2005纺材研究生试题a
2005年硕士研究生入学试题(答案)
答案:一、选择题1. c,2. b,3. c,4. c,5. a,6. b,7. d,8. d,9. c, 10. c, 11. c, 12. d, 13. d 14.b 15.a 16.a 17.a 18.a 19.c 20.c二、三、1、根据相图,固相从液相中结晶时,成分于液相不同。
因此在结晶过程中固相不断排除溶质原子,导致在液-固液界面液相侧溶质原子积聚。
此时原子的运动路线是固相-界面-液相开始时固相中排除的原子比从界面层向液相排出的原子多,导致界面层上溶质原子浓度升高,此时称之为初瞬态。
当溶质原子在界面层上的浓度高达一定程度时,达到动态平衡,即从固相到界面与从界面到液相的原子流量相同,此时在固液相之间形成了一层溶质原子浓度高于液相的过渡层,称之为边界层。
2、平衡分配叙述是指在平衡凝固时固相与液相中溶质浓度之比,即k0=ρS/ρL;有效分配系数是指在非平衡凝固是,当边界层建立后,边界固相侧溶质浓度和边界层以外的液相区中溶质浓度之比,即上图中k e=(ρS)i/(ρL)B;3、当k e=k0时出现正常凝固,此时没有边界层;液相内成分完全均匀。
当k e=1时,铸锭内成分最均匀,当k e=k0时即正常凝固是成分最不均匀。
4、如图虚线所示,当边界层中温度梯度与边界层浓度分布曲线相切时,是成分过冷的临界条件。
若温度分布曲线斜率小于切线斜率时则有成分过冷,反之则没有成分过冷。
四、1、形核功∆G*是指形成一个临界晶胚所需要的能量,这个能量是靠系统能量起伏提供。
L L -γ L -γ+Fe 3C(L d ) γ-Fe 3C Ⅱ γ-P P+ Fe 3C Ⅱ+L d ’2、 临界半径是指临界晶胚的半径。
临界晶核是指结晶开始时,晶胚的形成与长大需要靠系统能量起伏提供能量;当晶胚长大到一定大小时,能量达到极大值,继续长大系统能量下降,此时的晶胚半径称之为领结半径;3、 形核率是指单位时间和单位体积内形成的晶核数。
2005年硕士研究生入学考试及答案
目录1.05年北师大物理类各方向2.05年长光所3.05年东南大学4.05年中科大5.05年南京大学6.05年华中科大7.05年吉林大学(原子所)8.05年四川大学(原子与分子)9.05年北京理工10.05年河北理工11.05年长春理工北京师范大学2005年招收硕士研究生入学考试试题专业:物理类各专业科目代号:459研究方向:各方向考试科目:量子力学[注意]答案写在答题纸上,写在试题上无效。
1.(20分)一个电子被限制在一维谐振子势场中,活动范围求激发电子到第一激发态所需要的能量(用ev表示)(,,)提示:谐振子能量本征函数可以写成2.(30分)一个电子被限制在二维各向同性谐振子势场中(特征频率为)。
(1)写出其哈密顿量,利用一维谐振子能级公式找到此电子的能级公式和简并度。
(2)请推导电子的径向运动方程。
并讨论其在时的渐近解。
提示:极坐标下3.(50分)两个质量为的粒子,被禁闭在特征频率为的一维谐振子势场中,彼此无相互作用(此题中波函数无须写出具体形式):(1)如果两个粒子无自旋可分辨,写出系统的基态(两个都在自己的基态)和第一激发能级(即一个在基态,另一个在第一激发态)的波函数和能量(注意简并情形)。
(10分)(2)如果两个粒子是不可分辨的无自旋波色子,写出系统的基态和第一激发态的能量和波函数。
如果粒子间互作用势为,计算基态能级到一级微扰项。
(15分)(3分)如果两个粒子是不可分辨的自旋1/2粒子,写出基态能级和波函数(考虑自旋)。
如果粒子间互作用能为,计算基态能量。
(15分)(4)同(3),解除势阱,两个粒子以左一右飞出。
有两个探测器分别(同时)测量它们的y方向自旋角动量。
请问测量结果为两电子自旋反向的几率是多少?(10分)4.(30分)中心力场中电子自旋与轨道角动量存在耦合能。
总角动量,是的共同本征态。
现有一电子处于态,且。
(1)在一基近似下,可用代替,请问电子的能量与态差多少?(2)请计算该电子产生的平均磁矩,并由此计算在z方向均匀磁场B中电子的能量改变多少?(),当,,当,5.(20分)一个定域(空间位置不动)的电子(自旋1/2)处于z方向强磁场中。
(完整版)纺材试题库及答案
《纺织材料学》试题一姓名班级学号成绩一、概念题(15分)1、羊毛的缩融性:2、差别化纤维3、超细纤维4、高收缩纤维5、吸湿滞后性二、填空:25分1、化学纤维“三大纶”指的是、和。
其中,耐磨性最好的是,保形性最好的是,多次拉伸后剩余伸长最大的是,耐光性最好的是,耐光性最差的是;保暖性最好的是,热稳定性最好的是;有合成羊毛之称;可做轮胎帘子线的是。
2、棉纤维的主要组成物质是。
生长期包括、和转曲期三个时期。
正常成熟的棉纤维横截面是,纵面是不规则的沿长度方向不断改变旋向的螺旋形扭曲,称为。
棉主要性能包括、、、、和。
3、羊毛的主要组成是。
其横截面由、和中腔组成;纵向有天然。
4、化学纤维的制造包括、、和纺丝后加工四个过程。
5、人造棉即,人造毛即;有人造丝之称;合成棉花指的是。
纤维有防治关节炎之功效。
6、氨纶的最大特点是。
7、中空纤维的最大特点是。
8、纺织纤维从大分子结合成纤维,大致经历、、、和纤维五个层级。
9、标准状态指的是。
公定回潮率的规定是为了计重和的需要,它与回潮率接近。
10、原棉标志329代表的含义是。
三、判断正误并改错(10分)1、吸湿使所有的纺织纤维强度下降,伸长率增加。
()2、兔毛有软黄金之称。
()3、粘胶、涤纶、晴纶和锦纶都是合成纤维。
()4、直径很细,而长度比直径大许多的细长物质称为纺织纤维。
()5、棉纤维在酸溶液中给予一定的拉伸,以改变纤维的内部结构,提高纤维的强力。
这一处理称为丝光。
()四、计算题(15分)1、某种纤维的线密度为1.45dtex,如用公制支数和特数表示,各为多少?2、一批粘胶重2000kg,取100g试样烘干后称得其干重为89.29g,求该批粘胶的实际回潮率和公定重量。
3、计算70/30涤/粘混纺纱在公定回潮率时的混纺比。
五、试述下列各题(25分)1、哪些因素影响纺织纤维的回潮率,如何影响?2、羊毛的鳞片层有什么作用?3、纤维的长度和细度对成纱质量有何影响?六、写出棉型、中长型和毛型化纤的长度和细度范围。
(99-05)东华大学纺织材料学历年真题及答案
中国纺织大学1999年硕士研究生招生考试试题招生专业:纺织工程考试科目:纺织材料学一、名词解释(每题3分)1.纤维的两相结构:纤维的微结构,同时存在结晶态与非晶态两种形式。
结晶态与非结晶态相互混杂的结构称为两相结构。
一般认为线型大分子上一部分链段形成晶体结构,一部分链段形成非晶态结构,一个纤维分子穿过很多微晶体,两相结构的模型有缨状微胞结构、2.:表示二级原棉,手扯长度为29cm,锯齿白棉。
3.纺织材料的耐疲劳性能:纺织材料在较小外力,长时间反复作用下,塑性变形不断积累,当积累的塑性变形值达到断裂伸长时,材料最后整体破坏的现象。
4.非织造布:由纤维层(定向或非定向铺置的纤维网或纱线)构成,也可再结合其他纺织品或非纺织品,经机械或化学加工而成的制品。
5.哈密尔顿转移指数M:衡量混纺纱中不同品种的纤维在截面上向外或向内颁布程度的指标。
6.变形丝:化纤原丝在热和机械作用下,经过变形加工使之具有卷曲、螺旋、环圈等外观特性而呈现蓬松性伸缩性的长丝纱,称为变形丝或变形纱。
包括高弹变形丝、低弹变形丝、空气变形丝、网络丝。
7.热机械性能曲线:高聚物受力变形或初始模量等随温度变化而变化的曲线。
8.织物风格:(广义)织物本身所固有的物理机械性能作用于人的感觉器官(触觉、视觉、听觉)所产生的综合效应。
(狭义)织物的某种物理机械性能通过人手的触觉所引起的综合反应(手感)。
9.合成纤维和再生纤维:合成纤维是以石油、煤、天然气及一些农副产品等低分子作为原料制成的单体后,经人工合成获得的聚合物纺制成的化学纤维,如涤纶、锦纶6、锦纶66、腈纶等。
再生纤维是以天然聚合物为原料,经过化学和机械方法制成的化学组成与原高聚物基本相同的化学纤维,如粘胶纤维、铜氨纤维等。
10.克罗(Clo)值:在室温21℃,相对温度小于50%,气流为10cm/s(无风)的条件下,一个人静坐不动,能保持舒适状态,此时所穿衣服的热阻力为1克罗值。
CLO越大,则隔热,保暖性越好。
2005年武汉纺织大学高分子化学与物理考研真题【圣才出品】
2005年武汉纺织大学高分子化学与物理考研真题一、选择题(选择一个最佳答案,20分)1.过硫酸钾引发剂属于______A.氧化还原引发剂B.水溶性引发剂C.油溶性引发剂D.阴离子引发剂2.聚乙烯醇的单体是______A.乙烯醇B.乙醇C.乙醛D.醋酸乙烯酯3.有机玻璃板材是采用______A.本体聚合B.溶液聚合C.悬浮聚合D.乳液聚合4.自动加速效应产生的后果是______A.聚合速度增加B.分子量增加C.聚合速度和分子量增加D.聚合速度降低5.典型乳液聚合中,聚合场所在______A.单体液滴B.胶束C.水相D.油相6.合成丁基橡胶的主要单体是______A.异丁烯+丁二烯B.异丁烯+异戊二烯C.异丁烯D.丁二烯7.在丙烯配位聚合反应中,引发剂Ticl3属于______ A.主引发剂B.共引发剂C.第三组分D.载体8.属于功能高分子的是______A.离子交换树脂B.SBSC.HIPSD.ABS9.ABS属于______A.无规共聚物B.交替共聚物C.接枝共聚物D.嵌段共聚物10.酸催化酚醛树脂属于______A.无规预聚物B.结构预聚物C.体形缩聚物D.线形缩聚物二、选择合适单体,写出下列聚合物的合成反应方程式,并注明聚合反应类型。
(20分)1.PC2.PET3.PPO4.EP5.UP三、下列烯类单体适于何种机理聚合:自由基聚合,阳离子聚合或阴离子聚合?并说明理由。
(10分)1.CH2=CHCl2.CH2=CHCN3.CH2=C(CH3)24.CH2=CHC6H55.CH2=CH(CN)2四、试分别大致画出下列各对竞聚率的共聚物组成曲线,并说明其特征。
(15分)1.r1=r2=12.r1=r2=0.53.r1=r2=0五、氯乙烯、苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合时,都存在自动加速现象,三者有何异同?试解释。
(10分)六、名词解释(10分)1.取向2.溶度参数3.数均分子量4.应力集中效应5.表观粘度七、比较下列各组高分子链的柔顺性,并简要解释。
纺织材料学考试试题
纺织材料学考试试题纺织材料学考试试题纺织材料学是纺织工程专业的一门重要课程,它涵盖了纺织材料的基本知识、纤维结构与性能、纺织品加工工艺等内容。
下面将为大家提供一些纺织材料学考试试题,希望能对大家的学习和复习有所帮助。
一、选择题1. 纺织材料中,以下哪种纤维具有最高的拉伸强度?A. 棉纤维B. 羊毛纤维C. 聚酯纤维D. 聚丙烯纤维2. 以下哪种纤维属于天然纤维?A. 聚酯纤维B. 聚丙烯纤维C. 棉纤维D. 尼龙纤维3. 纺织材料中,以下哪种纤维具有最好的吸湿性?A. 尼龙纤维B. 涤纶纤维C. 棉纤维D. 聚酯纤维4. 纺织材料的织物结构中,以下哪种织物具有最好的透气性?A. 平纹布B. 斜纹布C. 缎纹布D. 绒布5. 纺织品的染色方式中,以下哪种染色方式属于最常见的染色方式?A. 漂染B. 印花C. 喷涂D. 热转印二、填空题1. 纺织材料的基本组成单位是________。
2. 纺织品加工的基本工艺包括纺纱、织造和________。
3. 纺织品的染色方式中,常用的染料有________和酸性染料。
4. 纺织品的整理工艺中,烫平是指将纺织品通过________,使其平整。
5. 纺织品的整理工艺中,煮煮是指将纺织品放入________中进行处理。
三、简答题1. 请简要介绍纺织材料的分类和特点。
2. 请简要描述纺织品加工的基本工艺流程。
3. 请简要介绍纺织品的染色方式和染色原理。
4. 请简要介绍纺织品的整理工艺和常用整理方法。
5. 请简要介绍纺织品的性能测试方法和测试指标。
四、应用题1. 某纺织品加工厂准备生产一批棉纺织品,要求该纺织品具有较好的吸湿性和透气性。
请根据纺织材料学的知识,提出相应的纤维选择和织物结构设计方案,并简要说明原因。
2. 某纺织品企业准备开发一种新型纺织品,要求该纺织品具有抗菌性能。
请根据纺织材料学的知识,提出相应的纤维选择和整理工艺方案,并简要说明原因。
五、综合题某纺织品企业准备生产一批高强度、高耐磨性的织物,要求该织物适用于户外运动服装。
(99-05)东华大学纺织材料学历年真题及答案
中国纺织大学1999年硕士研究生招生考试试题招生专业:纺织工程考试科目:纺织材料学一、名词解释(每题3分)1.纤维的两相结构:纤维的微结构,同时存在结晶态与非晶态两种形式。
结晶态与非结晶态相互混杂的结构称为两相结构。
一般认为线型大分子上一部分链段形成晶体结构,一部分链段形成非晶态结构,一个纤维分子穿过很多微晶体,两相结构的模型有缨状微胞结构、2.:表示二级原棉,手扯长度为29cm,锯齿白棉。
3.纺织材料的耐疲劳性能:纺织材料在较小外力,长时间反复作用下,塑性变形不断积累,当积累的塑性变形值达到断裂伸长时,材料最后整体破坏的现象。
4.非织造布:由纤维层(定向或非定向铺置的纤维网或纱线)构成,也可再结合其他纺织品或非纺织品,经机械或化学加工而成的制品。
5.哈密尔顿转移指数M:衡量混纺纱中不同品种的纤维在截面上向外或向内颁布程度的指标。
6.变形丝:化纤原丝在热和机械作用下,经过变形加工使之具有卷曲、螺旋、环圈等外观特性而呈现蓬松性伸缩性的长丝纱,称为变形丝或变形纱。
包括高弹变形丝、低弹变形丝、空气变形丝、网络丝。
7.热机械性能曲线:高聚物受力变形或初始模量等随温度变化而变化的曲线。
8.织物风格:(广义)织物本身所固有的物理机械性能作用于人的感觉器官(触觉、视觉、听觉)所产生的综合效应。
(狭义)织物的某种物理机械性能通过人手的触觉所引起的综合反应(手感)。
9.合成纤维和再生纤维:合成纤维是以石油、煤、天然气及一些农副产品等低分子作为原料制成的单体后,经人工合成获得的聚合物纺制成的化学纤维,如涤纶、锦纶6、锦纶66、腈纶等。
再生纤维是以天然聚合物为原料,经过化学和机械方法制成的化学组成与原高聚物基本相同的化学纤维,如粘胶纤维、铜氨纤维等。
10.克罗(Clo)值:在室温21℃,相对温度小于50%,气流为10cm/s(无风)的条件下,一个人静坐不动,能保持舒适状态,此时所穿衣服的热阻力为1克罗值。
CLO越大,则隔热,保暖性越好。
2005-考研真题
2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 point s)The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, (1)_____ this is l argely because, (2)______ animals, we stand upright. This means t hat our noses are (3)______ to perceiving those smells which float through the air, (4)______ the majority of smells which stick to surf aces. In fact, (5)______ , we are extremely sensitive to smells, (6 ______ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of (7)_ _____ human smells even when these are (8)______ to far below o ne part in one million.Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flowe r but not another, (9)______ others are sensitive to the smells of b oth flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate (10)______ smell receptors in the nose. The se receptors are the cells which sense smells and send (11)______ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell (12)______ can suddenly become sensitive to it when (13)______ to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the bra in finds it (14)______ to keep all smell receptors working all the ti me but can (15)______ new receptors if necessary. This may (16_ _____ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells—w e simply do not need to be. We are not (17)______ of the usual s mell of our own house, but we (18)______ new smells when we visi t someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors (19)______ for unfamiliar and emergency signals (20)______ the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.1. [A] although[B] as[C] but[D] while2. [A] above[B] unlike[C] excluding[D] besides3.[A] limited[B] committed[C] dedicated[D] confined4.[A] catching[B] ignoring[C] missing[D] tracking5.[A] anyway[B] though[C] instead[D] therefore6.[A] even if[B] if only[C] only if[D] as if7.[A] distinguishing[B] discovering[C] determining[D] detecting8.[A] diluted[B] dissolved[C] dispersed[D] diffused9. [A] when[B] since[C] for[D] whereas10. [A] unusual[B] particular[C] unique[D] typical11. [A] signs[B] stimuli[C] messages[D] impulses12. [A] at first[B] at all[C] at large[D] at times13. [A] subjected[B] left[C] drawn[D] exposed14. [A] ineffective[B] incompetent[C] inefficient[D] insufficient15. [A] introduce[B] summon[C] trigger[D] create16. [A] still[B] also[C] otherwise[D] nevertheless17. [A] sure[B] sick[C] aware[D] tired18. [A] tolerate[B] repel[C] neglect[D] notice19. [A] available[B] reliable[C] identifiable[D] suitable20. [A] similar to[B] such as[C] along with[D] aside fromSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text b y choosing [A], [B], [C] or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEE T 1(40 points)Text 1Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vani sh if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed,if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Suc h behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assu mption that other animals would not be capable of this finely develop ed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de W aal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been publi shed in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatur es, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female hum an counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosna n’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining c hambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in re turn for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much pr eferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without ha ving to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape i n the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enoug h to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, grou p-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when ea ch animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignati on, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other me mbers of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolv ed independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.[A] posing a contrast[B] justifying an assumption[C] making a comparison[D] explaining a phenomenon22. Th e statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph l) implies that ________.[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ________.[A] more inclined to weigh what they get[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions[C] nice in both appearance and temperament[D] more generous than their male companions24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their studythat the monkeys ________.[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers[B] can be taught to exchange things[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated[D] are unhappy when separated from others25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. Text 2Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smo king would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for s ure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the gov ernment should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that n onsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to e arly graves.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. T he latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enliste d by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is defini tely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear m essage is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The preside nt of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in th e preface to the panel’s report: “Science n ever has all the answers. B ut science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policie s on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the futu re consequences of present actions.”Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insistin g that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a da ngerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people wo uld take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take glob al warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to pre ss for more research -- a classic case of “paralysis by analysis.”To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press for ward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiativ e, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Ma ny see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power pl ants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the a tmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sou nd.26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that ________.[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as ________.[A] a protector[B] a judge[C] a critic[D] a guide28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line,Paragraph 4)?[A] Endless studies kill action.[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.[C] Prudent planning hinders progress.[D] Extensive research helps decision-making.29. According to the author, what should the Administration do aboutglobal warming?[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.[C] Press for further scientific research.[D] Take some legislative measures.30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because ________.[A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former[D] both of them have turned from bad to worseText 3Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world wh ere logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud f ormulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised sh adows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neuro logists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” -- the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sle ep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emot ional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And o ne leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you do n’t like it, change it.”Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as a ctive during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep -- when most vivid dre ams occur -- as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally inv olved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is re latively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and tho se feelings can stay with us all day.” says Stanford sleep researcher D r. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patie nts in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily lif e we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events -- until, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright b elieves one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occur s, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practic e people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attenti on to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wa ke up in a panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic unc ertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Tho se suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a thera pist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through ba d feelings. Sleep -- or rather dream -- on it and you’ll feel better in t he morning.31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ________.[A] can be modified in their courses[B] are susceptible to emotional changes[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show ________.[A] its function in our dreams[B] the mechanism of REM sleep[C] the relation of dreams to emotions[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to ________.[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind[B] develop into happy dreams[C] persist till the time we fall asleep[D] show up in dreams early at night34. Cartwright seems to suggest that ________.[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes havebad dreams?[A] Lead your life as usual.[B] Seek professional help.[C] Exercise conscious control.[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.Text 4Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or i n writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor d o they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s cou nter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism a gainst the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s aca demic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the grad ual disappearance of “whom,” for example, to be natural and no moreregrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.But t he cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thi ng,” has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded wri ting since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Eq ually, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only fo rm that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, t alking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistak able. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk prop er.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians t end to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most Englis h-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.” A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English ________.[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms[B] is but all too natural in language development[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s37. The word “talking” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes ________.[A] modesty[B] personality[C] liveliness[D] informality38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likelyagree?[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows theauthor’s ________.[A] interest in their language[B] appreciation of their efforts[C] admiration for their memory[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as ________.[A] “temporary” is to “permanent”[B] “radical” is to “conservative”[C] “functional” is to “artistic”[D] “humble” is to “noble”Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questi ons 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late Jul y annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-gro wing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.41. ________What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby commit tee on health care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts -- recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedu res and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.42. ________But “national” doesn’t have to mean that. “National” could mean i nterprovincial -- provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to n egotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province -- or a series of hospitals within a province -- n egotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national ag ency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million p eople, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million pe ople. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, t he higher the likelihood of a better price.43. ________A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Tech nology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drug s should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to j oin.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-makin g. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork ov er additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That’s one reas on why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere, while drug c osts keep rising fast.44. ________Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide go vernments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to co nstrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”45. ________So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their us ual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.[A] Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology.One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at L aval University. Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per ce nt![B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “the substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase pricesfrom drug companies.”[C] What doe s “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises fromnew drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher pric es.[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health listthat would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain forbetter drug prices.[G] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobby better that way. They can use the t hreat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can ho pe that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure w ill cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn’t like a nation al agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined se gments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on AN SWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skep ticism and optimism. 46) Television is one of the means by which the se feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before ha s it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in th e recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television sc ene. 47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been incr easingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, new spapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to on e another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies ar e going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested mar ket. 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not a n easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show t hat out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% too k a loss in 1989.Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige t elevision companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both produ ction and distribution.49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cult ures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice -- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate t o experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our ow n.In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more o n co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and tr aining. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the fina nces necessary for production costs. 50) In dealing with a challenge o n such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall”-- and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied pe culiarities of each country.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Desi gns & Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expe cted. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason (s), and making an apology.Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Min g” instead.You do not need to write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its m eaning, and give your comment on it.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。
2005年真题 包装材料学
2005年硕士研究生入学考试试题一、单项选择题1.造纸制浆中获得强度最好的浆的制浆法是()A 烧碱法B 亚硫酸盐法C 硫酸盐法D 木磨法2.双瓦楞纸箱常规应用时,对应于箱外侧/箱内侧结构安排,下列中最合理的瓦楞组合结构是()A A楞/C楞B B楞/A楞C A楞/B楞D C楞/B楞3.纸/PE复合材料不能采用的复合工艺是()A 干法复合B 湿法复合C 共挤复合D 涂布复合4.气密性,保香性耐油性极佳,且具有优良的防潮性能的高阻隔塑料是()A PVDCB EV ALC PVCD PV A5.对塑料片材进行吸塑成型时的力学状态时()A 玻璃态B 高弹态C 粘流态D 都可以6.制作一般食品罐最常用的钢基种类是()A L类钢B MR类钢C MC类钢D N型7.蒸煮袋内层宜用()材料做热封A PETB CPPC EVAD LDPE8.绿色玻璃所加的着色剂氧化物是()A 大量FeOB CuOC CoOD Cr2O39.商品名Surlyn的塑料材料是()A PVCB PVDC C IonomerD EV AL10.生产OPP的特殊工艺方法是()A 流延法B 压延法C 吹塑法D 拉伸法二、解释题1.蠕变2.减量包装3.DWI罐4.热固性塑料5.聚合物降解反应6.耐破度三、简答题1.聚合物分子链的柔顺性是如何产生的?分子链柔顺性的柔和刚又是怎样导致的?它会影响聚合物的哪些物理性能?2.列举四种常用瓦楞的类型,说明其各自的特点和应用?其它正在研究应用的瓦楞的类型还有哪些?3.AL箔在复合包装材料结构中通常的厚度为7-15um,最常用9-12um,从AL箔的机械性能和阻隔性能两方面说明其理由?4.玻璃作为包装容器有哪些优、缺点?其发展方向将是什么?5.PET塑料瓶有何特点和应用?通常采用什么成型工艺方法制得?在灌装易氧化的产品时,可采用什么方法来提高瓶体材料的气密性?6.包装废弃物从保护环境和再利用角度考虑,目前已有哪些或正在研究哪些主要的处理和再生技术方法?四、应用题1. 设计一套果子酱的销售包装方案。
东华大学05-08试卷
东华大学2005年硕士学位研究生招生考试试题一、名词解释(每小题3分,共45分)1、差别化纤维2、棉纤维成熟度3、羊毛的品质支数4、手扯长度5、纤维的两相结构6、大分子的柔曲性7、棉织物的丝光处理8、标准重量9、吸湿滞后性10、初始模量11.蠕变与松弛12、纤维的热收缩13、临界捻系数14、变形纱15、织物风格二、问答(16’*8)1、纤维结构包括哪几个结构层次?分别说明其主要内容,以棉纤维和粘胶纤维为例,分析纤维结构对纤维性质的影响。
2、什么是高聚物的热机械曲线?非晶高聚物有哪些热转变点?说明各热转变点的含义以及对合成纤维加工和使用的参考意义。
3、表征纤维细度的指标和测试方法有哪些?说明各指标的含义,并指出特克斯和纤维直径间的关系。
4、试述短纤纱、长丝纱。
变形纱的纱线机构特征和织物外观特点。
5、服用织物的基本服用性能包括哪些方面?试述实现防水透湿织物的设计思路。
2006年硕士学位研究生招生考试试题一、名词解释(每小题5分,共50分)1、分子间引力2、高分子聚合度3、表面张力4、复合纤维5、相对湿度6、极限氧指数7、拉伸弹性回复率8、纤维吸湿热9、再生纤维素纤维10、织物断裂功二、问答与计算题(100分)1.讨论纤维的分子取向度对纤维拉伸性能的影响,包括拉伸强力、初始拉伸模量、断裂伸长。
2.纤维的吸湿性是由什么因素决定的?列出三种吸湿性好和吸湿性差的纤维。
3.化纤纺丝主要有哪几种方法?各适用于哪些纤维?4.给出以下五种纤维,并提供一个只有蒸馏水和火的实验室,试将它们用该实验室现有条件区别开来。
玻璃纤维、粘胶纤维、涤纶纤维、棉纤维、聚丙烯纤维5.测得一根15米长的涤纶纱重0.2g,计算其特数、英制支数、公制支数、纱线直径。
(已知:涤纶的密度为1.38g/cm3)6.给定以下纺织品,选择纤维和织物,并简述理由。
男士衬衫、大衣、毛衣、被单、窗帘、登山缆绳2007年硕士学位研究生招生考试试题一、名词解释(每小题5分,共50分)1.纳米及纳米尺度2.接触角3.针织物的未充满系数4.织物的耐久性二、问答及计算1.抗压性的测试方法及比较。
纺织材料学考研题库及答案
纺织材料学考研题库及答案在纺织材料学领域,考研题库通常涵盖了从纤维的化学性质、物理性质到纺织品的加工技术等多个方面。
以下是一些可能包含在考研题库中的问题以及相应的答案。
问题1:简述天然纤维和合成纤维的区别。
答案:天然纤维是指从植物或动物中直接提取的纤维,如棉花、羊毛、蚕丝等。
它们具有可再生、生物降解性、吸湿性好等优点。
合成纤维则是通过化学或物理方法人工合成的纤维,如聚酯纤维、尼龙等。
它们通常具有高强度、耐磨损、易清洗和可塑性好等特点。
问题2:解释纺织材料的吸湿性及其对纺织品的影响。
答案:吸湿性是指纤维材料吸收周围空气中水分的能力。
良好的吸湿性可以使纺织品更加舒适,因为它能够调节皮肤表面的湿度,减少汗水的积聚。
然而,过高的吸湿性也可能导致纺织品在潮湿环境中变得沉重,影响其使用性能。
问题3:描述纺织品在加工过程中的热定型过程。
答案:热定型是一种通过加热使纤维或织物达到稳定状态的过程。
在这一过程中,纤维或织物被加热到一定温度并保持一段时间,然后迅速冷却。
这有助于固定纤维的形状,提高其尺寸稳定性,减少因温度变化引起的收缩。
问题4:解释纺织品的抗皱性和抗皱性纺织品的加工方法。
答案:抗皱性是指纺织品抵抗皱纹形成的能力。
提高纺织品抗皱性的加工方法包括使用抗皱纤维、通过化学处理增加纤维的弹性、以及采用特殊的织物结构设计。
例如,使用交联剂对纤维进行化学处理,可以增加纤维的弹性,从而减少皱纹的形成。
问题5:讨论纺织品的耐磨性及其测试方法。
答案:耐磨性是指纺织品在受到摩擦时抵抗磨损的能力。
测试纺织品耐磨性的方法通常包括马丁代尔耐磨测试(Martindale abrasion test),该测试通过模拟纺织品在日常使用中受到的摩擦,来评估其耐磨性。
问题6:简述纺织品的保暖性和影响因素。
答案:保暖性是指纺织品在寒冷环境中保持热量的能力。
影响纺织品保暖性的因素包括纤维的类型、纤维的细度、织物的密度、以及织物的结构。
一般来说,较粗的纤维和较密集的织物结构能够提供更好的保暖性。
苏州大学2005年考研真题纺织材料学
2005年苏州大学招收硕士研究生入学考试试题
一.基本概念(3*10)
针织物吸湿微分热弯曲刚度变形纱热传导系数
异收缩丝品质支数疲劳防水透湿性双折射率
二.简答题
1.试述羊毛纤维的基本化学组成和物质组成及其主要的性能特征,你所了解的改性羊
毛有哪些?(15分)
2.试述晴纶和锦纶的结构和性能的主要特点,并说明他们各自的用途?(10分)
3.描述纤维拉伸断裂性能的指标有哪些?影响该项性能的因素有哪些?(10分)
4.细度的均匀性是纱线的一项重要性能指标,如何测定和评价细度的均匀性?(15
分)
5.评价织物保暖性的指标有哪些?影响织物保暖性的因素有哪些?(10分)
6.如何利用显微镜纵向表面以及横截面结构上区分下列纤维:粘胶、棉、桑蚕丝、柞
蚕丝、正麻、羊毛、涤纶(10分)
7.新型纺织品的开发总是以取得良好的服用性能为目的的,你认为所谓纺织品的服
用性能包含哪些内容? (10分)
三.论述题。
1.纤维材料在产业用纺织品上的应用越来越多,其中高强度、高模量纤维所占比例较
大,试说明几种高强高模纤维的主要结构和性能特征(至少说明3种纤维)(20分)
2.试述纤维的结构层次的分类及所包含的内容,并从这个角度出发谈谈新型纤维材料
开发的途径。
(20分)。
武汉纺织大学纺织材料学2004-2017年考研初试真题+2012答案+2006答案
武汉纺织大学
2017年招收硕士学位研究生试卷科目代码801科目名称纺织材料学
考试时间2016年12月25日下午报考专业
1、试题内容不得超过画线范围,试题必须打印,图表清晰,标注准确。
2、试题之间不留空格。
3、答案请写在答题纸上,在此试卷上答题无效。
题号一二三四五六七八九十十一得分得分
本试卷总分150分,考试时间3小时。
一、名词解释(3分×4题=12分)
1、抱合力
2、织物经向紧度
3、伴纺纱
4、悬垂系数
二、名词对解释(4分×6题=24分)
1、浸润性与吸湿性
2、滑脱长度与品质长度
3、纤维清洁化加工与回收利用
4、织物结构相与织物组织
5、纤维的结构与各向异性
6、纺织品的安全性与可靠性
三、简答题(6分×9题=54分)
1、影响纤维吸湿性能的因素有哪些?如何提高纤维的吸湿性能?
2、试述纱线毛羽的特征指标及纱线毛羽的测量方法。
3、介绍一种差别化纤维,包括其制备方法、结构、主要性能及应用。
4、何为织物的折皱性?如何改善织物的抗皱性?
5、影响短纤纱可纺性的因素有哪些?
6、试述静电的危害和消除静电的方法。
7、影响织物起毛起球的因素以及改善织物起毛起球的方法。
8、纱线强力利用系数小于1的原因?
9、何为织物的悬垂性?影响织物悬垂性的主要因素?
共2页;第1页。
近几年东华大学纺织材料学试题及答案
近几年东华大学纺织材料学试题及答案2001年一、名词解释(30分)1、织物的舒适性织物服用性能之一,是指人们在穿着时的感觉性能。
狭义的舒适性是指在环境-服装-人体系列中,通过服装织物的热湿传递作用,经常维持人体舒适满意的热湿传递性能。
隔热性、透气性、透湿性以及表面性能对舒适性影响很大。
广义的舒适性除了包括上述屋里因素外,还包括心理、生理因素。
2、变形纱化纤原丝在热和机械作用下,经过变形加工使之具有卷曲、螺旋、环圈等外观特性而呈现蓬松性、伸缩性的长丝纱,称为变形丝或变形纱。
包括:高弹变形丝、低弹变形丝、空气变形丝、网络丝等。
3、织物的悬垂性:织物因自重下垂时的程度和形态4、机织物的紧度和针织物的未充满系数紧度-纱线的投影面积占织物面积的百分比,本质上是纱线的覆盖率或覆盖系数。
未充满系数:δ=线圈长度/纱线直径,可表示纱线粗细不同时的针织物稀密程度;δ越大,说明针织物越稀疏。
5、捻系数表示纱线加捻程度的指标之一,可用来比较同品种不同粗细纱线的加捻程度。
捻系数与纱线的捻回角及体积重量成函数关系。
特数制捻系数at=Tt Nt;Tt特数制捻度(捻回数/10cm),Nt特(tex) 公制捻系数at=Tm/Nm;Tm公制捻度(捻回数/m),Nm公制支数(公支),捻系数越大,加捻程度越高。
6、羊毛品质指数沿用下来的指标,曾表示该羊毛的可纺支数,现表示直径在某一范围的羊毛细度。
支数越高,纤维越细,可纺纱支数越高。
7、玻璃化温度非晶态高聚物大分子链段开始运动的最低温度或由玻璃态向高弹态转变的温度。
8、吸湿滞后性同样的纤维在一定的大气温湿度条件下,从放湿达到平衡和从吸湿达到平衡,两种平衡回潮率不相等,前者大于后者,这种现象称之。
9、蠕变与应力松弛蠕变:指一定温度下,纺织材料在一定外力作用下其变形随时间而变化的现象。
应力松弛:在一定温度下,拉伸变形保持一定,纺织材料内的应力随时间的延续而逐渐减小的现象称为应力松弛。
10、高聚物热机械性能曲线:高聚物受力变形或初始模量等随温度变化而变化的曲线。
天津工业大学研究生入学考试纺织材料学2005及答案
纺织材料学—天津工业大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试试卷及答案
试题编号:401(纺织材料学)
考生注意:本试卷共四大题,满分150分。
考试时间为3小时;所有答案均写在答题纸上,在此答题无效。
一名词解释(本题共10小题,每小题3分,满分30分。
)
1 两型毛
2 中长纤维
3 纤维的结晶度
4 品质长度
5 吸湿滞后性
6 蠕变
7 合成纤维的热塑性
8 绝热率
9 差别化纤维
10 非制造布
二填空(本题共30个空,每空1分,满分共30分。
)
1 在测定纤维拉伸性质时,应注意的环境条件为、。
2 纤维之间的切向阻力包括和。
3 在天然纤维中耐光性最差的纤维是;合成纤维中耐光性最差的纤维是。
4 合成纤维中,热塑性最好的纤维是;耐光性最好的纤维是。
5 影响纺织材料介电系数的主要因素有、、、。
6 纤维大分子上常见的亲水基团有、、、。
7 测定纺织材料吸湿性的方法通常分为、。
8 天然纤维素纤维包括、。
9 针织物线圈有正反面之分。
圈柱露在针织物表面的称为线圈;圈弧覆盖圈柱的线圈称为线圈。
10 机织物的三原组织是指、、。
11 一般股线的强力组成股线的单纱强力之和。
12 织物的撕破试验方法有、、等种类。
13 第一结构相表示呈直线状态。
三计算题(本题共4小题,每题10分,满分40分。
)
第 1 页共 5 页。
真题2005-2014年
东华大学研究生入学考试真题 833 纺织材料学
东华大学
2009 年 硕士 学位研究生招生考试试题 考试科目: 833 纺织材料学
答题要求:1、答题一律做在答题纸上,做在本试卷上无效 2、考试时间 180 分钟 3、本试卷不得带出考场,违者做零分处理
一、名词对解释(每小题 5 分,共 50 分) 1.分子的内旋转与分子构象;2.纤维和纳米纤维;3.差微摩擦效应与毡缩性; 4.变形纱及复合纱;5.弹性与初始模量;6. 临界捻系数与强力利用系数; 7. 纤维的结晶度与取向因子; 8.织物结构相和织物组织; 9.相对湿度与回潮率; 10.织物的耐热性与热稳定性 二、问答与计算题(100 分) 1. (15 分)请用系统识别法鉴别涤纶、羊毛、丙纶、腈纶 、棉粘胶和氨纶纤维,并说明理由。 2.(15 分)非织造布的强力利用系数为何较低?为何针织物的变形大?为何机织物的强力利用系 数>1? 3.(15 分)依据织物起毛起球的过程,讨论影响织物起毛起球的因素,以及克服织物起毛起球的方 法。 4.(15 分)试在同一坐标系中画棉与涤纶纤维的拉伸曲线,若将两种纤维混纺,试分析随着涤纶纤 维含量的增加,其混纺纱的强力、吸湿性、耐磨性、抗熔性的变化及原因。 5.(15 分)已知被测织物的平均圈距 A=3mm,圈高 B=2.5mm;织物的实测平均厚度 T=2mm,一个 线圈的平均长度 l0=15mm,纱的平均直径 d=0.32mm,试求该织物未充满系数δ,体积分数 fv,和空 隙率ε。若已知该织物的平方米标准重量为 70g/m2,试求纱线的特数(tex)值和纱线的密度值δy (g/cm3) 。 6.(15 分)试定义织物的风格及舒适性和织物功能的可靠性及使用安全性,并阐述其在衣着用纺织 品和产业用纺织品中的意义和基本表达内容。 7.(10 分)假设一高聚物的力学模型为 Voight(或 Kelvin)模型,即弹簧与粘壶的并联模型,并已 知施加的拉伸应变ε=kt,试求该高聚物的初始模量;当应变ε=ε0 时,试证明该高聚物无应力松 弛。
纺织材料学试题题库.docx
纺织材料学试题题库浙江工程学院天然纤维部分天然转曲沿棉纤维纵向的正反螺旋形扭Illi,是在棉纤维牛长发育过程中纤维索按螺旋方向淀积而造成的。
转曲数与棉花詁种及成熟度有关,转曲愈多,纤维抱合性能愈好。
成熟度表示棉纤维胞壁增厚程度,即棉纤维发育的止常程度,与棉花品种及生长条件冇关, 通常以胞壁厚度与屮腔宽度之比的冇关参数来表示。
常用指标为成熟系数、成熟百分率等。
成熟度与纤维其它性能关系密切,是反映棉纤维性能的重要指标。
日轮是棉纤维结构特征Z—•用显微镜观察经过膨化的棉纤维横截面,可看到许多伦纹状层次,称为日伦。
在胞壁加厚过程屮,如遇气温较高,纤维素淀积致密;气温较低,淀积较疏松。
由于昼夜温差的存在,纤维横截面上形成层层“口轮”,其轮数大体与胞壁加厚的天数相当。
韧皮纤维从一年牛或多年生草本双子叶植物的韧皮层中获得的纤维的总称。
因为质地柔软,适宜纺织加工,亦称“软质纤维”。
纺织上采用较多的有芒麻、亚麻、黄麻、洋麻、人麻、罗布麻等。
韧皮纤维一般具有强度高、伸长小、吸湿放湿快等品质特征。
经过初步加工后的韧皮纤维,可纺织制造衣着或包装用织物、绳索等。
茧的解舒纟巢丝时茧层丝圈顺次离解的程度,常用解舒丝长或解舒率来表示。
解舒丝长是茧丝每接头一次(添绪)连续纟巢取的丝长5)。
解舒率是解舒丝长与茧丝长Z百分比。
茧丝离解容易,纟巢丝时茧丝断头少,茧的解舒好。
茧的解舒好坏直接关系到纟巢丝的产量和蚕茧的消耗(缥折)。
细羊毛细羊毛属'同质毛,。
直径在25 um以下(或品质支数在60支以上),无髓质层, 卷1111和汕汗较多,羊毛长度和粗细较均匀,手感柔软冇弹性,光泽柔和,毛丛长度一般在5〜12cm,是精纺制品的主要原料。
茧丝茧丝由二根平行排列的丝素经丝胶包覆粘合而成,蚕丝分桑蚕茧丝、柞蚕茧丝、施蚕茧丝、木薯茧丝、樟蚕茧丝等。
其屮主要是桑蚕茧丝和柞蚕茧丝。
我国蚕茧产量居世界首位。
生丝桑蚕茧(或柞蚕茧)通过纟巢丝工艺,将数根茧丝依靠丝胶粘合而成的连续长丝。
2005年材料与构造120道完整真题与答案
2005年材料与构造120道完整真题与答案1.塑料在宏观上属于致密结构2.石膏属于气硬性胶凝材料3.涂料属于高分子材料4.沉入度是测定水泥的?5.比表面积是测定水泥的细度6.排液置换法是测量近似密度7.寒塑料属于致密结构冷\水位高的地方选择硅酸盐水泥8.石膏的特性中收缩不是特性9.木材属于韧性材料10.密度最大是水泥3100,花岗岩2800,选水泥11.材料在自然状态下单位体积的质量,是:表观密度或容重12.金砖尺寸:640x640x9613.属于A级材料的是石膏板14.砂岩耐久性最差,可惜我选了石灰岩15.防水混凝土厚度最小25016.防水水泥砂浆宜选中砂17.在混凝土中加入松香树脂类应是提高混凝土抗渗性,而非降低18.水泥19.下列非活性掺料为:石灰石20.凝结速度随温度提高而缓慢,应为加速21.5级人防顶板厚度360,错了选了25022.水泥的主要成分下列那个不是:选择游离氧化钙23.全由楠木制成的建筑:24.室内木材防腐不能选用的材料:氟化钠,硼铬,铜铬,沥青浆膏,选最后的25.钢材耐火极限0。
25H26.钢材中有害的元素为:P27.冷拉提高了钢材的何种性能:屈服强度28.Mn对钢材性能影响那种不对:29.那种东西不能涂石膏制品:水玻璃30.珍珠岩比例1:6,1:831.生石灰熟化后为消石灰Ca(OH)32.混凝土采用何种发泡剂:铝粉?明矾?33.建筑石膏是在150-170度得到的34.岩棉是由玄武岩制成的35.石油沥青的组成中蜡是有害的36.水泥漆是由什么做成的?37.玻璃钢是由什么做的?环氧树脂做的,(执业网辅导p77)38.地下室水池水管的放锈漆是环氧富锌39.大漆是天然漆40.人造大理石的胶粘剂是41.中空玻璃2道密封胶:硅酮结构密封胶42.中空玻璃的导热系数a〈0。
2343.琉璃是用难熔粘土制得44.防火门采用夹丝玻璃45.那种壁纸最贵:锦缎壁布46.地毯那种最便宜:丙纶47.塑料防?48.耐酸混凝土由水玻璃制成49.sbs是由橡胶改性沥青制成的?50.倒置屋面用什么做保护层?51.承重的防火墙240硅酸盐墙,180混凝土墙,120钢筋混凝土52.抗x、y射线的材料:53.材料的耐火极限:54.15米埋深的抗渗系数:s855.sbs标号的确定:56.用途料以后测什么指标57.甲醛的含量:0。
纺织科学技术:纺织材料学考试题及答案模拟考试卷.doc
纺织科学技术:纺织材料学考试题及答案模拟考试卷 考试时间:120分钟 考试总分:100分遵守考场纪律,维护知识尊严,杜绝违纪行为,确保考试结果公正。
1、填空题 采用平纹组织或假纱组织,经纬丝加捻,具有清晰方正微小细孔的、质地轻薄呈透明或半透明的素、花丝织品为( )织物。
本题答案: 2、名词解释 拉伸弹性回复率 本题答案: 3、填空题 棉纤维的主要组成物质是( )。
生长期包括伸长期、加厚期转曲期三个时期。
本题答案: 4、填空题 极限氧指数表示纤维在大气中维持燃烧所需的最低含氧量的( ),极限氧指数越高说明该纤维阻燃性( )。
本题答案: 5、问答题 什么是材料的吸湿滞后现象?举例说明其在实际中的应用。
本题答案: 6、名词解释 紧边 本题答案:姓名:________________ 班级:________________ 学号:________________--------------------密----------------------------------封 ----------------------------------------------线----------------------7、名词解释高分子聚合物本题答案:8、问答题羊毛的鳞片层的作用本题答案:9、问答题织物的透通性包含什么方面内容?本题答案:10、问答题机织物的基本构造参数包含哪些内容?定义和单价如何?本题答案:11、名词解释裂纱本题答案:12、问答题影响纤维吸湿的外因各有哪些,一般影响规律如何?本题答案:13、填空题经密很大、布面呈现()纹外观的织物为府绸织物。
本题答案:14、名词解释布面条干不匀本题答案:15、问答题简述棉织物中府绸、卡其、平绒、灯芯绒的异同点是什么?本题答案:16、名词解释纤维的疲劳本题答案:17、名词解释复合纱本题答案:18、名词解释直条痕本题答案:19、问答题丝光棉为什么分双丝光棉和单丝光棉呢?本题答案:20、名词解释混纺纱线本题答案:21、问答题丽赛丝是什么,它有哪些特性?本题答案:22、名词解释条状疵点本题答案:23、多项选择题结构因素包括()。
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西安工程科技学院2005 年研究生招生考试《纺织材料学》课程考试题A一、名次解释(2×20=40分)1 皮辊棉2 主体长度 3原棉疵点 4 韧皮纤维 5 缫丝6 豪特长度7 双侧结构8 鳞片度9 临界捻系数 10倍长纤维11回潮率 12初始模量 13滑脱长度 14急弹性变形 15抱合长度16洗可穿性 17异形纤维 18花式线 19玻璃化温度 20折痕恢复角二、判断题(对的打‘O’,错的打‘×’,并改错)(2×15=30分)1.棉纤维的双边结构是对称型不均匀堆砌结构。
()2.苎麻纤维是麻类纤维中最长的,也是最细柔的()3.毛纤维的卷曲与细度密切相关,可用卷曲间接测得细度。
()4.毛类纤维中马海毛是一种特殊的水陆两栖动物毛。
()5.采用超长纤维是提高棉纱品质的手段之一。
()6.化纤的卷曲率表示卷曲的耐久程度。
()7.片段内不匀是指切段长度很短时的不匀。
()8.波谱图能够反映纱条不匀的构成并帮助判断设备故障。
()9.捻缩越大说明加捻程度越高。
()10.标准重量是指纺织材料在标准大气时的重量。
()11.电阻式测试仪是测试回潮率方法中的快速直接测量法。
()12.断裂功大的纤维其使用寿命就长。
()13.纺织材料保暖性和材料的比热密切相关。
()14.采用异形化高强低伸型化纤可以提高织物的抗起拱变形能力。
()15.织物在高密度条件下缎纹的抗撕裂能力大于平纹织物。
()三、问答题(55分)1纱线捻度的概念和定义各是什么?股线在反向加捻时断裂强度的变化规律是怎样的?试解释形成这种规律的原因。
(12分)2 在纱线及织物结构相同的条件下,纤维的长度、细度、强度、耐疲劳性能分别对织物的抗起毛起球性有何影响?(12分)3 试述纺织纤维吸湿的原因和影响因素有哪些?(24分)4 简述织物抗静电的方法有哪些?(7分)四、计算题(25分)1 已知某棉型织物的经密为518,纬密为286,所用纱的细度均为13Tex,试求该织物的总紧度;并估算其平方米重(体积重量为0.93克/立方厘米)。
(15分)2 用中段切断称重法测得某化纤:中段长度20mm,中段重16.8mg,中段根数2800根,实际回潮率1.5%(公定回潮率2.0%),两端重43.6mg。
试求该纤维的细度(Tex)是多少?平均长度是多少?根据计算结果判断该化纤是棉型、毛型还是中长型。
(10分)西安工程科技学院2006 年研究生招生考试《纺织材料学》课程考试题A卷注意:答案一律答在答题纸上,答在试题上的答案无效!!一、名次解释(3×15=45分)1.成熟度2.韧皮纤维3.粗腔毛4.鳞片度5.人造纤维6.茧衣7.临界捻系数8.机械波9.吸湿平衡 10.初始模量11.绝热率 12.抱合长度 13.体积比电阻 14.粘弹性 15.内外转移二、判断题(对的打‘O’,错的打‘×’,并改错)(2×15=30分)1.随着棉纤维成熟度的增加,其强力、吸湿性和可纺性亦增强 ( )2.羊毛鳞片被剥除以后就没有缩绒性了 ( )3.弹力丝是经过化学处理加弹之后获得的 ( )4.丙纶纤维耐光性能较差,但耐干热能力很好 ( )5.大多数纤维吸湿后其密度是下降的。
( )6.纤维吸湿后会放出热量,其保暖性有所上升。
( )7.纱线的细度偏差为正值,表示纱线偏粗了。
( )8.纤维越粗其勾接强度率往往越大 ( )9.蒸纱或纬纱给湿是为了消除纱线的蠕变 ( )10.随纤维集合体的体积重量增加其保暖性能增加 ( )11.纤维的表面比电阻越小,其抗静电性能越强 ( )12.纤维的内外转移只发生在加捻三角区。
( )13.华达呢织物属于缎纹织物。
( )14.随织物密度增加,其耐平磨的性能逐渐增加。
( )15.纤维抗弯刚度越高,其织物越易起毛起球。
( )三问答题(50分)1.试结合纯纺纱、混纺纱的断裂机理,探讨提高纱线强度的主要途径。
(15分)2.试述常用评定织物起毛起球程度的指标有哪些?通常采用哪些措施降低织物的起毛起球?简述理由。
(15分)3.抱合力的概念是什么?常用什么指标表示纤维的抱合现象?影响摩擦系数的主要因素有哪些?其一般的影响变化规律如何?(20分)四计算题(25分)1.测得某纤维的细度为5200公支,平均单纤维强力16.8cN,其密度为1.38g/cm3,试求:断裂长度(km)和断裂应力(cN/mm2)各是多少?(15分)2.用上面1题中的纤维纺得18tex的纱,测得强力705cN,试求:纱线截面内纤维平均根数和纤维在纱中的强力利用系数(10分)西安工程科技学院2006 年研究生招生考试《纺织材料学》课程考试题B卷一、名次解释(3×15=45分)1.马克隆值2.工艺纤维3.品质支数4.摩擦效应5.异形纤维6.聚集态结构7.捻度8.牵伸波9.预调湿 10.弱环定律11.极限氧指数 12.滑脱长度 13.表面比电阻 14.疲劳 15.径向分布二、判断题(对的打‘O’,错的打‘×’,并改错)(2×15=30分)16.棉纤维的强度随成熟度增加而增加,所以其可纺性亦越好 ( )17.羊毛越细,其光泽变暗,吸湿性变好 ( )18.相对实心纤维而言,中空纤维的抗弯刚度大、吸湿好、密度小、保暖性好( )19.涤纶与锦纶相比涤纶织物挺括而锦纶织物抗皱 ( )20.纤维的吸湿性越差,达到吸湿平衡所需时间就越长,但吸湿滞后造成的回潮率差异却越小。
( )21.化学纤维是由人工制造的,所以一般均具可熔性。
( )22.拉伸变形越大,纤维的弹性恢复率越大 ( )23.随法向压力增加,切向阻抗系数总体上呈下降趋势 ( )24.同一气流仪可以测得棉纤维和毛纤维的细度 ( )25.羊毛纤维的静电序位在常用纤维中是最高的。
( )26.纱线的细度偏差为负值,表示纱线偏粗了。
( )27.长度长的纤维在加捻三角区中容易向内转移。
( )28.纱线的不匀指数是纱线的实际不匀值与极限不匀值的比值。
( )29.针织物的线圈长度越长,织物的弹性越好。
( )30.松结构的织物比紧密结构的织物易起毛起球。
( )三问答题(50分)4.什么叫缩绒?羊毛产生缩绒的条件有哪些?根据缩绒条件分析你认为防止羊毛制品产生缩绒的技术路线是怎样的?(15分)5.试比较用恒温烘箱测湿时箱内热称、箱外冷称、箱外热称的称重情况,并说明其原因。
(15分)6.抱合力的概念是什么?常用什么指标表示纤维的抱合现象?影响摩擦系数的主要因素有哪些?其一般的影响变化规律如何?(20分)四计算题(25分)3.某厂原用18号纯棉纱作织物, 后改用50/50的棉/维混纺纱, 若要保持织物的厚薄不变, 该混纺纱的细度应为多少号?(纯棉纱体积重量为0.81, 纯维纶纱的体积重量为0.67克/立方厘米)(10分)4.用中段切断称重法测得某化纤:中段重16.8mg, 中段长度20mm, 中段根数2800根, 实际回潮率1.5%,公定回潮率2.0%。
试求该纤维的细度(Tex)是多少? 若用该纤维纺58支纱, 则该纱的极限不匀是多少?(15分)2008年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试业务课试题适用专业名称:纺织材料与纺织品设计纺织工程专业考试科目名称:纺织材料学科目代码:801注意事项:1、请将答案直接做到答题纸上,做在试题纸上或草稿纸上无效。
2、除答题纸上规定的位置外,不得在卷面上出现姓名、考生编号或其它标志,否则按违纪处理。
3、本试题共 2 页,满分 150 分,考试时间180分钟。
一、解释名词(3×15=45分)1.皮辊棉2.缩绒性3.异形纤维4.混纺比5.吸湿平衡6.抱合力7.抱合系数8.玻璃化温度9.花式线 10.免烫性11.初始模量 12.线圈长度 13.吸湿积分热 14.滑脱长度 15.膨体纱二、判断题(对的打‘O’,错的打‘×’,并改错)(2×15=30分)01. 细绒棉的品级一般分为六级,其中五级以上为纺用棉。
( )02.毛纤维是天然纤维中弹性最好的纤维 ( )03.纤维拉伸屈服点表示纤维抵抗变形的能力。
( )04.绵羊毛越细其截面越圆,摩擦系数越小。
( )05.纺织材料吸湿后,其比热值会相应减少。
( )06.织物拉伸强度试验时,拉伸越快所测强力越小。
( )07.针织物未充满系数越大,针织物越紧。
( )08.织物悬垂性系数越大,表示织物悬垂性越好。
( )09.化学纤维是由人工制造的,所以一般均具可熔性。
( )10.拉伸变形越大,纤维的弹性恢复率越大 ( )11.随法向压力增加,切向阻抗系数总体上呈下降趋势 ( )12.长度长的纤维在加捻三角区中容易向内转移。
( )13.纱线的不匀指数是纱线的实际不匀值与极限不匀值的比值。
( )14.松结构的织物比紧密结构的织物易起毛起球。
( )15.随纤维集合体的体积重量增加其保暖性能增加 ( ) 三问答题(50分)1.试列举2~3个几年来风行市场的新型纤维或功能型织物品种,并简述其性能特点。
(8分)2.简述纱线细度不匀的种类及其产生原因。
(20分)3.为什么说成熟度是棉纤维的特征(核心)性质?(10分)4.简述纤维的热力学状态?常用纺织纤维多处于什么状态?(12分)四计算题(25分)1.有一批18Tex的棉纱,测得其平均单纱强力为2.58N,所用原棉细度为6400公支,平均单纤维强力为5.54CN,试求单纱断裂长度、纤维在纱中的强力利用系数。
(12分)2.用中段切断称重法测得某化纤:中段长度20mm,中段重16.8mg,中段根数2800根,实际回潮率1.5%(公定回潮率2.0%),两端重43.6mg。
试求该纤维的细度(Tex)是多少?平均长度是多少?根据计算结果判断该化纤是棉型、毛型还是中长型。
(13分)。