们的内心就不会是充满扩张与征服的 想法，有的只是被细腻、柔软、温顺的水波轻抚而变得舒展、自在的心灵。
2011年上海市黄浦区高三一模语文试卷(附答案)
上海市黄浦区2011届第一学期高三期终基础学业测评（语文）试卷（150分钟完成，满分150分） 2011.1.11学生注意：1．答案与作文全都写在答卷上，写在试卷上不给分。
2．答题时注意试卷题号和答卷题号一一对应，不能错位。
一阅读 80分（一）阅读下文，完成第1—6题。
(16分)①朋友小聚，席间说起某些“讽一劝百”或只是炫耀“三俗”、谈不上“讽”与“劝”的热播连续剧，有人戏称之为“中产阶级堕落宝典”，当场被一时髦淑女善意提醒：“您老可别成了九斤老太啊！”于是哄堂大笑，话题很快切换，觥筹交错，言笑如仪。
②但我却不禁暗自浮想联翩起来。
盖哄笑之由，并非座中一客被誉为“九斤老太”，乃因说者自居时髦，却一本正经吐出一个很落伍的词，多少也有点幽默。
“九斤老太”是鲁迅小说《风波》里一笔带过的人物，曾经与阿Q、祥林嫂、闰土、假洋鬼子、孔乙己一道流行过，如今已颇为古旧，纵然比谌容《人到中年》里的“马列主义老太太”名气响一点，较之也曾奔赴鲁迅笔底、永远保鲜的“国骂”，就逊色多了。
现代文学一些“共名”（何其芳语）悄悄隐退，主要因为近一二十年大量新词涌现，□□了一度流行的旧词。
③新词迭出，表征社会进步。
比如“发扬”什么，自幼用惯，曾几何时已被“弘扬”取代。
上下一心，咸与“弘扬”，“发扬”就黯然失色。
有些场合改用“发扬”，反而不够庄重。
从红色年代过来的人都熟悉“光辉”一词，当时只觉臻乎其极，无以复加，孰料又有“辉煌”起来，百尺竿头，更进一步。
盛大场面若无“再造辉煌”，“共创辉煌”予以描写，加以烘托，就缺了什么。
相当长一段历史时期，“感情”单独使用，很可能变成“敏感词”。
文学中写不写感情，写到什么程度，主体是谁，悠悠万事，惟此为大，现在不也被风光无限的“情怀”代替了吗？……“四化”“小康”何其“辉煌”，几十年下来，乔治·奥威尔所谓“新说法”如雨后春笋，更新之速，惟房屋拆建道路翻修可以媲美。
再用旧词，若非“白头宫女在，闲坐说玄宗”，也只能是“谁爱风流高格调，共怜时世检梳妆”了。
上海市浦东区高三语文第三次模拟考试(扫描版)
上海市浦东区2011届高三语文第三次模拟考试（扫描版）2011年浦东新区高三练习语文试卷参考答案和评分标准一、80分（一）第1~6题（18分）1.（2分）《诗经》《书经》（《尚书》）《礼记》《易经》（《周易》）《春秋》（对1~4个给1分，答对5个给2分）2.（2分）治学、为人3.（4分）对自己当初的选择感到满意和庆幸（2分）；保全了独立的人格；做自己喜欢的学问（2分，每点1分）4．B（3分）【说明】A、C、D项中启功的回答，分别体现他“讲宽容而不失原则”和“机智幽默”的特点，而B的回答不符合他宽容的性格。
5．（3分）不矛盾。
“一丝不苟”是启功先生保持了一生的工作态度和生活态度（1分），而鉴定书画时往往会遇到真中有假，假中有真，假真难分的情况，对此保持一定的模糊度，符合文物的实际状况（1分），这也是启功治学“一丝不苟”的表现（1分）。
6.（4分）（1）采访前，尽可能收集了解受访者的材料，对其经历、个性、地位、职业、专长、兴趣等有所了解；（2）礼貌得体的举止态度。
以诚相待，热情、谦和、认真倾听，简洁提问，不喧宾夺主。
（3）随机应变的交流艺术。
洞察受访者的心理变化，提问的方式、用词的选择、问题的范围适合受访者的知识水平和习惯。
（答对（1）点给2分，答对（2）或（3）点给2分）（二）第7~12题（19分）7．（3分）A 8．（3分）“胁迫”属贬词褒用，用来例证爱尔兰的鬼故事中的鬼是善良的；进而体现出一种爱尔兰人的“爱尔兰气质”，即优雅的机智、奇特的放肆，习惯以诙谐应对愁苦；天性豁达，对命运安之若素，对神秘世界信以为真。
9．（3分）“怯生生”准确地传达出人鬼之间以礼相待，小心善待对方的情状。
作者试图用这种最朴素的方式，唤醒同胞的民族身份感，在作者看来，爱尔兰的人和鬼之间都承认对方拥有情感，都不会对对方做过分的事。
10．（3分）C 11. （3分）（1）成书过程（故事来源）相似，都是由“采风”而来；（2）内容上，二者都讲述“鬼故事”，故事中的鬼大多善良；（3）两部作品都具有很高文学价值。
2011年上海高考语文试卷答案
2011年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海语文试卷答案要点及评分参考一阅读 80分（一）（18分）1、（2分）D2、（2分）发展的历史3、（2分）对大自然的审美需求对城市艺术品质的审美需求4、（4分）第4段的“空间”是指场所：作用是便于人与人近距离面对面交流，减少城市人的心灵疾病。
第5段的“空间”是空地：作用是使生活在其中的人们得到精神山的放松和愉悦，而不感到压抑与紧张。
（每个要点个1分）5、（3分）B6、（5分）世博会会址选择在黄浦江两岸。
黄浦江上蓝天白云，清风徐来，绿波荡漾，让人们在城市生活中能够享受大自然，体现了家园城市满足居民对大自然审美的深层需求这一要素。
（其他如世博会主题等，举例2分阐述3分。
）（二）（20分）7、（2分）突出鹭鸶的美8、（3分）“扑飞”一词充满动感，准确地写出了记忆中的鹭鸶生动、鲜活的形象；把记忆中的鹭鸶和眼前的鹭鸶联系起来，虚实结合，极具感染力。
（第1要点1分，第2要点2分。
）9、（3分）运用反复的手法，强烈地表达了作者阔别多年又见鹭鸶的惊喜；从回忆到现实景色，承上启下；照应题目。
（每个要点1分。
）10、（2分）形象地写出鹭鸶优雅大度的姿态11、（6分）DF12、（4分）引用《诗经》名句呼应了作者寻觅鹭鸶的过程；寄托了作者人鸟同处、人与自然和谐相处的美好理想；增强了文章的文学色彩和抒情韵味。
（第1要点1分；第2要点2分；第3要点1分。
）（三）（6分）13、（1）用心一也（2）快阁东西倚晚晴（3）休说鲈鱼堪脍（4）五月渔郎相忆否（5）隔水问樵夫（6）夹岸数百步（7）欸乃一声山水绿（8）此身合是诗人未（四）（8分）14、（1分）古体15、（3分）A16、（4分）“我”揽衣而起，出门徘徊，伸颈远望，回房落泪；这些动作写出了“我”夜不能寐的状态；流露出忧愁、孤独的情绪；表达了思念家乡、思念亲人的情感。
（动作1分，状态1分，情绪1分，情感1分。
）（五）（16分）17、（4分）（1）鼓励（2）以……为乐（3）左右（指时间）（4）听从什么18、（2分）B19、（5分）（1）虞丘相向楚庄王推荐孙叔敖来代替自己。
2023年上海市浦东新区高三语文第一学期期末学业水平测试试题含解析
2023年上海市浦东新区高三语文第一学期期末学业水平测试试题注意事项1．考试结束后，请将本试卷和答题卡一并交回．2．答题前，请务必将自己的姓名、准考证号用0．5毫米黑色墨水的签字笔填写在试卷及答题卡的规定位置．3．请认真核对监考员在答题卡上所粘贴的条形码上的姓名、准考证号与本人是否相符．4．作答选择题，必须用2B铅笔将答题卡上对应选项的方框涂满、涂黑；如需改动，请用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案．作答非选择题，必须用05毫米黑色墨水的签字笔在答题卡上的指定位置作答，在其他位置作答一律无效．5．如需作图，须用2B铅笔绘、写清楚，线条、符号等须加黑、加粗．1．阅读下面文字，完成小题。
改革开放初期，愿意在毕业后归国的留学生很少，国内企业视海归留学生为珍宝，竞相争夺。
正是基于这一现实，许多优秀的学生纷纷选择出国“镀金”，随之出现的现象是归国留学生的数量与日俱增。
出国留学的人越来越多，海归留学生不再稀缺已成为历史，而国内高校近些年来呈现出突飞猛进的发展，也在无形之中缩减了海归留学生的竞争优势。
国内就业环境的变化是很多海归留学生始料未及的，当他们回到国内，骨感的现实如_________ ，让他们产生各种负面情绪。
如果我们__________地想一想，也不难理解他们的失望、焦虑与担忧。
其实，留学经历的价值并非只体现在让海归留学生找到高薪水的工作。
海归留学生的留学__________使得他们在国际视野、适应性方面占有优势。
认清自己，利用好自己的优势，无疑能__________他们的人生道路。
1．文中画横线的句子有语病，下列修改最恰当的一项是A．出国留学的人越来越多，海归留学生不再稀缺，而近些年来国内高校突飞猛进的发展态势，也在无形之中阻碍了海归留学生的竞争优势。
B．出国留学的人越来越多，海归留学生稀缺已成为历史，而国内高校近些年来突飞猛进地发展，也在无形之中削弱了海归留学生的竞争优势。
C．出国留学的人越来越多，海归留学生不再稀缺已成为历史，而国内高校近些年来突飞猛进地发展，也在无形之中影响了海归留学生的竞争力。
#上海市浦东新区2011学年度第一学期期末质量测试初三语文试卷
浦东新区2011学年度第一学期期末质量测试初三语文试卷（满分150，测试时间100分钟）一．文言文阅读（42分）（一）默写（１８分）1.关河梦断何处，＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
（《诉衷情》）2.夕阳西下，＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
（《天净沙·秋思》）3.＿＿＿＿＿＿，志在千里。
（《步出夏门行》）4.草枯鹰眼疾，＿＿＿＿＿＿。
（《观猎》）5.日星隐曜，＿＿＿＿＿＿。
（《岳阳楼记》）６.＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿，出则无敌国外患者。
（《生于忧患，死于安乐》）（二）阅读下面的曲，完成７－８题。
（４分）水仙子·咏江南（张养浩）一江烟水照晴岚，两岸人家接画檐，芰荷丛里一段秋光淡，看沙鸥舞再三。
卷香风十里珠帘。
画船儿天边至，酒旗儿风外飐，爱杀江南。
7.晴岚在曲中的意思是＿＿＿＿（2分）8.下列理解不正确．．．的一项是：（）（2分）A．咏江南的“咏”是赞美歌颂之意B.看沙鸥舞再三从动态的角度表现江南美景的生动活泼C.画船儿天边至，酒旗儿风外飐突出了江南水乡的富庶祥和D.曲中大量运用数词是为了衬托江南景观的精巧柔美（三）阅读下文，完成9-11题（8分）醉翁亭记（节选）若夫日出而林霏开，云归而岩穴暝，晦明变化者，山间之朝暮也。
野芳发而幽香，佳木秀而繁阴，风霜高洁，水落而石出者，山间之四时也。
朝而往，暮而归，四时之景不同，而乐亦无穷也。
至于负者歌于途，行者休于树，前者呼，后者应，伛偻提携，往来而不绝者，滁人游也。
临溪而渔，溪深而鱼肥，酿泉为酒，泉香而酒洌，山肴野蔌，杂然而前陈者，太守宴也。
宴酣之乐，非丝非竹，射者中，弈者胜，觥筹交错，起坐而喧哗者，众宾欢也。
苍颜白发，颓然乎其间者，太守醉也。
9.选文作者是＿＿＿（朝代）的文学家＿＿＿(人名) （2分）10.用现代汉语翻译下面句子，注意加点词的含义（3分）往来而．不绝者，滁人游也。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿11.从选文看，“太守醉”的真正原因是＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿和＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿（３分）（四）阅读下文，完成１２－１５题。
《2011年上海卷语文试题(附答案)》
2011年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海语文试卷一阅读 80分（一）阅读下文，完成1-6题。
（18分）家园城市①如何建设人类美好家园，是城市建设中一个迫在眉睫的重要问题，城市建设不仅是指建造物质环境，而且是指营造人们的精神家园，后者是城市文化建设的核心。
②相对于西方发达国家，我们城市化起步较晚，但从20世纪80年代改革开放开始，城市化进程加快，发展迅速，伴随着我国城市化建设的飞速发展，相应的问题也产生了。
这些问题概括起来主要是两个：一是城市的雷同，二是文化的缺失。
两者又有着直接的关系，也就是说，城市的雷同是因为文化的缺失，而文化的缺失又表现为城市的雷同。
③近年来，人们对高品质城市的追求越来越迫切，出现了建设山水城市、生态城市、绿色城市、健康城市、家园城市等多种呼声。
其中家园城市最具代表性，这是□□家园城市涵容了其他几种城市类型的物质性特点，□□突出了对以文化为基础的、把城市打造成人们精神家园的理想追求。
④家园城市必须具有充足的公共活动空间。
城市的各种文化、教育、休闲、娱乐设施应满足各方面的需要，所以，设计者在注重学校、博物馆、图书馆、运动场等大型公共设施建设的同时，还应注意提高方便舒适、有亲切感的小尺度公共空间，如社区和街道的小公园、小广场、咖啡馆、茶馆等，以便于人与人之间的交流。
现代城市发达的通讯网络方便了人们远距离即时交流，但这种单一的联络方式，无法慰藉人们孤独的心灵，也不能满足人们面对面‚全信息交往‛的渴求。
所以必须创造人与人能够近距离直接交流的公共空间和娱乐休闲场所，以增加人们当面交流的机会，减少城市人的心灵疾病。
⑤一个家园城市，应该做到布局合理，恰当处理建筑的虚与实之间的关系。
然而，我国今天的城市被高楼大厦的钢筋水泥和玻璃幕墙‚填满‛了，建筑与建筑之间缺乏有想象力的、开阔的空间，人们走在路上，会感到非常压抑和无助。
一个家园城市应当使生活于其中的居民得到精神上的放松和愉悦，心灵安逸，而不是压抑与紧张。
2012 高三语文一模卷 浦东 答案
浦东新区2011学年第一学期期末考试高三语文评分标准与参考答案一、80分（一）第1～6题（17分）1.引出本文论述的主要内容“文化血统论”流行的问题（引出下文）（1分）。
揭示了“文化血统论”与“政治血统论”在本质上一样，都是应该受到抵制和批判的（1分）。
2．C（2分）3．片面追求“出身门第”（学校的名气地位）；对高学历人才使用不当（3分；答对1空给2分，答对2空给3分）4．（1）把社会地位的上升寄托于自身的切实努力之上（通过自身努力改变命运）；（2）寄望于“拼爹”理想的实现（寄望于家族的财富、地位）（3分；答对1空给2分，答对2空给3分）5. D（3分）6. 《咏史》讽喻了当时选拔人才只讲究门第出身的不合理现象；本文批判了当今选拔人才过于讲究学历和学校名气地位的弊端。
（2分）二者相同处在于：只讲门第出身和过于讲究学历及学校的名气地位都忽视了人才本身的才能；不同处在于：前者属于“政治血统论”，后者属于“文化血统论”。
（2分）(二）第7～12 题（20分）7．短暂、美好、充满活力（2分）8. 生动、形象地将“别人”对舒适生活的留恋与普希金的“毅然”作对比，突出了普希金为捍卫名誉和尊严，不惜牺牲生命的勇气。
（2分）9. （1）印证了陀思妥耶夫斯基的创作有深厚的生活基础，笔下的人物鲜活而生动；（2）暗示陀思妥耶夫斯基是站在底层民众立场上，反映底层民众的疾苦；（3）为下文写陀思妥耶夫斯基受到人们尊崇（八万人相送）作铺垫。
（3分，答对1点给2分，答对2点给3分）10．“叛逆之路”指托尔斯泰自愿放弃贵族身份，为底层民众鸣不平的生命历程；“回归之路”指托尔斯泰回归自然，回归平凡，回归生命本真的过程。
（3分，答对1点给2分，答对2点给3分）11. A C（6分）12．含义：从本文来看，“看得见的镣铐”是指对人身体的禁锢，“看不见的镣铐”是指对人心灵的束缚。
（2分）作用：（1）标题统摄全文内容；（2）标题中“镣铐”的意象是全文的线索，贯穿起三个作家的不同命运；（3）“镣铐”具有象征意味，凸显并深化文章主旨。
2011届浦东新区一模语文
浦东新区2010学年度第一学期期末质量抽测高三语文试卷(2011/01/10)注意：1．满分150分，完卷时间1 50分钟。
2．所有答案均做在答题纸上，否则不予计分。
一、80分(一)阅读下文，完成第1－6题。
(1 7分)大城市，陌生人相聚之地柳延延①这次世博会的口号‚城市，让生活更美好‛让人心动。
它要求我们直面大城市带给我们的种种问题，探索走出困境的道路，让美好的理念变成现实。
②按一个法国学者的定义，‚大城市就是陌生人可能在此相遇的居民聚集地‛。
如果让我描述对大城市的感觉，则‚个人孤独地行走于人群中‛可能是贴切的。
这里，城市的规模显得异常重要，它提供的人际互动的规模对人的精神生活、心理感受和个性气质都会产生无与伦比的影响。
③确实，大城市生活的人面对的是一个外在景象纷至沓来，瞬息万变的生存环境。
与陌生人的相遇是不可避免的事，而人们往往努力避免和陌生人的交往。
(比如尽量只是被看见而不要对视)无论陌生人说什么，都要尽力不去搭理他。
陌生人成了人们在生活中拒绝和他说话与交往的人。
这种逃避使人的都市生活呈现出片断的、短促的、易逝的‚万花筒景象‛，结果引起了现代人心理的紧张感。
这不是在某时某地的紧张，□□身处大城市，心理和精神的紧张就如影相随。
④我们真的能避免和陌生人交往吗？‚当我们走在大街上，陌生人保护我们，如警察；陌生人威胁我们，如罪犯。
陌生人扑灭我们的火灾，教育我们的孩子，建筑我们的房子，用我们的钱投资。
陌生人在收音机、电视或报纸上告诉我们世界上的新闻……‛生活在大城市，我们实在是离不开、躲不掉陌生人，可我们总在回避与陌生人打交道。
我们的问题和困惑部分源于我们对陌生人的这种矛盾态度。
⑤对于正在进行现代化的中国人来说，如何与陌生人交往是需要学习的。
纵观发达国家的制度安排，可以发现，若要陌生人社会健康的运作，就需要全社会确立起尊重契约的理念，愿意通过法律来调节自己的行为。
而中国传统社会是一个以亲缘、血缘和地缘为中心的熟人社会，费孝通先生在《乡土中国》中指出：在熟人社会人们相互之间往往‚知根知底‛，直接或间接的各种关系像蜘蛛网一样把他们联接起来，成为道德共同体中的一员，这使得大多数人能较好地履行自己对他人的义务，少有欺骗行为发生。
上海高三高中语文期末考试带答案解析
上海高三高中语文期末考试班级:___________ 姓名：___________ 分数：___________一、现代文阅读1.阅读下面的文章，完成后面的题（17分）①最近几年来，我在许多文章中和发言中，都宣扬一个观点：文化交流是推动人类社会前进的主要动力之一。
我是根据历史事实和现实情况有感而发的，没有丝毫主观成分。
②在这里，关键是一个“交”字，一边倒，向一边流，不能称之为“交流”。
古往今来，地球上不知道有多少国家，多少民族。
几乎每一个民族都有自己的文化创造。
文化不论大小，一旦出现就必然向外流布。
我认为，这可以算是文化的一个特点，全体人类都蒙受了这个特点之利。
如果没有文化交流，我们简直无法想象，今天的中国，今天的世界，文化会是一个什么样子，人民生活水平会是一个什么样子。
③在文化交流方面，中国是一个很有特色的国家。
从蒙昧的远古起，几乎是从一有文化起，中国文化中就有外来的成分。
中国古书上说：“有容乃大”。
中国人民是最“有容”的，我们肯于和善于吸收外来的好东西，不管是精神的，还是物质的，只要对我有利，我们就吸取。
海容百川，所以能成其为大。
我们能吸收各种文化，所以才能创造出这样光辉灿烂的文化。
鲁迅先生提倡“拿来主义”，正表示了这种精神。
④但是，中国不但能“拿来”，我们也能“送去”。
历史上我们不知道有多少伟大的发明创造送到外国去，送给世界人民。
从全世界范围内历史和现状来看，人类文明之所以能发展到今天这样辉煌的程度，中国人民与有力焉。
⑤可惜的是，西方国家自从产业革命以后，科学技术的发展日新月异。
世界上其余的国家都争先恐后地向西方学习。
即以中国而论，我们今天的“楼上楼下，电灯电话”，甚至衣着打扮，从头到脚，哪一件不是从西方来的？中国素以美食名扬全球；然而，就是在这方面，我们也受到了西方的影响。
其余的更不必说了。
于是乎西化之声洋洋乎盈耳，响彻全球矣。
西方人大都自我感觉极为良好，以“天之骄子”自命。
他们在下意识中大概认为，自古以来就是这样，今后也将永远是这个样子。
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浦东新区2011学年第一学期高三年级期末考试语文试卷一、80分（一）阅读下文，完成第1-6题。
（17分）警惕文化血统论泛滥①“世胄摄高位，英俊沉下僚”，西晋左思《咏史》诗中所抨击的社会现象，在我国封建时代长期延绵不绝。
到了文革时期，更是发展到登峰造极的地步。
“老子英雄儿好汉，老子反动儿混蛋”，这类充满对他人蔑视和自我炫耀的政治血统论话语，在“十年浩劫”中一度广泛流行，造成了严重的社会恶果。
好在这类说法、做法，随着“文革”的终结，已经烟消云散。
令人始料未及的是，在改革开放30年后的当下中国，文化血统论却逐渐流行并大有蔓延之势。
②血统本指同一祖先的血缘系统，本无优劣高下之分。
那种认为血统有优劣之分且决定人们的贤愚贵贱的观点，就是血统论。
而文化血统论是指：读书求学的经历包括学校的名气地位，决定人们能力的高下和德性的贵贱，而且不易改变。
③文化血统论首先表现在教育部门招聘引进人才方面。
上世纪九十年代中后期，高校新增师资逐渐由获得博士学位的青年人担任，这本属于正常现象。
但进入新世纪以后特别是最近三五年来，一些高校进人的条件越来越苛刻。
而这苛刻并非单纯是学术成就、学术潜力，而是拘泥于求职者的“出身”，即求职者是在哪所大学获得博士学位，“出身门第”如何。
有的高校一看求职者不是名牌大学博士毕业，根本不管其业绩潜力如何，一概谢绝入门。
而如果求职者毕业于名牌大学，则□□其业绩不良，潜力不佳，□照收不误。
更有甚者，有的高校招聘引进人才竟要查“本科血统”。
“文革”政治血统论流行的时候，用人往往要“查三代”，甚至“查到太平天国革命时期”。
与之相比，现在高校录用教师的做法，有何本质差异？④所谓“英雄不问出处。
”可悲的是，上述在文化血统论意识笼罩下的高校人才选拔，连“文革”期间政治血统论影响之下的考察录用人才的“境界”都不如。
毕竟，那时对于“出身”不好的人，还讲“出身不由己，道路可选择”，现在的文化血统论，连这种幌子都不要了，变成赤裸裸的唯名是从，真是可悲亦复可叹!⑤与高校招录人才的怪象相映成趣的，是公务员招考。
最近几年来，公务员招考的门槛越来越高，不少机关招人的条件是“研究生及以上”，甚至有的直截了当就要求“博士研究生”。
而这些博士要做的并非技术性很强的专业工作，而是一般的接电话、贴信封、买花圈、干会务、跑联络之类的事务。
现今不少党政机关炫耀自己人才荟萃，其经典表述就是其单位某名牌大学毕业的博士多少人，而且这些博士的本科硕士阶段都是在名牌大学。
⑥文化血统论对社会具有严重的危害，它首先表现为对人才奋斗精神和创造能力的抑制乃至消解。
自强不息是中华民族精神的重要内容，是中华文化和中华民族不断发展进步的内在动力。
改革开放初期政府提倡并受到全社会自觉认同的自学成才论、自我设计论，都是强调通过自己的奋斗改变命运。
文化血统论的出现，本质上是对人才奋斗精神的严重抑制和对人才创造能力的无端限制，是新的宿命论，是一种社会倒退。
⑦文化血统论的出现，也堵塞了阶层流动的渠道和角色转换的空间，甚至可能导致阶层固化，使社会缺少活力。
一个健康的社会，不同阶层之间是可以流动的，其途径主要是通过个人自身的努力和成就向上提升，或者因自身存在的问题反向流动。
文化血统论并不重视后天的努力及其成果，而是单纯看重过往的“出身门第”，并以此决定人才取舍或价值评判，从而导致不思进取，为宿命论提供市场。
长此以往，人们可能不会_____ ________，而是_________ _____。
⑧文化血统论的出现，还可能导致人们不良情绪和不善行为的出现。
既然后来的努力并不重要，人们就会安于现状，“知其不可奈何而安之若命”。
更多的可能是不满现实，具有明显的反社会倾向，社会上稍有风吹草动，就会将其当作发泄的机会和渠道。
近年某些群体性事件的出现、“网络义和团”的喧嚣，不能说与文化血统论的出现没有任何关系。
⑨解决文化血统论的问题，是一个复杂的系统工程。
需要以改革创新的时代精神进行全方位的改变，要尽力尽快建立健全惠及全民的公共文化服务体系，着力于国民观念平民化的教育和引导，在全社会树立勤奋改变命运、付出终有回报的风气和信念。
1.文章开头从“政治血统论”谈起，其作用是___________________ ___。
（2分）2.选出第③段空格处填入关联词最恰当的一项。
（2分）A.尽管也B.无论都C.即使也D.虽然却3.第③⑤两段举例揭示了文化血统论的“怪象”。
第③段议论“教育部门引进人才”，侧重于从_______________的角度举例；第⑤段议论“公务员招考”，侧重于从____________的角度举例。
（3分），4.根据文意，在第⑦段空格处填入适当的语句：人们可能不会__________________,而是_____________________。
（3分）5.选出下列对文章层次划分最恰当的一项。
（3分）A.①/②③④/⑤⑥⑦⑧/⑨B.①/②③④/⑤⑥⑦/⑧⑨C.①②/③④⑤/⑥⑦/⑧⑨D.①②/③④⑤/⑥⑦⑧/⑨6.本文和左思《咏史》在主旨上有哪些异同？试做简要分析。
（4分）【附左思《咏史》】郁郁涧底松，离离山上苗。
以彼径寸茎，荫此百尺条。
世胄蹑高位，英俊沉下僚。
地势使之然，由来非一朝。
金张籍旧业，七叶珥汉貂。
冯公岂不伟，白首不见招。
（二）阅读下文，完成第7-12题。
（20分）看见的看不见的镣铐①普希金和陀斯妥耶夫斯基的呼吸，都是在圣彼得堡止息的。
②在清幽的莫伊卡河畔，有一栋三层的老房子，它就是普希金最后的居所。
普希金的诗，影响了一代又一代的人，他被认为是俄罗斯文学之父。
他短暂的一生，曲折而壮丽。
他反对农奴制，反对沙皇，支持十二月党人的起义，曾经被幽禁。
一八三七年，他为了捍卫家族和妻子的名誉，与法国人丹特士决斗，饮弹身亡。
在他的故居的一个小盒子中，陈列着普希金的一缕头发，它软软的，茸茸的，色如成熟的玉米璎珞，状如春光中飞扬的柳絮。
普希金活了三十八岁，这样的一生，也就是春天．．的一生。
③我们游涅瓦河的时候，船上的导游指着岸上的一座老房子说，当年普希金在决斗的路上，曾在这里歇脚，喝过咖啡。
我想如果换作别人，那杯温热的咖啡，可能会绊住他的脚，但普希金没有，他走出咖啡馆，毅然去了决斗场。
毫无疑问，他是个勇士。
他倒下了，他的诗歌却像俄罗斯白桦林上空的云雀一样，动人地歌唱着。
④陀斯妥耶夫斯基的一生，是与疾病、贫穷和苦难抗争的一生。
他活了六十岁。
他人生的天空，乌云笼罩．．．．，可他用那支苍凉的笔，化作闪电，为我们呈现了一个风云激荡的世界———《白痴》、《被侮辱与被损害的》、《罪与罚》，哪一部不是灿烂的呢！由于负债累累，陀斯妥耶夫斯基在圣彼得堡居无定所，搬迁频繁。
他最后的故居，离一个菜市场很近。
在他故居的门口，我遇见了三个卖浆果的老年妇女，她们穿着长裙，包着头巾，很像陀斯妥耶夫斯基笔下那些为了生计而奔忙的小人物。
在陈列室，我看到了一副锈迹斑斑的脚镣，它是陀斯妥耶夫斯基4年苦役生活的见证。
他戴着它，写就了《死屋手记》。
任何描写苦难的文字，在这副脚镣面前，都会黯然失色。
这副脚镣，如岁月的风铃，带给人无限的伤感。
脚镣囚禁了他的脚，却没有束缚住那颗自由的心。
⑤陀斯妥耶夫斯基直到去世前，才偿还完所有的债务，而他为人类留下的，却是无价的、不朽的艺术珍宝。
他因为死亡，终止了搬迁；也因为死亡，这最后的居所，为他所拥有了。
陀斯妥耶夫斯基所生活的时代，圣彼得堡只有八十万人口，而为他送葬的，足足有八万人！⑥托尔斯泰不像陀斯妥耶夫斯基，他无论是生前还是死后，都享有至高的荣誉。
他出身贵族，不过他为这个出身而羞愧，他曾在日记中写道：“一想到自己的生活是由他人侍候时，就感到卑污，感到难过。
那些人为使自己和家人免于冻死、饿死而在卖命。
”他最终离开莫斯科，来到乡村，与想过自食其力的生活不无关系。
去庄园前，我们参观了俄罗斯社会科学院的艺术博物馆，在那里，我看见了托尔斯泰自制的一双靴子。
那双靴子样式简单、实用，不过，它们不是一般大小，可见托尔斯泰做靴子，并不如拿笔那么自如。
这双靴子，踏过了多少朝露和霜雪？⑦从莫斯科到托尔斯泰的庄园，大约4个小时的车程。
沿途是广袤的俄罗斯原野。
这条路，是托尔斯泰的叛逆之路．．．．。
那是一座白色的小楼，托尔斯泰在这里，．．．．，回归之路接待过屠格涅夫、高尔基、契诃夫等作家，《战争与和平》和《复活》也诞生在这里。
也许是户外蓊郁的森林烘托的，这故居无比地温暖，无比地安详，毫无阴郁气，给人以亲切感。
我真想坐在一把硬木椅子上，握着一杯茶，听听风声。
故居中陈列着托尔斯泰穿过的道袍似的粗布衣服。
看过列宾那幅《托尔斯泰在写作中》的画的人都知道，他习惯在拱顶室写作。
那里原来是个仓库，托尔斯泰看上了它的安静。
拱顶室就像一个历经沧桑的老人，微微驮着背，带着谦和的笑容，迎接着参观者。
列宾画中描绘的墙壁上挂着的农具，已不见了，不知那农具去了哪里？⑧出了故居，我们拜谒托尔斯泰的墓地。
他的墓离他生前的居所并不远。
那座墓没有墓碑，周围是高大的冷杉，墓地旁边有一条浅浅的沟谷，好像沉陷在大地的一支笔。
托尔斯泰躺在那里，看着他耕过的农田，看着他骑马经过的树林，也看着后世的风雨。
我想在万物生长的声音中，他的灵魂，在另一个世界，也会生长吧。
⑨有些镣铐，可以看见，如陀斯妥耶夫斯基的。
而有些镣铐，是看不见的。
托尔斯泰的一生，都在试图挣脱一副无形镣铐的束缚，那就是他一出生就加在身上的贵族的镣铐。
他在不断地谴责自己的过程中，使作品走向了博大辉煌！普希金呢，他挣脱的是生命的镣铐，当名誉和尊严受到损害时，他宁可用鲜血，祭洒他的青春，这怎不叫人为他生命的纯洁和豪情而赞叹呢！⑩这些伟大的作家，因为有了温暖的、济世的心，有了高贵的、不屈的灵魂，不管是看得见的，还是看不见的镣铐，都无法桎梏他们，因为他们的心没有牢狱，海天一般地广阔，长风一样地自由！7.第②段“这样的一生，也就是春天的一生”中“春天”是_________。
（2分）8.联系全段．．内容，分析第③段划线部分的表达效果。
（2分）9.作者在第④段描写了陀思妥耶夫斯基故居门口“卖浆果的老年妇女”，说她们“很像陀思妥耶夫斯基笔下那些为生计而奔忙的小人物”。
这样写的目的是：（1）____________________(2)_________________________(3分)10.联系上下文，说说第⑦段中“叛逆之路”和“回归之路”分别指什么。
（3分）（1）“叛逆之路”：________________________________(2) “回归之路”：________________________________11.选出下列对文章赏析不正确．．．的两项。
（6分）A.第②段通过对普希金头发的描写，表现出他柔弱的一面，塑造了一个立体的普希金。
B.第④段以“乌云笼罩”来形容陀思妥耶夫斯基的一生始终伴随着疾病、贫穷和苦难。