IDENTIFICATION OF GRASSES IN TURF
南方型紫花苜蓿根系盐胁迫应答转录因子鉴定与分析
浙江农林大学学报，2016，33（2）：201-208Journal of Zhejiang A＆F Universitydoi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2016.02.003南方型紫花苜蓿根系盐胁迫应答转录因子鉴定与分析马进，郑钢，裴翠明，张振亚（浙江农林大学风景园林与建筑学院，浙江临安311300）摘要：转录因子可以调节众多下游基因的表达，在植物抗逆境中起重要的调节作用。
为了解析转录因子在南方型紫花苜蓿适应盐胁迫环境的分子机制，以南方型紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa‘Millennium’为材料，以正常培养（WT_ck1）和氯化钠（盐）胁迫（WT_N1）条件下的2个样品根系进行转录组分析，鉴定紫花苜蓿根系盐胁迫应答转录因子基因。
同时，随机挑选4个转录因子差异表达基因进行实时荧光定量qRT-PCR（3次重复），验证转录组测序技术（RNA-Seq）结果的可靠性。
结果表明：紫花苜蓿根系在250mmol·L－1氯化钠胁迫下72h，共检测到31907个基因表达量发生了改变，表达量差异达到2倍以上的基因共2758个。
其中，隶属于38个转录因子家族199个转录因子在盐胁迫下差异表达，上调表达104个，下调表达95个。
在各转录因子家族中，盐胁迫应答基因数量最多的是MYB基因家族，其后分别是AP2-EREBP，bHLH，WRKY，NAC和GRAS基因家族，这暗示了紫花苜蓿根系对盐胁迫响应可能是多种转录因子家族共同参与的应答过程。
qRT-PCR分析表明：4个随机选择的基因在胁迫前后的表达特点与表达谱测序结果一致。
此外，MsERF-2b，MsbHLH，MsbZIP，MsGRAS，MsNAC，MsMGT-3a和MsWRKY等转录因子被选为与盐胁迫应答相关的候选转录因子。
该研究结果为阐明植物对盐胁迫的应答机制提供了新的线索。
图3表3参36关键词：植物育种学；南方型紫花苜蓿；转录因子；根转录；盐胁迫中图分类号：S722.3文献标志码：A文章编号：2095-0756（2016）02-0201-08Identification and characterization of salt-responsive transcriptionfactors in roots of southern type alfalfaMA Jin,ZHENG Gang,PEI Cuiming,ZHANG Zhenya（School of Landscape Architecture,Zhejiang A&F University,Lin’an311300,Zhejiang,China）Abstract:Transcription factors（TFs）,which can regulate downstream gene expression,play an important role in plant stress responses.In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance,the TFs of southern type alfalfa,in this study with250mmol·L－1NaCl stress,Illumina RNA-sequencing was performed to evaluate the expression spectrum of transcription factors in roots of the southern alfalfa cultivar“Millennium”.Then to verify the expression of four randomly selected genes,Quantitative Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction（qRT-PCR）（three repeated）was used.Results showed31907differentially expressed genes,2758 of which showed a difference of over two fold.Among these genes,199transcription factors belonging to38TF families were up-regulated and95were down-regulated.Genes from the MYB family were observed most,fol-lowed by AP2-EREBP,bHLH,WRKY,NAC,and GRAS.The qRT-PCR assay of four randomly selected genes confirmed the results of RNA-Seq analysis.In addition,candidate genes such as MsERF-2b，MsbHLH,Ms-bZIP,MsC2H2,MsGRAS,MsNAC,MsMGT-3a,and MsWRKY that may be involved in salt stress responses were identified.This study indicated that multiple TF families were involved in salt stress responses in the root of southern alfalfa types,and it provided new information for further study of the mechanism of a plant’s re-sponse to salt stress.［Ch,3fig.3tab.36ref.］收稿日期：2015-04-25；修回日期：2015-07-19基金项目：国家自然科学基金资助项目（31272494）；浙江省自然科学基金资助项目（LY16C170003）作者简介：马进，副教授，博士，从事植物逆境生理研究。
形态各异的草小作文
形态各异的草小作文英文回答：Grass, a ubiquitous and diverse plant, manifests itself in a myriad of forms across the globe. Its multifaceted nature encompasses a vast spectrum of shapes, sizes, textures, and colors, reflecting the remarkableadaptability of this photosynthetic powerhouse.One of the most striking morphological variations in grass lies in its blade structure. Some species, such as perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), exhibit narrow, linear blades that resemble blades of wheat. Others, like Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), possess wider, more expansive blades with a coarser texture. Notably, certain grasses, such as pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana), showcase elongated, feathery blades that lend an ethereal, ornamental grace to their surroundings.Beyond blade morphology, the growth habit of grassfurther contributes to its remarkable diversity. While many grasses form dense, mat-like swards, others adopt a more upright, tufted habit. For instance, tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix) typically grows in upright clumps, casting shadows upon the ground. Conversely, creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) forms low-growing,creeping mats that spread horizontally across the soil surface.Moreover, the texture of grass varies greatly among species. Some grasses, such as Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), possess fine, pliable blades that create a soft, velvety texture underfoot. In contrast, buffalo grass (Bouteloua dactyloides) exhibits rougher, more wiry blades that impart a coarser texture to its turf.Color is another key aspect of grass morphology. While most grasses exhibit various shades of green, ranging from vibrant emerald hues to subdued olive tones, some species showcase more distinctive colors. For example, Japanese blood grass (Imperata cylindrica 'Rubra') displays crimson-red foliage, providing a striking contrast to its verdantcounterparts. Additionally, certain varieties of zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) exhibit a golden-brown color during the dormant season, lending a warm, autumnal glow to the landscape.In summary, the morphological diversity of grass is truly astounding. From the narrow blades of perennial ryegrass to the feathery fronds of pampas grass, and from the dense swards of Kentucky bluegrass to the creeping mats of creeping bentgrass, the myriad forms of grass reflect the remarkable adaptability and aesthetic appeal of this ubiquitous plant.中文回答：草，作为一种普遍存在且多样化的植物，在全球范围内呈现出多种多样的形态。
草地碳利用效率英文文献
草地碳利用效率英文文献Grasslands, often overlooked, are a significant contributor to carbon sequestration. These ecosystems, through the process of photosynthesis, capture and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, playing a crucial role in mitigating climate change.The efficiency of carbon utilization in grasslands is influenced by various factors, including soil type, plant species diversity, and management practices. For instance, native grasses adapted to local conditions are more efficient at carbon sequestration than non-native species.Agricultural practices can also impact the carbon utilization efficiency of grasslands. Sustainable farming methods, such as rotational grazing and reduced tillage, can enhance the soil's organic matter content, thereby increasing its capacity to sequester carbon.Moreover, the restoration of degraded grasslands is an effective strategy for improving carbon sequestration. By reintroducing native plant species and reducing human disturbance, these areas can regain their ability to capture and store carbon.However, it is important to note that grasslands are not just passive carbon sinks. They are dynamic ecosystems that require proper management to maintain their carbonsequestration capabilities. Overgrazing, for example, can lead to soil erosion and a decrease in carbon storage.Research is ongoing to better understand the complex interactions between grasslands and carbon cycling. This includes studying the impact of climate change on grassland ecosystems and how these changes may affect their ability to sequester carbon.In conclusion, grasslands are a vital component of the global carbon cycle. By understanding and promoting practices that enhance their carbon utilization efficiency, we can harness their potential to combat climate change and preserve these valuable ecosystems for future generations.。
麋鹿的英语作文
The elk,also known as the red deer in certain regions,is a majestic creature that has long captured the imagination of people around the world.This essay will delve into the characteristics,habitat,and behavior of the elk,providing a comprehensive overview of this fascinating species.Characteristics of the Elk:Elks are large mammals that belong to the deer family,Cervidae.They are characterized by their robust build,with males,known as bulls,often weighing between360to800 kilograms,while females,called cows,weigh slightly less.The most distinctive feature of the male elk is its large antlers,which can span up to1.2meters in width.These antlers are shed and regrown annually,a process that is a testament to the elks impressive biological capabilities.Habitat:Elks are found primarily in the forests and grasslands of North America,Europe,and Asia.They prefer areas with a mix of open spaces and dense cover,which provides them with both food and protection from predators.In North America,they are commonly found in the Rocky Mountains,while in Europe,they are more prevalent in the forests of Eastern Europe and Russia.Diet:The diet of an elk is herbivorous,consisting mainly of grasses,leaves,and bark during different seasons.During the winter months,when vegetation is scarce,they may resort to browsing on tree bark and twigs.Their large size and powerful digestive system allow them to consume and process large quantities of food.Behavior:Elk are social animals and are often found in groups,known as herds.The herd structure is typically matriarchal,with a dominant cow leading the group.Males,on the other hand, tend to form their own bachelor groups or live solitarily,especially during the mating season.The mating season,or rut,is a dramatic event in the life of an elk.It occurs in the fall and is characterized by the males engaging in vocalizations,antler clashing,and other displays of dominance to attract females.The successful bull will then mate with multiple cows in his harem.Conservation Status:While elk were once hunted to near extinction in some areas due to overhunting and habitat loss,conservation efforts have helped to stabilize and even increase theirpopulations in certain regions.They are now considered a game species in many places, with regulated hunting seasons to ensure their sustainable management.Cultural Significance:Elks have held a significant place in various cultures.For Native American tribes,they were a source of food,clothing,and tools,and they also featured prominently in their myths and spiritual beliefs.In European folklore,the elk is often portrayed as a symbol of strength and nobility.In conclusion,the elk is a remarkable species that has adapted to a variety of environments and has played a crucial role in the ecosystems it inhabits.Its majestic presence and unique behaviors continue to inspire awe and respect among those who encounter it in the wild.。
中大西洋牧草识别指南说明书
2This guide provides descriptions and codes for the forage species that vessels and dealers are required to report under the Mid-Atlantic Council’s Unmanaged Forage Omnibus Amendment. Find out more about the amendment at: /forage.All federally permitted vessels fishing in the Mid-Atlantic Forage Species Management Unit and dealers are required to report catch and landings of the forage species listed to the right. All species listed in this guide are subject to the 1,700-pound trip limit unless stated otherwise.Forage Species Identification Guide These species are subject to the combined 1,700-pound trip limit:• Anchovies • Argentines/Smelt Herring • Greeneyes • Halfbeaks • Lanternfishes • Round Herring • Scaled Sardine • Atlantic Thread Herring • Spanish Sardine• Pearlsides/Deepsea Hatchetfish• Sand Lances• Silversides• Cusk-eels• Atlantic Saury• Unclassified Mollusks(Unmanaged Squids, Pteropods)• Other Crustaceans/Shellfish(Copepods, Krill, Amphipods)Basic Morphology Using the Guide • Use the images and descriptions to identify species.• Report catch and sale of these species using the VTR code (red bubble) for logbooks, or the common name (darkblue bubble) for dealer reports.Anal fin Caudal peduncle Pectoral fin Operculum Pelvic fin Caudal fin Lateral line Dorsal fin Opercle Dorsal Ventral Anterior Posterior Right (lateral) side Left (lateral) side3Characteristics• Silver stripe on each side• Small and translucent• Two separated dorsal finsSilversides may be confused with anchovies . Silversides have two dorsal fins and a pointed jaw, while anchovieshave one dorsal fin.Rough Silverside (Membras martinica)Max Size: ~5"Inland Silverside (Menidia beryllina)Max Size: ~4"Atlantic Silverside (Menidia menidia)Other Common Name: Northern Silverside Max Size: ~5"VTR CODE: SILNSSilversides (Atherinopspidae)VTR CODE: ANCH Anchovies (Engraulidae)Characteristics • Translucent body • Silver stripe on each side in the middle of the body • Rounded snout • Large eyes • Easily shed scales Striped Anchovy (Anchoa hepsetus)Max Size: ~6"Dusky Anchovy (Anchoa lyolepis)Max Size: ~5"Bay Anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli)Other Common Name: Common Anchovy Max Size: ~4"Silver Anchovy (Engraulis eurystole)Max Size: ~5"Single dorsal fin Rounded snout4Sand Lances (Ammodytidae)Characteristics• Olive-green, bluish-green,or brown dorsally • Silver sides with white below• Long, slender body• Small head with pointedsnout, protruding lower jaw,and no teeth American/Inshore Sand Lance (Ammodytes americanus)Max size: ~9"Northern/Offshore Sand Lance (Ammodytes dubius)Max size: ~10"VTR CODE: SAND Pointed snout, protruding lower jaw, and no teeth Striated Argentine (Argentina striata)Max Size: ~9"Pygmy Argentine (Glossanodon pygmaeus )Max Size: ~4"Characteristics• Gray or white body• Small mouth, large eyes• Single dorsal fin• Scales easily shedArgentines/Smelt Herring (Argentinidae)VTR CODE: ARGT Small mouth, large eyes5Halfbeaks (Hemiramphidae)Characteristics• Short upper jaw, longer lower jaw• Stripe down top half of body• Long, slender body• Scales easily shedAtlantic Saury may be confused with halfbeaks. Atlantic Saury havetwo elongated jaws, while Halfbeakshave only one (lower) elongated jaw.Flying Halfbeak (Euleptorhamphus velox)Max Size: ~11"Ballyhoo (Hemiramphus brasiliensis)Max Size: ~14"Balao (Hemiramphus balao)Max Size: ~14"False Silverstripe (Hyporhamphus meeki)Other Common Names: American Halfbeak, Meek’s Halfbeak Max Size: ~7"VTR CODE: HALF Characteristics• Small dark spot above base of pectoral fin • Dark bluish-green dorsally, with silversides and abdomen• Silver stripe on sides• Elongated top and bottom jaws• Long, slender body Other Common Names: Needlefish, Ocean Piper Max Size: ~20"Atlantic Saury (Scomberesox saurus)VTR CODE: SAURY Elongated top and bottom jaws Short upper jaw, longer lower jaw6Herrings and Sardines (Clupeidae)Characteristics• Blue or brown dorsal area, silverbelow• Moderately deep body• Faint streaks along scales• Small spot behind gills• Large eyes Characteristics• Iridescent blue dorsal area,silver below• Dark spot near gills, followedby light gold spot and faintgold stripe• Last two anal fin rays slightlyextended Other Common Names: Smooth Sardine, Gilt Sardine Max size: ~15"Max size: ~7"Dark spot near gills, followed by lightgold spot and faint gold stripe Large eyes Small spot behind gills Spanish Sardine (Sardinella aurita )VTR CODE: SARSP Scaled Sardine (Harengula jaguana )VTR CODE: SARSC7Thread Herring (Opisthonema oglinum)Characteristics• Long, thin ray extending from dorsal fin• Black tips on dorsal and caudal fins • Body moderately deep and compressed• Blue dorsally and on upper sides, silver below• Dark spot behind gill, may be followed by a row of smaller spots Characteristics• Olive green dorsal area with silver sides and ventral area • Slender, cylindrical body• Small head with large eyes NOTE: The following species are managed separately and are not subject to the 1,700-pound limit: • Atlantic Herring • Atlantic Menhaden • Alewife • Blueback Herring • American Shad • Hickory Shad Continue to report them asrequired.Other Common Names: Hairy-Back, Spat, Bristle Herring Max size: ~12"Other Common Name: Red-Eyed Round Herring Max size: ~10"VTR CODE: HRAT Long, thin ray extending from dorsal fin Round Herring (Etremeus teres)VTR CODE: HRRDCusk-eels (Ophidiiformes)Characteristics• Brownish-yellow, darker on top• Elongated bodies• Fin along entire body, both topand bottom• Chain pearlfish lack scales, whilecusk-eels have small scalesChain Pearlfish(Echiodon dawsoni)Max size: ~4"Fawn Cusk-eel(Lepophidium profundorum)Max size: ~9"VTR CODE: CSKEELCharacteristics• Dark brown or gray withsilver sheen• Small body with largehead, eyes, and mouth• Most species have light-producing organs onabdomens and sidesHorned Lanternfish(Ceratoscopelusmaderensis)Max size: ~3"Dumril’sHeadlightfish(Diaphus dumerilii)Max size: ~3"Striped Cusk-eel(Ophidion marginatum)Max size: ~9"Spotted Lanternfish(Myctophumpunctatum)Max size: ~4"Jewel (Crocodile)Lanternfish(Lampanyctus crocodilus)Max size: ~12"NOTE: Cusk-eels are not cusk(groundfish), which are muchlarger (average size 36").Lanternfishes (Myctophidae)VTR CODE: LANTFin along entire body,both top and bottom8Characteristics • Some species have large mid-bodies with narrow tail, others have a more uniform profile • Thin bodied• Light-producing organs on lower sides of body VTR CODE: HATCH Characteristics• Small, slender, tan body• Reflective green eyes• Large mouth and eyes Shortnose Greeneye (Chlorophthalmus agassizi)Max size: ~9"Longnose Greeneye (Parasudis truculenta)Max size: ~10"VTR CODE: GREN• Large mid-body with narrow tail • Large, upward pointing mouth and large eyes• Large, upward pointing mouth • Laterally compressed body • Large eyes• Mostly silver with a green or blue back • Large mid-body with narrow tail • Large eyes • Small, upward pointing mouthAtlantic Pearlside (Maurolicus weitzmani)Other Common Name: Weitzman’s Pearlside Max size: ~2"Pearlside (Mueller’s) (Maurolicus muelleri)Max size: ~3"Slope Hatchetfish (Polyipnus clarus)Max size: ~2"Atlantic Silver Hatchetfish (Argyropelecus aculeatus)Max size: ~3"Greeneyes (Chlorophthalmidae)Pearlsides/Deepsea Hatchetfish (Sternoptychidae)910Crustaceans(Copepods, Krill, Amphipods, etc.)Amphipods (Amphipoda)Mysid Shrimp (Mysidacea)Copepods (Copepoda)Isopods(Isopoda)Krill (Euphausiacea)Ostracods (Ostracoda)VTR CODE: CRUST • Laterally compressed • Segmented body • Max size: ~less than 2"• Small, translucent • Max size: ~1"• Long antennae• Most species have a single eye• Max size: ~less than 1/10"• Ventrally compressed• Segmented body• Max size: ~1"• Resemble shrimp • Feathery gills on thoracic appendages• Max size: ~2"• Rounded carapace that contains head and body • Max size: ~0.15"11Oceanic Squid (Todarodes sagittatus)Other Common Name: European Flying Squid• No light-producing organs, unlike neon flying squid • Max size: ~24”Pteropods(Gymnosomata and Thecosomata)Other Common Names: Sea Angels, Sea Butterflies •Max size: ~1”Neon Flying Squid(Ommastrephes bartramii)• Long golden or silver stripe along mantle• Several small light-producing organs on mantle and head • Max size: ~24”Bobtail Squids (Sepiolidae )• Broad mantle• Pink or maroon in color • Max size: ~24”Atlantic Brief Squid (Lolliguncula brevis)Other Common Name: Thumbstall Squid• Stout mantle with rounded tip • Max size: ~5”Unclassified Mollusks (Unmanaged Squids and Pteropods)VTR CODE: MOLLNOTE: Illex squid (Illex illecebrosus ) and longfin squid (Doryteuthis pealeii ) are not subject to the1,700-pound possession limit, as they are managed separately. Sharptail shortfin squid (Illex oxygonius) are not subject to the possession limit, because they are difficult to distinguish from Illex squid.If you have any questions regarding species identification or how to report your catch and landings, pleasecontact your local NOAA Fisheries port agent, or call the Sustainable Fisheries Division.Contact information:Sustainable Fisheries DivisionNOAA Fisheries Greater Atlantic Region 55 Great Republic Drive Gloucester, MA 01930Phone: 978-281-9300Mid-Atlantic Fisheries Management Council800 North State Street, Suite 201Dover, DE 19901Phone: /forageReferences and Contact InformationReferences:1. Collette, B. B and G. Klein-MacPhee, editors. 2002. Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine , third edition. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.2. Froese, R. and D. Pauly (editors). 2017. FishBase. /search.php.3. Gosner, K. L. 1978. A Field Guide to the Atlantic Seashore from the Bay of Fundy to Cape Hatteras . Houghton Mifflin Company.4. Kells, V. and K. Carpenter. 2011. A Field Guide to Coastal Fishes from Maine to Texas . The Johns Hopkins University Press.5. Pechenik, J. A. 2005. Biology of the Invertebrates . Fifth edition. McGraw-Hill.6. Roper, C. F. E, M. J. Sweeney, and C. E. Nauen. 1984. Cephalopods of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Species of Interest to Fisheries . FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 3. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 3.7. Yatsu, A.; Tanaka, H.; Mori, J. (1998). Population structure of the neon flying squid, Ommastrephes bartramii , in the North Pacific Ocean, in : Okutani, T. Contributed papers to International Symposium on Large Pelagic Squids, July 18-19, 1996, for JAMARC’s 25th anniversary of its foundation . pp. 31-48Page 3: Characteristics: Ref 4; Rough silverside: DL Schultz; Inland silverside: B Stagnaro; Silver anchovy: T Vaske Jr. Page. 4: Characteristics: Ref 4; American sand lance: CaRMS Photogallery; Pygmy argentine: D Ross Robertson. Page 5: Characteristics: Ref 4; Flying halfbeak: L Fischer; Balao: R Frietas; Ballyhoo: T Vaske Jr. Pages 6-7: Characteristics: Ref 4. Page 8: Characteristics: Ref 1, 4; Chain pearlfish: SL Bourque; Dumril’s headlightfish: K Matsuura; Spottedlanternfish: E Kissling. Page 9: Characteristics: Ref 1, 4. Page 10: Ref 3.5; Krill: Ø Paulsen; Amphipods: U Kils; Ostracods: Anna33; Isopods: H Hillewaert. Page 11: Characteristics: Ref 6,5,7: Pteropods: S Johnsen; All other photos credited to NOAA/DOC and USFWS/DOI。
植物标本之鉴定
植物標本之鑑定左漢榮/南投縣水尾國小森林植物標本之鑑定（Identification forest-plant specimens）有下列四種方法，其中能熟諳檢索表，自行檢閱，以辨別樹種一法，乃研究樹木最正確之道。
（Ⅰ）請示教師或專家：標本如不知曉其名稱，可請教於有經驗之植物分類教師或專家。
所以學生樹木學林場實習或一般植物分類學研習會現場實習，有教師或專家隨同指導，對於種類之認識，甚為便利，學子獲益最多。
（Ⅱ）查對圖書之辨識、將所採標本，由檢查文獻、圖誌等來對照辨識。
用此法可達到鑑別標本之目的，但文獻或圖誌中必須有此一未知標本名稱之記錄與插圖始行。
又由查對圖書來認識，不僅頗費時間，抑且有時易生錯誤，因文字說明與圖形，並不能與實物絕對相符故也。
（Ⅲ）核對臘葉之辨識：全盤檢查標本館之臘葉一次或反覆多次，將所持標本每一科每一屬及每一種，做諸對照，其有類似者，即行檢出，再做仔細比較，至能彼此符合為止，以確定其名。
此項辨識，必須標本館藏有此一臘葉方可，又查對亦頗費時，但如能檢出，仔細校對，則標本之鑑定，少有錯誤。
（Ⅳ）利用檢索表之辨識：既無教師或專家請教，亦無圖書或臘葉可查，則只有利用檢索表解（單稱檢索表analytical key or key），依項閱讀其所能符合之特徵，來將標本名稱查出。
檢索表的型式有2種，如下：1、相對式檢索表（Indented key）：相對式檢索表另稱退行式或不齊頭式檢索表。
例如木蘭屬（包括其種）與烏心石屬之檢索如下：143A1. 雌器無梗，花大而頂生˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙木蘭屬B1. 花瓣兩面均為純白色。
C1. 花小，寬2～3公分。
D1. 葉之側脈小，7～11對˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙夜合花D2. 葉之側脈多，12～18對˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙木蘭C2. 花大，寬9～10公分˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙洋玉蘭B2. 花瓣兩面均不同色。
景观设计常用英语词汇
景观设计阶段常用英语词汇设计常用：规划planning服务范围scope of services工作范围scope of work开发的可行性规划development feasibility planning景观规划landscape planning总体规划master planning草图sketch / rough map平面plan剖面section立面elevation透视perspective示意图diagram容积率coverage城市设计urban design / civic design区域规划regional planning步行轴ped axis总体规划general planning / master planning分区规划district planning近期建设规划immediate plan城市详细规划detailed planning控制性详细规control detailed planning修建性详细规划site plan居住区规划residential district planning城市化urbanization城市生态urban ecology可持续发展sustainable development项目竣工project closeout项目会议project meetings项目检查project observation项目登记project records项目规模project scale主入口大门main entrance gate主要入口main entrance岗亭(车行&人行) guard house (for vehicle& pedestrian )次入口大门2nd entrance gate次要入口secondary entrance人流量visitors flowrate车流量vehicle flowrate商业中心入口entrance to shopping ctr.水景water feature小型露天剧场mini amphi-theatre迎宾景观welcoming feature观景木台timber deck (viewing)竹园bamboo garden漫步广场walkway plaza露天咖啡廊out door cafe巨大迎宾水景grand welcoming feature瀑布叠水cascading waterfalls木桥timber bridge历史文化名城保护规划Plan of Preservation of Historic Cities 旧城改建urban redevelopment开发区development area城市化水平urbanization level城市群agglomeration城镇体系urban system卫星城satellite town城市基础设施urban infrastructure居民点settlement市municipality / city生态基础设施ecological infrastructure牧场pasture市域administrative region of a city商业区commercial district行政中心administration center商业街commercial street科技园technological region校园规划campus planning城市中心区urban center district居住单元flat历史地段history district民政区域civil district水警区waters guard district居住区规划residential district planning护林区ranger district工业区industrial district林木种子公园tree seed orchard快速公路thruway城市美学urban esthetics游憩空间esplanade系统工程systems engineering城市更新理论urban renewal theory吊桥hanging bridge休憩台地（低处）lounging terrace (lower)休憩台地（高处）lounging terrace (upper)特色踏步feature stepping stone野趣小溪river wild儿童乐园children's playground旱冰道slide羽毛球场badminton court旱景dry landscape旱喷泉dry fountain观景台viewing deck游泳池swimming pool嬉水池wading pool儿童泳池children's pool蜿蜒水墙winding wall石景雕塑rock sculpture中心广场central plaza健身广场exercise plaza桥bridge交流广场meditating plaza趣味树阵tree battle formation停车场paring area特色花架trellis雕塑小道sculpture trail(高尔夫)轻击区putting green高尔夫球会所golf clubhouse每栋建筑入口entrance paving to unit篮球场basketball court网球场tennis court阶梯坐台terracing seatwall种植槽planter广场main plaza森林forest瀑布waterfall石景园rockery garden旱溪dry stream凉亭pavilion户外淋浴outdoor shower拉膜结构tensile structure台阶stair高尔夫球车停车场parking ( golf car )健身站exercise station晨跑小路jogging footpath车道driveway人行道sidewalk人行漫步道promenade瀑布及跳舞喷泉（入口广场）water fall and dancing fountain (entry plaza) 特色入口entry feature石景广场rockery plaza植物的抗寒性plant hardiness植物的死亡率plant mortality种植planting建筑空间architecture剧院show place; theater茶楼（馆）caff；tea shop专卖店monopolistic shop博物馆museum电影院cinema / movie house商场emporium / shopping mall体育馆palaestra青少年宫callan house / children’s palace 图书馆library棋牌室relaxation room健身房gymnasium书店book store客厅parlor阳台balcony浴室bathroom橱柜cabinet合院式建筑courtyard building餐厅dining-room / dining hall入口entrance厨房kitchen屋顶roof小孩房kid room儿童游乐室/玩具室dollhouse起居室living room门廊porch更衣室change room休息室pavilion私家花园private garden居民resident共享地带shared zone工人房servants hall比例scale元素element会议中心conference center园林景观view of the garden乔木arbor / trees灌木shrub草本植物herbaceous plants藤本植物liana灌木shrubs铺石band stone地下车库car park bellow曲线形铺地curved paving bands标志牌(sign) courtyard identification sign 庭院courtyard步道footpath园桥garden bridge园林garden and park种草和铺草皮seeding and sodding种植现状planting conditions种植设计planting design种植要求planting requirements砌石natural cut stone铺地pave亭，阁pavilion榭pavilion on terrace植被planting花坛planting beds大广场plaza台platform栈道deck promenade灯柱pole lights小水池pool雕塑sculpture小广场small square小水景small water feature林荫树shade trees楼storied building小溪流stream行道树street trees踏石stepping stone踏步terrace steps木制平台timber deck草坪grass草皮turf园廊veranda空地void水景waterscape园墙wall in garden滨水地区waterfront 茶亭tea house木亭log cabin遮阳亭shade structure 水岸edge湾bay渡口ferry挡土墙retaining wall 人行道pavement卵石pebble半岛peninsula公园规划park planning园林总体规划garden master planning总平面规划site planning园林保留地reserve garden园林规划图garden planning map园林规划说明书garden planning direction城市公园系统urban park system公园分布distribution of parks公园类型park type, park category公园间距distance between parks公园形式park styles园林分区garden zoning安静休息区tranquil rest area儿童活动区children playing space儿童游戏场children playground体育运动区sports activities area野餐区picnic place散步区pedestrian space群众集会区mass meeting square观赏植物区ornamental plants area观赏温室区display greenhouse area / display conservatory area 草坪区lawn space绿荫区shade tree section历史古迹区historical relics area青少年活动区youngsters activities area诱鸟区bird sanctuary area钓鱼区fishing center野营区camp site游人中心visitors center服务中心service center探险游乐场adventure ground文化活动区cultural activities area游览区excursion area / open-to-public area非游览区no-admittance area办公区administrative area办公园区office parks服务区service center动休息区dynamic rest space静休息区static rest space娱乐演出区entertaining performance place公园道路park road公园水陆面积比率land-water ratio游人容纳量visitors capacity绿化greening, planting绿地/绿化带greenbelt环境绿化environmental greening城市绿化urban virescence城市绿化系统urban green space system绿化覆盖率percentage of greenery coverage城市绿化覆盖率urban green coverage工厂绿化factory greening / landscaping within factory 广场绿化landscaping of square居住区绿化landscaping of residential area公共建筑绿化landscaping around public building室内绿化indoor garden街道绿化street greening / street planting车行道绿化driveway greening分车带绿化dividing stripe greening人行道绿化sidewalk greening群众绿化mass planting movement郊区绿化suburban greening公路绿化highway greening铁路绿化railway greening / railway planting阳台绿化balcony greening窗台绿化window-sill greening屋顶绿化roof greening垂直绿化vertical greening攀缘绿化climber greening桥头绿化bridgehead greening绿地green space绿地系统green space system城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning 城市绿地urban green space绿地规划程序planning procedure of the green space 绿地布局green space layout绿地率ratio of green space绿地面积green area绿地资源green space resource绿地效果green space effect公共绿地public green space公共绿地定额public green space quota公共绿地指标public green space norm单位绿地unit green area街道广场绿地street and square green area居住区绿地residential quarter green area防护绿地green buffer / green area for environmental protection 郊区绿地suburban green space街坊绿地residential block green belt附属绿地attached green space专用绿地specified green space生产绿地productive plantation area绿地类型type of green space环状绿型annular green space块状绿地green plot点状绿地green spot放射状绿地radiate green space楔状绿地wedge-shaped green space缓冲绿地buffer green space防音绿地noise proof green space吸引圈attractive circle吸引距离attractive distance有效半径effective radius空间规划space planning形象规划image plan实施规划implementary plan必要生活空间necessary living space余暇生活空间leisure time living space利用频度usage frequency树种规划planning of trees and shrubs苗圃nursery谷底植栽场improved vegetation & wild life堤岸种植bank planting生态环境系统人类生态环境human ecological environment自然系统natural system自然资源natural resource自然保护conservation of nature自然保存natural preservation环境保护environmental protection环境容量environment capacity环境适宜性environment fitness环境空气质量标准ambient air quality共生symbiosis互惠共生mutualism公害public nuisance生态绝灭ecological extinction生态系统ecosystem生态圈ecosphere生态灾难ecological disaster环境质量environmental quality环境压力environment stress生命维持系统life-support system反馈系统feedback system自养生物autotroph异养生物heterotroph食物链foodchain生物圈biosphere濒危植物endangered plant / threatened plant 主体群落major community人工群落artificial community绿色革命green revolution户外娱乐资源outdoor recreation resource原始环境系统wilderness environment system 近代环境系统modern environment system乡村生活模式country life-pattern烟害smoke pollution / fume pollution雾害fog pollution霜害frost injury水污染water pollution土壤污染soil pollution / soil contamination园林小气候garden microclimate环境保护植物environmental conservation plant 引气候调节climatic regulation自动调节机能homeostasis生态平衡ecological homeostasis森林生态系统forest ecosystem草原生态系统prairie ecosystem滞尘植物dust holding plant野生生物迁徙wildlife migration现状植被existing vegetation树木保护tree protection地形测量topographic survey入侵物种invasive species环境修复environmental modification环境影响分析environmental impact analysis外来植物物种exotic plant species生态影响ecological impact经济影响economic impact边缘栖息地edge habitat边缘限制edge restraint人工湿地constructed wetlands气候带climate zones自然资源natural resources园林地形改造topographical reform of garden土山earth piled hill / artificial mound假山rockery, artificial rockwork太湖石Taihu Lake stone / water modelled stone 黄石yellowish brown stone人造假山石artificial stone / man-made stone孤赏石monolith / standing stone掇山piled stone hill / hill making叠石stones laying板石flag stone散点石scattered stone抱角石corner stone屋基石foundation stone排衙石guard stone屏石screen stone石岸rock bank石阶stone steps汀步stepping stone on water surface附壁石stone appended to wall石花台stone flower bed石凳stone bench假山石挡土墙rock retaining wall干砌石dry stone wall假山石楼梯rock stairway石亭stone pavilion石洞stone cavern石窟grotto置石stone arrangement / stone layout拱石arch stone拱顶石key stone砖和混凝土砌块墙brick and concrete block walls 石头墙stone walls木头和金属栅栏wood and metal fences园林水景water scenes of garden水体water body水面water surface水池pool水塘pond喷泉fountain喷水池fountain pool涉水池wading pool倒影池mirror pool / reflecting pool睡莲池water-lily pool喷水管布置piping schema钓鱼塘fishing pond高水位池塘high water table pond池边坐人矮墙seat wall surrounded pool隐头喷泉secret fountain岛园island garden半岛园peninsula garden小岛isle瀑布waterfall小瀑布cascade湖lake矶rock projecting over water水帘洞water curtain cave壁泉wall fountain饮水喷头drinking fountain园桥garden bridge拱桥arch bridge石板桥stone slab bridge木板桥plank bridge圆木桥log bridge亭桥pavilion bridge曲桥zigzag bridge植物配植plant arrangement树木配植arrangement of trees and shrubs 群植group planting / mass planting孤植specimen planting / isolated planting 丛植clump planting组植group planting林植forest planting列植linear planting对植opposite planting / coupled planting 环植circular planting带植belt planting散植scattered planting / loose planting边缘种植edge planting边界种植boundary planting整形种植architectural planting基础种植foundation planting角隅种植corner planting景框种植planting as enframent门卫种植guard planting篱恒种植fence planting障景种植screen planting背景种植background planting林下种植underwood planting路边种植roadside planting绿植绿篱hedge树墙espalier庭荫树shade tree园景树specimen tree风景林amenity forest / ornamental forest 行道树avenue tree, street tree纪念林memorial forest整型树topiary tree花篱flower hedge刺篱thorny plants hedge常绿绿篱evergreen hedge落叶绿篱deciduous hedge高篱high hedge沟中边篱hah-hah fence图案矮篱pattern dwarf hedge迷宫绿篱labyrinth hedge整剪绿篱clipped hedge自然式花篱natural flowering hedge边篱boundary fence园篱garden fence / garden hedge纯林pure forest混交林mixed forest林间隙地open space in woodland杂木林spinney树冠覆盖面tree canopy草坪lawn整形草坪formal lawn开花草坪flowering lawn牧场草坪meadowy land花坛flower bed路边花坛roadside flower bed带状花坛ribbon flower bed时钟花坛flower clock盆栽花坛potted flower bed / basined flower bed高设花台raised flower bed毛毡花坛carpet bed镶嵌花坛mosaic bed铺石花坛paved bed灌木花坛shrub bed图案花坛群parterre草药花坛herbaceous flower bed花结花坛knot bed整形花坛formal flower bed活动花坛movable flower bed花境flower border花桶flower tub植树箱planting box瓶饰garden vase灌木花境shrub border混合花境mixed border园林道路设计garden road design, garden path design漫步路trail / footway小径alley, path川草坪岛lawn island安全岛traffic island / refuge island转弯曲度turning curvature转弯半径turning radius踏面landing pitch步石stepping stone涉水踏步wading step错铺路crazy paving path随意组合方石板路flag stone path paved at random花纹路pattern path林荫路mall林荫大道boulevard花园路parkway林间小道path in woodland种植池planting bed树池保护格栅tree grate树干保护套栏tree guard树池坐凳矮墙seatwall-surrounded planting路面线纹score line铺装，路面pavement柔性铺装，柔性路面flexible pavement刚性铺装，刚性路面rigid pavement道路pavements铺路材料，铺路机，铺石人paver铺装，铺路paving城市街道urban street道路roads道路设计要素roadway design elements道路尺寸roadway dimensions步行标准pedestrian standards平均步行距离average walking distance现状测量的线路测量route survey a survey of existing 道路定线测量alignment of route survey基础，路基subbase传统园林建筑traditional garden building凉亭summer shelter活树亭arbor / tent arbor蘑菇亭mushroom pavilion茅亭thatched pavilion竹亭bamboo pavilion茶亭tea booth / tea kiosk回廊cloister水廊corridor on water曲廊zigzag veranda扒山廊sloping gallery楼廊two-storied gallery画舫painted pleasure boat石舫stone boat不击舟immovable pleasure boat诗条石poem-engraved stone slab月洞门moon gate园林露天剧场open garden theater园林露天舞池open garden dancing place露天音乐台outdoor music stand眺望台prospect deck繁殖温室plant propagation greenhouse展览温室public conservatory月池new-moon pool园林小品small garden ornaments磁砖壁画painted tile mural tablet园椅garden chair / garden seat园凳garden bench园桌garden table园灯garden lamp日规sundial鸟浴bird bath鸟舍bird cottage / nestle box鸟笼bird cage, bird coop悬篮hanging basket野鸟喂食器bird feeder额匾horizontal inscribed board楹联couplet written on scroll / couplet on pillar引露天烤炉open barbecue树棚living-tree pergola花架pergola花格架trellis, treillage点景牌楼naming pailou / decorated archway扶手栏杆handrail坐凳栏杆seat rail石碑stone tablet / stele园林施工garden layout / garden construction种植工程planting engineering大树移植big tree transplanting裸根移植bare root transplanting土球移植ball transplanting沟植trench planting假植heeling in / temporary planting播种草坪seeding lawn铺草皮块草坪sodding lawn假山工程rockery engineering掇山五法five methods" of rock piling等分平衡法method of making the rock equa-tional and balanced前轻后重法method of making the front part of rock lighter than the back part 上轻下重法method of lowering the center of gravity of rocks纹理统一法method of unifying the rock veins石料统一法method of unifying the rock mate-rials观赏植物观赏树木ornamental tree and shrub观叶植物foliage plant观果植物fruit-effect plant观枝干植物plants with ornamental trunks and branches 指示植物indicating plant主景植物accent plant耐湿植物damp tolerant plant抗风植物wind-resistant plant耐盐碱植物saline-alkali tolerant plan耐盐植物salt tolerant plants市花city flower市树city tree国花national flower国树national tree芳香植物fragrant plant抗污染植物pollution resistant plant环保植物environment protecting plant高山植物alpine plant岩生植物rock plant攀缘植物climbing plant / climber地被植物ground cover plant阴生植物shade plant装饰植物decorative plant装缘植物edging plant绿蓠植物hedge plant草坪植物lawn plant / lawn grass花坛植物bedding plant球根植物bulbous plant宿根植物perennial plant / perennial水生植物aquatic plant / hydrophyte旱生植物xerophyte沼泽植物bog plant, swamp plant室内装饰植物indoor decorative plant / house plant切花cut flower垂枝植物pendulous plant / weeping plant缠绕植物twiner / twinning plant针叶植物needle-leaved plant阔叶植物broad-leaved plant斑叶植物variegate-leaved plant松柏植物conifer常绿植物evergreen plant半常绿植物semi-evergreen plant不耐寒植物tender plant半耐寒植物half-hardy plant耐寒植物hardy plant耐旱植物drought enduring plant盆栽植物container plants有害植物hazardous plants有毒植物noxious plants地被植物ground covers有毒植物noxious plants丛生植物package plants观赏动物ornamental animal观赏鸟类ornamental bird观赏兽类ornamental beast观赏昆虫类ornamental insect山石材料stone material昆山石Kunshan stone钟乳石stalactite灵壁石Lingbi stone英德石Yingde stone青石Qing stone宣石Xuan stone房山石Fangshan stone花园garden专类花园specified flower garden花园村garden village园林城市landscape garden city蔷薇园rose garden松柏园conifer garden球根园bulb garden宿根园perennial garden假山园rock garden / Chinese rockery狩猎场hunting ground街心花园street crossing center garden小游园petty street garden水景园water garden铺地园paved garden野趣园wild plants botanical garden野生植物园wild plants garden乡趣园rustic garden盆景园penjing garden, miniature landscape 动物园zoo / zoological garden墓园cemetery garden沼泽园bog and marsh garden水生植物园aquatic plants garden学校园school garden室内花园indoor garden芳香花园fragrant garden盲人花园garden for the blind日艺园japanese garden公共花园public garden屋顶花园roof garden私家花园private garden庭院花园courtyard garden前庭front yard, forecourt后庭back yard, rear yard中庭patio厨园kitchen yard沉[床]园sunken garden窗园window garden墙园wall garden宅园home garden台地园terrace garden冬园winter garden切花园cut flower garden屋顶花园roof garden后花园back yard garden公园park, public park城市公园city park, urban park区公园regional park儿童公园children park体育公园sports park森林公园forest park纪念公园memorial park烈士纪念公园martyr memorial park综合公园comprehensive park文化公园cultural park文化休憩公园cultural and recreation park 中央公园central park天然公园natural park海滨公园seaside park / seabeach park古迹公园historic site park河滨公园riverside park湖滨公园lakeside park路边公园roadside park / street park娱乐公园amusement park雕塑公园sculpture park休憩公园recreation park疗养公园sanatorium park国家公园national park邻里公园neighborhood park特种公园special park植物园botanical garden植物公园abeled plants park高山植物园alpine garden热带植物园tropical plants garden药用植物园medical plants garden / herb garden 风景landscape, scenery自然景观natural landscape人文景观human landscape / scenery of humanities 草原景观prairie landscape山岳景观mountain landscape / alpine landscape 地理景观geographical landscape湖泊景观lake view郊区景观suburban landscape地质景观geological landscape喀斯特景观karst landscape植物景观plants landscape / flora landscape中国园林史中国古典园林classical Chinese garden中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden中国山水园Chinese mountain and water garden帝王宫苑imperial palace garden皇家园林royal garden私家园林private garden江南园林garden on the Yangtze Delta西方园林史西方古典园林western classical garden英国式园林English style garden中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden意大利式园林Italian style garden西班牙式园林Spanish style garden法兰西式园林French style garden勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre’s style garden文艺复兴庄园Renaissance style villa洛可可式园林Rococo style garden巴洛克式园林Baroque style garden庄园manor / villa garden廊柱园peristyle garden / patio绿廊xystus迷阵maze, labyrinth典型中西园林灵囿Ling You Hunting Garden灵沼Ling Zhao Water Garden灵台Ling Tai Platform Garden阿房宫E-Pang Palace上林苑Shang-Lin Yuan未央宫Wei-Yang Palace洛阳宫Luoyang Palace华清官Hua-Qing Palace艮岳Gen Yue Imperial Garden圆明园Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden颐和园Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden / Summer Palace 承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort苏州园林Suzhou traditional garden悬园Hanging Garden英国皇家植物园Royal Botanical Garden / Kew garden 凡尔赛宫苑Versailles Palace Park枫丹白露宫园Fontainebleau Palace Garden风景资源调查landscape resource evaluation风景学scenicology风景规划landscape plan风景设计landscape design游览路线touring route旅游资源tourism resource旅游地理tourism geography旅游地质tourism geology历史名城famous historical city文化名城famous cultural city文化遗址ancient cultural relic天然博物馆natural open museum风景地貌natural geomorphology造型地貌imaginative geomorphologic figuration风景区scenic spot / scenic area风景名胜famous scenery / famous scenic site特异景观风景区specific natural scenes area民族风俗风景区scenic spot of minority customs高山风景区alpine scenic spot海滨风景区seabeach scenic spot森林风景区forest scenic spot高山草甸风景区alpine tundra landscape spot峡谷风景区valley scenic spot江河风景区river landscape district湖泊风景区lake round scenic spot温泉风景区hot spring scenic spot瀑布风景区waterfall scenic spot禁伐禁猎区region forbidden to tree cutting and hunting封山育林区region closed for afforestation天池风景区crater lake scenic spot自然保护区nature protection area科学保护区protection area for scientific research天然纪念物natural monument生物圈保护区biosphere protection area园林形式garden style规整式园林formal garden style非规整园林informal garden style几何式园林geometric garden style自然式园林natural garden style混合式园mixed garden style近代巴洛克式园林modern Baroque style马克斯抽象园林R.B. Marx abstract garden园林艺术景view, scenery / feature远景distant view近景nearby view障景obstructive scenery, blocking view借景borrowed scenery / view borrowing对景opposite scenery / view in opposite place缩景miniature scenery / abbreviated scenery漏景leaking through scenery框景enframed scenery尾景terminal feature主景main feature副景secondary feature配景objective view夹景vista line, vista前景front view背景background景序order of sceneries景点feature spot / view spot仰视景观upward landscape俯视景观downward landscape季相景观seasonal phenomena气象景观meteorological diversity scenery视野visual field秋色fall color / autumn color园林空间garden space开敞空间wide open space / wide space封闭空间enclosure space意境artistic conception, poetic imagery苍古antiquity空灵spaciousness / airiness动观in-motion viewing静观in-position viewing视错觉visual illusion园林艺术布局artistic layout of garden对称平衡symmetrical balance不对称平衡asymmetrical balance左右对称bilateral symmetry辐射对称radial symmetry透景线perspective line轴线axis / axial line主轴main axis副轴auxiliary axis暗轴hidden axis / invisible axis树冠线skyline园林色彩艺术art of garden colors单色谐调monochromatic harmony复色谐调compound chromatic harmony对比色突出contrast colors accent近似色谐调approximate colors harmony暖色warm color冷色cool color色感color sense道路系统approach system, road system环形道路系统circular road system方格形道路系统latticed road system放射形道路系统radiate road system自然式道路系统informal road system规整式道路系统formal road system混合式道路系统mixed style road system机动车交通系统vehicular circulation systems园区管理游人调查visitors investigation游人统计visitors statistics游人分析garden visitors analysis游人管理visitors management导游图tourist map导游解说tour descri ption and direction劳动管理labour management物资管理material handling, goods handling设备管理equipment management / facility management 财务管理financial management安全管理safety management环境监测environmental monitor植物养护管理plant maintenance and management园林技术管理garden technical management质量管理quality management园貌维修garden feature maintenance植物整形修剪plant trimming and pruning植物病虫防治disease and insect control园林管理规划management plan游人意见处理treatment of visitors opinions游人规则visitors regulation园内交通管理traffic control in park园外交通管理traffic control out of park entrance汽车停车规则parking rules自行车停放规则bicycle parking rules开放时间opening time日常清洁卫生管理daily sanitation and hygiene management 园林设备garden equipment园林机械garden machine园林工具garden instrument / garden implement花坛分界隔板plastic bed divider种植容器planting container圆木桩log peg喷射装置jet bubbler滴灌trickle irrigator / drip irrigator环动喷灌器circle sprinkler圆筒喷灌器rotor sprinkler自控器automatic controller管端喷灌器hose end sprinkler固定喷灌器stationary sprinkler喷雾喷灌器mist sprinkler / spray head sprinkler喷灌覆盖面sprinkler coverage草坪加肥器lawn feeder施肥喷灌器combined feeder and sprinkler液肥混合调配器liquid fertilizer mixer-proportioner滴水喷头emitter / dripper水土保持塑料网erosion control plastic net苗木包装材料nursery stock package material麻布袋burlap bag铁丝篮wire basket篮状种植器basket container塑料苗木桶plastic nurserican播种盘seed tray网孔盆mesh pot含肥泥炭盆fertile peat pot盆栽机potting machine换盆机repotting machine再生纸种植器reclaimed paper container纤维育苗器wood fiber plant grower泥炭压制播种饼peat seeding pellet / peat seeding starter松土除草机cultivator旋转锄rotary hoe切叶机foliage cutter翻地犁uncovering plough盖土机mounted spreader前悬装土机front mounted loader后缀装土机rear mounted loader旋轴剪草机spindle mower栽植机planting machine植物覆盖plant mulching覆盖物分散机mulch spreader种子液肥喷洒机hydro seeder修枝剪pruning shear播种器garden seeder球根种植器bulb planter土壤酸度探测器pH-value computer巴效分析器fertilizer analyzer嫁接刀grafting knife温室设备greenhouse equipment盆栽灌水系统pot watering system温室气候控制器greenhouse climate controller 温室覆盖greenhouse covering喷雾自控系统automatic mist control system 二氧化碳发生器C02 generator温度报警钟temperature alarm游览车park sightseeing bus引剪草机lawn mower动力剪草机power lawnmower畜力剪草机horse lawnmower手推剪草机hand lawnmower专用词：美国规划师协会(APA) American Planning Association环境影响报告书（EIS）environmental impact statement国家环境政策法案（NEPA）National Environmental Policy Act国家污染物排放削减（NPDES）the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 地理信息系统（GIS）Geographic Information System景观系数（KL）Landscape Coefficient(KL)土地保护局水土保持局的径流曲线数值法SCS Runoff Curve Number Method州环境政策法案（SEPAs）state environmental policy acts水相关污水处理wastewater treatment用水需求water demand水景，水体特征water feature喷灌泵display pumps蒸发evaporation水景效果water effects水质Water Quality水质容积water quality volume水源保护water resource protection水源water resource给水water supply流域watershed泄水孔weep hole湿滞留池wet detention ponds水压pressure灰水graywater循环使用的水recycled water地表水surface water地表水供应surface water supplies雨水蓄积，暴雨蓄积stormwater storage雨水排水管storm sewers雨水管理，暴雨管理stormwater management雨水高峰排放量stormwater peak discharge雨水径流系数stormwater runoff coefficients雨水径流估算stormwater runoff estimating雨水蓄积stormwater storage喷头选择和布置head selection and layout沉淀率，喷水速率precipitation rate咸水（海水）侵入saltwater intrusion砂滤池，砂滤层sand filters市政排水系统sewer systems municipal地表水膜，水膜浅流，层流，片流sheet flow循环水recycled water（地下水）补给沟渠recharge trenches地下水保护groundwater protection地下水补给groundwater recharge地下水资源，地下水储量groundwater resources饮用水potable water降雨，降水量precipitation自然排水道natural drainageways暴雨stormwater湿度，含水量，水汽含量moisture content市政排水系统municipal sewer systems灌溉irrigation灌溉池塘irrigation ponds灌溉系统irrigation systems灌溉水源sources of irrigation water耗水量低的滴灌系统low-volume drip system渗透床infiltration beds渗透池infiltration ponds渗透井infiltration wells雨水渗透stormwater infiltration不渗透地面比例impervious surface ratio法式排水French drains基座处排水，立足点排水footing drains结冻-融化周期frost-thaw cycle结冻深度，冰冻深度frost depth滤器，滤池，过滤，滤水filter strips过滤filtration过滤系统filtration systems雨水径流[量] stormwater runoff估算水流量estimating water flows土壤水分蒸发蒸腾损失总量速率evapotranspiration rate 不连续的非渗透地面disconnected imperviousness排水drainage排水系统drainage system饮用水drinking water干滞池dry detention ponds涵洞，暗沟，管道culverts雨水的输送技术stormwater conveyance techniques连续的非渗透地面connected imperviousness雨水沟渠，槽，渠道channels / stormwater环流模式circulation patterns城市河流urban streams地下排水subdrain水泵pumps。
坚果草管理指南说明书
Best Management Practices: GoosegrassDescriptionGoosegrass (Eleusine indica) is a very troublesomegrass weed found in many aspects of turfgrassmanagement. Historically, one might think ofgoosegrass as being a golf course or athletic fieldissue. However, this weed is spreading into other turfareas like lawns and parks. Often, it seems that turfmanagers have goosegrass under control, but by lateJuly or August goosegrass is everywhere. A greaterpresence of goosegrass has been observed in cool-season turf throughout the Midwest andNortheastern United States over the last severalyears. It particularly can be a problem on drivingrange tees. Although it is more common to seegoosegrass in warmer climates, it has beendocumented up the East coast to Massachusetts.HabitatGoosegrass is a native plant of temperate to tropicalclimates. It competes successfully with warm andcool-season turfgrass during summer months insituations where the canopy has been thinned due tovarious turfgrass pests, areas of poor fertility, orintense traffic. This weed demonstrates a high degreeof tolerance to drought conditions. With that beingsaid, goosegrass is well equipped to establish itself indense turf stands and surviving mowing heights fromputting greens to lawns.IdentificationGoosegrass is a prostrate-growing summer annual with a flat stem. Mature plants grow in clumps with the base of the stems being distinctively white to silver incolor hence one of its most common synonyms silver crabgrass. The ligule is toothed,membranous, and divided at the center resembling the letter ‘M’. The seed heads contain 2 -7spikes that form at the tip of the seed stalk resembling a zipper.Its main way of reproduction is by seed. Goosegrasstypically germinates later in spring compared toother annual grasses like crabgrass. Goosegrassgerminates when soil temperatures reach 63 to 65°F,which is usually at least two to four weeks later thancrabgrass. Research has found that fluctuatingdaytime temperatures of 85 to 95° F with nighttimetemperatures in the upper 60s to mid-70s stimulatesgoosegrass germination.ManagementCultural:Goosegrass is highly competitive during warmer parts of the year and can thrive if conditions are not favorable for desired turf. In salt-tolerant grasses, like seashore paspalum, pouring rock salt on the crown of the plant can desiccate individual goosegrass plants. Severe infestations may indicate the need for improved cultural practices such as aerification to alleviate compaction. Sound agronomic practices that improve the growing conditions of turf may also reduce goose grass competition.Chemical:Preemergence herbicides used for crabgrass control can be an effective tool for goosegrass control. Preemergence herbicides targeting goosegrass should be delayed approximately 3 to 4 weeks after preemergence crabgrass application. Goosegrass has developed resistance to dinitroaniline herbicides and metribuzin, so it is important to use sound rotational practices. Since the change in MSMA use restrictions, postemergence goosegrass control has become more challenging. Even though selective herbicides effective on goosegrass are limited, there are still some that can provide effective control. Dismiss and Dismiss South both will control goosegrass when applied to newly emerged weeds in the 1-4 leaf growth stage. Research has demonstrated that a combination of 8 fl oz/A Dismiss + 17 fl oz/A Revolver® provides effective postemergence control of larger goosegrass plants. By combining sound management practices with herbicides strategies containing Dismiss or Dismiss South will result in effective goosegrass control and a healthier turf stand.ReferencesPhoto Courtesy: Aaron Hathaway, Michigan State Univ.Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds: A Guide to Weed Identification and Control Strategies. L.B. McCarty et al. 2nd ed. 2008 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.Goosegrass: The new king of turfgrass weeds? J.S. McElroy, Ph.D.2015. Golf Course Management. Vol. 83:5. pp. 90-94. Always read and follow label directions. FMC, FMC logo and Dismiss are registered trademarks of FMC Corporation. ©2017 FMC Corporation. All rights reserved.。
扁蓿豆种内杂种鉴定及其F1和F2代主要农艺性状优势分析
第 32 卷第 7 期Vol.32，No.7229-2392023 年 7 月草业学报ACTA PRATACULTURAE SINICA董佳琦，杨艳婷，范文强，等. 扁蓿豆种内杂种鉴定及其F1和F2代主要农艺性状优势分析. 草业学报， 2023， 32（7）： 229−239.DONG Jia-qi， YANG Yan-ting， FAN Wen-qiang，et al. Identification of Medicago ruthenica hybrids and heterosis analysis of main agronomic traits in F1 and F2. Acta Prataculturae Sinica， 2023， 32（7）： 229−239.扁蓿豆种内杂种鉴定及其F1和F2代主要农艺性状优势分析董佳琦1，杨艳婷2，范文强1，王佳妮1，石凤翎1*（1.内蒙古农业大学草原与资源环境学院，内蒙古呼和浩特 010011；2.中国农业科学院草原研究所，内蒙古呼和浩特 010010）摘要：扁蓿豆是一种抗逆性强，遗传多样性丰富的豆科牧草，可作为同属牧草的杂交育种材料，为其提供丰富的基因资源。
而如何获得真杂交种是开展杂交育种和杂种优势利用的重要基础。
为获得遗传性状更加丰富的扁蓿豆新种质材料，以株型直立且高产的直立型扁蓿豆和抗逆性强的野生扁蓿豆（黄花变异材料，简称黄花扁蓿豆）为亲本，采取正反交配置了两个杂交组合。
通过相关序列扩增多态性（SRAP）分子标记技术从118个杂交F1代中鉴定出85个真杂种。
从直立型扁蓿豆♀×黄花扁蓿豆♂的杂种F1代中获得其F2代，进一步对表现优良的13株F1代和20株F2代的株高、株型指数、一级分枝数、近似叶面积、叶茎比和单株地上生物量等主要农艺性状进行杂种优势分析。
结果表明：F1代各性状的表型值变异系数为18.82%~45.72%，其中单株地上生物量、叶茎比、一级分枝数变异较大。
牧草种子学 英语
牧草种子学英语Grass Seed ScienceGrass seed science is the study of the various types of grass seeds, their characteristics, and how they can be effectively utilized in agriculture, landscaping, and environmental conservation. It involves understanding the different species of grasses, their growth patterns, nutritional requirements, and the best practices for cultivating and maintaining healthy grasslands.One of the primary goals of grass seed science is to identify and develop new varieties of grass seeds that are more resilient, drought-tolerant, and disease-resistant. This can help improve the productivity and sustainabilityof grasslands, especially in areas with challenging environmental conditions. Additionally, research in thisfield also focuses on enhancing the nutritional value of grasses for livestock and wildlife, as well as their potential for soil erosion control and carbon sequestration.To achieve these objectives, grass seed science encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including genetics,agronomy, soil science, plant physiology, and ecology. Researchers in this field conduct experiments to assess the performance of different grass species under varying environmental conditions, and to understand the underlying genetic and physiological mechanisms that influence their growth and development. This knowledge is then used to develop improved grass seed varieties through selective breeding, genetic engineering, and other advanced biotechnological approaches.Furthermore, grass seed science also plays a crucialrole in promoting sustainable land management practices and environmental conservation. By understanding the ecological functions of different grass species and their impact on biodiversity, water quality, and ecosystem stability, scientists can provide valuable insights for designing and implementing effective grassland restoration and conservation programs. This is particularly important in the context of global efforts to combat climate change and preserve natural habitats.In summary, grass seed science is a multidisciplinary field that addresses the complex challenges related to thecultivation, utilization, and conservation of grasslands.By integrating knowledge from various scientific disciplines, researchers in this field contribute to the development of innovative solutions for enhancing the productivity, resilience, and ecological value of grasses, thereby benefiting both agricultural and environmental systems.牧草种子学牧草种子学是研究各种类型的草籽、它们的特性以及如何有效地利用它们在农业、园林和环境保护中的学科。
科技期刊中会议论文的著录情况调查与分析
第34卷第2期湖南科技学院学报V ol.34 No.2 2013年2月 Journal of Hunan University of Science and Engineering Feb.2013科技期刊中会议论文的著录情况调查与分析沈小玲（湖南师范大学 期刊社，湖南 长沙 410081）摘 要：论文对《中文核心期刊目录总览（第六版）》自然科学类120种刊物会议论文的著录情况进行调查分析，指出目前会议论文的著录格式共有6种，以GB/T7714-2005《文后参考文献著录规则》为依据，提出会议论文的著录仅有两种合理格式。
关键词：科技期刊；会议论文；文后参考文献著录规则中图分类号：G237文献标识码：A 文章编号：1673-2219（2013）02-0195-02一引言对于一篇论文或一部专著，文后参考文献的著录是不可缺少的[1]204。
文后参考文献是指为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源。
为指导期刊编辑按照一定的规则对文后参考文献进行著录，中国国家标准化管理委员发 布GB/T7714-2005《文后参考文献著录规则》[2]（以下称为新标准）。
因此，按照新标准对文后参考文献进行著录，是每个科技期刊编辑义不容辞的责任。
近10年来，越来越多 的会议论文出现在数学和计算机科学稿件的文后参考文献中，科技期刊关于会议论文的著录问题就显得越来越重要了[3-12]。
二目前科技期刊关于会议论文的著录情况分析自新标准颁布7年来，我国科技期刊刊关于会议论文的著录情况如何呢？为此笔者查看了《中文核心期刊目录总览（第六版）》自然科学类120种刊物2011年发表的论文，发现会议论文的著录主要存在如下6种格式：格式1.主要责任者.析出文献题名[C]//会议录名称.出版地:出版者,出版年,页码.如：[2]WEI Chuanfeng,QIE Dianfu.Deep space environment’s effect on the lunar explorer’s thermal control and its ground simulation[C]//Proceedings of International Lunar Conference 2005,7th ILEWG Conference on Exp, location and Utilization of the Moon (ICEUM7).Toronto:ESA,2005:201-205.(哈尔滨工业大学学报,2011,43(9)：148.)按照这种格式著录会议论文的刊物共有61种，占所调收稿日期：2013－01－10作者简介：沈小玲（1971－），女，湖南常德人，理学博士，讲师，主要研究编辑学和图论。
重新定义我国《草原法》中的“草原”
第30卷第2期Vol.30，No.2190-1982021年2月草业学报ACTA PRATACULTURAE SINICA 赵安.重新定义我国《草原法》中的“草原”.草业学报，2021，30（2）：190−198.ZHAO An.Redefining “grassland ”in Grassland Law of China.Acta Prataculturae Sinica ，2021，30（2）：190−198.重新定义我国《草原法》中的“草原”赵安（中国社会科学院大学农村发展系，北京108422）摘要：我国现行《草原法》对草原的定义为“本法所称草原，是指天然草原和人工草地”。
梳理了植物学阶段、生态学阶段、生态系统阶段、人类生态学阶段等不同历史阶段对草原的不同定义，认为现行《草原法》中对草原的定义在生态学和法学中都已经过于陈旧和狭窄。
“草原”至少应该是指“天然草原、人工草地，以及包含自然环境和人类活动在内的草地生态系统。
”但这需要突破传统法理学中的法律关系，即将“人与自然（准人类）”的关系上升为新的法律关系，指出从“生态系统管理立法”理论的视角，重新审定《草原法》法学指导思想已经成为必要。
关键词：草原；草原法；环境法；生态系统管理立法Redefining “grassland ”in Grassland Law of ChinaZHAO AnDepartment of rural development ，University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences ，Beijing 108422，ChinaAbstract ：The current Grassland Law of China defines grassland with the words “the grassland referred to in this Law refers to natural grassland and artificial grassland ”.This paper reviews the different definitions of grassland from different disciplinary perspectives ，including botanical ，ecological ，ecosystem and human ecology considerations ，and holds that the definition of ‘grassland ’in current grassland law is archaic and too narrow ，both from ecological and legal viewpoints.A definition of ‘Grassland ’should at least refer to natural grassland ，artificial grassland ，and grassland ecosystems ，including the natural environment and human activities.Morover ，the definition of ‘Grassland ’needs to break through the legal relationship in traditional jurisprudence.That is ，the relationship between human and nature （quasi human ）will rise to a new category of legal relationship.It is pointed out that it is necessary to review the guiding ideology of Grassland Law from the perspective of the theory of ecosystem management and related legislation.Key words ：grassland ；grassland law ；environmental law ；legislation of ecosystem management1985年发布的第一部《中华人民共和国草原法》［1］（以下简称《草原法》）第2条规定：“本法适用于我国境内的一切草原，包括草山、草地”。
Helena 11-8-5 液体氮肥料用于植物叶片溶液注射的保质说明说明书
Disclaimer: Always refer to the label on the product before using Helena or any other product.AN INORGANIC LIQUID NUTRIENT FOR FOLIAR FEEDING OF PLANTS11-8-5GUARANTEED ANALYSISTotal Nitrogen (N) …………………………………………………………………….... 11.00% 2.40% Ammoniacal Nitrogen 8.60% Urea NitrogenAvailable Phosphate (P 2O 5) ………………………………………………………….… 8.00% Soluble Potash (K 2O) …………………………………………………………………… 5.00% Boron (B) …………………………………………………………………………………. 0.02% Cobalt (Co) ………………………………………………………………………….... 0.0005% Copper (Cu) …………………………………………………………………………...…. 0.05% 0.05% Chelated Copper (Cu)Iron (Fe) ………………………………………………………………………………...… 0.10% 0.10% Chelated Iron (Fe)Manganese (Mn) ……………………………………………………………………….... 0.05% 0.05% Chelated Manganese (Mn)Molybdenum (Mo) ………………………………………………………………….… 0.0005% Zinc (Zn) ………………………………………………………………………………….. 0.05% 0.05% Chelated Zinc (Zn)Derived from potassium hydroxide, ammonium phosphate, urea, sodium tetraborate, cobalt sulfate, ammonium molybdate, iron EDTA, copper EDTA, manganese EDTA and zinc EDTA.The chelating agent is EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). Contains 2.45 lbs. of plant nutrients per gallon.Chlorine (Cl), Maximum ………………………….…………………………….……….. 1.00%KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDRENWARNINGMay be harmful if swallowedMay be harmful in contact with skin Causes eye irritation Causes mild skin irritation May be harmful if inhaledMay cause an allergic skin reactionWT. PER GAL: 10.13 lbs. (4.59 kg) SN 0815/0917G Information about the components of this lot of fertilizer may be obtained by writing to Helena Chemical Company, 225 Schilling Boulevard, Suite 300, Collierville, TN 38017 and giving the lot number which is found on the container.Information regarding the contents and levels of metals in this product is available on the Internet at /metals.htm F224MANUFACTURED FORHELENA CHEMICAL COMPANY225 SCHILLING BOULEVARD, SUITE 300 COLLIERVILLE, TN 38017 901-761-0050PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTSHAZARDS TO HUMANS AND DOMESTIC ANIMALSWARNINGBEFORE USING THIS PRODUCT, READ ALL PRECAUTIONS, DIRECTIONS FOR USE, CONDITIONS OF SALE–LIMITED WARRANTY AND LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY AND REMEDIES.May be harmful if swallowed. May be harmful in contact with skin. Causes eye irritation. Causes mild skin irritation. May be harmful if inhaled. May cause an allergic skinreaction. Keep product locked up and out of the reach of children. Wash thoroughly with soap and water after handling and before eating, drinking, chewing gum or smoking tobacco. Remove and wash contaminated clothing before reuse. Do not take internally. Avoid contact with or inhalation of spray application mist if present. Do not apply this product in such a manner as to directly expose workers or other persons. If product is being mixed with pesticides and/or spray adjuvants, follow all precautionary statements on the accompanying product(s) labeling. Not for human or animal consumption. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Wear protective eyewear (goggles or face shield), chemical-resistant gloves, long-sleeved shirt and long pants, and shoes plus socks. Do not smoke, drink, or eat while using this product. Take off any contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. FIRST AID IF IN EYES: ∙ Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. ∙ Call a poison control center or doctor for treatmentadvice.IF SWALLOWED: ∙ Call a POISON CENTER or doctor immediately.∙ Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. ∙ Do not give anything by mouth to an unconsciousperson. ∙ Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor.IF INHALED: ∙ Move person to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing if they feel unwell.∙ If not breathing, call 911 or an ambulance, then giveartificial respiration, preferably mouth-to-mouth if possible. ∙ Call a POISON CENTER or doctor for treatmentadvice.IF ON SKIN OR HAIR: ∙ Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water or shower.∙ Get medical attention if irritation develops or persists. ∙Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.HOT LINE NUMBERHave the product container or label with you when calling a poison control center or doctor, or going for treatment. You may also contact 1-800-424-9300 for emergency medical treatment information.STORAGE AND DISPOSALDo not contaminate water, food or feed by storage or disposal.STORAGE: Store in original container only. Keep container tightly closed. Do not allow water to be introduced into the contents of this container. Do not store near heat or open flame. Do not store with oxidizing agents or ammonium nitrate. Keep locked up and out of the reach of children.CONTAINER DISPOSAL: Do not reuse empty container. Triple rinse (or equivalent) during mixing and loading and add rinse water to spray tank. Recycling decontaminated containers is the best option of container disposal. The Agricultural Container Recycling Council (ACRC) operates the national recycling program. To contact your state and local ACRC recycler visit the ACRC web page at . Decontaminated containers may also be disposed of in a sanitary landfill.For help in chemical emergencies involving spill, leak, fire or exposure call toll free 1-800-424-9300.WARNING: Contains Boron and Molybdenum . Do not use on plants sensitive to Boron . Forage crops high in Molybdenum may be toxic to grazing ruminant animals. Foliar fertilization is intended as a supplement to a regular fertilization program and will not, by itself, provide all the nutrients normally required by agricultural crops.ELE-MAX® NUTRIENT CONCENTRATE is a normal liquid plant nutrient that provides plants with many of the necessary elements required for growth. It provides trace elements and plant nutrients which improves the general plant condition and is a valuable supplement to soil fertilizer programs, particularly where there are adverse conditions for the uptake of primary nutrients from the soil.In Virginia, this lawn/turf fertilizer contains phosphorous and is only for nonagricultural use on (i) turf during its first growing season, (ii) on turf areas being repaired orrenovated, and (iii) on turf where a soil test performed within the last 3 years indicates a phosphorous deficiency. This fertilizer is not for the routine maintenance of turf. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES pH Value: 5.0-6.0 in undiluted material. 6.7 in 0.2% aqueous solution. Temperature Sensitivity: Unaffected down to 5°C or 41°F. Lower temperature willresult in partial crystallization but the product will reconstitute above 5°C or 41°F.Compatibility: ELE-MAX® NUTRIENT CONCENTRATE is compatible withmost fungicides, insecticides and herbicides, some exceptions are alkaline mixtures like lime sulfur.RECOMMENDATIONSELE-MAX® NUTRIENT CONCENTRATE may be applied to many crops (including row crops) since all plants are capable of absorbing nutrients through the leaves. The use of ELE-MAX® NUTRIENT CONCENTRATE for foliar feeding is particularly advantageous on crops that have fast and heavy foliar growth, including vegetable plants, potatoes, sugar beets, grapes, hops, cotton, citrus fruits, coffee, tobacco, etc. The application of ELE-MAX® NUTRIENT CONCENTRATE is also recommended in combination with herbicidal sprays in many cereals and row crops.SUGGESTED DIRECTIONSELE-MAX® NUTRIENT CONCENTRATE should be used in all crop protection sprays with minimum volumes of 5 gallons/A by ground and 2 gallons/A by air.The following table is a guide for the use of ELE-MAX® NUTRIENT CONCENTRATE as a plant nutrient. Rates and frequency of application will depend on individual management programs. Use of ELE-MAX® NUTRIENT CONCENTRATE on any crops not listed on this table must be as a result of recommendations from your local agricultural authority.Suggested Rate(1)Crop Quart/Acre Remarks Alfalfa(2) 1-2Apply after each cutting forhay. On seed alfalfa, make4 applications.All Fruit and Nut Trees 2 Apply with pre- and post-blossom crop protectionsprays.Apples, Peaches, Pears 2-3 Apply with crop protectionsprays. Include in eachapplication of the summerspray program.Beans(2), Peas(2), Corn(2), Rye, Safflower, Barley(2), Sorghum, Oats and Wheat(2)1-2 Apply with crop protectionsprays or at 7- to 10-dayintervals. Begin 3 weeksafter emergence.Bush Fruit, Boysenberries, etc. 1-2 Apply with crop protectionsprays.Cabbage(2), Cauliflower(2), Kale, Brussels Sprouts(2), Spinach(2), Turnips, Broccoli(2), etc. 1-2 Apply at 7- to 10-dayintervals. A minimum of 4applicationsrecommended.Cantaloupes(2) 2Apply once per weekthroughout the growingseason.Carrots(2), Parsley, Artichokes 1-3 Frequency of applicationdepends on prevailingweather conditions andamount of growth desired.Do not use more than 1quart per 10 gallons ofspray.Celery(2), Lettuce(2), Endive, Chinese Cabbage, etc. 1 Begin applications as soonas 3rd and 4th leavesbegin to form. Apply at 7-to 10-day intervals.Citrus, Avocados(2) 1-6Apply with crop protectionsprays.Cotton 1 pt.-1 qt. Apply any time prior to firstbloom for quicker recoveryfrom stress conditions. Cucumbers(2) 4Apply 2-3 weeks beforefirst bloom and 14 dayslater.Grapes, Table, Wine, Raisin & Juice ½ gal. per acre At 6-inch shoot stage, andat prebloom stage ofgrowth. Sequentialapplications as needed.Hops 2-3Apply when vines arehalfway to wire. Repeat intwo weeks.Mints 2-3Apply with crop protectionsprays.Muskmelon(2) 4Apply 2-3 weeks beforefirst bloom and 10-14 dayslater. Onions(field grown)1-2 Apply at 6 leaf stage.Repeat if necessary 10- to14-days later. Also, mayapply 2 quarts/acre at bulbswelling, repeated once ortwice at 10- to 14-dayintervals.Peanuts 1-3 Apply with crop protectionsprays.Potatoes(2) and Peppers 1-2 Apply with crop protectionsprays or at 7- to 10-dayintervals. Begin 3 weeksafter emergence.Rice 1-2 Apply at Panicle Initiationor early booting. Do notapply at both growthstages as a reduction inyield may occur. Squash, Melons(2),Pumpkins2-4 Apply 2-3 weeks beforefirst bloom and 10-14 dayslater.Soybeans(2)1-3 Anytime during thegrowing season for fasterrecovery from stressconditions. Apply with cropprotection sprays.Sugar Beets(2)1-2 2-3 applications haveshown marked increasesin beet and sugar yields. Tobacco(2) forTransplanting4 Apply in transplant water.Tobacco(2) for beds 1 Water beds in usualmanner. Frequency ofapplication depends uponamount of color andgrowth desired. Tobacco(2)1-2 Apply with crop protectionsprays.Tomatoes(2), Canning 1-2 20 gallons water at firstfruit set, 1" fruit and firstcolor.Tomatoes(2), Fresh 1 Apply with crop protectionsprays or at 7- to 10-dayintervals. Begin 3 weeksafter emergence. Transplanting(except tobacco)2-4 Apply in transplant water.Do not apply to cropsbefore or during cotyledonstage.General Use 1 qt. per 100 gals.or 1-3 qts. per acreApply to crops andornamentals in regularcrop protection sprayprograms. Monthlyapplications of ELE-MAX®NUTRIENTCONCENTRATE to plantsare highly beneficial. Note (1): Use in accordance with recommendations of a qualified individual or institution, such as, but not limited to, a certified crop advisor, agronomist, university crop extension publication, or apply according to recommendations in your approved nutrient management plan.Note (2): FOR USE IN WISCONSIN: ELE-MAX® NUTRIENT CONCENTRATE can be applied to these crops commonly grown in Wisconsin and requiring a medium to high level of one or more of the following: boron, copper, manganese, molybdenum and/or zinc.NURSERY & GREENHOUSE: Use 1 quart per 100 gallons of water on plants, flowers, shrubs and trees for direct spray to foliage and for transplanting work. For preparing transplant slurry add 2 ounces per 3 gallon bucket of puddled soil. NOTE: In a sprinkler system, use 1 pint per 100 gallons or more of water every 2-3 weeks or 4 ounces per 100 gallons or more of water 2-3 times a week per 400 sq. ft. of area. Do not apply prior to 21 days after planting.COMMERCIAL TURF AREAS: For Kentucky and Merion Blue, Bent, Bermuda and Zoysia grasses. The type of grass, color and rate of growth will dictate rate andDisclaimer: Always refer to the label on the product before using Helena or any other product.Disclaimer: Always refer to the label on the product before using Helena or any other product.frequency of application. For golf course applications, 7 oz. per 1,000 sq. ft. equals 1/16 lb. of Nitrogen; 14 oz. per 1,000 sq. ft. equals 1/8 lb. of Nitrogen.DO NOT APPLY NEAR WATER, STORM DRAINS, OR DRAINAGE DITCHES. DO NOT APPLY IF HEAVY RAIN IS EXPECTED. APPLY THIS PRODUCT ONLY TO YOUR LAWN/GARDEN.ELE-MAX® NUTRIENT CONCENTRATE can be combined with fungicides and/or soil insect treatments (see Compatibility). Apply 1 qt. in 100 gallons of water per 5,000 sq. ft. or 6 oz. in 10 gallons per 1,000 sq. ft. Apply monthly starting February or March. More frequent applications for desirable color and growth, especially on Bermuda and Zoysia grasses. Apply with watering can, hose proportioner or sprayer. CONDITIONS OF SALE–LIMITED WARRANTY AND LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY AND REMEDIESRead the Conditions of Sale–Warranty and Limitations of Liability and Remedies before using this product. If the terms are not acceptable, return the product, unopened, and the full purchase price will be refunded.This label is believed to be reliable and must be followed carefully. Injury to the crop to which the product is applied may result from the occurrence of extraordinary or unusual weather conditions or the failure to follow the label directions or good application practices, all of which are beyond the control of Helena Chemical Company (the "Company") or seller. In addition, failure to follow label directions may cause injury to crops, animals, man or the environment. The Company warrants that this product conforms to the chemical description on the label and is reasonably fit for the purpose referred to subject to the factors noted above which are beyond the control of the Company. The Company makes no other warranties or representations of any kind, express or implied, concerning the product, including no implied warranty ofmerchantability or fitness for any particular purpose, and no such warranty shall be implied by law.The exclusive remedy against the Company for any cause of action relating to the handling or use of this product shall be limited to, at Helena Chemical Company’s election, one of the following:1. Refund of the purchase price paid by buyer or user for product bought, or2. Replacement of the product usedTo the extent allowed by law, the Company shall not be liable and any and all claims against the Company are waived for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages or expense of any nature, including, but not limited to, loss of profits orincome. The Company and the seller offer this product and the buyer and user accept it, subject to the foregoing conditions of sale and limitation of warranty, liability and remedies.© Copyright Helena Holding Company, 2017ELE-MAX® and PRECISION NUTRITION® are registered trademarks of Helena Holding Company.。
珍稀濒危及保护植物植物的定义及鉴定
桃儿七 Podophyllum hexandrum
金毛狗脊 Cibotium barometz
蛇根木Rauvolfia serpentina
国家重点保护野生植物是指受国家法律重点保护的野生植物。1984年7月24日 国务院环境保护委员会公布《中国珍稀濒危保护植物名录》，目的是对我国的珍稀 濒危植物予以正式确认，进行重点保护。该名录共列出濒危、渐危、稀有植物354种， 并分别规定了每种植物的保护级别。虽然该目录第一次对我国的珍稀濒危植物进行 了确认和保护，但是并没有相应的法律来规范和保护。
蕨类植物Pteridophytes
观音座莲科
Angiopteridaceae
法斗观音座莲
Angiopteris sparsisora
二回原始观音座莲 Archangiopteris bipinnata
亨利原始观音座莲 Archangiopteris henryi
铁角蕨科
Aspleniaceae
对开蕨
Cephalotaxaceae Cephalotaxus lanceolata Cephalotaxus oliveri Cupressaceae Calocedrus macrolepis Chamaecyparis formosensis
岷江柏木 巨柏 福建柏 朝鲜崖柏 苏铁科 苏铁属（所有种） 银杏科
Abies beshanzuensis
秦岭冷杉
Abies chensiensis
梵净山冷杉
Abies fanjingshanensis
元宝山冷杉
Abies yuanbaoshanensis
资源冷杉（大院冷 杉）
Abies ziyuanensis
银杉
Cathaya argyrophylla
主题关于草的英语作文
主题关于草的英语作文Title: The Significance of Grass: An Exploration。
Grass, in its myriad forms, stands as a ubiquitous symbol of vitality and resilience in our natural world. Its presence spans continents, climates, and cultures, offering a rich tapestry of ecological, aesthetic, and practical significance. In this discourse, we delve into the multifaceted role of grass, exploring its ecological importance, cultural symbolism, and practical utility.Ecologically, grass plays a pivotal role in the sustenance of diverse ecosystems. As a primary producer, it forms the foundation of food chains, providing nourishment for an array of herbivores, from insects to mammals. Grasslands, characterized by expanses of grasses, support a plethora of species, fostering biodiversity and ecological stability. Moreover, grasses contribute to soil retention, preventing erosion and maintaining soil fertility—a vital function in mitigating the impacts of climate change.Beyond its ecological importance, grass holds profound cultural significance across civilizations. In many societies, grass is imbued with symbolism representing renewal, growth, and vitality. Ancient cultures revered grass as a symbol of fertility, associating its lush greenery with the abundance of life. In literature and art, grass often serves as a motif evoking themes of endurance and resilience. Consider the timeless proverb, "The grass is always greener on the other side," encapsulating the universal human tendency to yearn for what lies beyond our reach.Moreover, grass features prominently in variouscultural practices and traditions. From the rolling plains of the American Midwest to the savannas of Africa, grasslands have shaped the lifestyles and livelihoods of indigenous peoples for millennia. Nomadic pastoralists rely on grasslands to sustain their herds, while agricultural communities cultivate grasses for fodder, thatching, and medicinal purposes. In festivals and rituals, grasses are woven into intricate decorations, underscoring theirsymbolic significance in communal celebrations.Practically, grass serves as a versatile resource with manifold applications. Beyond its role in agriculture and animal husbandry, grass finds use in landscaping, erosion control, and recreational activities. Turf grasses adorn parks, golf courses, and sports fields, providing a lush backdrop for leisure and play. Moreover, the therapeutic value of grass cannot be overstated, as evidenced by the restorative effects of spending time in green spaces—a phenomenon known as "biophilia."However, amidst its myriad virtues, grass is not without its challenges. Invasive grass species pose athreat to native ecosystems, outcompeting indigenous flora and disrupting delicate ecological balances. Moreover, the extensive monoculture of certain grass species for agricultural purposes can lead to soil degradation and loss of biodiversity. Climate change further exacerbates these issues, with altered precipitation patterns and rising temperatures posing challenges to grassland ecosystems worldwide.In conclusion, grass stands as a symbol of resilience, adaptability, and interconnectedness in our natural world. Its ecological, cultural, and practical significance underscores the profound impact of this humble plant on human societies and the broader ecosystem. As stewards of the Earth, it behooves us to cherish and conserve grasslands, recognizing their intrinsic value in sustaining life and fostering harmony in our ever-changing world.。
01-第一章-草坪学
第三节 草坪发展史
在15世纪，英国开始流行和普及高尔夫球运 动，进一步促进了草坪的发展。
风靡世界的高尔夫运动
第三节 草坪发展史
17～18世纪，草坪在 庭园中发挥了较大的作用， 此时，在有关庭园的专著 中，出现了草坪建立、管 理的内容。 18 世纪就有了从低草 的翦股颖和羊茅收获草种 子和不能用高草建立草坪 的记录。
turfgrass: 草坪草 The term turfgrass is prefered to turf since the latter term has been associated with horse racing for many years
(Turfgrass science and culture,James B Beard,1973)
第一节 草坪的概念
三、有关草坪概念的部分用语 sward 相当于草地、草甸、人工草地、草层，是草本植 物群体的地上、地下部分的总称。 A sward is the grassy surface of a turf that may be composed of one or more species Sod 指草皮、草块、草皮卷、草毯等 Sod refers to plugs,blocks,squares,or strips of turfgrass plus the adhering soil that are used for vegetation planting lawn是指草坪、草地，泛指庭院草坪或装饰草坪。 Ground that is covered with fine texture grass and is kept colsely mowed is called a lawn
夏汉平. 美国草坪业的发展历史、现状及思考. 草业科学.2002,19(2):60~64
餐厅菜单翻译
炒炭 # carbonizing by stir-frying
煅炭 # carbonizing by calcining
制炭存性 # burn as charcoal with function preserved
煨[制] # roasting
蒸[制] # steaming
人参叶 # ginseng leaf
儿茶 # cutch; black catechu
九里香 # murraya jasminorage
九香虫 # stink-bug
刀豆 # jack bean
辅料 # adjuvant material
麸炒 # stir-frying with bran
土炒 # fried with earth
烫[制] # scalding
砂烫 # heated with sand
煅[制] # calcining
明煅 # calcining openly
煅淬 # calcining and quenching
醋炙 # stir-frying with vinegar
醋煮 # boiling with vinegar
醋蒸 # steaming with vinegar
盐制 # processing with salt-water
盐炙 # stir-frying with salt-water
盐蒸 # steaming with salt-water
木通 #
川木通 #
关木通 # manchurian dutchmanspipe stem
木蝴蝶 # Indian trumpetflower seed
酒店英文英语翻译
月季花 # Chinese rose flower
丹参 # danshen root
乌药 # combined spicebush root
乌梢蛇 # black-tail snake
乌梅 # smoked plum
火麻仁 # hemp seed
泡润 # soaking moistening
切[制] # cutting
[切]片 # slicing
[切]段 # sectioning
[切]块 # chopping
[切]丝 # sliver
炒[制] # stir-frying
清炒 # simple stir-frying
加辅料炒 # fried with adjuvant material
禁忌 # contraindications
配伍禁忌 # incompatibility of drugs in prescription
证候禁忌 # incompatibility of drugs in pattern
妊娠禁忌[药] # contraindications during pregnancy
辛 # pungent
甘 # sweet
酸 # sour
苦 # bitter
咸 # salty
淡 # tasteless
涩 # astringent
升降浮沉 # ascending and descending, floating and sinking
归经 # channel tropism
天仙藤 # dutchmanspipe vine