how to write an essay or a report
Essay Writing- How to write a good essay
What's a Good Essay?IntroductionOther writing guides usually fail to emphasize a simple point: a great piece of writing is a meaningful activity between the writer and the reader. An essay is not simply a beautiful piece of finished prose. It is an ordered set of paragraphs that does something for the reader. A great essay is an action with a purpose.Sometimes the choice is not yours: you might be required to show a single reader that you understand one thing in particular. But most of the time, even when you have strict guidelines to follow, you have a lot of choices. The main actions you can take are(1) to instruct or teach the reader something;(2) to delight the reader, or to give the reader something to appreciate or enjoy;(3) to move the reader, which means to inspire the reader to feel a certain way or to go out and do something.A good essay accomplishes one or more of these goals. A bad essay, even when it has a perfect structure, excellent spelling, and faultless grammar, does not accomplish any of these goals. Great essays often but not always accomplish all three.Here is where you will learn how to write a good essay. Every page reminds you to do something for the reader.If you need to come up with an essay topic for a particular assignment, don't worry. Advice is here. And even if you don't really want to do something for the reader, you can find a topic that you like enough to share.Always Follow the DirectionsBefore you start working on your topic or your specific interactions with the reader, make sure you understand the requirements for your essay. It might amaze you how many essays fail to follow simple directions. These directions normally come from your reader. Your reader will like you and have more patience with you if you follow the directions, not if you don't.The directions include everything from the recommended number of pages or words to the manner, place, and time at which you should submit your essay.Moreover, if you have been given a "prompt" or a specific essay topic, do not write about something else. Note that readers search for plagiarism more vigorously when they notice that an essay does not really answer the question or follow the prompt.Remember that an essay is an action. A prompt often gives you a specific activity to complete. Look for the key verb in the prompt. If you do not know what the verb means, numerous web sites provide insight about how to interpret verbs such as analyze, comment, compare, define, describe, discuss, explain, identify, list, prove, summarize, and so on.Note that if there is no prompt, you can use one of these key verbs to launch your essay. Can you think of something beautiful worth commenting on, something difficult or unusual that is worth explaining, something complicated that you should summarize, etc.?How to Instruct the ReaderMost essays are designed to teach something to the reader. In truth, if you are writing an essay that involves class material and your teacher is the reader, your teacher may already know what you have to teach. So, you will write as though you really are saying something new. Who knows--maybe for your teacher, it really is!Essays normally instruct the reader first of all about you, whether directly or indirectly. Even when your topic is about something else, such as your favorite role model or the best way to eat spaghetti while blindfolded, you are teaching your reader about yourself: this is what I find interesting or valuable; this is how I solve problems; this is why I would be a great member of your community.When you write to instruct, think about what is worth knowing about your subject. Then, (1) instruct the reader why this point is worth knowing, and (2) make the point.(1) Will your reader be impressed if you compare the novel's hero to a tree? Well, it depends: are trees or forests important in the novel? Does anyone in the novel get transformed into an inanimate object? Does the character act in a "wooden" manner? In other words, if you can make a good case for the knowledge being important in its context, your reader will be interested to learn what you have to teach.(2) You have had good teachers and bad teachers, right? There are many good ways to write an essay thatinstructs. You can choose to lead the reader through a chain of thoughts, provide the reader with a bunch of data that illustrates or proves a general point, explain to the reader how a particular detail fits in the big picture, compare various sets of facts so that your reader understands what's what, tell the reader a story about something worth knowing, and so on.How to Delight the ReaderAcademic essays, as well as some kinds of professional writing, often involve pleasing the reader.In many essays it is vital to please your readers about you. From the first sentence, your readers should feel that you are a person who is worth getting to know better. Give them every chance to enjoy what is best about you. By the end of the essay, your readers should feel glad that they came across such a wonderful person as yourself--they should want to give you whatever you have applied to get.To please these "institutional" readers, you should (1) get to know the institution and what it values, (2) determine which aspects of yourself best match those values, and (3) demonstrate those values in the essay. Those values are demonstrated both directly and indirectly in your essay.For example, readers from (1) a scientific institution that values people with a very specific scientific interest will enjoy reading (2) an account of a particular experiment you conducted or wish you could conduct, if at the same time you (3) show how enjoyable the experience was or would be. You would be demonstrating the genuine interest that the institution is looking for.In academic essays you normally delight readers by helping them appreciate something that is beautiful, good, or true. Note that if you genuinely believe something is beautiful, good, or true, you can rely on your own taste to find reasons why. Why waste energy on an essay about something that doesn't stir you up in any way? Readers won't be interested unless you are.Delighting readers means (1) showing them the great thing and (2) showing how or why it is great. For example, if the costumes in a film seemed beautiful to you, help your readers imagine what they looked like, and draw their attention to the best parts. If you think a certain policy would be good for the nation, predict all the good results that will come to pass, and connect them to the policy. If you are amazed at the way an author of a mystery keeps the plot so exciting, recreate the suspense by quoting the most suspenseful passages, and point out what makes them so suspenseful. If you think a philosopher has really hit the nail on the head, explain the significance of the problem that the philosopher addresses and then show the reader what the philosopher has contributed toward a solution.In professional writing, you might want your readers to feel pleased with your work so far, with their business relationship with you, or with a particular product or service. A resume is like an admission essay in that your readers should become pleased with you. An advertisement encourages readers to be pleased with a product or service. Note that the reader is unlikely to keep reading once the magic is gone; an essay for a class will be read out of duty, but an ad can simply be thrown away. A business letter might demonstrate that you and your company are great at solving difficult problems efficiently, or that your company continues to value its relationship with your readers' company. Many business letters delight readers by being short, formal, and to the point--especially when the readers value directness and efficiency.How to Move the ReaderAn essay moves readers by persuading them to feel a certain way (angry, satisfied, afraid, etc.) or by activating them to do something. It is much easier to persuade someone if you genuinely feel the same feeling, and it is much easier to activate someone if you are motivated to do it too.If something is significant enough to make you angry or afraid, maybe you should write about it. But unless you are supposed to be writing about yourself, your readers normally don't want to know why you are moved. They want to know why they should be moved. If there's something out in the world to be afraid of, your readers will appreciate knowing about it. If someone has written something that they should be angry about, you might be doing them a favor by pointing it out.The three steps in moving the reader to feel something are (1) if you are feeling an emotion, figure out why; (2) show your readers the situation or give them the experience that has caused the emotion, emphasizing the key details; and (3) if it's not already clear, explain why that emotion is justified.For example, if the last scene of a play felt totally unsatisfying to you, and you feel unfulfilled, (1) why? Is it because there are so many loose ends? Because the villain doesn't get the proper punishment and the hero just lets him go? Or is it because the play was meant to be performed live, but all the energy was gone when you read it by yourself?(2) Suppose it was because of the loose ends. The thesis of your essay could be, for example, that the playwrightcreated such a rambling plot that readers should find other ways to enjoy the play. (3) You can present plot lines from Act I and Act II that have no resolution in Act V. You might point out that if the play were a comedy, it would not matter so much, because the point is to laugh as one goes along--but this is supposed to be a serious play, and yet the author has let us down. At least, perhaps, we can appreciate the dialogue.You also can tell that an essay is effective if it activates your readers to get up and do something about what you wrote. Often, if you move the reader's emotions, you can point the reader toward an action that can express, extinguish, or deepen the emotion.For example, if you persuade a reader to appreciate the character development in a particular book, you can point the reader to other books with a similar pattern. Or if you persuade the reader to be angry at the implications of something an author wrote, you can point out that someone else has been making those implications real--maybe the reader should go out and stop it! Maybe something that an economist wrote 50 years ago has an important bearing on how your readers should vote in the next election. Or perhaps a moral philosopher is right that a popular practice is actually harmful, and you can persuade your readers through reason and guilt to stop doing the harmful thing.The point of a great essay intended to move the reader is that the reader actually moves in the right direction. Maybe the reader will stop reading halfway through the essay, get up, put on a coat, and do whatever it is you recommended. If you're right and it works out, you have an A, or a revolution, or you saved civilization. If your advice is bad and the reader figures it out, beware.Take Your Reader on a TripThese patterns help you structure an essay that effectively instructs, delights, and/or moves the reader.The Cruise: If you have a lot of material to tell the reader, make sure you do it in some reasonable order. Do not ramble about uninteresting things, and stay focused. A cruise ship does not set out from England, go south and then east to Turkey, west to Florida, east to France, northwest to Greenland, etc. It follows a reasonable path from place to place. A cruise is also supposed to be delightful: there has to be something worth your reader's time at each stop.The Elevator: Once you have a clear sense of the argument in your essay, make sure you keep the reader with you at every stage of the argument. A person normally rides an elevator in only one direction at a time. They also travel to every floor between the starting point and the destination. Don't skip an important step in your argument. Also, if your essay is designed to move the reader, don't let the emotion lag; let it build--or if the point of the essay is to show an angry reader why not to be angry, guide the reader down carefully to calmness. Don't jolt the reader into submission.The Space Shuttle: Maybe you're a broad thinker, not so good about keeping track of details. Soar over the details: take your readers with you on an amazing ride. Note that the scenery has to be good at this level, or else your readers will wonder why they came along. For example, maybe you don't have time to figure out what the status of women was in 18th-century England, but you do have some interesting ideas about the relations between men and women in general. Feature your general observations and dip down briefly, here and there, for examples.The Piggy-Back Ride: If you have some important things to show the reader in a no-nonsense way, load the reader on your back: the reader looks at the same things that are important to you, and from nearly the same perspective. Note that not all readers want this kind of ride. But when you have all the facts, you are the authority; you decide what your reader ought to know or feel.The Library: Good research essays are like guided trips to the library. Bring the reader a bunch of worthwhile, meaningful books, point out the key passages, and tie them together around the common subject of your research.The Pilgrimage: When you want readers to really appreciate something worthwhile, lead them to all the best sites and point out what's marvelous. A poet's wonderful rhyme, for instance, connects the two main themes of the poem with perfect economy--and look! Here is the rhyme again in another poem about something else, evoking the first poem--and behold! See how the two poems actually form a series, leading us from one emotion to the next--and so on.The War Zone: In the strong form of the "compare and contrast" essay, you take up the implications of the differences you found and put them in opposition to one another. Give both sides their due, and let them fight it out on the page. Maybe there are two contrasting ways to interpret something; so what? Tell your reader why the contrast is important.If You Must, Send Them Down the Funnel: Many readers of this guide have learned how to write a standard five-paragraph essay in what teachers have called the "funnel" style. This skill is essential for standardized tests, where time is short and the point is to show that you can construct three meaningful paragraphs about the same topic. The funnel metaphor comes from the idea that your introduction makes some general observations and gradually narrows down to your three main points, one point to be discussed in each paragraph. Then the readers fall out of thefunnel into ... well, instructors don't tell you what happens next. The conclusion is supposed to sum up and then provide one further idea that broadens back into the general point or extends somewhere else. Too often, readers feel like they have been dropped off nowhere. But for the computer grading your standardized test, that's ok. For a teacher who has to grade 50 essays quickly, that can be ok too.How to Make the Reader Like YouRemember that your essay does something for the reader. If your reader appreciates what you've done, your essay will be more successful. If your reader wanted to be instructed but not moved, you may get a response such as, "Don't write so dogmatically." If your reader was expecting a "persuasive" essay but you chose to delight the reader, your reader will be disappointed. This is another reason why following the directions is essential.Readers like writers who seem to be engaging, interesting, funny or serious depending on the context, perceptive, bookish, thoughtful, good at communicating, etc.For some essays, readers like writers who have a variety of positive character traits and who demonstrate that they fit well among the values of the institution.To show that you are interesting, choose an interesting topic. Normally this means choosing a topic that genuinely interests you and explaining why it is so interesting. The reader will be more likely to enjoy going on a "trip" with you.To show that you are engaging, engage the reader by working on a worthwhile issue in your essay. Choose a topic with significant implications, one where the outcome matters. "Did Romeo love Juliet after all? Let's look at the evidence!"--even if you conclude that he did totally love her, shaking up the issue for a while is likely to keep the reader engaged.If you choose to be funny and the context is appropriate, try out your jokes on a test audience (friend, family, roommate) before submitting the essay. Whenever possible, give yourself 24 hours without thinking about the jokes, and then return to them to see if they still seem funny and appropriate.See the sections below for further advice.How to Show That You Did the ReadingShow that you are studious by providing evidence that you completed the assigned reading or research. First, however, here are obvious signs that you did not do the reading: (1) you misspell an author's name, the title of a book, or the name of someone listed in a book; (2) you seem to have guessed what the book was about on the basis of the title and the first few chapters; (3) all of your quotations come from the same chapter or even the same page, or your quotations or main ideas come from another reading guide; (4) parts of your essay are plagiarized.(1) Make sure that all proper names are spelled correctly.(2) Read the book. If you have run out of time and cannot get an extension, look for a table of contents and an index. Learn what the book is about from these sources and from online reading guides. You could choose a topic that involves the development of a theme throughout the book.(3) Many books are online as etexts. Try to find suitable quotations from throughout the book by searching for a theme word in the book's index or table of contents or by using an etext.(4) Do not plagiarize. You might be surprised how easy it is to get caught plagiarizing, and the consequences can be extreme.Beyond that, note that in general, novels have a plot, poems have a subject, social science texts, philosophical works, and works about the humanities have an argument, scientific and many social science texts have a finding, textbooks and technical writing have information, travel writing has observations, and political and business writings often have action items. Make sure you can state what the central points are of whatever you have read.Note that if you try to put a large number of the book's central points into your essay, the essay will seem uncontrolled because it ranges so widely. You can show you did the reading by tracing just one or two topics through the course of the book.How to Show That You Thought About the ReadingGood writers usually place the specific subject of the essay in relation to one or more of the central points of the book. Doing this shows that you are thoughtful.Also, a thoughtful essay often challenges something that a quick reader of the book might think. For example, "The frequent jokes in the play lead many readers to think it is a comedy. But the jokes among the main charactershide a pervasive sadness that affects almost everything they do, which makes this play a tragedy."How to Show That You Did Additional ReadingA great way to show that you are studious is to include sources that were not assigned. These should be appropriate to the level of analysis that you are expected to provide. See above on how to show that you actually read these other sources. And once again, follow the directions: some assignments require additional readings and ask you to use those readings in particular ways; other assignments require that all the ideas be your own, strongly recommending that you do not seek information elsewhere.Remember that it is better to put quotation marks around a big block of text than to plagiarize and possibly get caught. If you must use a big block of text, break it into smaller pieces: "Smith says that 'xxx.' He adds, 'yyy.' To conclude this part of the argument, he points out that 'zzz.'" You also could add a few paraphrases along the way. Effective use of these techniques shows that you are analyzing the source as you go, rather than simply quoting it.Note that sources must be cited properly (if your instructor or area of study requires a certain citation style) or at least consistently.Other Ways to Make the Reader Like You(1) Figure out what kinds of topics the reader values, and choose one of those topics. Spending time in class and reviewing your notes might help you learn what interests your instructor. If you have been given a list of topics to choose from, this list can help you determine the interests and the literary, political, or ideological perspective of the instructor. Q uickly checking out your reader’s list of publications (from an online resume or an online library catalog) can help too.(2) It normally helps to take a line of argument that the instructor would naturally be inclined to agree with. As you become better at making arguments and supporting them with good evidence, however, you can provide a carefully-reasoned defense of an alternative point of view. Of course you always have the right to take an alternative point of view, but in terms of grading and the reader’s perception of you as thoughtful, smart, or perceptive, you also have to be able to defend it successfully.(3) For readers who are longtime instructors or who have 50 or more students, choose a topic that differs from the most common and obvious topics. Beware that the most obvious topics are sometimes the most interesting; don't choose an uninteresting topic just to be different.(4) Proofread your essay carefully. Having an essay free of typos and grammar problems shows that you are prudent and careful. It also shows that you put extra effort into your essay. Most of all, it keeps the reader engaged rather than distracted. If you have any question about proper style or usage, either find the answer or seek another way to write the same thing.Five Ways to Turn Off the Reader(1) Don't make claims that you cannot support. Beware of "totalizing" words such as "all," "always," "never," "every," and so on. Even if you can't think of an exception, your readers often can--or they will be distracted while they try to come up with exceptions.(2) Don't talk down to the reader. Although in a business setting you might know more about your topic than your reader knows, in a classroom setting this is likely only if you have done significant extra research. Although a student essay normally should read as though the writer knows more than the reader, remember that this is just a healthy convention to help you learn to write better. Talking down often takes the form of an unnecessary definition, frequent repetition, or proving the obvious.(3) Don't distract the reader from the actual essay. Distractions include the following: lots of exclamation points, more than just a few words in italics, words in boldface other than essay titles and section headings, unusual margins, titles or section headings in special fonts or greater than 14 points high, any stretching or compression of the text to fit a page minimum or maximum, and so on. Once in a while you can get away with an especially apt picture such as an editorial cartoon or a panel from a comic strip, but don't overdo it.(4) Don't over-generalize, especially in the first sentence or paragraph of the essay. "Funnel" essays (see above) are most often guilty of this problem. You might be startled to learn how many essays begin like this: "Every society has people in it. One of those societies, England, has millions of people. One of the most populated cities in England, London, has a great diversity of people. This essay will describe the main ethnic groups of London." Readers are put off by openings with bland generalities. Likewise, they are put off by openings that provide a common proverb or adictionary definition of a term.(5) Don't write extremely long paragraphs. Readers tend to get annoyed at the prospect of having to wade through a big block of text. A paragraph that goes on for two thirds of a page looks daunting. Aim for eight sentences per paragraph as a reasonable maximum. And remember: one main point per paragraph, please.Academic EssaysThe First SentenceThe first sentence matters most. It is where readers are won and lost. In this sentence you can persuade readers that you and your essay are worth their attention. Even a captive reader (such as someone who is required to grade your essay) decides early on how much effort to put into reading your work.Furthermore, the first sentence often sets up some of the key words or themes of the essay. Many non-captive readers are patient enough to read the whole first paragraph, so it often works out if you save your thesis and some key words and themes for later in the paragraph. But you should start getting the reader adjusted to your frame of mind as early as possible. In fact, by the first sentence it is almost too late: the title of your essay has already determined whether or not you have the attention of potential readers.The point is that most writers should spend a lot more time on the title and the first sentence than they do. Too often, the title and the first sentence are postpones from the first draft, several hours or days--even weeks--before the essay has been completed. In that time, the essay often has evolved beyond its original shape. Once a "final" draft of your essay is complete, if you have time to edit nothing else, at least go back and make sure that the opening truly reflects the direction of your essay.Let's examine for a moment this opening from a classic author:"Among the novel objects that attracted my attention during my stay in the United States, nothing struck me more forcibly than the general equality of conditions." -Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America(1) "novel objects": the writer has something new to show us;(2) "attracted my attention": these new things are worth the attention of smart observers;(3) "during my stay": he has firsthand knowledge of these new things;(4) "in the United States": anyone interested in the U.S. should be paying attention;(5) "nothing struck me more forcibly": something is so striking that he wants to share it with us;(6) "general equality of conditions": this is a constant topic throughout the book.Try out Tocqueville's pattern for practice. For example: "Among the many flashy costumes that update the lifestyles of the characters in The Taming of the Shrew for contemporary audiences at the Shakespeare Theater, no costume is more striking than the biker garb that Petruchio wears to his own wedding."For further practice, check out another classic to see how the first sentence strikes you as a reader, and then try the same pattern with a theme of your own choosing.The ThesisWhile an essay is an activity between the writer and the reader, it is also about something. A thesis normally helps the reader understand what in particular you are trying to communicate. Some kinds of essays do not need a thesis statement to point out the subject--they may have a central theme, but that theme is diffused throughout the essay. Some kinds of essays have a subject but not an argument; the point may be simply to enjoy the subject. But almost every successful academic essay does have a thesis statement. This is because the reader is expecting you to relate (1) what the topic is and (2) what you are going to say about it.(1) Usually the overall topic is clear from the rest of the introduction (see below). The thesis then can be a little more specific; it can name the key topics you will discuss. The thesis statement can serve as a miniature outline of the essay, or you can use the rest of the introduction to serve as a general outline.(2) The introduction normally sets up the thesis statement, which occurs at or near the end. By this point, hopefully, you have caught the reader's interest in one way or another. The reader should be ready for you to announce your plans (see "Take Your Reader on a Trip" under "What Makes a Good Essay?"). Here, it is essential that you announce plans that seem worthwhile to the reader. If your thesis is obvious to any reader, easily proven, hardly debatable, or so common that it looks like you are just going through the motions of writing an essay that anybody could write, your reader will lose interest and might think that you are not daring enough. But if your thesis。
report英文作文范文
report英文作文范文英文：Report Writing。
Writing a report is an important skill that is required in many academic and professional fields. It is a way of presenting information and analysis in a clear and concise manner. In this report, I will be discussing the key elements of report writing and how to write an effective report.Firstly, it is important to understand the purpose of the report. Is it to inform, persuade, or recommend? Once you have identified the purpose, you can then determine the audience and tailor your report accordingly. For example, if you are writing a report for your boss, you would want to use a more formal tone and provide detailed analysis and recommendations.Secondly, the structure of the report is important. A typical report includes an introduction, main body, and conclusion. The introduction should provide background information and state the purpose of the report. The main body should include the analysis and findings, and the conclusion should summarize the key points and provide recommendations.Thirdly, the language used in the report should be clear and concise. Avoid using jargon or technical terms that may not be understood by the audience. Use simple language and avoid complex sentences.Lastly, it is important to proofread and edit the report before submitting it. Check for spelling and grammar errors, and ensure that the report is well-organized and easy to read.中文：报告写作。
英语作文速成-How to Write an Argument Essay
• Part 3 Ideas • you don't need too many ideas for an essay in an English exam. Three is enough. • Three ideas means • three ideas for and three ideas against (3773 layout) • three ideas for (35553 layout) • three ideas against (35553)
计划后，就撰写论文。按照下列步骤来写，即介 绍、正文和结论
பைடு நூலகம்
•
• Part 2 Vocabulary
• Step 1: Read and Underline Key Words • Should governments spend money on space exploration, or should they spend the money on problems here first? • Step 2: Write Down Other Words with the Same Meaning • Should governments spend money on space exploration, or should they spend the money on problems here first?
• Zoos = nature reserves, wildlife parks, animal sanctuaries, circuses, tasteless exhibitions, stuffy, crowded, exciting, interesting, fascinating • Cruel = psychologically damaging, insulting, frightening, stressful, brutal, restricting, noisy, dirty, hot, overcrowded, unnatural, not normal, • (Opposite) conservation, kind, well-treated, saved from extinction, well looked after • Wild = nature, natural, proud, free, endangered, not pets for man, should be free, in danger, habitat, ecosystem, environment, natural home • Animals = animals, plants, natural environment, birds, big cats, predators, extinct, in trouble, not
How to Write an Essay Introduction
How to Write an Essay IntroductionFive Parts：Sample Essay Hooks；Hooking Your Reader；Creating Your Context；Presenting Your Thesis；Bringing It All Together；Community Q&AThe introduction of your essay serves two important purposes. First, it gets your reader interested in the topic and encourages them to read what you have to say about it. Second, it gives your reader a roadmap of what you're going to say and the overarching point you're going to make –your thesis statement. A powerful introduction grabs your reader's attention and keeps them reading.[1]Quick SummaryTo write an essay introduction, start with a relevant anecdote, fun fact, or quote that will entice people to keep reading. Follow your opening with 2-3 sentences containing background information or facts that give your essay context, such as important dates, locations, or historical moments. Finally, present your thesis statement. Write a specific and provable statement that answers a question about your essay topic.Did this summary help you? Yes NoPart I: Sample Essay插入图片sample essay插入图片1.11.Identify your audience. The first sentence or two of your introduction should pull the reader in.You want anyone reading your essay to be fascinated, intrigued, or even outraged. You can't do this if you don't know who your likely readers are.[2]If you're writing a paper for a class, don't automatically assume your instructor is your audience. If you write directly to your instructor, you'll end up glossing over some information that is necessary to show that you properly understand the subject of your essay.It can be helpful to reverse-engineer your audience based on the subject matter of your essay. For example, if you're writing an essay about a women's health issue for a women's studies class, you might identify your audience as young women within the age range most affected by the issue.e the element of surprise. A startling or shocking statistic can grab your audience's attentionby immediately teaching them something they didn't know. Having learned something new in the first sentence, people will be interested to see where you go next.[3]For this hook to be effective, your fact needs to be sufficiently surprising. If you're not sure, test it on a few friends. If they react by expressing shock or surprise, you know you've got something good.Use a fact or statistic that sets up your essay, not something you'll be using as evidence to prove your thesis statement. Facts or statistics that demonstrate why your topic is important (or should be important) to your audience typically make good hooks.3.Tug at your reader's heart-strings. Particularly with personal or political essays, use your hookto get your reader emotionally involved in the subject matter of your story. You can do this by describing a related hardship or tragedy.[4]For example, if you were writing an essay proposing a change to drunk driving laws, you might open with a story of how the life of a victim was changed forever after they were hit by a drunk driver.4.Offer a relevant example or anecdote. In your reading and research for your essay, you mayhave come across an entertaining or interesting anecdote that, while related, didn't really fit into the body of your essay. Such an anecdote can work great as a hook.[5]For example, if you're writing an essay about a public figure, you might include an anecdote about an odd personal habit that cleverly relates back to your thesis statement.Particularly with less formal papers or personal essays, humorous anecdotes can be particularly effective hooks.5.Ask a thought-provoking question. If you're writing a persuasive essay, consider using arelevant question to draw your reader in and get them actively thinking about the subject of your essay.[6]For example: "What would you do if you could play God for a day? That's exactly what the leaders of the tiny island nation of Guam tried to answer."If your essay prompt was a question, don't just repeat it in your paper. Make sure to come up with your own intriguing question.6.Avoid clichés and generalizations. Generalizations and clichés, even if presented to contrastwith your point, won't help your essay. In most cases, they'll actually hurt by making you look like an unoriginal or lazy writer.[7]Broad, sweeping generalizations may ring false with some readers and alienate them from the start. For example, "everyone wants someone to love" would alienate someone who identified as aromantic or asexual.Part 2: Creating Your Context1.Relate your hook to a larger topic. The next part of your introduction explains to your readerhow that hook connects to the rest of your essay. Start with a broader, more general scope to explain your hook's relevance.[8]Use an appropriate transitional word or phrase, such as "however" or "similarly," to move from your specific anecdote back out to a broader scope.For example, if you related a story about one individual, but your essay isn't about them, you can relate the hook back to the larger topic with a sentence like "Tommy wasn't alone, however. There were more than 200,000 dockworkers affected by that union strike."2.Provide necessary background information. While you're still keeping things relativelygeneral, let your readers know anything that will be necessary for them to understand your main argument and the points you're making in your essay.[9]For example, if your thesis relates to how blackface was used as a means of enforcing racial segregation, your introduction would describe what blackface performances were, and where and when they occurred.If you are writing an argumentative paper, make sure to explain both sides of the argument in a neutral or objective manner.3.Define key terms for the purposes of your essay. Your topic may include broad concepts orterms of art that you will need to define for your reader. Your introduction isn't the place to reiterate basic dictionary definitions. However, if there is a key term that may be interpreted differently depending on the context, let your readers know how you're using that term.[10] Definitions would be particularly important if your essay is discussing a scientific topic, where some scientific terminology might not be understood by the average layperson.Definitions also come in handy in legal or political essays, where a term may have different meanings depending on the context in which they are used.4.Move from the general to the specific. It can be helpful to think of your introduction as anupside-down pyramid. With your hook sitting on top, your introduction welcomes your readers to the broader world in which your thesis resides.[11]If you're using 2 or 3 sentences to describe the context for your thesis, try to make each sentence a bit more specific than the one before it. Draw your reader in gradually.For example, if you're writing an essay about drunk driving fatalities, you might start with an anecdote about a particular victim. Then you could provide national statistics, then narrow it down further to statistics for a particular gender or age group.Part 3 Presenting Your Thesis插入图片3.11．Make your point. After you've set up the context within which you're making your argument, tell your readers the point of your essay. Use your thesis statement to directly communicate the unique point you will attempt to make through your essay.[12]For example, a thesis for an essay on blackface performance might be "Because of its humiliating and demoralizing effect on African American slaves, blackface was used less as a comedy routine and more as a way of enforcing racial segregation."Be assertive and confident in your writing. Avoid including fluff such as "In this essay, I will attempt to show...." Instead, dive right in and make your claim, bold and proud.Your outline should be specific, unique, and provable. Through your essay, you'll make points that will show that your thesis statement is true – or at least persuade your readers that it's most likely true.插入图片3.22．Describe how you're going to prove your point. Round out your introduction by providing your readers with a basic roadmap of what you will say in your essay to support your thesis statement. In most cases, this doesn't need to be more than a sentence.[13]3．If you've created an outline for your essay, this sentence is essentially the main subjects of each paragraph of the body of your essay.For example, if you're writing an essay about the unification of Italy, you might list 3 obstacles to unification. In the body of your essay, you would discuss details about how each of those obstacles was addressed or overcome.Instead of just listing all of your supporting points, sum them up by stating "how" or "why" your thesis is true. For example, instead of saying, "Phones should be banned from classrooms because they distract students, promote cheating, and make too much noise," you might say "Phones should be banned from classrooms because they act as an obstacle to learning."3．Transition smoothly into the body of your essay. In many cases, you'll find that you can move straight from your introduction to the first paragraph of the body. Some introductions, however, may require a short transitional sentence at the end to flow naturally into the rest of your essay.[14]To figure out if you need a transition sentence, read the introduction and the first paragraph out loud. If you find yourself pausing or stumbling between the paragraphs, work in a transition to make the move smoother.You can also have friends or family members read your easy. If they feel it's choppy or jumps from the introduction into the essay, see what you can do to smooth it out.Part 4 Bringing It All Together1.Read essays by other writers in your discipline. What constitutes a good introduction will varywidely depending on your subject matter. A suitable introduction in one academic discipline may not work as well in another.[15]If you're writing your essay for a class assignment, ask your instructor for examples of well-written essays that you can look at. Take note of conventions that are commonly used by writers in that discipline.Make a brief outline of the essay based on the information presented in the introduction. Then look at that outline as you read the essay to see how the essay follows it to prove the writer's thesis statement.2.Keep your introduction short and simple. Generally, your introduction should be between 5and 10 percent of the overall length of your essay. If you're writing a 10-page paper, your introduction should be approximately 1 page.[16]For shorter essays under 1,000 words, keep your introduction to 1 paragraph, between 100 and 200 words.Always follow your instructor's guidelines for length. These rules can vary at times based on genre or form of writing.3.Write your introduction after you write your essay. Some writers prefer to write the body ofthe essay first, then go back and write the introduction. It's easier to present a summary of your essay when you've already written it.[17]As you write your essay, you may want to jot down things you want to include in your introduction. For example, you may realize that you're using a particular term that you need to define in your introduction.4.Revise your introduction to fit your essay. If you wrote your introduction first, go back andmake sure your introduction provides an accurate roadmap of your completed paper. Even if you wrote an outline, you may have deviated from your original plans.[18]Delete any filler or unnecessary language. Given the shortness of the introduction, every sentence should be essential to your reader's understanding of your essay.5.Structure your introduction effectively. An essay introduction is fairly formulaic, and willhave the same basic elements regardless of your subject matter or academic discipline. While it's short, it conveys a lot of information.[19]The first sentence or two should be your hook, designed to grab your reader's attention and get them interested in reading your essay.The next couple of sentences create a bridge between your hook and the overall topic of the rest of your essay.End your introduction with your thesis statement and a list of the points you will make in your essay to support or prove your thesis statement.Community Q&A New! Make a stranger's day. Answer a question.Q: How do I start a paper about extreme sports that kids play?A: I would first narrow your subject down to one sport so you can be more focused. Note that this will likely be an informative essay. After you do this, an interesting hook statement may be an anecdote describing an intense moment in that chosen sport to get your audience interested. This can be made up or from your own experience with the sport.Q: How can I start an essay about HIV and lifestyle?A: An effective hook statement to start your essay about this topic may be a statistic about HIV, or perhaps an anecdote about someone facing this diagnosis and trying to make positive lifestyle changes for their health.Q: How do you begin an introduction?A: With something interesting! This is easier said than done of course, but a good intro starts with a quote, fact, or brief story that interests the reader. If it interested you while reading or researching, it's a great thing to start with. Just keep it short and it will be great.Q: What should I do if I'm stuck on the thesis?A: Skip it, write down your main points, and build the body of your essay. Once you know all the areas you want to cover, think about what links them all together, and what the main thing you're trying to convey is.Q: How should I start a body paragraph?A: Start off with a mini thesis which states what the body paragraph is talking about.Q: Where do you get started with a topic and introduction?A: Start with the basics -- what do you think about the topic? What argument can you make about it? Once you have an argument, start jotting down the evidence for the argument. This evidence will make up your paragraphs later on. If it's easiest, just skip the introduction now and come back once you're done -- you'll have all the ideas already drawn out.Q: My assignment is to summarize an already-written essay: could I begin by using the same introduction?A: To summarize, you really need to condense what's there and put everything into your own words -- this will include the introduction. It's fine to use the content of the introduction, but make sure not to copy the writing word-for-word.Q: How can I write a short introduction about heart disease?A: Start with something like "Heart disease is a serious condition that takes the lives of (number) Americans every year." Then go on to to talk about the causes of heart disease and the symptoms and warning signs, and treatment options. Maybe something about how we can encourage more people to go to the doctor to get a diagnosis before it becomes more serious.Q: What are some good statements to start with?A: Generally, one starts an essay with an interesting quote, fact, or story to make the reader want to continue reading. Ex. Did you know that every year...? Then you can begin to talk about background information and a thesis. A thesis usually lays out a brief summary of the points you want to make and includes your position on the topic. Ex. Dogs are ideal pets because of their loyalty to humans and their great trainability.Q: How can I write the introduction for an essay on the effects of peer pressure among teenagers? A: Talk about the problem first, this way the reader can understand why you are talking about effects and so the reader gets a good background on the subject.。
How to Write an Excellent Essay
If you are having trouble writing an introduction, take the main points of the question and simply use them to make a statement
There are 3 major developments in human culture that have led to the domestication and development of cats and dogs. The leading of nomadic lives, the beginning of agricultural lives, and the growing of towns and their fences… There are many developments that have led to the domestication of dogs and cats, but the 3 most influential elements are….
Problems with psuedopregnancy are… Many problems can occur during lactation… Breeding time can cause unwanted stress if unwanted problems… Lactation….OOOPS!!!
Body
Showcases the main points of your argument and gives the grader a sense that you do know what you are discussing
How to write a essay
How to write a essay开头万能公式：1．开头万能公式一：名人名言有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？经典句型：A proberb says, “You are only young once.”（适用于已记住的名言）It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. （适用于自编名言）更多经典句型：As everyone knows, No one can deny that…2．开头万能公式二：数字统计原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。
原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。
所以不妨试用下面的句型：According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造：Honesty根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。
Travel by Bike根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。
Youth根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。
Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。
更多句型：A recent statistics shows that …写作绝招结尾万能公式：1．结尾万能公式一：如此结论说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。
How to write an essay
Logically support thesis
Pragmatic support
Utilitarian support
Steps to writing an essay
1. Consider question: specifically the words and ideas involved. 2. Gather resources: who considered the words and ideas? 3. Compare resources: group but note differences 4. Come up with thesis statement: something you agree, that other people would disagree with, that you can support with your resources 5. Logically support thesis: support the thesis with points based on your resources, and support your points with explained examples 6. Defend against counterarguments 7. Conclude and expand 8. Revise
Steps to writing an essay
1. Consider question 2. Gather resources 3. Compare resources 4. Come up with thesis statement 5. Logically support thesis 6. Defend against counterarguments 7. Conclude and expand 8. Revise
How_to_Write_an_Essay
Questions for Revision
A first draft is only a beginning! Anything worth reading has gone through many careful revisions. Before your rewriting, take a break, a day, for example. Then complete at least 3-4 additional drafts. One rewriting is far from enough! Begin the process of rewriting by reading your rough draft carefully, two or three times perhaps. Then ask the following questions.
Proofreading
Check manuscript form. Correct typographical errors(排字错误). Double-check capitalization, spelling, and punctuation.
Making the final copy
A clean and tidy copy A copy with good handwriting(if the copy is handwritten) A reader-friendly copy
Drafting 1
Review information Revise your thesis Organize information And write an outline: 1. beginning/introduction paragraph; 2. body paragraph(s); 3. ending/conclusion paragraph.
如何写一篇英文report作文
如何写一篇英文report作文【中英文实用版】**英文版：**How to Write an English Report EssayWriting an effective English report essay involves several key steps.Here is a guide to help you navigate through the process:1.Understanding the Assignment:- Carefully read the task prompt and understand the purpose of the report.- Identify the key questions or issues that need to be addressed.2.Research:- Conduct thorough research on the topic.- Take notes and organize your findings to build a strong foundation for your arguments.3.Outlining the Report:- Create an outline to structure your essay.- Include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.4.Introduction:- Begin with a hook to engage the reader.- Provide a brief background and clearly state the purpose of the report.5.Body Paragraphs:- Each paragraph should focus on a main idea or argument.- Start with a topic sentence and support it with evidence from your research.- Use transitional phrases to maintain coherence between paragraphs.6.Conclusion:- Summarize the main points discussed in the report.- Offer insights or recommendations based on your findings.- End with a strong closing statement that leaves an impression on the reader.7.Editing and Proofreading:- Revise your essay for clarity, coherence, and consistency.- Check for grammatical errors, punctuation mistakes, and typos.- Ensure that the report adheres to the required formatting style(e.g., MLA, APA).8.Final T ouches:- Add a title to your report.- Include in-text citations and a reference list for any external sources used.- Proofread your essay one last time to ensure it is error-free.By following these steps, you"ll be well on your way to writing a comprehensive and engaging English report essay.**中文版：**如何撰写英文报告作文撰写一篇有效的英文报告作文需要遵循以下几个关键步骤：1.理解任务要求：- 仔细阅读题目，了解报告的目的。
写英语作文的步骤顺序
写英语作文的步骤顺序英文回答：To write an English essay, there are several steps that need to be followed. These steps will help you organize your thoughts and ideas, and ensure that your essay iswell-structured and coherent. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to write an English essay.Step 1: Understand the Prompt.The first step in writing an English essay is to carefully read and understand the prompt. Make sure you know what the essay is asking you to do, whether it is analyzing a text, arguing a point, or discussing a topic. Understanding the prompt is crucial for writing a focused and relevant essay.Step 2: Brainstorm Ideas.Once you have understood the prompt, the next step is to brainstorm ideas. Think about the main points or arguments you want to make in your essay. Consider any evidence or examples that support your points. Jot down all your ideas and organize them into a logical order.Step 3: Create an Outline.After brainstorming, create an outline for your essay. An outline will help you structure your essay and ensure that you include all the necessary information. Divide your essay into introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. Each section should have a clear purpose and flow smoothly into the next.Step 4: Write the Introduction.The introduction is the first paragraph of your essay and should grab the reader's attention. Start with a hook or an interesting fact to engage the reader. Provide some background information on the topic and end theintroduction with a clear thesis statement that states yourmain argument.Step 5: Develop the Body Paragraphs.The body paragraphs are where you present your main points and provide evidence to support them. Each body paragraph should focus on one main idea and include relevant examples or evidence. Use topic sentences to introduce each paragraph and ensure a smooth transition between paragraphs.Step 6: Write the Conclusion.The conclusion is the final paragraph of your essay and should summarize your main points. Restate your thesis statement and briefly summarize your arguments. End the conclusion with a strong closing statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.Step 7: Revise and Edit.Once you have finished writing your essay, take thetime to revise and edit it. Check for any grammatical or spelling errors and ensure that your sentences flow smoothly. Make sure your essay is well-organized and that your ideas are clearly expressed.中文回答：写英语作文的步骤如下：第一步，理解题目。
How to write an Essay
In order to remedy the situation, the best way is to be more organized and budget their time better. Also(Moreover; what's more), the students need to think more about their priorities in life. The students can(should) make their work time shorter than before so that they have more time to study because their studies come first. By planning their time more strategically, students can(will) overcome the tendency to procrastinate. Absolutely, making such a big lifestyle change is a great challenge to the students. It's going to take a lot of will power and self-discipline, but their lives will sure be much better. In fact, it's not really possible to eliminate stress from our lives completely, but the important thing is not to let stress overpower you. Understanding what causes your stress and finding ways to solve the problem are the best things to do.
How to write a comparative essay 怎么写比较性论文 英语写作技巧
How to write a comparativeessay如何写比较性论文Hello guys! If you want to master the art of drafting comparative essays, then this is the article which is just made for you. Here, I am going to tell you how to write a comparative essay.Well, before start writing we all know that one should have ample knowledge over the topic. Be clear that you are done with this part. If you think you lack somewhere and you don’t know things better. You can approach experts. You can go for online assignment help and enhance your potential by knowing more.This article is going to tell two valuable things. I am listing the same here: -What is a comparative essay? -How to write a comparative essay?Let’s start with the meaning of comparative essay and then move further to know how to write a comparative essay.Here we go:I have a full-fledged definition in my store but to understand how to write a comparative essay, you must know the exact meaning as well. This is why I am starting the topic with an explanation of the concept.What is a comparative essay?When we talk about a comparative essay, anyone can understand that there is something related to a comparison. Wait! It is not something related to the comparison, but it actually revolves around comparing distinct things, concepts or individuals or anything.As simple as the name suggests it to be. Before knowing how to write a comparative essay, know that it is not a tough thing. It is just a composition of some paragraphs which intend to showcase how and why two or more than two components are different than each other.Majorly these essays focus comparing to figure out the similarities. Apart from this, the contrast aims at describing the differences.All the readers who want to understand how to write a comparative essay should know that the topic can be anything. Yes, anything! Just as a comparison can be made between anything on this earth, we can write a comparative essay on any topic. The good thing is that if you are not limited to a certain set of topics to choose from you have plenty of topics to select and write about.Comparative essay definitionThe comparison is something made to and aimed at judging the given topics based on their differences and similarities to each other. We can say that a comparative essay is a type of essay in which the author compares two or morethan two topics in terms of their similarities and distinctions. The topics may or may not have a sound relation between them.Give a right start- How to write a comparative essay?Yes, here we will go to all the points needed to be in your focus. If you will know these things better than only you should try to understand how to write a comparative essay. So, before moving to the actual tips on how to write a comparative essay, we have to pay attention to something else.Here is what you need to know:1. First and foremost is the meaning of comparative essayI hope we have discussed enough on this topic in the beginning. And now you know these things in a perfect manner. If you still want a brief recap, I will love to do that for you. A comparative essay deals with two or more than two subjects. As an author, you will have to show the differences. You may have to raise questions and provide answers to them. This should be done with a motive of showing a clear comparison between things. Now, we can move to the second one…2. Second in the list is knowledge over the topicNow trust me none of my tips are going to work if you lack knowledge over your topic. So, before start writing make sure you are done with all the required research. Make sure you know more than enough to both support and criticise yourtopic. If you will able to do so, then only you can draw a perfect comparison. Or else you will end up in presenting an ill-drafted essay. An author should be familiar with the topics completely. Well, Don’t incur stress if this is not the case with you. You can get help by professional just by seeking assignment help.There will be professional essay writers and subject-matter-experts to enhance your knowledge. Plus you can also trust them for rectifying your errors. You can get proofreading and editing help and become confident about your essay. Now you are ready to know how to write a comparative essay.Now, let us move to the tips which will tell you how to write a comparative essay straightway:How to write a comparative essay?I have divided this section into three segments. First one deals with the basic outlines on how to write a comparative essay. Second one shares the major methods of structuring an essay. The third one will share the basic details with you. I am sure that all three of them will let you know how to write a comparative essay with perfection.i. General OutlineIntroductionThis part of an essay is vital, as you need to give an explanatory but concise glimpse into the discussion in your essay. You should present the information in a way that the reader is intrigued to know the solution and is eager to delve into the details, i.e. content of your work.BodyMost often, the body of the comparative essay has three paragraphs. It is normal that the format may vary as per the complexity of their similarities and differences and the subjects for comparison. -First paragraph The important traits of one alternative are being presented. -Second part The distinguishing background of the left alternative should be discussed in the second paragraph. -Third part, It should feature the two (or more than two) previously discussed subjects need to be compared and related. Make sure you use clear, factual and understandable language for the reader to get full and, most importantly, objective picture of what is being discussed.Conclusion or final partIn this part of your comparative essay, you must have to remind readers why it was required to compare thegiven particular alternatives. After pinpointing the important features of every single topic in the earlier sections of the essay, this is the place where you will have to give your readers a brief view of everything. You should have to summarise the retrieved results of your comparative essay. It should not be long, as this will not let the conclusion serve its purpose. It is supposed to be a short paragraph. But at the same time, it should give the readers a clear picture of whatever you have concluded.This is how to write a comparative essay in terms of its framing. Now we will move ahead and look up to the facts to see how to write a comparative essay in a different aspect:ii. The main methods of structuring an essay1. Alternating patternThe Alternating pattern is also called as “point-by-point comparison.” This is because this mode of comparison ends up in 5 paragraphs (lengthy full-fledged essays). In the alternating pattern, you will have to compare and contrast consecutively. This means you have to talk about each of the similarities and differences in the subjects: In the introduction, you will have to state your thesis. After this, you should discuss both( or all) of your topics together for every single point of comparison and contrast. At last, your conclusion should restate the thesis of your essay and shortly summarize your essay.2. Mixed paragraphs methodIn the Mixed paragraphs method, one paragraph is determined to explain all the ways in which the topics compare based on one aspect.You can understand it as : -Initially, you will have to tackle the first topic -Then move to the second topic3. Block PatternThe Block pattern is also called as “subject-by-subject comparison.” As per this pattern, you will have to separate the body of the compare and contrast essay in two different parts.The first part of the body will be devoted to the first topic, while the second half will revolve around the second topics: -In the introduction, you state your thesis. -First, you will have to discuss the first subject. -Then you will have to discuss the second subject. -In your conclusion, you will have to restate the thesis and shortly summarize your essay.iii. Some basic tips1. Find out the basis of comparisonWith respect to the question, you must have to develop the basis of your comparison. Generally, the question gives an insight to a different basis of comparison. But you should keep one thing in mind that there are some situations in which the authors have to develop the same on his/her own, –Let me elaborate you a bit more:For example, there may be a question in which you have to compare the concepts of socialism and capitalism. Both of these topics have theirown different concepts. So, as an author, you will not have to stress your nerves. But suppose you have to deal with views of two social groups. Now, this is where you will have to think a little more. You will have to think keenly and come up with your own ideas. You have to employ your thought process.2. Work on the content of the essayYes, I have told you to gather knowledge as much as you can. But wait! This is not the only thing that matters a lot. You will have to present the information in a perfect manner as well. So, try to focus on the content part as well. Develop your content as better as you can. Dear reader! Don’t let so many things confuse you. I am just telling you how to write a comparative essaywithout any flaws. This is why I want you to know everything.How to work on the content of the essay?-Make a list of the ways in which you have to show the topics are same and different as well.Benefit: -This list will let you have a compiled version of your views. You will have a properly categorized draft to start with your essay. –Evaluate the list in a proper way:Benefit: By doing so, you will be confident that you are not missing anything. Also, you will get to know whether you have added unnecessary stuff or not.3. Prepare a thesisWhen it comes to essay writing, a thesis is not a mandatory thing to be prepared. But one should know that ignoring a thesis is also not a good idea. As I am telling you how to write a comparative essay, I want you to know the process thoroughly.Doing a thesis will bring benefits to you only.Want to know why a thesis is important to your essay?A thesis is something which focuses on your whole idea or thought in brief. It focuses on what you have written in your essay in one or two sentences. When it comes to preparing a thesis, you should be aware of showing the topic of your essay to your readers. Plus you should also make your position clear with respect to the topic. The thesis of your comparative essayshould tell your reader what the thing that you are discussing in your essay is. It should act as a helping guide to your document and keep it focused.4. Focus on the structureI have discussed the ideal structure of a comparative essay in length in the article already. Hereby I will tell you why do you need to put your essay in a perfect structure. As you already know that essays are of different types. Every type of essay is meant to be written in a definite format. This is because the readers can grasp the ideas easily. Just like every other essay comparative essays are also meant to be written in a definite format. So, that the readers are not left distracted. From the basic outlines (introduction, body, conclusion) to the majormethods of structuring a comparative essay, I have told you everything. So, Don’t lose your confidence when you start writing your essay. By now you know everything on how to write a comparative essay. Be confident on what you know about the topic and the structure both.How to choose the topic for a comparative essay?You may already know that there are lots of topics available for research. You can choose any of them for your compare and contrast essay and start with writing. But, the thing is that is not as easy as it sounds to be. If in case somebody has already assigned you a topic you can’t do much in that aspect. But if it is up to you should make wiser choices.This is because unless you are confident about your topic, you cannot write down with perfection.Mainly, there are two aspects which you need to keep in mind before choosing the topic:-To choose the right topic for comparing and contrasting make sure that it interests you. Unless you are interested in the topic, it will not be easy for you. -Secondly, your readers should be interested in the topics too. Or else no one will bother to invest their time in your efforts. Identify your readers and make sure that the topic can engage them longer.ConclusionHey guys, so after covering all the major points, we have reached a stage where we can conclude this blog. So, by reading all that I have written above, you have become familiar with the meaning of comparative essay. And also youknow the different ways to write down an essay. We have discussed the answer of how to write an essay in three aspects. All three of them gives you separate views to come up with a perfect comparative essay. And I hope that by the end of this article you can even teach others how to write a comparative essay.。
how to write a summary
To Write a SummaryAt some point in a situation, you may be asked to write a summary of a book, an article or the like. A summary is to reduce material in an original work and give a brief restatement to its main points and the key supporting details. When write a summary, you should not paraphrase, interpret or comment. What you have to do is to give the gist of the original one’s exact and essential meaning.When you write a summary, you can bring quite lot skills such as reading, analyzing and writing. For improving reading comprehension, you need to read the original to gain the essence of the meaning, which of course, is a big help to improve your reading ability. On the other, writing a summary is helpful to composition writing, for it will train you to express your thought exactly, clearly, concisely, and logically. Of course, summary writing haspractical value to you, for it can train your ability to grasp quickly and accurately what you read, even hear and watch.Then the question is How to Write a Summary?Generally speaking, to finish the writing of a summary, you may have the following three steps.Step One: Reading.To write a good summary, the first step is to thoroughly read and understand the material which you are working with.Step Two: SelectingDuring the reading, you should highlight important information and take notes, that is, write down the main points of each section, write down the key support points for the main topic, but ignore the minor details.Step Three: WritingGoing through the process of Step One and Step Two, then you can begin to do the summary writing.In writing a summary, on the one hand, you should pay attention to the following three questions:(1) What is the theme of the passage, or the book or the others?(2) What are the main ideas?(3) How are the main ideas arranged?On the other, you should obey the following four main requirements:(1) The summary should cover the original asa whole;(2) The language should be presented in a neutral fashion;(3) The summary should be a condensed version;(4) The summary should not include the writer’s own comments or evaluations.For example, please read the following essay then write a summary.There is an enemy beneath our feet—an enemy the more deadly for its complete impartiality. It recognizes no national boundaries, no political parties. Everyone in the world is threatened by it. The enemy is the earth itself. When an earthquake strikes, the world trembles. The power of a quake is greater than anything human beings themselves can produce. But today scientists are directing a great deal of their effort into finding some way of combating earthquakes, and it is possible that sometime in the near future, people will have discovered a means of protecting themselves.An earthquake strikes without warning.When it does, its power is immense. If it strikes a modern city, the damage it causes is as great as if it has struck a primitivevillage. Gas mains burst, explosions are caused and fires are started. Underground railways are wrecked. Whole building collapse, bridges fall, dams burst. Gaping crevices appear in busy streets. If the quake strikes at sea, huge tidal waves sweep inland. If it strikes in mountain regions, avalanches roar down into the valley.Consider the terrifying statistics from the past. Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, was destroyed entirely and 450 people were killed in 1775. In Peru, fifty thousand people died in an earthquake in 1970. In 1968, an earthquake struck Alaska. As this is relatively unpopulated part, only a few people were killed. But it is likely that this was one of the most powerful quakes ever to have hit the world. Geologists estimate that during the tremors, the whole of the state moved over eighty feet farther west into the Pacific Ocean. Imagine the powerof something that can move an entire subcontinent! This is the problem that faces scientists. They are dealing with forces so immense that human beings can not hope to resist them. All that can be done is to try to pinpoint just where the earthquake will strike and work from here.At least some precautionary measures can then be taken to save lives and some of the property.(342 words)For writing the summary, you are to read the passage through and find its theme. Then think how the theme is developed and take notes. For example, here are the notes you may make.Title: Terror from earthquakesKey points:A. earthquake—the great enemyB. damage done by earthquake—generalC. damage done by earthquake—particular instancesD. tasks for scientistsOutline:A. earthquake—the great enemy1. strike everywhere2. very great powerB. damage done by earthquakes—general1. in a citya. gas mains burstb. explosions and firesc. underground railways wreckedd. buildings collapsee. bridges and dams fall collapsef. crevices on streets2. on the sea—huge tidal waves3. mountain regions—avalanchesC. damage done by earthquakes—particularinstances1. Lisbon—1755a. city destroyedb. 450 killed2. Peru—1970: 50,000 killed3. Alaska—1968a. only a few killedb. entire subcontinent shifted 80 feetinto oceanD. tasks for scientists: difficult to deal withirresistible forces, can only worka. to pinpoint earthquake-prone areasb. to help people take precautionary measuresBased on the notes and the outline, the first draft of the summary may be written as follows.The earth itself becomes our enemy when an earthquake strikes. Every country in the world is threatened by the tremendous fury of earthquakes. Their power exceeds all the forces released by humankind. When a city is hit, buildings fall and explosions and fires are started. Underground railways are wrecked. Gaping crevicesappear on streets. Bridges and dams fall.Huge tidal waves rise on the sea.Avalanches roar down the mountainsides.An earthquake in Lisbon in 1755 destroyed the city and killed 450 persons.In Peru, 50,000 people died in an earthquake in 1970. The subcontinent of Alaska was pushed 80 feet into the sea in 1968. Faced with such tremendous forces, which cannot be resisted, scientists can only pinpoint the earthquake areas and take suitable steps to minimize the harm.(130 words)This first draft is longer than one-third of the original. It will have to be condensed further by omitting more details and by condensing the expression. Here is a second draft.Earthquakes, whose destructive powerexceeds all the forces created byhumankind, threaten every country inthe world. When a city is hit, buildingsfall and explosions and fires are started.Underground railways are wrecked.Wide crevices appear on the street.Bridges and dams fall. Huge tidalwaves rise on the sea and avalanchesroar down the mountainsides. Anearthquake in Lisbon in 1975 destroyedthe city and killed many. In Peru, 50,000 people were killed in 1970. Thesubcontinent of Alaska was pushed 80feet into the sea in 1968. Faced withsuch irresistible forces, scientists canonly pinpoint earthquake areas andtake steps to minimize the harm.(109 words)HomeworkGood MannersManners are important to happy relations among people. Everyone likes aperson with good manners. No one likes a person with bad manners. But what are good manners? How does one know what to do and what not to do?Well, here are some examples.A person with good manners never laughs at people when they are in trouble. Instead, he tries to help them. He is always kind to others. When people are waiting for a bus, he takes his turn. He does not push to the front of the line. On the bus he gives his seat to an older person or a person with a very young child. If he knocks into someone, or gets in his way, he says “Excuse me” or “I’m sorry”.He says “Please”when he asks for something and “Thank you”when he receives something. He stands up when he is speaking to an older person, and he does not sit down until the other person takes his seat. He does not interrupt otherpeople when they are talking. He does not talk too much. He does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public. When he is eating he does not speak with his mouth full of food. He uses a handkerchief when he sneezes or coughs. He does not spit in public.As a student, it is bad manners to come late to class. If you are late you should make an apology to the teacher either at the time or after class. It is also bad manners to keep silent when the teacher asks you a question. If you do not know the answer, say so immediately. If you do know, answer in a loud enough voice so that all the class may hear. It is polite for the students to help the teacher. Sometimes students can help their teachers to clean the blackboard, to close or open the doors or windows. Sometimes there are papers to collect or to hand out. This kind of help is always appreciated.Ideas of what are good manners are not always the same in different countries. But in all countries it is important to be kind and helpful.(366 words)。
Topic 4如何写essay和report论文指导课
T O P I C4Paraphrasing, summarising and report writing – economics focusP R E PA R E D B Y H E L E N E S T R A W B R I D G E F O R T H E U N I T T E A MContentsIntroduction 1Learning objectives 1Key skills 1Learning resources 1Readings 1Class preparation 2Key terms and concepts 2Reviewing MCQ1 results 2Developing library skills – finding resources 2Understanding plagiarism 2What is plagiarism? 2Strategies for avoiding plagiarism 3Understanding how to approach academic assignments and timemanagement 4Introduction to Assignment 1 4Formal report tasks 4Understanding what the tutor wants to read in student writing 5Time management 5Analysing a sample student report 5Techniques for reading comprehension 6Using information from tables, figures and graphs 6Paraphrasing and summarising other people’s ideas 7What are the main characteristics of a paraphrase? 7Why use paraphrases? 7How do you write a paraphrase? 7© D eak i n Uni v ers ityWhat is a summary? 9 Steps for writing a summary 9 Homework 9 Important reminders for next week 10© D ea ki n U ni ver sit yBus i nes s Ac ademic Sk illsIntroductionThis week’s workshop introduces you to your report assignment. You prepare aplan to manage your time in researching, drafting and completing your assignment.A sample student report is analysed as a guide. Techniques for reading andunderstanding what you read are introduced. The class concludes withparaphrasing and summarising in more detail, in preparation for the secondmultiple choice question test next week.Learning objectivesThis topic focuses on the following unit objectives, to:•use quality sources appropriate to the task•convey the ideas of others accurately and in your own style•use in-text citations where necessary, with corresponding referencelist entries, presented according to the prescribed author–date(Harvard) system•engage in independent learning•demonstrate understanding of business-related academic texts.Key skillsThis topic aims to develop skills in:•developing library skills – finding sources•understanding plagiarism•understanding how to approach academic assignments and time management•analysing a sample student report•techniques for reading comprehension•summarising and paraphrasing other people’s ideas.Learning resourcesReadingsFaculty of Business and Law 2009, ‘The global economy’, Fundamentals of economics:study guide, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Topic 1, pp. 1, 3–4.Hyun, S 2010, ‘Workplace flexibility’, (Sample student formal report).The Economist 2010, ‘Burgernomics: when the chips are down’, The Economist,22 July, vol. 396, no. 8692, p. 72.1TOPI C 42Class preparationBring: - The Assignment task document- The Folio task document- Topic 4 Readings.Key terms and conceptsYour lecturer will set tasks based on any relevant readingsUnderstanding plagiarismWhat is plagiarism?Plagiarism occurs when you use the ideas or words of another writer, but presentthese words and ideas as your own. This is not allowed and all students must learnto include citations in their writing. A citation is a way of showing where a particularidea or quotation came from. It contains the author’s name, the date of publicationand the page numbers on which the idea or quotation occurs.Busi ness Acad emic Sk ills EXAM PLEAmong others, the factors liable to weigh in the coming quarters include risingunemployment, waning government fiscal stimulus and weak fixed capitalformation. The impact of these negative trends should be partially offset byfavourable conditions in the construction sector, and comparatively strongdemand for export – commodities in particular (Business Monitor InternationalLtd 2010, pp. 62–63).Remember that citations must be included for both words and ideas, and allcitations must appear in full in the reference section.Plagiarism is regarded as an extremely serious offence at Deakin University. It isregarded as possible grounds for failure and can lead to proceedings under theUniversity Regulation 4.2 (1): Academic Offences (Cheating).Strategies for avoiding plagiarismThere are two main techniques you can use to include the ideas of another writerin your own writing: direct quotation and paraphrasing or summarising.Direct quotationYou can quote the actual words of another writer. This is called using a directquotation. If you use a direct quotation, you are required to show this to the readerby using quotation marks around the actual words. These quotation marks are aphysical method to show your reader that you have not copied the words intendingto show them as your own. You are acknowledging that these words were used(exactly as you have written them) by another writer.EXAM PLEMany organisations use the negotiating strategy as the most effective managerialapproach because ‘a manager is an organisational member who integrates andcoordinates the work of others’ (Robbins et al. 2010, p. 7).Paraphrasing or summarisingYou can paraphrase or summarise the ideas of another writer, in your own words.You must take care not to change one or two words and call that a paraphrase. Youmust also ensure that you always keep the original intention of the writer and do notchange the meaning in your summary or paraphrase. You must still provide an in-textcitation for the paraphrasing or summarising of a published source.3TOPI C 44Understanding how to approach academic assignmentsand time managementIntroduction to Report WritingMany of the units at Deakin University require students to answer assignmentquestions as reports. One of the ways that students can show how they have donethe required research and reading is to write a formal report, using the informationfrom the reading as a basis for content.Formal report tasksComplete the tasks in relation to the set topic. The tasks and the topic are outlinedin the unit assessment document, which you should have downloaded from DeakinStudies Online (DSO). Your tutor will explain how to access this information if youdo not have access to DSO.Formal report marking criteriaFollow the marking guide to identify what the markers will be looking for in yourwriting and make sure you use that information in preparing your formal report.What is a formal report?Formal reports are often used in business situations to provide information after aresearch study has taken place. For example, a company may require a marketingstudy to be done to find out whether conditions are suitable to set up a branch officeof the company in another city or country. The aim of the report is to provide clearand concise information to the person who requested the report.What are the main characteristics of a formal report?A formal report provides:•broad exposure of industries, organisations, problems and issues•opportunities to apply concepts, tools and techniques•insight into a particular area of study.Steps for writing a formal reportWhen writing a formal report, follow these steps:1 read the assignment background and provided business articles without takingnotes2 identify the key issues you will need to research about the assignment topic3 define the key concepts4 re-read the business articles, this time making notes and highlighting areas thatcorrespond to the key conceptsNote that this sestion refers to a task called Assignment 1 - this no longer applies to MME 101. The only assignment used currently is a research essay. Your lecturer will refer to report writing and might spend some time on this type of writing - but no activities will be done on reports.Bus i nes s Ac ademic Sk ills5 begin to gather more general information about the issues described in thebusiness articles (This will help you to understand the context of the problemsand situation better)6 make an analysis based on the information and observations presented in thebusiness articles as well as from your wider reading of academic sources7 begin drafting your report using the headings and areas discussed under‘Formal report structure’ earlier in this topic.Benefits of writing a formal reportAfter successfully writing a formal report, you will have:•increased your understanding of a particular area•developed your analytical skills further•practised diagnostic skills•increased your analytical thinking skills.Understanding what the tutor wants to read in student writingHow do you understand what assignment questions require you to do? This sectionshows you how to work out what tasks are involved.Most of the questions prepared by your lecturers and tutors have detailedguidelines that are set out in the assessment documents and unit outlines for eachunit. You must check this information for a complete breakdown of marks andwritten requirements.ACTIVITY 4.3Analyse the instruction words given in the assignment 1 task. What does eachinstruction word mean?Your tutor will assist you with your questions.Time managementACTIVITY 4.4Prepare a plan for writing your assignment. Include the time for researching,reading, writing a draft, editing the draft, finalising the draft, compiling thereferences, proofreading and allowing for technical problems.Analysing a sample student reportACTIVITY 4.5Sample formal reportRead the sample report ‘Workplace flexibility’ from Topic 4 readings and discussthe following points:5TOPI C 46Report structure•format, content, references•list of references – look at the format of the list of references, note the listorder and whether or not the author has used correct author–date formatParagraph structure•identify the moves in the paragraphs and discuss their functionsAnswer the following questions:1 What is the content of the executive summary?2 What are the three barriers to introducing workplace flexibility? Name theauthors the student has cited.3 In your own words, write a paragraph that summarises the flexible workplacebenefits, including the sources used by the writer..4 In your own words, write a paragraph that summarises the flexible workplacestrategies checking that you have used correct citations.Techniques for reading comprehensionMany students need to improve their reading at academic levels. There are manydifferent sources of information to be read in each subject, such as textbooks,lecture notes, study guides and other articles and readings prescribed by thelecturers and tutors in each subject. Reading effectively means you need to learnto read efficiently.ACTIVITY 4.6Read the article, ‘Burgernomics: When the chips are down’ in the following way:1 Read the title. What do you predict the article will be about?2 Find out what the article is about by reading the opening paragraph.3 Read through the second and third paragraphs. What is the article saying?4 Read the first and last sentences only of each paragraph. The purpose is toget an idea of what the paragraph is talking about. Skim read through eachparagraph. What is the main idea of the third paragraph?Using information from tables, figures and graphsIn business you are often required to analyse, evaluate and use information fromtables, figures and graphs. While you will often also present diagrams in yourassignments, you also need to be able to write about them: they need to beunderstandable independent of what is written, as well as being clearly explained inyour text.All tables, figures and graphs used in your assignments must:•have a clearly definable purpose and be referred to in the text•have a caption or title set in boldBus i nes s Ac ademic Sk ills •be numbered and be referred to in the text by that number (not by saying it is‘above’ or ‘below’)•be enclosed by a border or in a box•be referenced correctly.ACTIVITY 4.7Use information from the table in the ‘Burgernomics: food for thought’ article toanswer the following questions:1 What information is contained in the table called ‘The Burgernomics’?2 What information is contained in the table called ‘Bangs for your buck?’3 Which table better illustrates the article content? Provide your reasons.4 According to the tables, the currencies of some countries are currentlyundervalued. Name five of these countries.5 Write a sentence about one of the countries’ currency that is undervalued.6 According to the tables, the currencies of some countries are currentlyovervalued. Name these countries.7 Write a sentence about one of the countries’ currency that is overvalued. Paraphrasing and summarising other people’s ideasWhat are the main characteristics of a paraphrase?A paraphrase:•is used with short passages•is generally about the same length as the original•must be a complete, accurate and undistorted version of the original passage•is never plagiarism if the original author is acknowledged in a citation.Why use paraphrases?Paraphrases are used:•to integrate those ideas more fully to support your own views and arguments•to integrate those ideas better into your own language and writing style•to demonstrate that you have read other people’s ideas and perspectives on asubject•to demonstrate that you have understood and assimilated those ideas.How do you write a paraphrase?Follow these steps when writing a paraphrase:•Read the original passage carefully.•Look up any new, unfamiliar or specialised words.•Make sure you fully understand the meaning.•Underline or make a list of keywords and details.7TOPI C 48•Find synonyms or different parts of speech for those important words andphrases; if the term is highly specialised or there is no synonym, you may re-use the original term inside single quotation marks.•Rewrite each sentence:– using synonyms– changing word order– changing parts of speech– simplifying the sentence structure– using your own style of language•Do not change technical terms from the source.•Check that all important details have been included and that the grammar iscorrect.•Add a correct citation in an appropriate location.ACTIVITY 4.8Change the following texts into a paraphrase:1 Australian policy makers have failed to deal with the systematic riskpresented by our banks’ high reliance on offshore wholesale funding, aformal senior regulator has warned. Jeremy Cooper, a former deputychairman of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission whospearheaded the review into superannuation, said that Australia must get outof ‘self-congratulatory mode’ after surviving the global financial crisis (AFR,25 March 2011, p. 18).2 The shift to a services and knowledge economy has accelerated interest inthe ‘intangibles’ that have fuelled market capitalisation growth in thefinancial equity markets. Researchers have reported on how the value ofknowledge workers in various industries can be captured in financial terms.These intangible factors include strategy execution, managerial credibility,attracting and retaining talent and compensation strategy (AFR, 25 March2011, p. 64).3 Identify the key words and then provide another word or phrase to describeit.4 Write your own paraphrase by using the rephrased words, changing theword order and using your own language style.ACTIVITY 4.9Read the pages provided from ‘The global economy’ from the Topic 4 readings.In pairs or groups, as directed by your tutor, answer the following questions:1 With what is the study of economics concerned?2 What is the difference between macro- and micro-economics?3 Read the section on globalisation in ‘The global economy’ (p. 3).Busi ness Acad emic Sk ills4 Each group member selects a paragraph, identifies the key words and thenprovides another word or phrase to describe it.5 Write your own paraphrase of each paragraph, by using the rephrasedwords, changing the word order and using your own language style.6 Review each member’s paraphrasing of the same questions they have eachanswered.What is a summary?A summary aims to reduce large amounts of information into the fewest possiblesentences, using the summary writer’s own words. The summary must stillmaintain the original writer’s main ideas, attitude or argument. An ability tosummarise effectively is an essential writing skill required for your studies atDeakin University.Steps for writing a summaryWhen writing a summary, follow these steps:1 Read the original passage carefully and mark the key phrases and the mostimportant points.2 Write down the most important ideas in point form and rewrite these key pointsusing alternative words and phrases.3 Put the original reading passage away and work only from your notes.4 Use your own vocabulary and writing style to join together your notes.5 Check your summary against the original passage to make sure you have notdistorted the author’s meaning or made any errors.6 Add an accurate citation (author’s name + date of publication, pagenumber(s)).ACTIVITY 4.10Your tutor will direct you to read an article from Topic 4 readings. From aselected paragraph you are asked to:•identify the main idea – When you identify the main idea, you use keywordsto help you understand what the author is saying; you may use the articletitle key words and the introduction also•consider if the opening sentence is helpful in understanding the paragraph•look for evidence to support the main idea presented•write your summary of the paragraph. (Remember, a summary reduces thenumber of sentences to the fewest possible.)HomeworkThis will be specified by your lecturer.Review Topic 4 content and ensure completeness, if relevant.9。
how to write a essay
Writing essaysIn your studies, you will be required to write essays. In the following section, we emphasise again the significant points for essay writing.1 Analyse the taskThe most important point is that you analyse your task, so that you understand clearly what you are required to do. You need to investigate the themes of the task. However, this activity in itself is insufficient, and would result in writing that is descriptive only. You must address the relationship and subtleties of the themes, as laid out in the task. An important factor in doing so is paying attention to the words in assignment tasks that direct you to the required cognitive process, or activity. These include processes like “discuss”, “compare and contrast”, “explain”, and soon.When you are clear about what the task requires, you then need to research and find relevant information from the literature. You will use your critical thinking skills when you decide which publications, and which sections of these, are relevant to your task. Take notes on the relevant sections, remembering to keep the bibliographic details of the publications, and the page numbers if you take direct quotes.2 Synthesise your informationWhen you have gathered and taken notes on all the information you need, the next step is to synthesise it and, in so doing, arriveat your response to the task. See Chapter 4 for an illustration of this.3 Plan the essayThe next step is to plan your essay, so that you are presenting your response and explaining it clearly, logically and convincingly in the essay. Developing a succinct, initial response to the task as we have explained in point 5.2 is useful. This forms a focus for your essay, and can be included in the last part of the introduction. In this way, the reader is provided with direction as to your over-riding response to the task.As essay is structured along the lines we have discussed in Chapter 4. It begins with an introduction, which is generally 10% of the overall size of the essay and states for the reader what will be done in the essay.The body of the essay explains logically and in detail, and with properly-referenced evidence from the literature, your response. The body is made up of sections, which are divided into points. Each paragraph should contain a main point (usually the first sentence of the paragraph) and the remainder of the paragraph explains this point, with the use of evidence from the literature.The conclusion to the essay is again about 10% of the overall size of the essay, and summarises in general form the response presented throughout the essay. The final sentence or two can open up the discussion by presenting implications, or a comment on the future of the issue.4 Reference the sources of informationA vital point is that referencing must be completed appropriately. If information is used from a source, whether as a direct quote, or as a paraphrase or a summary, the source must be referenced. It isalso important that the essay is more than merely a summary of information from the literature, even if it is referenced appropriately. An essay must represent the “writer’s voice”. This occurs through the writerdeveloping their own response to the task, on the basis of the evidence in the literature or the data,and the evidence used to support the writer’s clearly expressed view.In essays for some units such as some Management and Economics, it is suitable to use headings, in a similar way to the headings in a report. It is always necessary to ask your lecturer or tutor if headings can be used. If so, the headings must relate to and express succinctly the nature of the information that follows. If headings cannot be used, the links throughout the essay will need to be expressed in sentences.In all, an essay needs to respond directly to the task, have a clear focus through the writer developing their own response to the task, explain the response in a logical and organised way, and convince the reader of its validity through the use of references and data as evidence. An essay must demonstrate a writer’s voice, and be appropriately referenced. It should be coherent, cohesive and flow logically.Checklist for essay writing:•Make sure that you analyses your task and understand the underlying themes and their interaction.•Direct your efforts to developing your own task response. It must respond to the complexity embedded in the task, rather than merelydescribing the themes.•Make sure you provide your reader with a succinct overview of your response in the introduction.•Link sections of the body and paragraphs within these, so your reader understands what you are doing, and why.•Use appropriate headings in the essay, if appropriate.•Support points that you make with evidence from your reading, and acknowledge it appropriately.•Form your conclusion on the basis of your response to the task and the discussion in the body of your essay.。
How to writing a good essay
How to write a good essayHow to write a good essays? This is a big problem for many students. As they think it’s hard to write the essay well. However,if you have the right ingredients,you will find it’s easy to get a nice essay. .First of all, in general,the topic is very important in your essay.It says that a good beginning is half of success,but the beginnings of all things are difficult.So you need to choose a key topic sentence for it. Athough you have many approaches to choose the topic. I think the best way is by brainstorm. Since an essay is very long in common, it is also of great importance to organize and plan the essay before you stop to write. The best way to do it is making 4 square, including body paragraph and concluding paragraph. In addition, you should consider what you are focusing on.Second, when you organize your essay, you can get ready your rough draft for it. According to the prewrite, then write a new paragraph. Y ou should write some supporting details for your main idea,after that,you can present some examples. Moreover, you need have three or five sentences at least in each paragraph. Besides,when your first essay draft is basically completed,and you find that the connectivity between your sentences is not enough, so you need to add a few transition signals to them.Finally, you still don’t have completed your essay because of the final draft. And in the final draft, you need to correct your grammatical errors, spelling errors and punctuation errors. Perhaps you should delete some unnecessary information or representations. Then you need to go to write center sentences as well to help youimprove your essay. At last, you had better check your essay again. After that,type your final draft,and the fonts specifications should be double spaced, written on one side of the paper, and neat.,use 12 pt font or write in blue or black link.。
HOW TO WRITE A REPOR怎么写报告(新编研究生学术综合英语学生用书第三单元section c)
HOW TO WRITE A REPOR选择你的主题Selecting your Topic1理解任务。
如果你的老师、教���或老板给你的指南报告,确保你读(读)。
你的作业要求是什么?你应该通知你的观众一个话题呢?一般如果您正在编写一份报告对于一个小学,初中或高中类,您将被要求提供一个主题没有插入你的意见。
其他作业可能会问你对某种方式说服听众感知你的话题,或分析一个主题。
问你的老师有什么问题你可能会尽快。
[1]•请记住,如果你的目的只是通知你的听众,你不应该把自己的观点到你的报告或添加任何有说服力的元素。
Understand the assignment. If your teacher, professor, or boss gave your guidelines for your report, make sure you read them (and reread them). What is the assignment asking of you? Are you supposed to inform your audience about a topic? Generally if you are writing a report for an elementary, middle or high school class, you will be asked to present a topic without inserting your opinion. Other assignments might ask you to persuade your audience about a certain way of perceiving your topic, or analyze a topic. Ask your teacher about any questions you might have as soon as possible.[1]•Keep in mind that if your purpose is only to inform your audience, you should not put your own opinion into your report or add any persuasiveelements.2选择你爱的好话题。
如何润色英语作文
如何润色英语作文How to Polish Your English Writing。
Writing is an essential part of learning English. Whether you are writing an essay, a report, or an email, it is important to ensure that your writing is clear, concise, and error-free. In this article, we will provide some tips on how to polish your English writing.1. Use a variety of sentence structures。
One way to improve your writing is to use a variety of sentence structures. This can make your writing more interesting and engaging to read. Try to use different types of sentences, such as simple, compound, and complex sentences. Also, vary the length of your sentences to create a rhythm in your writing.2. Avoid repetition。
Repetition can make your writing sound dull and monotonous. Try to use synonyms or rephrase sentences to avoid repeating the same words or phrases. Using a thesaurus can help you find alternative words to use.3. Use active voice。
如何写出最好的1500字短文 How to write 1500 word essay 英语作文
如何写出最好的1500字短文How to write the best 1500word essayEssays are an inevitable part of the academic journey. They hold great significance in the academic process. The modern-day education system is solely focused on assignments. For students, academic essay assignments are an eyesore. But one cannot neglect the importance of essay assignments. When you compose an essay, you are required to portray your competence, skills, knowledge and experience of writing and thinking. Essay or paper writing is one of the best ways for professors to evaluate student’s performance. Therefore, taking it leniently will be like asking for trouble.During your college life, you will get the assignment of writing different types of essays with a different word limit. Here in this article, I will be discussing the 1500 word essay. Writing an essay in 1500 words is not as easy as it seems to be. Therefore, if you want to know how to write the best 1500 word essay then keep an eye out for the answer in this article.When you get assigned the task of writing a 1500 word essay, a barrage of questions might come in your mind. What essay words to use in this essay? How to write an introduction of an essay, Don’t get anxious with such questions, here in this article I am going to answer all the questions regarding a 1500 word essay.Approach while writing a 1500 word essayOften students believe that writing a 1500 word essay may follow a different approach, but that is not the case. The fundamental procedure for writing the essay will remain quite the same. You have to start with an enthralling introduction, then proceed towards the central part of the essay. In the central part, bring up your arguments with supporting evidence. Then, end your essay with a conclusion. But, before reaching to the process of essay writing, you have to follow certain rules to achieve your goal.Read the essay prompts carefully and several timesMost of the time, students skip this part. They don’t read the essay prompt or question correctly. If you do not understand what your professor wants in your essay, how will you be able to write a perfect essay then? Therefore, read your essay prompt clearly and if having any doubt, get it resolved from your professor.Assign time restriction to your essayThe second most important thing to avoid essay lingering is to set a deadline for it. If you want to complete your essay on time, set a deadline. If you create a timeline then you will be able to manage your work in an efficient manner.Make yourself knowledgeable on the topicIf you are truly into writing an essay, then you cannot start it bluntly. First, you have to get familiar with the topic. Gain some insights about the topic first. For this, you have to conduct proper research. Gather information from various books or reliable internet sources. You can also visit various informative websites such as Jstor, Springer, etc. to collect good quality information for your essay.Improve your typing speedYou also have to focus on your typing speed. Most of the students cross the deadlines as they are not having a good hand on the keyboard. You have to maintain a good typing speed tocomplete your essay on time. A 1500 word essay should get typed within 3 to 4 hours.Make an outlineBefore you start preparing a final draft of the essay, make an outline of it. Creating an outline first will provide a framework for your essay. Arrange your ideas chronologically, choose a hook statement or proverb for your essay. Arrange how to present your arguments. If you will make an outline first, there is a high possibility to get good grades in the essay.Stay away from distractionsLast but not the least, students if planning to write an essay, must stay away from all types ofdistractions. If you are ready to miss a meeting with your friend, or to avoid a visit to someplace for a few days and show seriousness towards academics, only then you will end up with a good essay. Distractions can take away all of your focus and you will find yourself short of time.If you can have this approach, only then you can write a perfect 1500 word essay. Now in the next section, you will be reading about the technicalities of the essay writing.A guide for a 1500 word essayAs said earlier, an essay is divided into three sections. The first one is the introduction, the second one is the body of the essay and the lastpart is the conclusion. So, let us see in detail how to write each part with precision.IntroductionAn introduction is the first thing a reader will read. It set up the tone of your essay. Guides the reader what is to come in the essay.Though introduction is the first thing in any piece of writing, writers usually prepare it at the end.The introduction is divided into three partsGeneral statementA general statement is used to introduce the reader with the topic.It can also have a question, proverb, quote, or dilemma which pulls the reader’s attention towards the topic.The general statement should explain the focus or perspective of the whole essay.Indication of the structure of the essayThis segment of the introduction talks about the order of the topics that are discussed in the essay.Thesis statementA thesis statement helps in clearing the crux of the whole essay. What are you trying to prove in the essay? What is your viewpoint?A thesis statement should be written in a concise manner. Most of the students fail to make a concise thesis statement. If you also fall into this category take thesis statement help from the professional writers.Body of the essayA body of the essay is divided into several paragraphs. Each paragraph is a group of sentences that develops a single idea.Ideally, your essay body should be divided intofive paragraphs of equal length.Each paragraph should sync with the previous one. It should raise arguments and have supportive evidence.Before you come to any conclusion related to the body of the essay, you need to know one thing related to paragraphs. There are different types of paragraphs in the body of the essay.Types of paragraphs to write in the body of the essayNarrative paragraphThis paragraph tells story. Such paragraphs are written while writing narrative essays.Persuasive paragraphWhen your aim is to convince the reader, you write persuasive essays and paragraphs follows arguments that persuade the reader to agree with your viewpoint.Descriptive paragraphIf your aim is to provide a detailed description then usedescriptive writing techniques while framing the paragraphs for your essay.Expository paragraphThese paragraphs provide an explanation along with logical reasoning.Role of linking words while writing the body of the essayEach paragraph shows a connection with the previous paragraph. Therefore, a connection is vital while framing your paragraphs. Transition orlinking words are used to unify the sections or sentences in the essay. Linking words will also help in linking different thoughts or ideas of the essay together.ConclusionThe conclusion is to conclude everything that you have written in the essay. Most of the writers never put many efforts while writing the conclusion. But, in order to write a successful 1500 word essay, you cannot fade away from your focus from this part. The conclusion is divided into three parts:Restating of thesis statementSummary of the crucial points of the essayReflects back on title and looks to the futureWhile these three parts are important in conclusion, here are a few more things to consider while writing an essay.Your conclusion should never have any quotes or new information.Make your conclusion just like the introduction.All your arguments should be summarised in the conclusion in a convincing manner.Your essay should convey a sense of closure, it should make the reader awestruck and also provide a chance for discourse.Read, Re-read and EditNow you are done with your essay. One last step will ensure quality work. That step is proofreading and editing. Reflect on your essay and read it again and again and edit all the errors. While proofreading the work lookout for these issues:Check spelling errors and typosVerify whether paragraphs are connecting to each other or not and whether they are in sequential order.Check your introduction. It should have three parts that are mentioned above.Check whether your essay is satisfying the university guidelines or not.Referencing should be double-checked.Look out for grammatical mistakes. Especially, students from non-English background should get checked their grammar from experts.If you have followed all the above-mentioned information in your 1500 word essay correctly, your essay is ready for the submission.。
写作业英语怎么讲
写作业英语怎么讲在英语中，"写作业"可以有几种表达方式，具体取决于作业的类型和上下文环境。
以下是一些常见的表达：1. Do homework - 这是最普遍的表达方式，适用于任何类型的作业。
- 例句：I have to do my homework before I can go out.2. Complete assignments - 这个表达通常用于指代完成特定的作业任务。
- 例句：You need to complete all your assignments by the end of the week.3. Work on a project - 当作业是一个较大的项目时，可以使用这个表达。
- 例句：We are working on a science project for our class.4. Write an essay - 如果作业是写作文，可以使用这个表达。
- 例句：I have to write an essay on the causes of climate change.5. Prepare a report - 当作业需要准备报告时，这个表达很合适。
- 例句：I am preparing a report for my history class.6. Study for an exam - 如果作业是为了准备考试，这个表达也很常用。
- 例句：I need to study for my math exam tomorrow.7. Practice exercises - 当作业是练习题时，可以使用这个表达。
- 例句：I have to practice these math exercises to prepare for the test.8. Read for class - 如果作业是阅读材料，这个表达也很适用。
- 例句：I have to read this novel for class by next Monday.9. Create a presentation - 如果作业是制作演讲或演示文稿，这个表达也很常用。
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写了这么多essay & report。
这个总结的挺好。
（转）来源：陈亚诚Jacky的日志我们的assignment通常分为两种形式，一是essay，一是report。
二者在形式上有所差别，但大体相同。
一篇assignment上面会对写成essay还是report格式作出明确要求。
在阅读题目时，请尽量仔细。
相同点：1、字体：Times New Roman，字号：小四，行距：1.5倍。
请有写作之前就把这些格式调好，以避免写好后再调会出现一些意想不到的情况。
2、段与段之间隔行。
每段不要求像中文写作那样空两格，而是直接顶格写。
下面还有一些相同点，我在两种文体分开讨论时，再涉及。
区别：Essay:Essay的写作相对report要简单一些。
通常只包括三个部分，Introduction, Main Body, Conclusion. Introduction 包括topic的背景介绍和文章要解决的主要问题。
一般占总字数的10%左右。
Main Body是主体部分，占总字数80%左右。
如果题目中作了具体要求，就根据题目提到的几个方面来逐一讨论就可以了。
有的题目没有作具体要求，就根据自己的构思来写。
但要求有逻辑性。
Conclusion也是占10%，在这一段里把文章中的主要观点用一到两句话概括出来。
Essay 可以不写题目，不要把小标题加粗。
Reference的写作是两种形式都要涉及的，我放在最后来详细说。
Report:它的写法大体上和essay差不多，但要求要严格一些。
第一：标题页：包括标题和executive summary. 在Executive summary中是对文章的摘要。
这个大家都知道怎么写我就不多说了。
这两个东西一般是单独占一页第二：主体部分。
Report的主体部分，前三个和essay差不多，只是在conclusion后还有一部分就是recommendations.是对提出的问题的建议。
如果题目中没有单独要求，一般就按照这几部分来写，但有的题目会作出规定。
请按题目要求写哪几部分来写。
下面来说referenceReference 是老师最看重的，所以请一定注意。
1、不管前面的主体部分最后一页剩多少空格，reference都要另起一页写2、每条reference之间要空一行。
如果一条reference一排写不完，那么下面的几排提行时要和第一排三格。
基本格式请参照我发过来的referencing 里面的要求。
3、References 的排列要按字母顺序排列。
可以用网址的reference放在最后。
4、引用分为直接引用和间接引用。
直接引用就是用了文章或书中的原话。
请在出现的作者后面以（年代，页码）的形式标注。
没有出现作者就在引用的句子后面用（作者名，年代，页码）的形式标注。
间接引用就是参照发文章或书中的观点，引用方法与直接引用形式一样，只是不需要标注页码。
总之referencesq绝对不能出现编造的情况，一定要真实。
国外对这个问题查得很严。
一旦查出有作假或抄袭情况，有可能就要被开除学籍。
另外还有一些更细节的要求，我附在下面，请仔细阅读。
写作注意事项：文章里禁止用缩写，例如：can’t, don’t, didn’t, wouldn’t 应该写成cannot，do not，did not，would not。
每段之间空一行，首句不空格避免用口语词汇和表达方法，例如：a little bit，well…I will talk about….避免使用太过生僻的赐予，但用词要专业不要从句套从句，句子如果过长，就改成短句，这样意思表达更清楚文章的INTRODUCTION要阐明自己的观点和立场，也就是你的THESIS STATEMENT，尽量不要在文章或段落的开头使用问句。
专业知识和词汇使用要正确文章字数控制在规定字数内，不得多于或少于150举例非常重要，但是要符合论点按照文章要求写，没有要求Abstract或者标题的就不用写。
行距1.5倍，Basic Font：Times New Roman 12pt文章里禁止使用第一人称或第二人称，保持论证的客观性Reference的重要性国外对于版权和他人的知识版权的保护非常重视，如果非法摘抄他人的作品肯能会引起法律责任。
学校会有一个扫描文章系统，收到的文章都要上传到网上统一进行扫描。
扫描系统非常庞大，它连接了各个国家的主要电子图书馆，所以一般你能抄到的东西，他都可以扫描出来，如果扫描结果显示你抄袭的文章字数超过你文章总数的10％，则证明你整篇文章都是抄袭的。
比如你文章字数是1000字，那么如果扫描由101字是抄的，则证明你整篇文章都是抄的。
（不同学校具体要求不一样）什么是抄袭？引用和摘抄他人的idea，文章（就算一句话），没有做references的或者格式错误的reference都算抄袭！Reference个种类我们要做的reference有2种，一种是in-text reference 也就是在文章里的reference，一种是在文章最后出现的reference, 也就是reference list。
写一篇论文，2种reference都要出现，也就是说做完in-text reference，还要做最后的reference list。
Reference的格式详见英文版。
Reference wizard 网站：/apa5/apawiz.html进入个网站，只要按照他要求的内容输入，他的系统会自动生成一个完整的reference，不过那只是reference list，不是in-text reference. In-text reference 还是需要自己完成。
另外那个网站只能提供简单格式的reference，复杂的reference还是需要参考英文版文件。
一般来说一份1000字的文章，至少需要8个references，2000字需要12－15个左右，各位可以到国外大学图书馆的网站上照着相关的书，然后安上去就好了。
（关于这个数量问题，根据我的经验，可以不一定严格要求，但不能太少。
一般1000字的写4个或5个，2000字的写10个左右。
当然如果你本来就有这么多个的话就更好了。
我这里说的是最少情况）再次强调！！！引用他人的任何东西一定要做好references！！！论文写作要求格式要求行距：1.5倍页边距：Word 默认字体：Times New Roman字体大小：12（小四）标题字体可加粗每段落之间空一行每段直接写，无需空格在每页的右下角插入页数写作要求Abstract （序）1－2段字数为文章的的10－15％，例如，一篇文章要求2000字，那么abstract一般写200－300字，除非特殊要求Abstract的目的就是让读者知道你的在你的文章里写了些什么Abstract的开头要用1－2自己的语言总结和解释文章的题目，简单来说就是用自己的话把文章的题目写一遍Abstract细节是概括你在你的文章里都写了什么，每个论点就用2－3句话总结Abstract的结尾就是写总结和延伸你的所有论点和整个的大标题不是每篇作业都要求写abstract，一般情况下都不要求，除非老师特殊写明要写abstract。
Introduction（开头）字数为文章总数的10％，例如，一篇文章要求2000字，那么introduction一般写200－250字Introduction只用一段即可，不可以分成2段写Introduction的第1－2句是解释文章题目，单来说就是用自己的话把文章的题目写一遍接下来的用2句话左右介绍一下文章题目的背景Introduction主要是写你将要在你的文章里写些什么，用2－3句话来概括所有的论点，每个论点用几个词即可，例如：In this easy, firstly, I will discuss…, and then I will…, thirdly, I will…一般来说，老师给的题目都很宽，可以写很多方面，但是你要选其中一点来写，这样文章才能讨论的深入，如果文章写的很笼统的话，肯定会不合格Introduction最后不需要总结句Body（文章的讨论部分，也是文章的主体）每一个论点都必须用一段来写，换句话说，每个段落只能出现一个论点，出现2个会被扣分在body的部分里不能出现I，he，she等人称，除在举例中。
每一段话都有要introduction，explanation，examples。
接下来重点讲这4部分如何写：Introduction：用1－2句写你这段的主要的论点或者是ideaExplanation：用1－2句解释你的论点Examples：举例支持你的论点，这部分要重点写，举例在文章中很重要，举例可以用名人说的话，专业的文章里例子，或者自己的亲身经历。
有时老师会要求要用自己的亲身经历作为例子Body一般有3－6个论点，如果文章的字数在1000－3000字，所以body就一般有2－6段每段最好是有联系，层层深入Conclusion字数字数为文章总数的10％，例如，一篇文章要求2000字，那么conclusion一般写200－250字Conclusion只用一段即可，不可以分成2段写Conclusion的第1－2句是解释文章题目，单来说就是用自己的话把文章的题目写一遍Conclusion主要是总结你文章中的论点，每个论点要用一句话Conclusion最后一句要延伸一下，但是在conclusion里不能出现新的论点Introduction和conclusion的区别Introduction是讲你在文章里要写什么东西，所以只要用几个词概括你个论点Conclusion是用1句话总结你的每个论点，要比introduction详细些Introduction需要介绍题目的背景，conclusion责不用，只需要概括总结题目RecommendationRecommendation是写文章标题的缺陷一般只要写一个论点，提出解决办法，如何消除这个弱点，格式和body段落的要求是一样的：introduction，explanation，example和用一句话做个conclusion 一般都不写recommendation，除非老师特殊要求怎么写Dissertation？/viewthread.php?tid=33919。