一只亚达伯拉象龟的龟甲黑色真菌症

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine
Volume 40, Issue 1
Abstracts
譯者：
余珍芳臺北市立動物園獸醫主任
Yu, Jane-Fang Jane, Chief of Vet, Taipei zoo
王寶榮臺北市立動物園獸醫師
Isis P.J. Wang, Vet, Taipei zoo
王儷蒨臺北市立動物園獸醫師
Wang, Lih-Chiann, Vet, Taipei zoo
李安興臺北市立動物園獸醫師
Lee, An-Hsing, Vet, Taipei zoo
連振曄臺北市立動物園獸醫師
Lien, Chen-Yeh, Vet, Taipei zoo
賴燕雪臺北市立動物園獸醫師
Lai, Yen-Hsueh Sera, Vet, Taipei zoo
張立人臺北市立動物園獸醫師
Chang, Li-Jen, Vet, Taipei zoo
曹先紹臺北市立動物園副研究員
Tsao, Hsien-Shao Eric , Vice Research Officer
李涵君臺北市立動物園保育員
Lee, Han-Chun, Keeper, Taipei zoo
鄭雲潔臺北市立動物園獸醫助理
謝尚哲Xie Shangzhe
周易蕾Golia Chou
張以恆Sandy Chang
周知穎Julia Chou Chih-Ying
吳新譽Goh, Sheen- Yee（馬來西亞UPM 大學學生）
蔡瑩瑩Chai, Ing- Ing（馬來西亞UPM 大學學生）
審稿：
金仕謙臺北市立動物園副園長、獸醫師
Chin, Shih-Chien Jason, Deputy director & Vet, Taipei zoo
Pages 1–7
RADIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE HEDGEHOG (ERINACEUS CONCOLOR) APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Mohammad Hashemi, D.V.M., Ph.D., Shahram Javadi, D.V.M., Ph.D., Mojtaba Hadian, D.V.M., Behzad Pourreza, D.V.M., and Mahdi Behfar, D.V.M. Abstract: The normal radiographic anatomy of the healthy hedgehog can help to identify anatomic features unique to the hedgehog while comparing it with other small mammals, such as the dog and cat. Radiographic examination is a method that can play an important role in the diagnosis of a wide variety of skeletal diseases. Seven (2 males, 5 females) free-living hedgehogs (Erinaceus concolor) from the Urmia region of Iran were selected for this study. Lateral and craniocaudal radiographs from the front and hind limbs were obtained. The radiographs from these hedgehogs were compared with the normal canine and feline skeletal radiographic anatomy. On the forelimb radiographs, the clavicle was observed as a complete bone connected to the scapula and manubrium. There are three and five carpal bones in the proximal and distal rows, respectively, as in the dog and cat. The pelvis has a larger obturator foramen when compared with the dog and cat. In the lateral view, the pubis and ischium are relatively larger than in the dog and cat and have a more ventral position. The tarsal bones are similar to those of the dog and cat. The number of phalanges and sesamoid bones in the forelimb and hindlimb are likewise similar to those found in the dog and cat.
Key words: Erinaceus, exotic, hedgehog, pet, radiology, skeleton.
刺蝟四肢骨骼的X光影像研究
翻譯：Julia Chou Chih-Ying 周知穎
Mohammad Hashemi, D.V.M., Ph.D., Shahram Javadi, D.V.M., Ph.D., Mojtaba Hadian, D.V.M., Behzad Pourreza, D.V.M., and Mahdi Behfar, D.V.M.
摘要：將正常的刺蝟X光照片跟其他的小型哺乳類動物的解剖結構，例如：貓和狗；進行比較，以確認刺蝟特有的解剖結構。

X光檢驗的方法對各種骨科疾病診斷來說，扮演很重要的角色。

七隻(二公，五母) 伊朗爾米亞地區的野生刺蝟，被選擇為研究對象。

在前肢和後肢，各以側向和前後向拍攝X光相片。

這些刺蝟的X光相片與犬科和貓科動物的X光骨骼比較。

從前肢的X光相片，觀察到鎖骨以完整的骨頭結構和肩胛骨及胸骨連結。

和貓跟狗一樣地，在腕骨的近端和遠端個有三塊和五塊骨頭組成。

骨盆的閉鎖孔相較於貓、狗來得大。

以側向來看，恥骨跟坐骨和貓、狗類相較之下顯得較大，較為腹側位。

跗骨和貓、狗類相似。

前、後肢指骨和種子骨的數量也和貓、狗類相仿。

關鍵字：刺蝟屬名、野生、刺蝟、寵物、放射線、骨骼
Pages 8–14
YERSINIA PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS IN A CLOSED COLONY OF EGYPTIAN FRUIT BATS (ROUSETTUS AEGYPTIACUS)
Sara E. Childs-Sanford, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., George V. Kollias, D.V.M, Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Noha Abou-Madi, D.V.M., M.Sc., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Patrick L. McDonough, M.S., Ph.D., Michael M. Garner, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., and Hussni O. Mohammed, B.V.Sc., M.V.Sc., Ph.D.
Abstract: An outbreak of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yptb) occurred in a closed colony of Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and resulted in the death of seven bats over a 6-week period. An initial survey of the remaining bats revealed visceral abscessation characteristic of pseudotuberculosis in five of the 12 bats examined (41.7%), inciting depopulation of the colony. At necropsy, 70% of the 115 bats in the colony exhibited gross evidence suggestive of Yptb infection, including mesenteric lymphadenopathy (ML), hepatic abscessation (HA), and/or splenomegaly (SPM). Thirty of these bats (13 females and 17 males of various ages) were chosen at random and their tissues submitted for bacterial culture and histopathologic examination. Twenty-three of these 30 bats had one or more gross lesions considered consistent with Yptb, including ML, HA, and SPM. On histopathology, four of the 30 bats had necrotizing lesions containing Gram-negative bacteria in multiple organs, while 18 others exhibited mild mesenteric lymphadenitis and hepatitis. Four of the 30 bats had positive cultures for Yptb. Bats with gross evidence of mesenteric lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, or histopathologic presence of demodicosis or bacteria in tissues were more likely (P _ 0.05) to have a positive Yersinia culture. Examination of the correlation between population density and mortality rates of the colony revealed that the mortality rate of subadult bats increased dramatically at the time of the outbreak, when the population density was at its highest. It is suspected that stress, primarily from severe overcrowding, predisposed the bat colony to morbidity and mortality from this organism, which likely originated from a rodent reservoir.
Key words: Egyptian fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, abscess, population density, stress.
發生在一封閉埃及果蝠族群的假結核耶氏桿菌症
翻譯：王儷蒨獸醫師
Sara E. Childs-Sanford, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., George V. Kollias, D.V.M, Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Noha Abou-Madi, D.V.M., M.Sc., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Patrick L. McDonough, M.S., Ph.D., Michael M. Garner, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., and Hussni O. Mohammed, B.V.Sc., M.V.Sc., Ph.D.
摘要：在一封閉的埃及果蝠族群，爆發假結核耶氏桿菌症，造成7隻蝙蝠於六週內死亡。

在對剩餘的蝙蝠進行初步調查，發現12隻中的5隻有臟器膿瘍(41.7%)，確認為假結核桿菌症，於是將該族群的蝙蝠進行人道處理。

在屍解中發現該族群115隻蝙蝠中有70%個體的眼觀病變，初步顯示有假結核耶氏桿菌症的感染，包括腸繫膜
淋巴腺病、肝膿瘍以及或脾臟的腫大。

任意選擇其中的30隻（不同年齡層的13隻雌性與17隻雄性），進行細菌培養與組織病理學的檢查。

其中的23隻有一或多處假結核耶氏桿菌症的肉眼病變，包括腸繫膜淋巴腺病、肝膿瘍以及或脾臟的腫大。

在組織病理學檢查中，這30隻中的4隻個體，在多個臟器中的壞死病變區，發現革蘭氏陰性菌；而其他的18隻則出現輕微的腸繫膜淋巴腺炎與肝炎。

30隻蝙蝠中的4隻，培養到結核耶氏桿菌。

那些屍解肉眼病變裡，證實有腸繫膜淋巴腺病、肝膿瘍、脾腫大，或組織病理學檢查中，組織內有恙蟲或細菌感染者，較易出現結核耶氏桿菌陽性結果(P< 0.05)。

檢視該族群的密度與疾病死亡率的相關性，顯示亞成體蝙蝠的死亡率，在疾病爆發時快速增加，而當時亦是該族群的密度最高的時候。

因此懷疑壓力，主要來自於過度的擁擠，使得該蝙蝠族群傾向易遭此病原所致的發病與死亡；而此菌可能源自於鼠類保菌動物。

關鍵字：埃及果蝠、埃及果蝠學名、假結核耶氏桿菌症、膿瘍、族群密度、壓力
HEMATOLOGY OF THE RED-CAPPED PARROT (PIONOPSITTA PILEATA) AND VINACEOUS AMAZON PARROT (AMAZONA VINACEA) IN CAPTIVITY Elizabeth Moreira dos Santos Schmidt, D.V.M., Ph.D., Roge´rio Ribas Lange,
D.V.M, M.Sc., Janaciara Moreira Ribas, D.V.M., Ba´rbara Maria Daciuk, D.V.M., Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Antonio Carlos Paulillo, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Abstract: Preliminary reference intervals for hematologic and total plasma protein profiles were determined for nine adult Red-capped parrots (Pionopsitta pileata) (six males and three females) and six Vinaceous Amazon parrots (Amazona vinacea) (two adult males, two adult females, one juvenile, and one nonsexed) from the Curitiba Zoo, Parana´, Brazil. For both Red-capped parrots and Vinaceous Amazon parrots, adult males had higher red blood cell counts than adult females. Regarding white blood cell distribution, differences due to gender were also found for both species of parrots.
Key words: Avian hematology, Pionopsitta pileata, Amazona vinacea, Red-capped parrot, Vinaceous Amazon parrot, Psittacidae.
籠飼紅帽鸚哥及紅胸亞馬遜鸚哥之血液學
翻譯：張立人獸醫師
Elizabeth Moreira dos Santos Schmidt, D.V.M., Ph.D., Roge´rio Ribas Lange, D.V.M, M.Sc., Janaciara Moreira Ribas, D.V.M., Ba´rbara Maria Daciuk, D.V.M., Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Antonio Carlos Paulillo, D.V.M., Ph.D.
摘要：初步建立紅帽鸚哥與紅胸亞馬遜鸚哥的血液學，以及總血清蛋白的數值，
這些數值是由巴西巴拉諾市，庫魯帝芭動物園內，所飼養的九隻成年的紅帽鸚哥（6雄3雌）與六隻紅胸亞馬遜鸚哥（2隻成年雄性、2隻成年雌性、1隻幼體和1隻性別未定個體）蒐集而來。

經由分析發現，成年雄性的紅血球數值，高於成年雌性；若不論白血球的型態，因性別不同而出現的數值差異，在兩種鸚鵡也都是存在的。

關鍵字：禽類血液學、紅帽鸚哥學名、紅胸亞馬遜鸚哥學名、紅帽鸚哥、紅胸亞馬遜鸚哥、鸚鵡科
FITNESS AND NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT OF GREATER SAGE GROUSE (CENTROCERCUS UROPHASIANUS) USING HEMATOLOGIC AND SERUM CHEMISTRY PARAMETERS THROUGH A CYCLE OF SEASONAL HABITATS IN NORTHERN NEVADA
Kathryn J. Dyer, B.S., M.S., Barry L. Perryman, M.S., Ph.D., and Dale W. Holcombe, M.S., Ph.D.
Abstract: Bird health can significantly affect spring reproductive fitness. A better understanding of how female sage grouse health varies with seasonal nutrition changes provides insight for determining if specific nutritional habitats are limiting bird productivity. In 2004, greater sage grouse adult and yearling hens were captured, and blood samples collected, during breeding (MARCH: March 15 to April 11; n _ 22), early brood rearing (MAY: May 20 to June 22; n _ 21), and on summer range (JULY: July 7 to August 17; n _ 19) in two distinct but similar northern Nevada population management units (Tuscarora [TU] and Lone Willow [LW]). In TU, yearlings weighed less (P _ 0.043) than adults at all sampling periods. No age-related differences were observed for LW birds. Serum blood chemistry values were influenced by site, bird age, and season. Adults had more plasma protein and albumin than yearlings during MARCH (P _ 0.005) followed by a decrease by MAY (P _ 0.0001). Lone Willow females had higher albumin levels (P _ 0.0005). Higher serum phosphorus levels were detected for LW females during MARCH (P _ 0.0001), and no site differences were detected for MAY or JULY. Tuscarora yearlings had lower serum calcium levels than adults during MARCH (P _
0.0001); LW yearlings had lower levels than adults during MAY (P _ 0.030). Both TU yearlings (MARCH P _ 0.0001) and adults (MARCH P _ 0.0001; MAY P _ 0.040) had lower values than LW counterparts. Tuscarora adults and LW yearlings and adults showed decreases between MARCH and MAY (P _ 0.0001). The combination of lower yearling weight, plasma protein, and serum calcium and phosphorus in the TU birds indicates a lower nesting and re-nesting potential. Leading to the conclusion that TU yearlings contributed less to the population production than LW yearlings for that particular year.
Key words: Centrocercus urophasianus, hematology, nutrition, sage grouse, seasonal habitats.
利用血液學、血清化學分析北內華達州艾草松雞對季節性棲息地變化的適應及營
養狀態
翻譯：周易蕾
Kathryn J. Dyer, B.S., M.S., Barry L. Perryman, M.S., Ph.D., and Dale W. Holcombe, M.S., Ph.D.
摘要：鳥類健康顯著地影響春天繁殖季節的活力。

季節性營養攝取變化大時，將影響雌性艾草松雞的健康，尤其某種營養物質缺乏時，更會降低鳥類的生殖能力。

本試驗在2004年，於北內華達州兩間互相獨立，但飼養狀況相似的單位進行，地點分別為Tuscarora (TU)及Lone Willow (LW)二組。

以成熟艾草松雞成熟母雞(以下簡
稱母雞)與約1歲的小母雞(以下簡稱小母雞)作為採樣對象，採集血液樣本作為試驗材料。

採樣分為三個階段：繁殖期 (三月：於3月15日至4月11日間，樣本數22隻)、孵育前期(五月：於5月20日至6月22日間，樣本數21隻)及夏天期(七月：於7月7日至8月17日間，樣本數19隻)。

結果顯示，TU組小母雞在所有採樣期中，體重均較母雞輕 (P _ 0.043)，LW組的體重則無年齡的差異。

棲息地、年齡及季節均影響血清化學分析結果。

在三月組的母雞血漿蛋白及白蛋白多於小母雞(P _ 0.005)；至五月時，血漿蛋白和白蛋白均下降(P _ 0.0001)。

從棲息地的結果，LW 組母雞血液中白蛋白含量較多(P _ 0.0005)；LW三月組的母雞血磷濃度較高(P _ 0.0001)；五月組和七月組就沒有發現類似的結果。

TU組小母雞三月組的血鈣濃度較母雞低(P _ 0.0001)；LW組的小母雞在五月組的血鈣濃度較母雞低(P _ 0.030)。

相對照之下，三月組小母雞(P _ 0.0001)、三月組母雞(P _ 0.0001)、五月組母雞(P _ 0.040)的血鈣濃度，TU組均較LW組低。

且TU組母雞和LW組小母雞、母雞，在三月組至五月組間，呈下降情形(P _ 0.0001)。

依TU組小母雞在體重、血漿蛋白、血鈣濃度及血磷濃度都較低的結果，顯示築巢及再築巢的潛力較低。

由此總結而論，在試驗期間，TU組小母雞較LW組的小母雞對族群的繁殖貢獻度較低。

關鍵字：艾草松雞學名、血液學、營養、艾草松雞、季節性棲地
Pages 29–38
SERUM CONCENTRATION COMPARISONS OF AMINO ACIDS, FATTY ACIDS, LIPOPROTEINS, VITAMINS A AND E, AND MINERALS BETWEEN ZOO AND FREE-RANGING GIRAFFES (GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS)
Debra A. Schmidt, Ph.D., Elizabeth A. Koutsos, Ph.D., Mark R. Ellersieck, Ph.D., and Mark E. Griffin, Ph.D.
Abstract: Serum concentrations of amino acids, fatty acids, lipoproteins, vitamins A and E, and minerals in zoo giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) were compared to values obtained from free-ranging giraffes in an effort to identify potential nutritional differences in the zoo population. Zoo giraffes have a specific set of maladies that may be nutritionally related, including peracute mortality, energy malnutrition, pancreatic disease, urolithiasis, hoof disease, and severe intestinal parasitism. Dietary requirements for giraffes are not known; invasive studies used with domestic animals cannot be performed on zoo animals. Though domestic animal standards are often used to evaluate nutritional health of exotic animals, they may not be the most appropriate standards to use. Serum samples from 20 zoo giraffes at 10 zoological institutions in the United States were compared to previously collected samples from 24 free-ranging giraffes in South Africa. Thirteen of the zoo animal samples were collected from animals trained for blood collection, and seven were banked samples obtained from a previous serum collection. Dietary information was also collected on each zoo giraffe; most zoo giraffe diets consisted of alfalfa-based pellets (acid detergent fiber-16), alfalfa hay, and browse in varying quantities. Differences between zoo and free-ranging giraffes, males and females, and adults and subadults were analyzed with the use of a 2 _ 2 _ 2 factorial and Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD) for mean separation. Of the 84 parameters measured, 54 (60%) were significantly different (P _ 0.05) between zoo and free-ranging giraffes. Nine (11%) items were significantly different (P _ 0.05) between adult and subadult animals. Only one parameter, sodium concentration, was found to be significantly different (P _ 0.05) between genders. Further investigation in zoo giraffe diets is needed to address the differences seen in this study and the potentially related health problems. Key words: Fatty acid, giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis, lipoprotein, mineral, protein, vitamin.
動物園與野外長頸鹿之血清胺基酸、脂肪酸、脂蛋白、維生素A、維生素E及礦物質濃度之比較
翻譯：張以恆
Debra A. Schmidt, Ph.D., Elizabeth A. Koutsos, Ph.D., Mark R. Ellersieck, Ph.D., and Mark E. Griffin, Ph.D.
摘要：利用動物園內飼養及野外收集之長頸鹿血清，比較其中胺基酸、脂肪酸、脂蛋白、維生素A、維生素E及礦物質之濃度，以評估確認動物園族群潛在的營養
差異。

動物園飼養之長頸鹿常發生可能與營養有關的特定性疾病，包括急性死亡率、熱能營養不良、胰臟疾病、尿道結石、蹄病及嚴重腸道寄生蟲疾病。

長頸鹿的飲食需求並不清楚，而動物園圈養之動物，並不適合進行侵入性的研究。

儘管家畜
動物的標準常被用以評估野生動物之營養健康狀況，但並非最適宜的參考標準。

本試驗利用由10所美國動物園所收集到的20隻長頸鹿血清樣本，與先前於南非收集之24隻野生長頸鹿樣本作為比較。

其中13個動物園飼養個體之血液，由受過採血訓練之動物所採集，另外7個為先前庫存之血清樣本。

同時收集各提供樣本的動物園之長頸鹿食譜資料，大部份動物園長頸鹿日糧以苜蓿塊（酸洗纖維16％）、苜蓿乾草及多種嫩葉為主。

試驗採2×2×2因子設計，以費雪最小顯著差異法進行動物園與野生長頸鹿間、性別間以及成年個體與亞成體間之差異比較。

在84項測定參數中，動物園與野生長頸鹿之間有54項（60％）具有顯著差異（P<0.05）。

成體與亞成體之間則有9項（11％）測定參數具顯著差異。

而性別間僅有鈉濃度一項被認為具顯著差異（P<0.05）。

未來在動物園飼養之長頸鹿飲食研究方面，需進一步針對本試驗所見之差異部份進行探討，以及潛在相關之健康問題。

關鍵字：脂肪酸、長頸鹿、長頸鹿學名、脂蛋白、礦物質、蛋白質、維生素
Pages 39–50
PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF NASAL OXYGEN OR MEDICAL AIR ADMINISTERED PRIOR TO AND DURING CARFENTANIL–XYLAZINE ANESTHESIA IN NORTH AMERICAN ELK (CERVUS CANADENSIS MANITOBENSIS)
Jessica M. Paterson, D.V.M., M.Vet.Sc., Nigel A. Caulkett, D.V.M., M.Vet.Sc., Dipl.
A.C.V.A., and Murray R. Woodbury, D.V.M., M.Sc.
Abstract: This study compared the physiologic effects of carfentanil–xylazine anesthesia in elk administered nasal oxygen or medical air. Eight female 5 _ 2-yr-old (mean _ SD) captive elk (Cervus canadensis manitobensis) weighing 245 _ 20 kg and habituated to chute restraint were studied in a randomized crossover. Nasal insufflation of oxygen or medical air (10 L/min) was provided prior to and throughout anesthesia. Baseline data were collected before i.m. injection of carfentanil (10 _g/kg) and xylazine (0.2 mg/kg). Arterial blood gases (PaO2 and PaCO2), arterial blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate, and observations of muscle rigidity and movement were collected every 3 min for 30 min. Drugs were antagonized at 30 min with i.m. naltrexone (1 mg/kg) and tolazoline (2
mg/kg). Induction and recovery were significantly faster (mean _ SD) in elk receiving oxygen (208 _ 39 and 333 _ 63 sec, respectively), vs. medical air (306 _ 84 and 532 _ 201 sec). Elk receiving oxygen had a significantly higher PaO2 and PaCO2, and significantly lower pH and heart rate. Minimum PaO2 was 75 _ 30 mm Hg (oxygen), and 28 _ 6 mm Hg (air). Maximum PaCO2 was 89 _ 5 mm Hg (oxygen), and 64 _ 4 mm Hg (air). Frequency of rigidity and movement decreased when PaO2 _ 70 mm Hg. Animals breathing air demonstrated slower inductions and recoveries, severe hypoxemia, and increased rigidity and movement. Oxygen administration reduced hypoxemia and improved anesthesia quality, but caused prolonged periods of apnea, and moderate to severe hypercarbia and respiratory acidosis.
Key words: Cervus canadensis manitobensis, immobilization, carfentanil–xylazine, hypoxemia, hypercarbia, oxygen.
在北美馴鹿以CARFENTANIL–XYLAZINE麻醉前及過程中經鼻給予氧氣或醫用
氣體對生理影響的比較
翻譯：李安興獸醫師
Jessica M. Paterson, D.V.M., M.Vet.Sc., Nigel A. Caulkett, D.V.M., M.Vet.Sc., Dipl.
A.C.V.A., and Murray R. Woodbury, D.V.M., M.Sc.
摘要：本研究在比較馴鹿使用carfentanil–xylazine麻醉時，從鼻子供給氧或是醫療
用氣體，對生理影響。

八隻雌性，5± 2歲大的圈養馴鹿，體重約245±20公斤，這些已經習慣保定架的圈養動物，依隨機交叉取樣進行研究。

在麻醉的過程前及過程中，從鼻子供給氧氣或是醫療用氣體每分鐘10公升流量。

在肌肉注射
carfentanil(10ug/kg)和xylazine(0.2mg/kg)前，取得基礎數值，包括動脈血氧及二氧
化碳濃度，動脈血壓，心跳和呼吸速率，並每三分鐘觀察肌肉的僵直和動作狀態，持續三十分鐘。

在三十分鐘後，給予肌肉注射拮抗劑naltrixone(1 mg/kg)和tolazoline(0.2mg/kg)。

在導入和恢復時間，給予氧氣 (208±39和333±63秒) 明顯比給
予醫療用氣體(306±84和532±201秒)來的快。

供氧組明顯有較高的動脈血氧及二氧化碳濃度，較低的酸鹼度和心跳速率。

最小的動脈血氧濃度是75±30mmHg(氧)和28±6mmHg(氣體)，最大的動脈二氧化碳濃度是89±5mmHg(氧)和64±4mmHg(氣體)。

當動脈血氧濃度為70mmHg時，僵直和動作的頻率減少。

動物在僅吸空氣時證實會使導入和恢復較慢、嚴重的缺氧、肌肉的僵直和動作增加。

氧氣提供可減少缺氧和增加麻醉的品質，不過會造成喘息時間的延長及中等程度到嚴重的高碳酸血症和呼吸性酸中毒。

關鍵字：馴鹿學名、保定、carfentanil–xylazine、缺氧、高碳酸血症、氧氣
Pages 51–63
CLINICAL EVALUATION AND OUTCOMES OF NATURALLY ACQUIRED WEST NILE VIRUS INFECTION IN RAPTORS
Nicole M. Nemeth, D.V.M., Ph.D., Gail E. Kratz, B.S., Rebecca Bates, B.S., Judy A. Scherpelz, M.S., Richard A. Bowen, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Nicholas Komar, Sc.D. Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) infection and associated disease and mortality have been documented in numerous North American raptor species. Information regarding clinical presentations and long-term outcomes of WNV-infected raptors is important in the clinic for the diagnosis, treatment, and assessment of prognosis, as well as for understanding potential population level effects on raptor species. Raptors of 22 species admitted to a rehabilitation clinic were tested, from 2002 to 2005, for previous and acute WNV infection, while comparing clinical syndromes, trauma, and rehabilitation outcomes. Forty-two percent of admitted raptors (132/314) had been infected with WNV, and these presented with a WNV-attributed clinical disease rate of 67.4% (89/132). West Nile virus-infected raptors were less likely to be released (79/132 [59.8%]) than negative raptors (138/182 [75.8%]) and more likely to die or be euthanized (47/132 [35.6%] for WNV infected vs. 32/182 [17.6%] for WNV negative). However, WNV-infected raptors with neurologic disease were no less likely to be released (29/53 [54.7%]) than those without neurologic disease (50/79 [63.3%]). Clinical WNV-associated syndromes varied among species. Great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) were more likely to have neurologic signs, whereas American kestrels (Falco sparverius) and Swainson’s hawks (Buteo swainsonii) were less likely to have neurologic signs. These results suggest that free-ranging raptors are frequently infected with WNV and that clinical syndromes differ among species. WNV has potentially devastating effects on raptors; however, rehabilitation of WNV-infected raptors can lead to positive outcomes, even for those having had severe neurologic disease.
Key words: Clinical syndrome, disease, neurologic, raptor, rehabilitation, West Nile virus.
自然感染西尼羅河病毒的猛禽的臨床評估與預後
翻譯：王寶榮獸醫師
Nicole M. Nemeth, D.V.M., Ph.D., Gail E. Kratz, B.S., Rebecca Bates, B.S., Judy A. Scherpelz, M.S., Richard A. Bowen, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Nicholas Komar, Sc.D.
摘要：感染西尼羅河病毒及相關疾病的死亡率曾在許多的北美猛禽類被紀錄。

感染西尼羅河病毒的猛禽，在臨床症狀及長期觀察結果，對臨床診斷、治療、及癒後評估很重要，同時也幫助對猛禽族群數量潛在影響的了解。

從2002年到2005年，對復育中心接手的22個種類的猛禽，曾被感染或是急性感染進行檢測，並且比較臨床症狀、傷害及復原狀況。

接手處理的猛禽中有42% (132/314)感染西尼羅河病
毒。

在感染的鳥中更有67.4%(89/132)，在臨床上出現西尼羅河病毒引發的症狀。

西尼羅河病毒感染的猛禽(79/132 [59.8%])，較未感染的猛禽(138/182 [75.8%])被野
放的少，而較多會死亡或是需以人道處理(47/132 [35.6%] 西尼羅河病毒感染比
32/182 [17.6%] 西尼羅河病毒陰性)。

無論如何，有神經症狀的西尼羅河病毒感染猛禽(29/53 [54.7%])，較無神經症狀的西尼羅河病毒感染猛禽(50/79 [63.3%])難獲得野
放。

不同物種間的西尼羅河病毒相關的臨床症狀會不同。

大角鴞較易有神經症狀、而美洲隼及史文氏鵟較不易有神經症狀。

這些結果顯示野外的猛禽常被西尼羅河病毒感染，同時不同物種間的臨床症狀不同。

西尼羅河病毒對猛禽有潛在毀滅性的影響；然而，即使是那些有嚴重神經症狀，感染西尼羅河病毒的猛禽，經過復育有正向的恢復結果。

關鍵字：臨床症狀、疾病、神經、猛禽、復育、西尼羅河病毒
Pages 64–70
APPLICATION OF GALACTOMANNAN ANALYSIS AND PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ASPERGILLOSIS IN AVIAN SPECIES
Carolyn Cray, Ph.D., Toshiba Watson, M.S., Marilyn Rodriguez, B.S. M.T., and Kristopher L. Arheart, Ed.D.
Abstract: Previous studies support the possible application of galactomannan, a major antigen of Aspergillus sp., to aspergillosis diagnosis in avian and other animal species. An assay is commercially available for use with human serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples. In the current study, galactomannan results from plasma samples were compared between birds with histologically confirmed aspergillosis and those that were clinically normal presumptively non-Aspergillus infected birds per submitting practitioners’ responses to a questionnaire. It was observed that infected birds demonstrated a 2.6-fold increase in galactomannan over birds without evidence of aspergillosis. With the use of a galactomannan index of 0.5 as a cutoff, the sensitivity and specificity of the test were found to be 67% and 73%, respectively. In addition, plasma samples were analyzed for abnormalities in protein electrophoretic patterns. Infected birds had a higher incidence of increased beta and/or gamma globulin concentrations. Test sensitivity and specificity were 73% and 70%, respectively. If the 2 tests were used as a panel, then the sensitivity was 89% and specificity was 48%. These data indicate that both galactomannan and protein electrophoresis may be valuable tools in the diagnosis of avian aspergillosis.
Key words: Aspergillosis, Aspergillus, ELISA, protein electrophoresis, galactomannan, serodiagnostics.
應用半乳甘露聚醣分析和蛋白質電泳在鳥類麴黴菌症診斷的應用
翻譯：李涵君、余珍芳獸醫師
Carolyn Cray, Ph.D., Toshiba Watson, M.S., Marilyn Rodriguez, B.S. M.T., and Kristopher L. Arheart, Ed.D.
摘要: 先前的研究支持應用半乳甘露聚醣（麴黴菌的一種主要抗原），應用於禽類和其他動物麴黴菌症的診斷的可行性。

商品化的診斷分析試劑，是應用於人類血清和支氣管肺泡沖洗液樣本。

在這項研究中，以病理已證實有感染麴黴菌，與臨床上以問卷徵詢臨床醫師，判定為正常且無麴黴菌感染的禽類血漿樣本，所測得的半乳甘露聚糖數值進行比較。

觀察結果發現受感染的鳥類，其乳甘露聚糖比沒有麴黴菌的鳥類高出2.6倍。

使用0.5乳甘露聚糖指數作為區隔，其測試的敏感度與特異度大約分別為67%和73%。

此外，血漿樣本進行了蛋白質電泳圖譜分析，受感染的鳥類有較高的機率β或/和γ球蛋白濃度會增加，測試的敏感度與特異度大約分別為73%和70%，若這兩種測試法被用來共同比較，則敏感度為89%，特異度為48%。

這些數據顯示，半乳甘露聚醣和蛋白質電泳，在禽類麴黴菌病診斷上可能都是有價值的工具。

關鍵字：麴黴菌症、麴黴菌、酵素連結免疫吸附分析法、蛋白電泳、半乳甘露聚醣、血清診斷
Pages 71–75
PLASMA PREPARATION AND STORAGE FOR AFRICAN ELEPHANTS (LOXODONTA AFRICANA)
Sascha Knauf, Julia Blad-Stahl, Arne Lawrenz, Dr. med. vet., Ulrich Schuerer, Dr. rer. nat., and Axel Wehrend, Prof., Dipl. ECAR, Dipl. ECBHM
Abstract: The use of plasma as a life-saving tool for neonatal African elephants (Loxodonta africana) that failed passive transfer of immunoglobulins is proposed. The methodology of blood sampling, plasma extraction, and plasma storage is described. Values for cellular component sedimentation and biochemical parameters of extracted plasma that was collected from 2 female elephants is presented. The proposal for a central plasma bank for elephants in European zoos is suggested.
Key words: African elephant, Loxodonta africana, clinical chemistry, neonate, passive transfer, immunoglobulins, plasma, plasma bank, sedimentation.
非洲象血漿之製備與儲存
翻譯：李涵君、余珍芳獸醫師
Sascha Knauf, Julia Blad-Stahl, Arne Lawrenz, Dr. med. vet., Ulrich Schuerer, Dr. rer. nat., and Axel Wehrend, Prof., Dipl. ECAR, Dipl. ECBHM
摘要：對於那些無法獲得被動轉移免疫球蛋白的初生非洲大象而言，使用血漿可做為救命之治療方式。

採血後血漿萃取及血漿的儲存方法，在此報告皆有描述。

兩隻母象收集的樣本，其萃取血漿的細胞成分沉降值和生化數值一併呈現。

在歐洲動物園建立大象的中央血漿銀行，是被建議的計畫。

關鍵詞：非洲象、非洲象學名、臨床生化學、新生兒、被動轉移、免疫球蛋白、血漿、血漿銀行、沉澱
Pages 76–85
MORPHOLOGIC AND CYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ASIAN YELLOW POND TURTLE (OCADIA SINENSIS) BLOOD CELLS AND THEIR HEMATOLOGIC AND PLASMA BIOCHEMICAL REFERENCE VALUES Cheng-shu Chung, D.V.M., M.S., Chiung-hsiang Cheng, M.S., Shin-chien Chin,
D.V.M., M.S., An-hsing Lee, D.V.M., M.S., and Chau-hwa Chi, D.V.M., Ph.D. Abstract: Hematologic analyses are useful for the monitoring of animal health and diseases and for the differentiation of physiologic processes for clinicians and conservationists. In order to establish hematology reference values for the Asian yellow pond turtle (Ocadia sinensis) and to produce an accurate baseline of clinical laboratory data for O.sinensis with regard to sex and season, 50 (24 males and 26 females) adult captive individuals of O. sinensis were studied. Blood samples from the jugular veins of the turtles were collected in January, April, June, and November. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance for significant (P _ 0.05) variation by sex, season, and the interaction between sex and season. Significant sex differences were observed for the parameters of packed cell volume, eosinophil count, heterophils and monocytes ratio, total protein, albumin, uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, triglycerides, cholesterol, and alkaline phosphatase. Marked seasonal variation was noted in all parameters except mean cell hemoglobin, monocytes and heterophils ratio, and creatinine. Differences between sexes and seasons were primarily associated with the reproductive cycle. Heterophils had a strong positive reaction and eosinophils had a moderate positive reaction to benzidine peroxidase stain. Thrombocytes had a positive reaction to periodic acid-Schiff stain. Surface morphologic study using scanning electron microscopy of blood cells showed that white blood cells of O. sinensis had no distinctive surface characteristics.
Key words: Ocadia sinensis, reference values, hematology, scanning electron microscopy.
亞洲斑龜血球之型態及細胞化學特性，以及血液學、血漿生化學參考值
翻譯：余珍芳獸醫師
Cheng-shu Chung, D.V.M., M.S., Chiung-hsiang Cheng, M.S., Shin-chien Chin,
D.V.M., M.S., An-hsing Lee, D.V.M., M.S., and Chau-hwa Chi, D.V.M., Ph.D.
摘要：血液學分析是用於監控動物健康及疾病狀況是很有效的方法，對臨床獸醫及保育學者也可用以分辨動物生理之狀況。

為了建立亞洲斑龜之血液學參考值及建立一個準確的性別及季節變化之臨床實驗室基礎數據；共收集了50 隻（24隻公，26隻母）成年圈養之亞洲斑龜樣本。

這些血液樣本分別在一、四、六、十一月，從龜之頸靜脈取得。

數值分析是使用重複測量變異度分析法，來檢視性別、季節、性別與季節間的顯著差異。

在下列數值觀察到明顯的性別差異性：血容比、嗜酸性球數、異嗜球與單核球比率、總蛋白、白蛋白、尿酸、三酸肝油酯、膽固醇、及鹼性磷酸脢。

除了血紅素平均值、單核球與異嗜球比率及肌肝酸之外，明顯的季節性變異可在所有數值被注意到。

性別及季節的差異性，主要與繁殖期相關。

對過氧聯苯
胺脢染色，異嗜球有很強的陽性反應，嗜酸性球則有中度陽性反應；而血小板對PAS 染色有陽性反應；血球細胞以掃描式電子顯微鏡分析表面型態，顯示斑龜之白血球沒有特殊的表面特徵。

關鍵字：亞洲斑龜學名、參考值、血液學、掃描式電子顯微鏡
Pages 86–90
GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES AND ECTOPARASITES OF BRADYPUS VARIEGATUS AND CHOLOEPUS HOFFMANNI SLOTHS IN CAPTIVITY FROM COSTA RICA
Karen D. Sibaja-Morales, D.M.V., Jaqueline B. de Oliveira Ph.D., Ana E. Jime´nez Rocha M.Sc., Jorge Herna´ndez Gamboa, Jorge Prendas Gamboa, Francisco Arroyo Murillo, D.M.V., Janet Sandı´, D.M.V., Yessenia Nun˜ ez, D.M.V., and Mario Baldi, D.M.V., M.Sc.
Abstract: Sloths may serve as host to a wide range of parasites. However, there is little information available on the types of parasites that affect Costa Rica’s sloth population. During a 1-yr period, 65 specimens of Costa Rican sloth species (Choloepus hoffmanni; n =56 and Bradypus variegates; n= 9) from a local zoo were sampled. Fecal samples were evaluated using two different diagnostic techniques, Sheather’s flotation and sedimentation. Concurrently, these sloths were examined for ectoparasites. Gastrointestinal parasites were found in 14 sloths (21.5%), from which 13 animals were C. hoffmanni and one was B. variegatus. Gastrointestinal parasites were recognized as Coccidia 71.4% (10/14), Cestoda 21.4% (3/14), and Spiruroidea 7.1% (1/14). Coccidia and cestodes were seen in C. hoffmanni, and spirurids were identified in B. variegatus. Among 27 sloths examined, only six had dermal problems (five C. hoffmanni and two B. variegatus). Ectoparasites recovered were Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari, Sarcoptidae) mites and Amblyomma varium (Acari, Ixodidae) ticks. This is the first time that cestode strobilae and nematode eggs are reported in sloth feces and that Monezia benedeni and L. leptocephalus were found in captive sloths.
Key words: Bradypus variegatus, Choloepus hoffmanni, ectoparasites, gastrointestinal parasites, sloths, zoo.
圈養於哥斯大黎加之褐喉三趾樹懶(BRADYPUS VARIEGATUS)及霍氏樹懶(CHOLOEPUS HOFFMANNI)之胃腸道寄生蟲與外寄生蟲
翻譯：余珍芳
Karen D. Sibaja-Morales, D.M.V., Jaqueline B. de Oliveira Ph.D., Ana E. Jime´nez Rocha M.Sc., Jorge Herna´ndez Gamboa, Jorge Prendas Gamboa, Francisco Arroyo Murillo, D.M.V., Janet Sandı´, D.M.V., Yessenia Nun˜ ez, D.M.V., and Mario Baldi, D.M.V., M.Sc.
摘要：樹懶可能是許多寄生蟲的宿主。

但是，有關會影響哥斯大黎加樹懶族群的寄生蟲種類的資料卻很少。

在一年間，共收集了65 個哥斯大黎加當地動物園之樹懶樣本（霍氏樹懶56個，褐喉三趾樹懶9個）。

糞便樣本用兩種檢查方法（浮游法與沈澱法）來分析；同時，這些樹懶也進行外寄生蟲檢查。

胃腸道寄生蟲在14 隻樹懶被發現(21.5%) ，這14 隻動物中，13隻為霍氏樹懶及一隻褐喉三趾樹懶。

腸道寄生蟲中，71.4%(10/14)為球蟲，21.4%(3/14)為絛蟲及7.1%(1/14)為旋尾線蟲。

球蟲及絛蟲在霍氏樹懶檢出，旋尾線蟲則是在褐喉三趾樹懶被檢出。

在27 隻受檢。