语言学中的Morpheme

语⾔学中的Morpheme
free morpheme and bound morpheme ⾃由语素和粘着语素
Morphemes can be classified into two types in terms of their capacity of occuring alone.根据能否单独出现，可以将语素分为两类。

free morpheme(⾃由语素):-------Those morphemes which may occur alone, that is , those which may constitue words by themselves, are free morphemes(能单独出现,也就是能独⾃成词的,叫做⾃由语素.)
Free morphemes: morphemes which may constitute words by themselves
bound morpheme(粘着语素): -s in dogs, -al in national, and dis- n disclose, cannot occur alone. They must appear with at least another morpheme, and are called bound morphemes.(dogs中的-s, national 中的-al, disclose中的dis-不能单独出现,它们必须跟⾄少⼀个其他语素共现,这样的语素叫做粘着语素.)
Bound morphemes: morphemes which can not be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words
root, affix and stem 词根，词缀和词⼲
（1）root(词根): the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity. That is to say, it is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed. (词根是词的基本形式,不能再作进⼀步的分析⽽完全不损失同⼀性。

也就是说，去掉所有的词缀后，词所剩下的部分就是词根。

All words contain a root morpheme.所有的词都包含⼀个词根语素。

A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning ; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.词根，粘着语素的⼀种，往往被看作是⼀个单词的⼀个部分。

它本⾝有清楚，确定的意义，却不能被单独使⽤，⽽只能与另外⼀个词根结合在⼀起或与另外⼀个词缀结合在⼀起才能形成⼀个单词。

（2）affix(词缀): the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem).(词缀是⼀个构词成分的集合,它们只能附加于另⼀个语素词根或词⼲上.)
Affixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and infix, depending on their position with reference to the root or stem of the word.语⾔中词缀的数量总是有限的，根据它们跟词根或词⼲的相对位置，⼀般可以把词缀分外三⼩类：前缀，后缀和中缀。

Prefix前缀----prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. dis-; un-; mis- para-; mini- ; 前缀通常改变原来单词的意义，但不改变其词性。

Exception: be-; en-; em-; Added to adjectives or nouns they turn the words into verbs.
For example: little----belittle; large---enlarge; rich---enrich; body---embody
Suffix后缀:-----suffixes are added to the end of stems; they modify the meaning of the orginal word and in many cases change its part of speech. -ly; -ness; -tion; -ise; 后缀加在词⼲后⾯，通常改变原来词的意义，并且⼤所数情况下改变词性。

Infix中缀: foot/feet; goose/geese ;–oo-; -ee- ;
inflectional morpheme: this morpheme can only be a suffix. The s in cats is an inflectional morpheme. An inflectional morpheme creates a change in the function of the word. Example: the d in invited indicates past tense. English has only seven inflectional morphemes: -s (plural) and -s (possessive) are noun inflections; -s ( 3rd-person singular), -ed ( past tense), -en (past participle), and -ing ( present participle) are verb inflections; -er (comparative) and -est
(superlative) are adjective and adverb inflections.
derivational morpheme: this type of morpheme changes the meaning of the word or the part of speech or both.
Derivational morphemes often create new words. Example: the prefix and derivational morpheme un added to invited changes the meaning of the word.
allomorphs: different phonetic forms or variations of a morpheme. Example: The final morphemes in the following words are pronounced differently, but they all indicate plurality: dogs, cats, and horses.
homonyms: morphemes that are spelled the same but have different meanings. Examples: bear (an animal) and bear (to carry), plain (simple) and plain ( a level area of land).
homophones: morphemes that sound alike but have different meanings and spellings. Examples: bear, bare; plain, plane; cite, sight, site.。