英语考试作文-GRE写作Issue部分精品素材分享之需求类
英语考试作文-GRE写作Issue部分精品素材分享之想象力与学习兴趣
英语考试作文GRE写作Issue部分精品素材分享之想象力与学习兴趣想要在GRE作文部分的考试中写出优秀的文章，论据素材是重要的一环。
好的论据不仅能帮助你支撑观点，加强说服力，还能体现出考生在阅读量上的积累和深厚扎实的语言功底基础。
特别是ISSUE作文，更是需要大量好素材作为储备，才能保证考生无论遭遇那种题目，都能游刃有余地完成一篇高分作文的写作。
为大家整理了GRE ISSUE作文各类题目的精品优质素材，一起来看吧。
学习兴趣下降与学习动机Inquisitive and self-directed learning is a natural behavior for young children. They marvel at each new discovery and strive to understand the meaning behind every question in their world. However, older children seem to be resistant to learning unless directed by teachers or parents with various forms of external recognition. Their enthusiasm and inner desire for understanding has diminished. Learning, to olderchildren has become directly connected to demands, controls, and rewards.In order to understand why this attitude toward learning develops, the concept of motivation in education must be defined and examined in a theoretical sense. Motivation is an essential condition of learning. A motivating condition may be defined as an emotion, desire, physiological need, or similar impulse that acts as an incitement to action. Ray comments that motivation in education is concerned with students’ motivation to learn.With the understanding of these defined concepts in hand, we can begin to examine the reasons behind school age children losing their enthusiasm for learning. In order to comprehend the reason for the undermining of this intrinsic behavior, we must acknowledge the basic theories of motivation from an eclectic standpoint. By embracing the concepts of learning from both a behaviorist and cognitive point of view, a teacher can tailor the use of reinforcement in the classroom to commit the students to achieving academic excellence with enthusiasm and devotion.想象力的概念Imagination is the ability to form mental images, orthe ability to spontaneously generate images within one’s own mind. It helps provide meaning to experience and understanding to knowledge; it is a fundamental facility through which people make sense of the world, and it also plays a key role in the learning process. A basic training for imagination is the listening to storytelling (narrative), in which the exactness of the chosen words is the fundamental factor to “evoke worlds”.It is accepted as the innate ability and process to invent partial or complete personal realms within the mind from elements derived from sense perceptions of the shared world. The term is technically used in psychology for the process of reviving in the mind percepts of objects formerly given in sense perception. Since this use of the term conflicts with that of ordinary language, some psychologists have preferred to describe this process as “imaging” or “imagery” or to speak of it as “reproductive” as opposed to “productive”or “constructive” imagination. Imagined images are seen with the “mind’s eye”.想象力概述The common use of the term “imagination” is for theprocess of forming in the mind new images which have not been previously experienced, or at least only partially or in different combinations. Some typical examples are fairy tale and fiction.A form of verisimilitude often invoked in fantasy and science fiction invites readers to pretend such stories are true by referring to objects of the mind such as fictional books or years that do not exist apart from an imaginary world.Imagination in this sense, not being limited to the acquisition of exact knowledge by the requirements of practical necessity, is, up to a certain point, free from objective restraints. The ability to imagine one’s self in another person’s place is very important to social relations and understanding. (Some psychiatrists suspect this is beyond the grasp of a sociopath. All they know is the gratification of personal pleasure).想象力和科学假设The same limitations beset imagination in the field of scientific hypothesis. Progress in scientific research is due largely to provisional explanations which are constructed by imagination, but such hypotheses must be framed in relation to previously ascertained facts and in accordance with theprinciples of the particular science.Imagination is an experimental partition of the mind used to create theories and ideas based on functions. Taking objects from real perceptions, the imagination uses complex IF-functions to create new or revised ideas. This part of the mind is vital to developing better and easier ways to accomplish old and new tasks. These experimented ideas can be safely conducted inside a virtual world and then, if the idea is probable, and the function is true, the idea can be actualized in reality. Imagination is the key to new development of the mind and can be shared with others, progressing collectively.。
GRE考试写作范文Issue
GRE考试写作范文Issue多看一些gre作文范文，有利于提高写作水平，我整理了一些范文，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
GRE考试写作范文IssueThere is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observers expectations or desires.The speaker claims that all observation is subjective--colored by desire and expectation. While it would be tempting to concede that we all see things differently, careful scrutiny of the speakers claim reveals that it confuses observation with interpretation. In fact, in the end the speakers claim relies entirely on the further claim that there is no such thing as truth and that we cannot truly know anything. While this notion might appeal to certain existentialists and epistemologists, it runs against the grain of all scientific discovery and knowledge gained over the last 500 years.It would be tempting to afford the speakers claim greater merit than it deserves. After all, our everyday experience as humans informs us that we often disagree about what we observe around us. Weve all uttered and heard uttered many times the phase Thats not the way I see it! Indeed, everyday observations--for example, about whether a footballplayer was out of bounds, or about which car involved in an accident ran the red light--vary depending not only on ones spatial perspective but also on ones expectations or desires. If Im rooting for one football team, or if the player is well-known for his ability to make great plays while barely staying in bounds, my desires or expectations might influence what I think I observe. Or if I am driving one of the cars in the accident, or if one car is a souped-up sports car, then my desires or expectations will in all likelihood color my perception of the accidents events.However, these sorts of subjective observations are actually subjective interpretations of what we observe. Visitors to an art museum might disagree about the beauty of a particular work, or even about which color predominates in that work. In a court trial several jurors might view the same videotape evidence many times, yet some jurors might observe an incident of police brutality, will others observe the appropriate use of force to restrain a dangerous individual. Thus when it comes to making judgments about what we observe and about remembering what we observe, each persons individual perspective, values, and even emotions help form these judgments and recollections. It is crucial to distinguish between interpretations such as these and observation, which is nothing more than a sensory experience. Given the same spatial perspective and sensory acuity and awareness, it seems to me that our observations would all be essentially in accord--that is,observation can be objective.Lending credence to my position is Francis Bacons scientific method, according to which we can know only that which we observe, and thus all truth must be based on empirical observation. This profoundly important principle serves to expose and strip away all subjective interpretation of observation, thereby revealing objective scientific truths. For example, up until Bacons time the Earth was observed to lie at the center of the Universe, in accordance with the prevailing religious notion that man (humankind) was the center of Gods creation. Applying Bacons scientific method Galileo exposed the biased nature of this claim. Similarly, before Einstein time and space were assumed to be linear, in accordance with our observation. Einsteins mathematical formulas suggested otherwise, and his theories have been proven empirically to be true. Thus it was our subjective interpretation of time and space that led to our misguided notions about them. Einstein, like historys other most influential scientists, simply refused to accept conventional interpretations of what we all observe.In sum, the speaker confuses observation with interpretation and recollection. It is how we make sense of what we observe, not observation itself, that is colored by our perspective, expectations, and desires. The gifted individuals who can set aside their subjectivity and delve deeper into empirical evidence, employing Bacons scientificmethod, are the ones who reveal that observation not only can be objective but must be objective if we are to embrace the more fundamental notion that knowledge and truth exist.GRE考试写作范文IssueBoth parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators.Should parents and communities participate in local education because education is too important to leave to professional educators, as the speaker asserts? It might be tempting to agree with the speaker, based on a parents legal authority over, familiarity with, and interest in his or her own children. However, a far more compelling argument can be made that, except for major decisions such as choice of school, a childs education is best left to professional educators.Communities of parents concerned about their childrens education rely on three arguments for active parental and community participation in that process. The first argument, and the one expressed most often and vociferously, is that parents hold the ultimately legal authority to make key decisions about what and how their own children learn including choice of curriculum and text books, pace and schedule for learning, and the extent to which their child should learn alongside other children. The second argument is that only a parent can truly know theunique needs of a child including what educational choices are best suited for the child. The third argument is that parents are more motivated--by pride and ego--than any other person to take whatever measures are needed to ensure their children receive the best possible education.Careful examination of these three arguments, however, reveals that they are specious at best. As for the first one, were we to allow parents the right to make all major decisions regarding the education of their children, many children would go with little or no education. In a perfect world parents would always make their childrens education one of their highest priorities. Yet, in fact many parents do not. As for the second argument, parents are not necessarily best equipped to know what is best for their child when it comes to education. Although most parents might think they are sufficiently expert by virtue of having gone through formal education themselves, parents lack the specialized training to appreciate what pedagogical methods are most effective, what constitutes a balanced education, how developmental psychology affects a childs capacity for learning at different levels and at different stages of childhood. Professional educators, by virtue of their specialized training in these areas, are far better able to ensure that a child receives a balanced, properly paced education.There are two additional compelling arguments against thespeakers contention. First, parents are too subjective to always know what is truly best for their children. For example, many parents try to overcome their own shortcomings and failed self-expectations vicariously through their childrens accomplishments. Most of us have known parents who push their child to excel in certain areas--to the emotional and psychological detriment of the child. Secondly, if too many parties become involved in making decisions about day-to-day instruction, the end result might be infighting, legal battles, boycotts, and other protests, all of which impede the educational process; and the ultimate victims are the children themselves. Finally, in many jurisdictions parents now have the option of schooling their children at home, as long as certain state requirements are met. In my observation, home schooling allows parents who prefer it great control over a childs education, while allowing the professional educators to discharge their responsibilities as effectively as possible--unfettered by gadfly parents who constantly interfere and intervene.In sum, while parents might seem better able and better motivated to make key decisions about their childs education, in many cases they are not. With the possible exceptions of responsible home-schoolers, a childs intellectual, social, and psychological development is at risk when communities of parents dominate the decision-making process involving education.GRE考试写作范文IssueStudents should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.The speaker contends that students should be skeptical in their studies, and should not accept passively whatever they are taught. In my view, although undue skepticism might be counterproductive for a young childs education, I strongly agree with the speaker otherwise. If we were all to accept on blind faith all that we are taught, our society would never progress or evolve.Skepticism is perhaps most important in the physical sciences. Passive acceptance of prevailing principles quells innovation, invention, and discovery. In fact, the very notion of scientific progress is predicated on rigorous scientific inquiry--in other words, skepticism. And history is replete with examples of students of science who challenged what they had been taught, thereby paving the way for scientific progress. For example, in challenging the notion that the Earth was in a fixed position at the center of the universe, Copernicus paved the way for the corroborating observations of Galileo a century later, and ultimately for Newtons principles of gravity upon which all modern science is based. The staggering cumulative impact of Copernicus rejection of what he had been taught is proof enough of the value of skepticism.The value of skepticism is not limited to the physical sciences, of course. In the fields of sociology and political science, students must think critically about the assumptions underlying the status quo; otherwise, oppression, tyranny and prejudice go unchecked. Similarly, while students of the law must learn to appreciate timeless legal doctrines and principles, they must continually question the fairness and relevance of current laws. Otherwise, our laws would not evolve to reflect changing societal values and to address new legal issues arising from our ever-evolving technologies.Even in the arts, students must challenge established styles and forms rather than learn to imitate them; otherwise, no genuinely new art would ever emerge. Bee-bop musicians such as Charlie Parker demonstrated through their wildly innovative harmonies and melodies their skepticism about established rules for harmony and melody. In the area of dance Ballanchine showed by way of his improvisational techniques his skepticism about established rules for choreography. And Germanys Bauhaus School of Architecture, to which modern architecture owes its existence, was rooted in skepticism about the proper objective, and resulting design, of public buildings.Admittedly, undue skepticism might be counterproductive in educating young children. I am not an expert in developmental psychology; yet observation and common sense informs me thatyoungsters must first develop a foundation of experiential knowledge before they can begin to think critically about what they are learning. Even so, in my view no student, no matter how young, should be discouraged from asking Why? and Why not?To sum up, skepticism is the very stuff that progress is made of, whether it be in science, sociology, politics, the law, or the arts. Therefore, skepticism should be encouraged at all but the most basic levels of education.GRE考试写作范文IssueThe only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies.Should the only responsibility of a business executive be to maximize business profits, within the bounds of the law? In several respects this position has considerable merit; yet it ignores certain compelling arguments for imposing on businesses additional obligations to the society in which they operate.On the one hand are two convincing arguments that profit maximization within the bounds of the law should be a business executives sole responsibility. First, imposing on businesses additional duties to the society in which they operate can, paradoxically, harm that society. Compliance with higher ethical standards than the lawrequires--m such areas as environmental impact and workplace conditions--adds to business expenses and lowers immediate profits. In turn, lower profits can prevent the socially conscious business from creating more jobs, and from keeping its prices low and the quality of its products and services high. Thus if businesses go further than their legal duties in serving their communities the end result might be a net disservice to those communities.Secondly, by affirming that profit maximization within legal bounds is the most ethical behavior possible for business, we encourage private enterprise, and more individuals enter the marketplace in the quest of profits. The inevitable result of increased competition is lower prices and better products, both of which serve the interests of consumers. Moreover, since maximizing profits enhances the wealth of a companys stakeholders, broad participation in private enterprise raises the wealth of a nation, expands its economy, and raises its overall standard of living and quality of life.On the other hand are three compelling arguments for holding business executives to certain responsibilities m addition to profit maximization and to compliance with the letter of the law. First, a growing percentage of businesses are related to technology, and haws often lag behind advances in technology. As a result, new technology-based products and services might pose potential harm toconsumers even though they conform to current laws. For example, Internet commerce is still largely unregulated because our lawmakers are slow to react to the paradigm shift from brick-and-mortar commerce to e-commerce. As a result, unethical marketing practices, privacy invasion, and violations of intellectual-property rights are going unchecked for lack of regulations that would clearly prohibit them.Secondly, since a nations laws do not extend beyond its borders, compliance with those laws does not prevent a business from doing harm elsewhere. Consider, for example, the trend among U.S. businesses in exploiting workers in countries where labor laws are virtually non-existent in order to avoid the costs of complying with U.S. labor laws.Thirdly, a philosophical argument can be made that every business enters into an implied social contract with the community that permits it to do business, and that this social contract, although not legally enforceable, places a moral duty on the business to refrain from acting in ways that will harm that community.In sum, I agree with the statement insofar as in seeking to maximize profits a business serves not only itself but also its employees, customers, and the overall economy. Yet todays rapidly changing business environment and increasing globalization call for certain affirmative obligations beyond the pursuit of profit and mere compliance with enforceable rules and regulations. Moreover, in the final analysis anybusiness is indebted to the society in which it operates for its very existence, and thus has a moral duty, regardless of any legal obligations, to pay that debt.GRE考试写作范文Issue。
英语考试作文-GRE写作Issue部分精品素材分享之学习类
英语考试作文GRE写作Issue部分精品素材分享之学习类想要在GRE作文部分的考试中写出优秀的文章，论据素材是重要的一环。
好的论据不仅能帮助你支撑观点，加强说服力，还能体现出考生在阅读量上的积累和深厚扎实的语言功底基础。
特别是ISSUE作文，更是需要大量好素材作为储备，才能保证考生无论遭遇那种题目，都能游刃有余地完成一篇高分作文的写作。
为大家整理了GRE ISSUE作文各类题目的精品优质素材，一起来看吧。
学习动机：目标影响学习方式Motivational theories also explain how learners’goals affect the way that they engage with academic tasks. Those who have mastery goals strive to increase their ability and knowledge. Those who have performance approach goals strive for high grades and seek opportunities to demonstrate their abilities. Those who have performance avoidance goals are driven by fear offailure and avoid situations where their abilitiesare exposed. Research has found that mastery goals are associated with many positive outcomes such as persistence in the face of failure, preference for challenging tasks, creativity and intrinsic motivation. Performance avoidance goals are associated with negative outcomes such as poor concentration while studying, disorganized studying, less self-regulation, shallow information processing and test anxiety. Performance approach goals are associated with positive outcomes, and some negative outcomes such as an unwillingness to seek help and shallow information processing.量体裁衣的外在奖励As stated before, if extrinsic reinforcement is used incorrectly, the students’ enthusiasm and inner desire to learn can be incapacitated. This undermining occurs because extrinsic rewards create a dependency between the behavior and the reward. The answer to this problem lies in the nature of rewards and communications which have either one of two aspects: controlling or informational. The function of the controlling aspect is to bring about a certain behavioral result that is desired by the one who is giving the reward. The function of the informational aspect is to provide information to the recipient that is relevant to their performance. Even thoughevery reward contains these two aspects, the conveyance of the reward determines its effects on intrinsic motivation.以掌握为导向和以表现为导向Mastery orientation is described as a student’s wish to become proficient in a topic to the best of his or her ability. The student’s sense of satisfaction with the work is not influenced by external performance indicators such as grades. Mastery orientation is associated with deeper engagement with the task and greater perseverance in the face of setbacks. Mastery orientation is thought to increase a student’s intrinsic motivation.Performance orientation is described as a student’s wish to achieve highly on external indicators of success, such as grades. The students’ sense of satisfaction is highly influenced by their grades, and so it is associated with discouragement in the face of low marks. Performance orientation is also associated with higher states of anxiety. In addition, the desire for high marks increases the temptation to cheat or to engage in shallow rote-learning instead of deep understanding. Performance orientation is thought to increase a student’s intrinsic motivation if they perform well, butto decrease motivation when they perform badly.任务导向和自我导向A student is described as task-involved when they are interested in the task for its own qualities.This is associated with higher intrinsic motivation. Task-involved students are less threatened by failure because their own ego is not tied up in the success of the task.A student who is ego-involved will be seeking to perform the task to boost their own ego, for the praise that completing the task might attract, or because completing the task confirms their own self-concept (e.g, clever, strong, funny etc.). Ego-involved students can become very anxious or discouraged in the face of failure, because such failure challenges their self-concept.。
新gre考试作文新题库issue精选5篇
新gre考试作文新题库issue精选5篇新gre考试作文新题库issue精选5篇新gre考试作文新题库解析issue1The best way to teach—whether as an educator, employer, or parent—is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.无论是教育工作者、雇主，还是父母，教育的最佳方法是是赞扬积极的行为，忽视消极的行为。
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.讨论你在多大程度上同意或者不同意题目中的观点，在发展和支持你的立场时，确保使用那些最具说服力的原因和/或例证来挑战你所持有的立场。
新gre考试作文新题库解析issue2The luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals.现代生活的奢华和便利，让人们无法成为真正强大、独立的个体。
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.文章中讨论你是在多大程度上同意或者不同意题目的论点，并解释你选取这一立场的原因。
gre考试写作部分issue的优秀写作实例
大多数人认为他们深信不疑的价值观是理*选择的结果，但是理智往往对于人们形成价值观几乎根本不起作用。
以下是gre考试写作部分issue的优秀写作实例通过这些优秀范文或是习作考生可以借鉴里面的短语句子或思路给自己的写作找一些思路和灵感
gre考试写作部分issue的优秀写作实例
以下是gre考试写作部分issue的优秀写作实例，通过这些优秀范文或是习作，考生可以借鉴里面的短语、句子或思路，给自己的写作找一些思路和灵感。
nowadaysthereincreasinglyarisesmuchconcernaboutwhetherreasonplaysaroleinpeopleformingvaluesornot.astheassertionpresentedbyspeakerthatmostpeoplethinkthattheirdeeplyheldvaluesaretheresultofrationalchoice,butreasonoftenhaslittletodowiththewaypeopleformvalues.nevertheless,inmyopinion,thedeeplybelievedvaluesaretheresultofrationalchoicebypeopleaswellastheirancestors.
firstofall,inthefaceofdifferentvalues,peopletendtochooseonebyconsideringthoroughlyandreasonably.onepopularexampleinvolvespeoplesrationalchoicetowardthe9.11terrorism.whenthetalibangovernmentproposedandspreadthevalueofterrorismbyattackingthepentagonbuilding,theamericansaswellasallotherpeace-loversstoodouttoexcoriatetheterrorismswiththeircold-bloodedandbrutalterrors.undeniably,mostpeoplechosepeaceratherthanterrorismbyreasonablethought.accordingly,itisviapeoplerational,logical,andprudentialchoicethatdeterminetoacceptorrejectthevaluesnewlyemerged.
GRE作文Issue部分要求考生写什么
GRE作文Issue部分要求考生写什么GRE作文Issue部分要求考生写什么在GRE作文issue写作要求是什么，就是我们需要备考GRE作文issue写作的方向。
新GRE作文issue写作要求考生根据所给的题目，完成一篇表明立场的逻辑立论文。
这就考察考生们的知识量和缜密的逻辑思维能力，如何把观点表达清楚是最重要的。
下面和小编一起来看看吧：新GRE作文Issue题库涉及社会、文化、科技、历史、政治、艺术等诸多方面。
不同类型的题目有较大差别，但在同一类型的题目中却包含了许多命题方向非常接近的题目。
新GRE作文issue写作要求大量的素材储备：新GRE作文Issue写作对于论据的要求是非常高的，因此你的名人事例的储备，相关知识量的'积累是非常重要的。
这一环节也正是GRE考生最为头疼的一部分，举不出支持自己的观点的例子，因此让自己的文章显得只有苍白的论证，缺乏说服力。
因此要多读历史，积累例子，尤其关注那些重要的哲学家、科学家、艺术家、政治领袖等人的生平事迹、主要贡献。
例如Issue里的这样一道真题：“Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society。
”(真正影响深远的思想家和具有高度创造力的艺术家总是与他们的时代和社会步伐不一致)。
这个题目如果没有必备的那些思想家和艺术家的例子，文章必然缺乏说服力。
因此读历史积累写作素材，具体说就是论据素材是拿高分的一个重要环节。
新GRE作文issue写作要求完整的逻辑思路：另外，写提纲对于新GRE作文Issue部分的备考是至关重要的，也是最占用时间、最核心的一个环节。
每一个题目的提纲力求详细，不用去写开头段和结尾段，就写正文各段你的各个分支观点，也就是正文部分的论证过程。
除了论证以外，写完后想想可以用些什么论据，把支持论证的论据也写上。
英语考试作文-GRE写作Issue部分精品素材分享之情感诉求与行为
英语考试作文GRE写作Issue部分精品素材分享之情感诉求与行为想要在GRE作文部分的考试中写出优秀的文章，论据素材是重要的一环。
好的论据不仅能帮助你支撑观点，加强说服力，还能体现出考生在阅读量上的积累和深厚扎实的语言功底基础。
特别是ISSUE作文，更是需要大量好素材作为储备，才能保证考生无论遭遇那种题目，都能游刃有余地完成一篇高分作文的写作。
为大家整理了GRE ISSUE作文各类题目的精品优质素材，一起来看吧。
情感诉求的组成Any discrete emotion can be used in a persuasive appeal; this may include jealousy, disgust, indignation, fear, and anger. Fear is one of the most studied emotional appeals in communication and social influence research. Fear appeals have been thought of as messages that attempt to achieve opinion change by establishing the negative consequences of failing to agree with the advocated position.Important consequences of fear appeals and otheremotion appeals include the possibility of reactance which may lead to either message rejections or source rejection and the absence of attitude change. There is an optimal emotion level in motivating attitude change. If there is not enough motivation, an attitude will not change; if the emotional appeal is overdone, the motivation can be paralyzed thereby preventing attitude change.影响情感诉求的四大因素Important factors that influence the impact emotion appeals include self-efficacy, attitude accessibility, issue involvement, and message/source features.Self-efficacy is a perception of one‟s own human agency; in other words, it is the perception of our own ability to deal with a situation. It is an important variable in emotion appeal messages because it dictates a person‟s ability to deal with both the emotion and the situation. For example, if a person is not self-efficacious about their ability to impact the global environment, they are not likely to change their attitude or behavior about global warming.Message features such as source non-verbal communication, message content, and receiver differences can impact the emotion influence of fear appeals. Thecharacteristics of a message are important because one message can elicit different levels of emotion for different people. Thus, in terms of emotion appeals messages, one size does not fit all.Attitude accessibility refers to the activation of an attitude from memory; in other words, how readily available is an attitude about an object, issue, or situation.Issue involvement is the relevance and salience of an issue or situation to an individual.行动理论Action theory concerned with theories about the processes causing intentional (willful) human bodily movements of more or less complex kind.Basic action theory typically describes action as behavior caused by an agent in a particular situation. The agent‟s desires and beliefs (e.g. my wanting a glass of water and believing the clear liquid in the cup in front of me is water) lead to bodily behavior (e.g. reaching over for the glass). In the simple theory, the desire and belief jointly cause the action. We should take the concept of intention asbasic and not analyzable into beliefs and desires.行为的回报和强化A reward, tangible or intangible, is presented after the occurrence of an action (i.e. behavior) with the intent to cause the behavior to occur again. This is done by associating positive meaning to the behavior. Studies show that if the person receives the reward immediately, the effect would be greater, and decreases as duration lengthens. Repetitive action-reward combination can cause the action to become habit.Rewards can also be organized as extrinsic or intrinsic. Extrinsic rewards are external to the person; for example, praise or money. Intrinsic rewards are internal to the person; for example, satisfaction or accomplishment.选择的定义Are we free to make our own choices? To answer the question, we must first cut the fat off the widely used definition of choice. Defining choice in this situation can be a difficult task. A popular definition of choice could be a mental process through which an individual weighs the consequences of their actions to create an ideal image of their preference to the outcome of their actions. But, when you lookat this definition, you see that it suggests that someone who fails to carefully analyze their actions doesn‟t actually make choices. Can we assume by this definition that choices are free? We can say yes, because according to this definition, if we do carefully analyze our actions, we create the outcome that we choose.。
GRE作文分类题库—ISSUE
GRE作文分类题库—ISSUE前言GRE作文是美国研究生入学考试中重要的组成部分，由于GRE作文在评分中占比较大的比重，因此考生需要在备考之前提前了解GRE作文的题目类型和考察方向，这样才可以有充分的准备和信心面对考试。
本文将为大家介绍GRE作文ISSUE题型，向大家展示常见的考察方向、题目模式以及一些备考建议。
什么是ISSUE题型？ISSUE题型是GRE作文中的一种常见题型，其主要考察考生对于某一主题的立场和看法，并要求考生在文章中提供足够的证据来支撑自己的观点，展示自己的逻辑和论述能力。
ISSUE题型通常包括以下三个要素：•题目陈述：题目会给出一个主观性较强的表述，要求考生就该表述发表自己的看法。
•分析要求：题目会就某一主题提出一系列问题，要求考生就这些问题进行分析。
•思考范围：题目会给出一个主题，要求考生就这一主题从多方面进行思考，并论述自己的观点。
在ISSUE题型中，考生需要将自己的观点和证据清晰表达出来，并表明自己对于该主题的态度和看法，同时，考生需要思考问题全面、立论充分、逻辑合理，并且给出具体和可行的实例。
常见的ISSUE题目类型ISSUE题目的主题比较广泛，测试考生在各种主题下进行思考和立论的能力。
以下列举一些常见的ISSUE题目类型，考生可以在此进行参考和备考，更好地为GRE作文ISSUE题型做好准备。
社会类1.人类生活是否需要个人道德的引导？2.社会上的贫富差距是否应得到重视？3.政府是否应该彻底取消福利制度？4.生育权是否应该在各国间得到保护？5.义务教育是否应该废除？政治类1.民主政治是否是当前的最佳选项？2.政府是否应该介入企业的内部管理？3.政府是否应该对教育进行干预？4.美国还需要维持其全球霸权地位吗？伦理类1.人类是否应该保护和维护环境？2.科技的发展是否应该因为道德原则受到限制？3.是否应该禁止人类克隆？教育类1.各国学生在智力和文化方面是否存在差异？2.在校学生是否应该得到免费的教育？3.考试和考试成绩是否是唯一的衡量学生能力的标准？4.在大学期间能否同时考虑工作和学业？上述问题不仅覆盖了政治、伦理、教育、社会等多个领域，而且这里展示的只是其中的部分，考生在掌握以上基本类型的基础上，需要进一步深入探究题目的推广方向，了解更多的考试内容。
GRE Issue Task范文5篇(中英双语)
GRE Issue Task范文5篇（中英双语）第一篇：Issue Task: Education and Critical Thinking | 教育与批判性思维英文版：Topic Statement:The best way to teach critical thinking is through formal education.Essay:The role of formal education in cultivating critical thinking skills is a topic of debate. While some argue that it is the best way to impart such skills, others believe that critical thinking can be nurtured through various means beyond the classroom.Proponents of formal education emphasize the structured environment it provides. In a classroom setting, students are exposed to diverse subjects, engage in intellectual discussions, and receive guidance from qualified educators. These experiences can undoubtedly enhance critical thinking abilities. Moreover, formal education often includes assignments and assessments that challenge students to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information, fostering essential thinking skills.On the other hand, critics contend that critical thinking is not confined to formal education alone. Everyday life offers countless opportunities for individuals to think critically. From solving real-worldproblems to making informed decisions, people continuously exercise their critical thinking skills outside the classroom. Furthermore, exposure to different cultures, hobbies, and experiences can also stimulate critical thinking. It is arguable that learning from a variety of life experiences can be just as effective, if not more so, than relying solely on formal education.In conclusion, the development of critical thinking is a multifaceted process. While formal education undeniably plays a significant role, it should not be considered the sole avenue for nurturing these skills. Critical thinking can thrive in both structured classroom environments and the richness of everyday life experiences. Therefore, a comprehensive approach that combines the best of both worlds is likely the most effective way to foster critical thinking skills.中文版：议题陈述：通过正式教育是教授批判性思维最好的方式。
GRE写作—ISSUE高频提纲整理
ISSUE高频话题：传统文化与现代化
传统文化与现代化之间存在着复杂的互动关系。现代化进程必然 会对传统文化产生影响，但同时也需要保留和传承传统文化的精 髓。如何平衡传统文化与现代化的关系，既能促进社会发展，又 能保持文化传承，是当代社会面临的重要课题。
在探讨传统文化与现代化的关系时，需要关注文化的多样性与包 容性。现代化并非要完全摒弃传统，而是要在传承中创新，在借 鉴中发展。
ISSUE高频话题：环境保护与经济发展
可持续发展
环境保护与经济发展并非相互矛盾，两者 可以相互促进。
生态保护
保护自然环境是可持续经济发展的基石， 我们要重视生态保护的长期效益。
绿色科技
发展绿色科技，可以有效减少环境污染， 促进经济绿色转型。
ISSUE高频话题：平等机会与 社会公正
平等机会和社会公正一直是人类社会关注的重要议题。GRE写作中经常出现探 讨这两者的关系。本节将探讨平等机会与社会公正的内涵，分析两者之间的 关系，并举例说明如何运用相关论证进行写作。
稳定的重要性
社会稳定是改革成功的基础，为改革创造 良好的外部环境。
改革与稳定的平衡
在改革过程中，要注重改革的力度和节奏 ，确保社会稳定，避免剧烈动荡。
总结与展望
GRE写作备考
通过对ISSUE写作高频话题的梳理，希望能帮助考生更有效率地备考，提高写作水平。
持续学习
写作能力的提升是一个持续积累的过程，建议考生定期阅读写作材料，练习写作。
用事实、数据、例子等佐证你的观点。
解释逻辑 3
解释你的论据如何支持你的观点。
每个论点都应该清晰地表达你的观点，并用充足的论据和逻辑解释来支撑。
如何引用例子论证
选择相关例子 1
GRE issue写作万能论据
GRE issue写作万能论据From 太傻注：以下论据你可能觉得很俗，但你不得不承认他真的很万能，所以你到考场上肯定最先浮现的就是这几个名字，伽利略、牛顿、达尔文……1、Galileo（伽利略）:When he was 25 years old, he is reporting to have shown his students the error of Aristotle’s belief that speed of fall is not proportional to weight, by dropping two objects of different weight simultaneously from the Leaning Tower. His theory of free falling was the centre of the controversy In his own lifetime. But the theory make significant contribution to the research later, such as in ……Galileo's ideas were in advance of the age in which he lived.可用话题：怀疑精神；现在无用的研究结果未来不一定无用；新手novice与老手veteran、权威; 有争议、不确定的研究结果2、Copernicus（哥白尼）:For example, in 1543 as a time when most people believed that the sun and the planets circled around the earth, a Polish astronomer named Copernicus suggested that the earth and the other planets revolved around the sun. 例如，在1543年，就在大多数人相信太阳和其他行星是绕地球运转的时候，有一个叫哥白尼的人却提出，地球和其他行星是绕太阳运转的。
新GREIssue官方范文
新GREIssue官方范文我给大家整理了新GREIssue官方范文，快来一起学习吧。
下面我就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
新GREIssue 官方范文整理1Issue test 3The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things.Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement above and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how those considerations shape your position.The following sample issue response received a score of 6: Passion is clearly necessary for a truly great idea to take hold among a people—passion either on the part of the original thinker, the audience, or ideally both. The claim that the most lucrative subject matter for inspiring great ideas is “commonplace things”may seem initially to be counterintuitive. After all, aren’t great ideas usually marked by their extraordinary character? While this is true, their extraordinary character is as often as not directly derivedfrom their insight into things that had theretofore gone unquestioned. While great ideas certainly can arise through seemingly pure innovation... say, for example, Big Bang cosmology, which developed nearly all of its own scientific and philosophical precepts through its own process of formation, it is nevertheless equally true that such groundbreaking thought was, and is, still largely a reevaluation of previous assumptions to a radical degree... after all, the question of the ultimate nature of the universe, and man’s place in it, has been central to human thought since the dawn of time. Commonplace things are, additionally, necessary as material for the generation of “the best ideas” since certainly the success among an audience must be considered in evaluating the significance and quality of an idea.The advent of Big Bang cosmology, which occured in rudimentary form almost immediately upon Edwin Hubble’s first observations at the Hooker telescope in California during the early 20th century, was the most significant advance in mankind’s understanding of the universe in over 400 years. The seemingly simple fact that everything in the universe, on the very large scale, is moving away from everything else in fact betrays nearly all of our scientific knowledge of the origins andmechanics of the universe. This slight, one might even say commonplace, distortion of tint on a handful of photographic plates carried with it the greatest challenge to Man’s general, often religiously reinforced, conception of the nature of the world to an extent not seen since the days of Galileo. Not even Charles Darwin’s theory, though it created more of a stir than Big Bang cosmology, had such shattering implications for our conceptions of the nature of our reality. Yet it is not significant because it introduced the question of the nature of what lies beyond Man’s grasp. A tremendous number of megalithic ruins, including the Pyramids both of Mexico and Egypt, Stonehenge, and others, indicate that this question has been foremost on humankind’s collective mind since time immemorial. Big Bang cosmology is so incredibly significant in this line of reasoning exactly because of the degree to which it changed the direction of this generally held, constantly pondered, and very ancient train of thought.Additionally, there is a diachronic significance to the advent of Big Bang cosmology, which is that, disregarding limitations such as the quality of optical devices available and the state of theoretical math, it could have happened at any point in time. That is to say, all evidence points to roughlythe same raw intellectual capacity for homo sapiens throughout our history, our progress has merely depended upon the degree of it that a person happens to inherit, a pace that has been increasing rapidly since the industrial revolution. Yet this discovery had to happen at a certain point in time or another —it cannot have been happening constantly or have never happened yet still be present—and this point in time does have its own significance. That significance is precisely the fact that the aforementioned advent must have occurred at precisely the point in time at which it truly could have occured—that is to say, it marks the point in our history when we had progressed sufficiently to begin examining, with remarkable substantiated acuity, the workings of the universe across distances that would take millions of human lifetimes to reach or to traverse. The point for the success of this advent must necessarily have been, additionally, the point at which the audience concerned was capable and prepared to accept such a radical line of reasoning.Both factors, a radical, passionate interpretation of the commonplace and the preparedness to accept such an interpretation, are necessary for the formulation of a truly great idea. If the passion is absent from an inquiry by thethinker or by the bulk of an audience, the idea will die out if it comes to fruition at all. If the material is not sufficiently commonplace to be considered by an informed audience of sufficient size, the same two hazards exist. Given these two factors, the idea must still be found palatable and interesting by the audience if it is to hope to gain a foothold and eventually establish itself in a significant fashion.Comments on sample essay receiving score of 6:This outstanding response presents a cogent, well-articulated analysis of the complexities of the issue by arguing that (1) great ideas develop from commonplace observations that are interpreted in a radical way; and (2) passion is required of both thinkers and the audience in order for great ideas to take hold.The argument is based on an extended example (Big Bang cosmology) and has two parts. The first part defines “commonplace things” as universal questions (i.e., the quest to understand the cosmos is commonplace, though complex, because it is an ancient and universal question) and places Big Bang cosmology in context with the scientific breakthroughs of Galileo and the Pyramids of ancient Mexico and Egypt.The second part explains Big Bang as the result of aconvergence of factors: both thinkers and the audience must be ready to reevaluate “previous assumptions”and accept “radical, passionate interpretations.”The argument’s careful line of reasoning is strengthened by appropriate transitions between paragraphs (“Additionally,”“Both factors, a radical, passionate interpretation of the commonplace and the preparedness to accept such an interpretation, are necessary for the formulation of a truly great idea,” etc.) and within paragraphs (“Not even Charles Darwin’s,”“Yet,”“that is to say,” etc.). Fluent and precise language—advent, rudimentary, diachronic, shattering implications, megalithic ruins—and effective sentence variety also characterize this response as outstanding. Finally, despite the presence of minor errors (overuse of comma and inconsistent use of ellipses in paragraph 1), this response demonstrates facility with the conventions of standard written English.新GREIssue 官方范文整理2The following sample issue response received a score of 5: The statement above comes from the perspective that the best thinkers, inventors, and innovators are the way that they are because they explore passionately the interesting thingsaround them. Yes, I would say that this is definitely true.I understand best the things that interest me, but it is only the things with which I am familiar with and understand in my surroundings. It would be difficult to take passionate interest in the things which I did not have available in my environment.For example, let’s consider some “idea” people in history. The person who invented the basketball hoop, or the game of volleyball, or ice skates, all had interest in those things before they had their brilliant ideas. I do know that the inventor of the basketball hoop used to coach a basketball team of young boys, and they would throw the ball into a fruit basket that was nailed to the wall. Obviously, a basket has a bottom to it, and they would have to fish it out after every successful throw. So he had the brilliant idea of cutting out the bottom of the basket. It seems so simple to us now, but nobody had ever played basketball like that in his day.The phrase, “commonplace things” can be rather misleading, I believe. I think every person has slightly different “commonplace things” in their environment depending on their interests, their financial status, and availability of items. What is commonplace for one person may never be known by another.I take passionate interest in things having to do with sewingusing patterns, fabrics and threads. However, my mother and grandmother are excellent seamstresses and I had the availability of learning from them. It was a “commonplace thing”for me. I have had some wonderful ideas come out of my passion for this kind of art.Orville and Wilbur Wright had a passionate interest in things having to do with flight, a rather ordinary thing for the sorts of birds who can fly with their wings, but certainly not people. If I had lived during the Wright brothers’ time, I would probably not have had the same passionate interest in figuring out how to make humans fly, because it is not something that I would have thought possible. But their dreams and visionary possibilities were much bigger than mine would have been at that time. They not only had a passionate interest but they were willing to experiment, to risk financial ruin and ridicule, and even put their lives on the line. So while it is true that the best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commplace things, there also has to be an element of daring to challenge “norms” and not being able to just accept things as they are. There has to be a desire to make things better and to improve on the present.There also has to be the element of not being afraid offailure. Most ideas do inevitably fail. Einstein is viewed today as being one of the most brilliant thinkers and “idea”people in all of history. But nobody really talks about how many times his ideas failed. The number is quite amazing. Many people are afraid of failure, so even though they make take a passionate interest in something commonplace, and have some great ideas, they may never carry them through because of uncertainty that they would work. We must be willing to try!So, yes, it is true that the best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things, because these are the things that we know, these are the things that we understand, and the things that we want to explore in even more depths. But there must be more elements involved than just taking interest in something. We must be willing to face risks of many kinds in order to separate the ideas that fail from the ones that will triumphantly succeed.Comments on sample essay receiving score of 5:This strong response presents a well- considered analysis of the complexities of the issue by arguing that great ideas come, not only from a passionate interest in the commonplace, but also from great imagination and a willingness to succeed.The logic of the response unfolds very smoothly: paragraph3 explores the term “commonplace” and offers support for the prompt’s position; paragraphs4 and5 discuss the related issues of imagination, willingness to experiment, and overcoming failure. The examples are well chosen and generally well developed.Paragraph 2 offers a relevant, though predictable, sports example (invention of basketball hoop) to examine how commonplace things/familiarity can spark great ideas. A personal example is used in paragraph 3 to further explore the definition of “commonplace” and illustrate how the term is relative to financial status and availability (though only the concept of availability is developed in this example). Paragraph 2 logically extends into paragraph 3, and the same connection is seen between paragraphs 4 and 5.In paragraph 4 the Wright brothers are used to argue that great ideas also come from imagination and a willingness to experiment. The final example, in which Einstein is offered to illustrate the necessity of overcoming failure, is not as fully developed as the others. The respondent does not explain what failures Einstein endured or how he overcame them, which makes the example less compelling. Overall, the analysis demonstrated in the examples is “perceptive and clear,” butnot “insightful and cogent” as required for a score of 6. While the response expresses ideas clearly, using appropriate vocabulary and sentence variety, it does not use language as fluently and precisely as would a typical 6. Occasional wordiness/ awkwardness could be avoided with more precise diction (e.g., “There also has to be the element of not being afraid of failure,” or “I have had some wonderful ideas come out of my passion for this kind of art”).新GREIssue 官方范文整理3The following sample issue response received a score of 4: In agreement with the statement, many great inventions have come from individuals interested in commonplace things. Out of simplicity arises great ideas, and I would consider commonplace things to be simplistic. However, it is hard to say that the “best”ideas arise from passion in commonplace things, because one could argue that the best ideas involve interest in remarkable things, which is what makes them the “best” ideas.If the statement is viewed from the standpoint of all ideas from the beginning of civilization, then the statement holds true. Examples of commonplace things are food and shelter. If a person had an abundance of food and needed to transport it, they may have the idea to weave a basket or make some sort oftote in order to load more at once. With that idea, eventually the people would think of things to make the first idea more useful, such as adding wheels to your carrying device. With shelter, first people (Cro-Magnon)may have kept out of weather and unsafe territory by using caves as shelter. From passionate interest in the common shelter a person may have come up with brilliant ideas about structures, architecture, and construction.In concern with the opposing view that the best ideas arise from remarkable things, one could argue that best ideas are medical breakthroughs and all other aspects of Science. Working with substances and molecules and creating ions and isotopes is not a commonplace thing. However, it is what the people who make the scientific breakthroughs have passionate interest in expanding.Looking at the big picture, I would say that if people did not have “passionate interest in commonplace things”, then the idea that led us to the remarkable things would have never occurred. If that is true then the statement holds true because the best ideas do arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things. Though some older ideas may seem obsolete now, there was a time that without those ideas, we would stillbe in the dark ages.Overall, I agree with the statement. The best ideas do arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things. Though I do not consider medical breakthroughs coming from interest in commonplace things, our species appears to be reaching the point in which cancer and AIDS could be considered a commonplace thing. If that is true, then when someone finds a cure for cancer or AIDS it will be one of the best ideas arising from a passionate interest in a commonplace thing. Once again reinforcing the truth of the statement.Comments on sample essay receiving score of 4:This response presents a competent analysis and conveys meaning adequately.Paragraph 2 offers appropriate and adequately developed examples from “the beginning of civilization” to illustrate how commonplace needs inspire innovation: the need to transport food led to the invention of woven baskets and, eventually, the invention of the wheel; similarly, the need for shelter that drove “Cro-Magnon”to the caves eventually inspired “brilliant ideas about structures, architecture, and construction.”Paragraph 3, which explores the “opposing view” (the bestideas arise from remarkable things), is less developed. The respondent claims that the best ideas are “medical breakthroughs and all other aspects of Science,”without explaining what is meant by “Science” or why these types of ideas are the “best.” Does “Science” include engineering, computer sciences, and the social sciences? Why are advances in science and medicine better than advances in religion the arts, or philosophy? The response also fails to acknowledge the commonplace interests (e.g., desire to improve quality of life) that drive medical/scientific research. While the response addresses two sides of the issue, it never delves into complexity the way a 5 or 6 would.In paragraph 4, the response comes to a new conclusion: without initial interest in commonplace things, interest in remarkable things would be impossible. This is an interesting position that, if developed and supported with well-chosen examples, could lead to complex analysis. However, the conclusion is merely stated, loosely supported with generalities, and then further confounded by shaky logic in paragraph 5.Ideas are expressed with reasonable clarity and the response generally demonstrates control of language. It is lackof complexity and logical development that keep this response from earning a higher score.新GREIssue 官方范文整理4The following sample issue response received a score of 3: How do new knowledge came into being? Sometimes it stemed from exsiting knowledge. Sometimes it was born all out of sudden. Both ways seem work well. As I see through this question, I believe that what plays a key role in creating new ideas is a passionate interest.Throughout history, a myriad of examples help prove the importance of interest. Edison, the greatest inventors in the world, possessed a sharp interest ever since his childhood. In his eyes, every common things were full of mysteries. It was his unique interest which helped him look into the machanism of things around therefore new iders came into his mind and, changed into conceret machines facilitating our lives. Another famous example is that of Newton. A riped apple from a tree fell onto his head one afternoon. For ordinary people, this kind of trivial instance would slip off their mind at once. However, Newton lost hisself in thought of the relation between objects. Finally he found gravitation and opened up a new era of physics.On the other hand, without interest, the opportunity ofgreat discoveries will pass by. Most people are experiencing ordinary lives everyday. Why don’t they come up with great ideas? Because interest is a state of skeptism, a state in which we do not stop to disclose the truth beneath a surface of commonplaces. Interest means the ability to explore the internal corelations. Therefore, with a passiontae interest, those commonplace things are no longer commonplace, and new ideas are created.From what have been discussed above, we can see that interest serves as force to propell the exploration of unknowns, to perfect the structure of human knowledge, and to move towards the ultimate truth.Comments on sample essay receiving score of 3:This limited response demonstrates some competence in its analysis and in conveying meaning but is obviously flawed.The response agrees with the prompt by arguing that a passionate interest allows people to see beyond the commonplace and create new ideas (paragraphs 1 and 3). However, the response is limited in presenting and developing this position.In paragraph 2 the response offers two relevant but underdeveloped examples to illustrate the importance of interest in generating ideas.The Edison example is not persuasive because its development is limited to generalities (“common things were full of mysteries...which helped him look into the machanism of things...therefore new iders came into his mind and, changed into conceret machines”). The response does not provide specific examples of the common “things” that interested Edison nor does it discuss any of Edison’s particular ideas. Thus, it does little to advance the response’s position. The Newton example is not penalized for historical inaccuracy. However, like the previous example, it is overly general and underdeveloped.The response also contains an accumulation of language errors (in usage, word choice, and sentence structure) that often result in a lack of clarity. For instance, the rhetorical device used in paragraph 1 contains frequent errors that render it ineffective. The imprecise language use in the Newton example is particularly unsettling: “Newton lost hisself in thought of the relation between objects. Finally he found gravitation and opened up a new era of physics.” While these errors do not generally interfere with meaning, they constitute a lack of language control that precludes a score of 4.新GREIssue 官方范文整理5The following sample issue response received a score of 2: The above statement reinforces my values and beliefs. I agree that the best ideas arises from a paasionate interest.I agree simply because a person must be able to personally relate to a thing in order to become passionate to the idea. The person behind the best ideas are passionate because the commonplace things have affected the person on a personally level or on a mutual level. The relationship between the commonplace thing and the best idea unites a passionate interest to the person who it has affected. A person must have a desire to build on their passion in order to follow through on his or her idea.Comments on sample essay receiving score of 2:This response presents a seriously flawed analysis of the issue.The response agrees with the prompt by arguing that a person must be able to relate to something in order to develop passion for it. (The connection between things one can “relate to”and “commonplace things” is implied.) The response also states that passion is necessary in order for a person to follow through on an idea. However, neither of these claims is supported with relevant reasons or examples.Furthermore, flawed word choice and other language control problems make the reasoning hard to follow (particularly in sentences 4 and 5: “The person behind the best ideas are passionate because the commonplace things have affected the person on a personally level or on a mutual level. The relationship between the commonplace thing and the best idea unites a passionate interest to the person who it has affected.”In those sentences the respondent attempts to analyze the relationship between commonplace things, passion, and ideas). Nevertheless, this response is not a 1: the respondent does provide evidence of the ability to understand the issue and attempts to present a position on it.The following sample issue response received a score of 1: This topic can be found to be true in many different areas. The best ideas that people have come up with are usually founded be improving commonplace things. For example in order to improve the effiecency of writing the typewriter was invented, then following that the computer was invented.Comments on sample essay receiving score of 1:This response presents a fundamentally deficient discussion of the issue.The first sentence consists of generic language that canbe applied to any prompt. Thus, it neither enhances nor detracts from the analysis. The remainder of the response consists of a statement in support of the prompt and a list of two examples (the typewriter and the computer). The examples offered are potentially relevant but completely undeveloped. Basic errors in usage and grammar are pervasive, but it is primarily the inability to develop an organized response that makes this response a 1.新GREIssue官方范文。
GRE考试写作范文Issue整合
GRE考试写作范文Issue整合想要提高GRE写作水平，需要多仿照优秀的范文，我整理了一些范文，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
GRE考试写作范文IssuePeople who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are the most critical of it.The speaker claims that people who are the most firmly committed to an idea or policy are the same people who are most critical of that idea or policy. While I find this claim paradoxical on its face, the paradox is explainable, and the explanation is well supported empirically. Nevertheless, the claim is an unfair generalization in that it fails to account for other empirical evidence serving to discredit it.A threshold problem with the speakers claim is that its internal logic is questionable. At first impression it would seem that firm commitment to an idea or policy necessarily requires the utmost confidence in it, and yet one cannot have a great deal of confidence in an idea or policy if one recognizes its flaws, drawbacks, or other problems. Thus commitment and criticism would seem to be mutually exclusive. But are they? One possible explanation for the paradox is that individuals most firmly committed to an idea or policy are often the same people who are most knowledgeable on the subject, and therefore are in the best position to understand and appreciate the problems with the idea or policy.Lending credence to this explanation for the paradoxical nature of the speakers claim are the many historical cases of uneasy marriages between commitment to and criticism of the same idea or policy. For example, Edward Teller, the so-called father of the atom bomb, was firmly committed to Americas policy of gaining military superiority overthe Japanese and the Germans; yet at the same time he attempted fervently to dissuade the U.S. military from employing his technology for destruction, while becoming the most visible advocate for various peaceful and productive applications of atomic energy. Another example is George Washington, who was quoted as saying that all the worlds denizens should abhor war wherever they may find it. Yet this was the same military general who played a key role in the Revolutionary War between Britain and the States. A third example was Einstein, who while committed to the mathematical soundness of his theories about relativity could not reconcile them with the equally compelling quantum theory which emerged later in Einsteins life. In fact, Einstein spent the last twenty years of his life criticizing his own theories and struggling to determine how to reconcile them with newer theories.In the face of historical examples supporting the speakers claim are innumerable influential individuals who were zealously committed to certain ideas and policies but who were not critical of them, at least not outwardly. Could anyone honestly claim, for instance, that Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, who in the late 19th Century paved the way for the womens rights movement by way of their fervent advocacy, were at the same time highly critical or suspicious of the notion that women deserve equal rights under the law? Also, would it not be absurd to claim that Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, historys two leading advocates of civil disobedience as a means to social reform, had serious doubts about the ideals to which they were so demonstrably committed? Finally, consider the two ideologues and revolutionaries Lenin and Mussolini. Is it even plausible that their demonstrated commitment to their own Communist and Fascist policies, respectively, belied some deep personal suspicion about the merits of these policies? To my knowledge no private writing of any of these historical figures lends any support to the claim that these leaders were particularly critical of their own ideas or policies.To sum up, while at first glance a deep commitment to and incisivecriticism of the same idea or policy would seem mutually exclusive, it appears they are not. Thus the speakers claim has some merit. Nevertheless, for every historical case supporting the speakers claim are many others serving to refute it. In the final analysis, then, the correctness of the speakers assertion must be determined on a case-by-case basis.GRE考试写作范文IssueTradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them.Must we choose between tradition and modernization, as the speaker contends? I agree that in certain cases the two are mutually exclusive. For the most part, however, modernization does not reject tradition; in fact, in many cases the former can and does embrace the latter.In the first place, oftentimes so-called modernization is actually an extension or new iteration of tradition, or a variation on it. This is especially true in language and in law. The modern English language, in spite of its many words that are unique to modern Western culture, is derived from, and builds upon, a variety of linguistic traditions--and ultimately from the ancient Greek and Latin languages. Were we to insist on rejecting traditional in favor of purely modern language, we would have essentially nothing to say. Perhaps an even more striking marriage of modernization and tradition is our system of laws in the U.S., which is deeply rooted in English common-law principles of equity and justice. Our system requires that new, so-called modern laws be consistent with, and in fact build upon, those principles.In other areas modernization departs from tradition in some respects, while embracing it in others. In the visual arts, for example, modern designs, forms, and elements are based on certain timeless aesthetic ideals--such as symmetry, balance, and harmony. Modern art that violates these principles might hold ephemeral appeal due to its novelty andbrashness, but its appeal lacks staying power. An even better example from the arts is modern rock-and-roll music, which upon first listening might seem to bear no resemblance to classical music traditions. Yet, both genres rely on the same twelve-note scale, the same notions of what harmonies are pleasing to the ear, the same forms, the same rhythmic meters, and even many of the same melodies.I concede that, in certain instances, tradition must yield entirely to the utilitarian needs of modern life. This is true especially when it comes to architectural traditions and the value of historic and archeological artifacts. A building of great historic value might be located in the only place available to a hospital desperately needing additional parking area. An old school that is a prime example of a certain architectural style might be so structurally unsafe that the only practicable way to remedy the problem would be to raze the building to make way for a modern, structurally sound one. And when it comes to bridges whose structural integrity is paramount to public safety, modernization often requires no less than replacement of the bridge altogether. However, in other such cases architecturally appropriate retrofits can solve structural problems without sacrificing history and tradition, and alternative locations for new buildings and bridges can be found in order to preserve tradition associated with our historic structures. Thus, even in architecture, tradition and modernization are not necessarily mutually exclusive options.To sum up, in no area of human endeavor need modernization supplant, reject, or otherwise exclude tradition. In fact, in our modern structures, architecture andGRE考试写作范文IssueBecause of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete.The speaker asserts that television and computer connectivity will soon render tourism obsolete. I agree that these technologies might eventually serve to reduce travel for certain purposes other than tourism. However, I strongly disagree that tourism will become obsolete, or that it will even decline, as a result.As for the claim that television will render tourism obsolete, we already have sufficient empirical evidence that this will simply not happen. For nearly a half-century we have been peering through our television sets at other countries and cultures; yet tourism is as popular today as ever. In fact, tourism has been increasing sharply during the last decade, which has seen the advent of television channels catering exclusively to our interest in other cultures and countries. The more reasonable conclusion is that television has actually served to spark our interest in visiting other places.It is somewhat more tempting to accept the speakers further claim that computer connectivity will render tourism obsolete. However, the speaker unfairly assumes that the purpose of tourism is simply to obtain information about other people and places. Were this the case, I would entirely agree that the current information explosion spells the demise of tourism. But, tourism is not primarily about gathering information. Instead, it is about sensory experience--seeing and heating firsthand, even touching and smelling. Could anyone honestly claim that seeing a picture or even an enhanced 3-D movie of the Swiss Alps serves as a suitable substitute for riding a touting motorcycle along narrow roads traversing those mountains? Surely not. The physical world is laden with a host of such delights that we humans are compelled to experience firsthand as tourists.Moreover, in my view tourism will continue to thrive for the same reason that people still go out for dinner or to the movies: we all need to get away from our familiar routines and surroundings from time to 6me.Will computer connectivity alter this basic need? Certainly not. In short, tourism is a manifestation of a basic human need for variety and for exploration. This basic need is why humans have come to inhabit every corner of the Earth, and will just as surely inhabit other planets of the solar system.In fact, computer connectivity might actually provide a boon for tourism. The costs of travel and accommodations are likely to decrease due to Internet price competition. Even more significantly, to the extent that the Internet enhances communication among the worlds denizens, our level of comfort and trust when it comes to dealing with people from other cultures will only increase. As a result, many people who previously would not have felt safe or secure traveling to strange lands will soon venture abroad with a new sense of confidence.Admittedly, travel for purposes other than tourism might eventually decline, as the business world becomes increasingly dependent on the Internet. Products that can be reduced to digital bits and bites can now be shipped anywhere in the world without any human travel. And the volume of business-related trips will surely decline in the future, as teleconferencing becomes more readily available. To the extent that business travelers play tourist during business trips, tourism will decline as a result. Yet it would be absurd to claim that these phenomena alone will render tourism obsolete.In sum, while business travel might decline as a result of global connectivity, tourism is likely to increase as a result. Global connectivity, especially the Internet, can only pique our curiosity about other peoples, cultures, and places. Tourism helps satisfy that curiosity, as well as satisfying a fundamental human need to experience new things first-hand and to explore the world.GRE考试写作范文IssueHigh-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication.Do high-speed means of communication, particularly television and computers, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication, as the speaker suggests? Although ample empirical evidence suggests so with respect to television, the answer is far less dear when it comes to communication via computers.Few would argue that since its inception broadcast television has greatly enhanced communication to the masses. The circulation of even the most widely read newspapers pales compared to the number of viewers of popular television news programs. Yet traditional television is a one-way communications medium, affording viewers no opportunity to engage those so-called talking heads in dialogue or respond. Of course, there is nothing inherent about television that prevents us from meaningful and thoughtful communication with each other. In fact, in televisions early days it was a fairly common occurrence for a family to gather around the television together for their favorite show, then afterwards discuss among themselves what they had seen and heard. Yet over time television has proven itself to serve primarily as a baby-sitter for busy parents, and as an means of escape for those who wish to avoid communicating with the people around them. Moreover, in the pursuit of profit, network executives have determined over time that the most effective uses of the medium are for fast-paced entertainment and advertising--whose messages are neither thoughtful nor meaningful.Do computers offer greater promise for thoughtful and reflective communication than television? Emphatically, yes. After all, media such as email and the Web are interactive by design. And the opportunity for two-way communication enhances the chances of meaningful and thoughtful communication. Yet their potential begs the question: Do these media in fact serve those ends? It is tempting to hasten that the answer isyes with respect to email; after are, weve all heard stories about how email has facilitated reunions of families and old friends, and newlong-distance friendships and romances. Moreover, it would seem that two-way written communication requires far more thought and reflection than verbal conversation. Nevertheless, email is often used to avoidface-to-face encounters, and in practice is used as a means of distributing quick memos. Thus on balance it appears that email serves as an impediment, not an aide, to thoughtful and reflective communication.With respect to Web-based communication, the myriad of educational sites, interactive and otherwise, is strong evidence that the Web tends to enhance, rather than prevent, meaningful communication. Distance learning courses made possible by the Web lend further credence to this assertion. Nonetheless, by all accounts it appears that the Web will ultimately devolve into a mass medium for entertainment and for e-commerce, just like traditional television. Meaningful personal interactivity is already yielding to advertising, requests for product information, buy-sell orders, and titillating adult-oriented content.Thus, on balance these high-speed electronic media do indeed tend to prevent rather than facilitate meaningful and thoughtful communication. In the final analysis, any mass medium carries the potential for uplifting us, enlightening us, and helping us to communicate with and understand one another. However, by all accounts, television has not fulfilled that potential; and whether the Web will serve us any better is ultimately up to us as a society.。
GREIssue写作精品素材分享
GREIssue写作精品素材分享GRE Issue写作精品素材分享GRE作文是美国所有作文考试质量要求较高的.，改革后的GRE考试在写作上要求更具体一些。
我们在GRE写作的时候，平时也要注意大量素材的积累，以下是GRE作文备考资料大集合。
美国心理协会观点：电视暴力的影响A 1993 report by the American Psychological Association stated:1. Viewing violence increases fear of becoming a victim of violence, with an increase in self-protective behavior and an increase in mistrust.2. Viewing violence increases desensitization to violence, resulting in callused attitudes toward violence.3. Violent programming increases the viewers appetite for becoming involved or exposing themselves to violence.环保论的概念Environmentalism is a concern for the preservation, restoration, or improvement of the natural environment, such as the conservation of natural resources, prevention of pollution, and certain land use actions. It often supports the struggles of indigenous peoples against the spread of globalization to their way of life, which is seen as less harmful to the environment. The study of practical environmentalism is split into two positions: the mainstream anthropocentric or hierarchic, and the more radical ecocentric or egalitarian.。
GRE考试写作范文Issue汇总
GRE考试写作范文Issue汇总今天搜集了一些GRE issue的优秀范文，快来一起学习吧，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
."Most people recognize the benefits of individuality， but the fact is that personal economic suess requires conformity."Personal economic suess might be due either to one's investment strategy or to one' s work or career・ With respect to the former, non-conformists with enough risk tolerance and patience invariably achieve more suess than conformists・ With respect to the latter, while nonconformists are more likely to sueed in newer industries where markets and technology are in constant flux, conformists are more likely to sueed in traditional service industries ensconced in systems and regulations.Regarding the sort of economic suess that results from investing one's wealth, the principles of investing dictate that those who seek risky investments in areas that are out of favor with the majority of investors ultimately reap higher returns than those who follow the crowd. It is conformists whoinvest, along with most other investors, in areas that are currently the most profitable, and popular・ However, popular investments tend to be overpriced, and in the long run their values will e down to reasonable levels・ As a resuIt, given enough time conformists tend to reap lower rewards from their investments than nonconformists do.Turning to the sort of economic suess that one achieves by way of one's work, neither conformists nor non-conformists necessarily achieve greater suess than theother group.In consumer-driven industries, where innovation, product differentiation and creativity are crucial to lasting suess, non-conformists who take unique approaches tend to recognize emerging trends and to rise above their peers・ For example, Ted Turner^ s departure from the traditional format of the other television works, and the responsiveness of Amazon'sJeff Bezos to burgeoning Inter merce, propelled these two non-conformists into leadership positions in their industries・Particularly in technology industries, where there are no conventional practices or ways of thinking to begin with, people who cling to last year s paradigm, or to the status quoin general, are soon left behind by coworkers and peting firms ・However, in traditional service industries一一such as finance, aounting, insurance, legal services, and health care 一一personal economic suess es not to non-conformistsbut :rather to those who can work most effectively within the constrairrts of established practices, policies and regulations・ Of course, a clever idea for structuring a deal, or a creative legal maneuver, might play a role in winning smaller battles along the way. But such tactics are those of conformists who are playing by the same ground rules as their peers; winners are just better at the game・In conclusion, non-conformists with sufficient risk tolerance and patience are invariably the most suessful investors in the long :run. When it es to careers, however, while non-conformists tend to be more suessful in technology- and consumer-driven industries, traditionalists are the winners in system-driven industries pervaded bypolicy, regulation, and bureaucracy・"What society has thought to be its greatest social,political, and individual achievements have often resulted in the greatest discontent・"I strongly agree that great achievements often lead to great discontent・ In fact, I would assert more specifically that great individual achievements can cause discontent for the individual achiever or for the society impacted by the achievement, or both・ Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that whether a great achievement causes great discontent can depend on one"s personal perspective, as well as the perspective of time・With respect to individual achievements, great achievers are by nature ambitious people and therefore tend to be dissatisfied and discontent with their aomplishments~no matter how great・ Great athletes are pelled to try to better their record-breaking performances; great artists and musicians typically claim that their greatest work will be their next one一一a sign of personal discontent・ And many child proteges, especially those who achieve some measure of fame early in life, later suffer psychological discontent forhaving "peaked" so early. Perhaps the paradigmatic modern example of a great achiever's discontent was Einstein, whose theoretical breakthroughs in physics only raised new theoretical conundrums whichEinstein himself recognized and spent the last twenty years of his life struggling unsuessfully to solve・Individual achievements can often resuIt in discontent on a societal leveL The great achievement of the individual scientists responsible for the suess of the Manhattan Project resulted in worldwide anxiety over the threat of nuclear annihilation一一a form of discontent with which the world's denizens will forever be forced to cope・ Even individual achievements that at first glance would appear to have benefited society turn out to be causes of great discontent・Consider the invention of the automobile， along with the innovations in manufacturing processes and materials that made mass production possible・ As a result we have bee a society enslaved to our cars, relying on them as crutches not only for transportation but also for affording us a false sense of socioeconomic status・ Moreover, the development of assembly-line manufacturing has served to alienate workers from theirwork, which many psychologists agree causes a great deal of personal discontent・Turning from individual achievements to societal, including political, achievements, the extent to which great achievements have caused great discontent often depends onone's perspective・ Consider, for example, America's spirit of Manifest Destiny during the 19th Century, or British Imperialism over the span of several centuries・ From the perspective of an Imperialist, conquering other lands and peoples might be viewed as an unqualified suess・ However, from the viewpoint of the indigenous peoples who suffer at the hands of Imperialists, these so-called ''achievements" are the source of widespread oppression and misery, and in turn discontent, to which any observant Native American orSouth African native could attest・The extent to which great socio-political achievements have caused great discontent also depends on the perspective of time. For example, F・D. R・'s New Deal was and still is considered by many to be one of the greatest social achievements of the 20th Century. However, we are just nowbeginning to realize that the social-security system that was an integral part of F・D・R. 's social program will soon result in great discontent among those workers currently- paying into the system but unlikely to see any benefits after they retire・To sum up, I agree that great achievements, both individual and socio-political, often result in great discorrtent. Moreover, great individual achievements can result in discontent for both the individual achiever and the society- impacted by the achievement. Nevertheless, in measuring the extent of discontent, we must aount for varying personal and political perspectives as well as different time perspectives ・"The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority・"The speaker asserts that when many people questionauthority society is better off. While I contend that certain forms of disobedience can be harmful to any society, I agree with the speaker otherwise・ In fact, I would go further bycontending that society' s well-being depends on challenges to authority, and that when it es to political and legal authority, these challenges must e from many people・Admittedly, when many people question authority some societal harm might result, even if a social cause is worthy. Mass resistance to authority can escalate to violent protest and rioting, during which innocent people are hurt and their property damaged and destroyed・ The fallout from the 1992 Los Angeles riots aptly illustrates this point・ The "authority" which the rioters sought to challenge was that of the legal justice system which acquitted police officers in the beating of Rodney King・ The means of challenging that authority amounted to flagrant disregard for criminal law on a mass scale一一by way of looting, arson, and even deadly assault・This violent challenge to authority resulted in a financially crippled munity and, more broadly, a turning back of the clock with respect to racial tensions across America・While violence is rarely justifiable as a means of questioning authority, peaceful challenges to political and legal authority, by many people, are not only justifiable butactually necessary when it es to enhancing and even preserving society，s well-being・ In particular, progress in humanrights depends on popular dissension. It is not enough for a charismatic visionary like Gandhi or King to call for changein the name of justice and humanity; they must have the support of many people in order to effect change・ Similarly, in a democracy citizens must respect timeless legal doctrines and principles, yet at the same time question the fairness and relevance of current laws・ Otherwise, our laws would not evolve to reflect changing societal values・ It is not enough for a handful of legislators to challenge the legal status quo; ultimately it is up to the electorate at large to callfor change when change is needed for the well-being of society.Questioning authority is also essential for advances in the sciences・ Passive aeptance of prevailing principles quells innovation, invention, and discovery, all of which clearly benefit any society・ In fact, the very notion of scientific progress is predicated on rigorous scientific inquiry一-in other words, questioning of authority・ History is replete with scientific discoveries that posed challenges topolitical, religious, and scientific authority・ For example, the theories of a sun-centered solar system, of humankind^ s evolution from other life forms, and of the relativity of time and space, clearly flew in the face of "authoritatiscientific as well as religious doctrine of their time. Moreover, when it es to science a suessful challenge to authority need not e from a large number of people. The key contributions of a few individuals ------------------------------------------- like Copernicus, Kepler, Newton, Darwin, Einstein, and Hawking一- -often suffice・Similarly, in the arts, people must challenge established styles and forms rather than imitate them; otherwise, no gemtinely new art would ever emerge, and society would be worse off. And again, it is not necessary that a large number of people pose such challenges; a few key individuals can have a profound impact・ For instance, modern ballet owes much of what is new and exciting to George Ballanchine, who by way of his improvisational techniques posed a suessful challenge to established traditions・ And modern architecture arguably owes its existence to the founders of Germany，s Bauhaus School of Architecture, which challenged certain 〃authoritative〃notions about the proper objective, and resulting design, of public buildings・To sum up, in general I agree that when many people question authority the well-being of society is enhanced・ Indeed, advances in government and law depend on challenges to the status quo by many people・ Nevertheless, to ensure a benefit rather than harm, the means of such challenges must be peaceful ones・"It is the artist, not the critic, who gives society something of lasting value・"This statement asserts that art, not the art critic, provides something of lasting value to society. I strongly agree with the statement・ Although the critic can help us understand and appreciate art, more often than not, critique is either counterproductive to achieving the objective of art or altogether irrelevant to that objective・To support the statement the speaker might point out the three ostensible functions of the art critic. First, critics canhelp us understand and interpret art; a critic who is familiar with a particular artist and his or her works might have certain insights about those works that the layperson would not. Secondly, a critic' s evaluation of an art work serves as a filter, which helps us determine which art is worth our time and attention. For example, a new novel by a best-selling author might nevertheless be an uninspired effort, and if the critic can call our attention to this fact we gain time to seek out mote worthwhile literature to read・ Thirdly, acritic can provide feedback for artists; and constructive criticism, if taken to heart, can result in better work.However, reflecting on these three functions makes clear that the art critic actually offers very littie to society. The first function is better aomplished by docents and teachers, who are more able to enhance a layperson's appreciation and understanding of art by providing an objective, educated interpretation of it. Besides, trueappreciation of art ours at the moment we encounter art; it is the emotional, even visceral impact that art has on oursenses, spirits, and souls that is the real value of art ・ A critic can actually provide a disservice by distracting us from that experience ・The critic s second function that of evaluator who filters out bad art from the worthwhile is one that we must be very wary of. History supports this caution. In the role ofmusic by the esteemed critics of his time ・ The art critic's judge, critics have failed us example, Voltaire ，s rejection because he did not conform to unity ・ Or, consider the plete repeatedly. Consider, for of Shakespeare as barbaric neo-classical principles of dismissal of Beethoven'sjudgment is limited by the narrow confines of old and established parameters for evaluation. Moreover, critical judgment is often misguided by the ego; thus its value is questionable in any event.I turn finally to the critic's third function: to provide useful feedback to artists. The value of this function is especially suspect・ Any artist, or anyone who has studied art, would agree that true art is the product of the artist's authentic passion, a manifestation of the artiss unique creative impulse, and a creation of the artiss spirit・ If art were shaped by the concern for integrating feedback from all criticism, it would bee a viable craft, but at the same time would cease to be art・In sum, none of the ostensible functions of the critic are of much value at all, let alone of lasting value, to society・ On the other hand, the artist, through works of art, provides an invaluable and unique mirror of the culture of the time during which the work was produced a mirror for the artiss contemporaries and for future generations to gaze into forinsight and appreciation of history. The art critic in a subordinate role, more often than not, does a disservice to society by obscuring this mirror・模板，内容仅供参考。
GRE写作-ISSUE高频提纲整理
1======================Issue 51======================【题目】”Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student.‖【翻译】只有针对每个学生的需要和兴趣，教育才真正的有意义。
【题纲】Position: There is no doubt that education should pay more attention on the needs and interests ofstudents, but it is possible for education to satisfy every student.1、从教育的目的上讨论，兴趣对教育的重要性；对个人，爱因斯坦有句至理名言：―兴趣是最好的老师‖；对社会，教育的目的就是为社会培养各种人才，如果不注重学生兴趣，那么他们到社会不可能尽其所能。
有时候可能埋没人才。
比如一味的强调分数，那么对发明有兴趣的学生可能会失去动力，eg.哥白尼以前学医，爱因斯坦小时候学习并不好（这个例子是以前看到别人用的，我没有想到很好的例子）2、学校必须努力发现并培养学生的兴趣。
因为有些学生没有意识到自己的兴趣，因此学校要在这方面作引导。
例如学校可以通过开设对终选修课，增加各类奖学金等方法来鼓励学生培养自己的兴趣；3、但是，鼓励兴趣的培养不等于学校必须根据每个学生的兴趣来进行教育，这既无意义也不现实；一方面老师是有限的，而学生的兴趣是各种各样的。
另一方面，学生没有足够的判断力来决定自己该学什么，比如数学，有些学生不喜欢学，但是能够去掉吗？过分强调学生兴趣势必会造成教学的紊乱，而且学生的兴趣不同阶段可能发生改变；4、总结2=================Issue 144=================【题目】"It is the artist, not the critic, who gives society something of lasting value."【翻译】是艺术家而不是批评家，给了社会一些永久的价值。
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英语考试作文
GRE写作Issue部分精品素材分享之需求类
想要在GRE作文部分的考试中写出优秀的文章，论据素材是重要的一环。
好的论据不仅能帮助你支撑观点，加强说服力，还能体现出考生在阅读量上的积累和深厚扎实的语言功底基础。
特别是ISSUE作文，更是需要大量好素材作为储备，才能保证考生无论遭遇那种题目，都能游刃有余地完成一篇高分作文的写作。
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马斯洛需求层次理论I：第一层次需求：生理需求
Physiological needs are the basic animal needs for such things as food, warmth, shelter, sex, water, and other body needs. If a person is hungry or thirsty or his body is chemically unbalanced, all of his energies turn toward remedying these deficiencies, and other needs remain inactive. Maslow explains that, “Anyone who attempts to make an emergency picture into a typical one, and who will measure all of man’s goals and desires by his behavior during extreme
physiological deprivation, is certainly blind to many things. It is quite true that man lives by bread alone—when there is no bread.”
The physiological needs of the organism (those enabling homeostasis) take first precedence. These consist mainly of:
1. Excretion
2. Eating
3. Sex
4. Drinking
5. Sleeping
6. Shelter
7. Warmth
If some needs are not fulfilled, a human’s physiological needs take the highest priority. Physiological needs can control thoughts and behaviors, and can cause people to feel sickness, pain, and discomfort.
马斯洛需求层次理论II：第二层次需求：安全需求
With his physical needs relatively satisfied, the individual’s safety needs take over and dominate his behavior. These needs have to do with man’s yearning for a predictable,
orderly world in which injustice and inconsistency are under control, the familiar frequent, and the unfamiliar rare. In the world of work, these safety needs manifest themselves in such things as a preference for job security, grievance procedures for protecting the individual from unilateral authority, savings accounts, insurance policies, and the like.
For the most part physiological and safety needs are reasonably well satisfied in our affluent and relatively lawful society. The obvious exceptions, of course, are people outside the mainstream—the poor, the disadvantaged, and members of minority groups. If frustration has not led to apathy and weakness, such people still struggle to satisfy the basic physiological and safety needs. They are primarily concerned with survival: obtaining adequate food, clothing, shelter, and seeking justice from the dominant societal groups.
马斯洛需求层次理论III：第三层次需求：社会情感需求
After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third layer of human needs is social. This psychological aspect of Maslow’s hierarchy involves emotionally-based relationships in general, such as: friendship, sexual intimacy,
having a supportive and communicative family.
Humans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance, whether it comes from a large social group (such as clubs, office culture, religious groups, professional organizations, sports teams, gangs) or small social connections (family members, intimate partners, mentors, close colleagues, confidants). They need to love and be loved (sexually and non-sexually) by others. In the absence of these elements, many people become susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and depression. This need for belonging can often overcome the physiological and security needs, depending on the strength of the peer pressure, e.g. an anorexic ignores the need to eat and the security of health for a feeling of belonging.。