Software UsabilityBy Robert J Remington

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你想不想试试 IBM 试图推广给每个人的量子计算机？

你想不想试试 IBM 试图推广给每个人的量子计算机？只能在《好奇心日报（）》发布，即使我们允许了也不许＊本文本文只能在《好奇心日报（转载＊SAN FRANCISCO — Prime Minister Justin Trudeau of 旧金山电 - 加拿大总理贾斯汀·特鲁多（Justin Trudeau）最近凭借对于量子计算这一前沿技术的简单解释登上了国际新闻头条。

现在，IBM 正在尝试一些类似的事情，他们制造了一台研究型量子计算机，并将一个相对简单的教程放到了网上，供所有人使用。

这种新型计算机据说可以利用最基本的能量和物质特性，实现超越当今数字系统的计算速度。

长期以来，这一构想既让人充满希望，又让人疑虑重重。

这种系统以“量子位”即量子比特的概念为基础。

量子比特这一基本值所包含的信息比经典数字计算所使用的 1 和 0 包含的信息要大得多。

IBM 制造的计算系统只包含五个量子比特，无法替代当前的个人计算机。

不过，IBM 的 Quantum Experience 项目可以让学生、爱好者甚至正规研究人员体验一种全新的算法，这种算法与当前包括文字处理和语音识别在内的一切应用所使用的算法都完全不同。

纽约州约克敦海茨 IBM 托马斯·J·沃森研究中心实验性量子计算小组主管杰里·M·周（Jerry M. Chow）表示：“该项目以教育为目的，但同时也是更大型主机的开端。

”IBM 研究人员最近展示了一台量子计算机。

他们相信，这台机器未来将扩展成拥有数百个量子比特的计算机，能够以高于当今计算机的速度运行各种不同的算法。

一些量子计算理论家相信，这样一台计算机将来可能演变成一台“万能”计算机，能够以远远高于当今计算机的速度执行任何任务。

IBM 一直在逐渐增强其量子计算机的能力，这台机器由一个使用金属材料的量子比特网络组成，这些金属的温度需要降至绝对零度附近，以获得超导性能。

人工智能——课后习题2018年12月

1.1育才新工科-人工智能简介已完成成绩：100.0分1【判断题】《人工智能》课程为理工类通选课,本课程给予学生的主要是思想而不是知识。

我的答案：√得分：100.0分1.2图灵是谁？已完成成绩：100.0分1【单选题】图灵曾协助军方破解()的著名密码系统Enigma。

•A、英国•B、美国•C、德国•D、日本我的答案：C得分：33.3分2【判断题】图灵使用博弈论的方法破解了Enigma。

我的答案：√得分：33.3分3【判断题】电影《模仿游戏》是纪念图灵诞生90周年而拍摄的电影。

我的答案：×得分：33.4分1.3为什么图灵很灵？已完成成绩：100.0分1【单选题】1950年,图灵在他的论文()中,提出了关于机器思维的问题。

•A、《论数字计算在决断难题中的应用》•B、《论可计算数及其在判定问题中的应用》•C、《可计算性与λ可定义性》•D、《计算和智能》我的答案：D得分：33.3分2【判断题】图灵测试是指测试者与被测试者(一个人和一台机器)隔开的情况下,通过一些装置(如键盘)向被测试者随意提问。

如果测试者不能确定出被测试者是人还是机器,那么这台机器就通过了测试,并被认为具有人类智能。

我的答案：√得分：33.3分3【判断题】存在一种人类认为的可计算系统与图灵计算不等价。

我的答案：×得分：33.4分1.4为什么图灵不灵？已完成成绩：100.0分1【单选题】在政府报告中,()的报告使用“机器智能”这个词汇。

•A、中国•B、英国•C、德国•D、美国我的答案：D得分：25.0分2【单选题】以下叙述不正确的是()。

•A、图灵测试混淆了智能和人类的关系•B、机器智能的机制必须与人类智能相同•C、机器智能可以完全在特定的领域中超越人类智能•D、机器智能可以有人类智能的创造力我的答案：B得分：25.0分3【多选题】机器智能可以有自己的“人格”体现主要表现在()。

•A、模型间的对抗—智能进化的方式•B、机器智能的协作—机器智能的社会组织•C、机器智能是社会的实际生产者•D、机器智能可以有人类智能的创造力我的答案：ABC得分：25.0分4【判断题】图灵测试存在的潜台词是机器智能的极限可以超越人的智能,机器智能可以不与人的智能可比拟。

8_theDocuments

Measurements
One of the biggest problems with requirements is vagueness What exactly is meant by “good performance”, “high security”, “low network bandwidth” If we read a requirements document and come across such phrases, we need to ask for definitions with numbers in
Achievable
If there is no way for engineers to actually implement a requirement, IT SHOULD NOT BE A REQUIREMENT Putting in impossible things as a way to somehow 'motivate' people to work harder is a mistake that rather stupid managers sometimes make–this does not work!
Traceable
Where has this requirement come from? Was it a conversation with a customer? Is it implicit in a grand but vague statement the customer has made? How did this 'requirement' item come to be on the list? There should always be a trail backwards to where the requirement came from!

软件测试项目个人总结

软件测试项目个人总结（实用版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。

文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的实用范文，如工作计划、工作总结、演讲稿、合同范本、心得体会、条据文书、应急预案、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!Moreover, our store provides various types of practical sample essays for everyone, such as work plans, work summaries, speech drafts, contract templates, personal experiences, policy documents, emergency plans, teaching materials, complete essays, and other sample essays. If you want to learn about different formats and writing methods of sample essays, please stay tuned!软件测试项目个人总结软件测试项目个人总结（通用15篇）软件测试项目个人总结篇1回顾20X年5月入职到现在大半年的工作，我在公司领导及各位同事的支持和帮助下，按照公司要求，比较好地完成了本职工作现将这一年的工作情况总结如下：一、项目时间点及各阶段工作二、测试总结严重性缺陷占到整个缺陷数量的百分之四十、从实际测试工作来看，代表性大致可分为以下几类：点击“新增”报错、查询报错、保存报错等直观的缺陷。

测试岗位招聘笔试题与参考答案(某世界500强集团)2025年

2025年招聘测试岗位笔试题与参考答案(某世界500强集团)(答案在后面)一、单项选择题（本大题有10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、以下哪个选项是测试岗位中常用的测试类型？A、功能测试B、性能测试C、兼容性测试D、以上都是2、在进行软件测试时，以下哪种缺陷报告格式是最佳实践？A、简单的文本描述B、详细描述，包含步骤、预期结果和实际结果C、仅包含步骤和实际结果D、只有代码片段3、在软件测试过程中，以下哪项不属于测试用例设计的方法？A. 黑盒测试B. 白盒测试C. 灰盒测试D. 脚本测试4、以下关于软件测试执行环境的描述，错误的是：A. 测试执行环境应尽量与生产环境保持一致B. 测试执行环境应具备足够的硬件和软件资源C. 测试执行环境应包含所有待测试软件的依赖库和配置文件D. 测试执行环境应由开发人员搭建和维护5、以下哪个测试指标通常用于评估软件系统的性能？A、代码行数B、缺陷密度C、响应时间D、代码覆盖率6、在软件测试过程中，以下哪种测试方法主要用于发现软件系统在高负载条件下的性能瓶颈？A、静态测试B、动态测试C、压力测试D、性能测试7、在软件测试中，以下哪项不属于黑盒测试的方法？A. 等价类划分B. 边界值分析C. 状态图法D. 回归测试8、以下哪个术语不是用于描述软件缺陷的生命周期？A. 缺陷报告B. 缺陷发现C. 缺陷确认D. 缺陷修正9、以下哪种测试方法主要用于评估软件产品的性能？A. 黑盒测试B. 白盒测试C. 单元测试D. 性能测试 10、在软件测试过程中，以下哪个阶段最容易出现缺陷？A. 需求分析阶段B. 设计阶段C. 编码阶段D. 测试阶段二、多项选择题（本大题有10小题，每小题4分，共40分）1、以下哪些是软件测试的基本类型？（）A、功能测试B、性能测试C、安全性测试D、兼容性测试E、回归测试2、以下关于敏捷测试的说法正确的是？（）A、敏捷测试强调团队协作和快速迭代B、敏捷测试不强调测试计划和控制C、敏捷测试更注重自动化测试D、敏捷测试要求测试人员具备多方面的技能E、敏捷测试适合所有类型的软件项目3、以下哪些技术或工具在测试岗位中经常被使用？（）A. SeleniumB. JMeterC. DockerD. GitE. Apache Kafka4、以下哪些说法符合软件测试的生命周期？（）A. 需求分析B. 设计测试用例C. 执行测试用例D. 测试报告E. 代码开发5、以下哪些是测试工程师在软件测试过程中需要关注的质量属性？（）A、功能性B、性能C、可用性D、安全性E、兼容性6、以下关于软件测试生命周期的说法正确的是：（）A、测试生命周期包括需求分析、设计、编码、测试和部署阶段B、测试生命周期是线性的，每个阶段完成后才能进入下一个阶段C、测试生命周期中，测试计划是在需求分析阶段制定的D、测试生命周期中，回归测试是在编码阶段进行的E、测试生命周期中，测试结束标志是软件部署到生产环境7、以下哪些是测试工程师在编写测试用例时应该遵循的原则？（）A、测试用例应该覆盖所有可能的输入和输出组合B、测试用例应该具有唯一性和可重复性C、测试用例应该易于理解和执行D、测试用例应该尽量减少依赖外部系统E、测试用例应该包括对异常情况的测试8、以下关于软件测试的生命周期描述正确的是？（）A、测试生命周期包括需求分析、设计测试用例、执行测试、测试报告和测试维护B、测试生命周期是一个线性的过程，一旦开始就无法回头C、测试生命周期应该与软件开发的生命周期同步D、测试生命周期中，测试用例的设计应该在需求分析阶段完成E、测试生命周期结束时，测试工作就全部完成9、以下哪些是测试岗位需要掌握的软件测试工具？（）A. SeleniumB. LoadRunnerC. JMeterD. QTPE. Xcode 10、以下哪些是测试用例设计的方法？（）A. 黑盒测试B. 白盒测试C. 等价类划分D. 边界值分析E. 随机测试三、判断题（本大题有10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、测试岗位的职责之一是确保软件开发过程中的缺陷能够在产品发布前被发现并修复。

软件测试与质量保障教学资料概述

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第1讲软件测试基础
软件测试定义、目的、原则软件测试过程模型测试人员的素质
11
什么是软件
12
一个“臭虫”引发的惨案
案例1 美国迪斯尼公司的狮子王游戏软件bug 兼容性问题
案例2 美国航天局火星登陆事故系统测试衔接问题
案例3 跨世纪“千年虫”问题案例4 爱国者导弹防御系统炸死自家人
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w缺陷容易被找出吗？
ª软件的特殊性决定了缺陷不易看到，即
“看不到”；
ª发现了缺陷，但不易找到问题发生的原
因所在,即“看到但是抓不到”。
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软件缺陷产生的原因
编写代码 15%
其他 4%
设计 26%
编制说明书设计编写代码其他
编制说明书 55%
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软件测试员的目标
发现软件缺陷
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1.2 软件测试的定义
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7.设计周密的测试用例
软件测试的本质就是针对要测试的内容确定一组测试用例。测试用例至少应包括：
执行测试用例前，应满足的前提条件输入预期输出
设计测试用例时，应当包括合理的输入条件和不合理的输入条件。
38
8.回归测试
程序修改后必须进行回归测试，避免引入新的错误。
9.严格执行测试计划，排除测试的随意性。
35
5.软件缺陷的寄生虫性
找到的软件缺陷越多，就说明软件缺陷越多原因： •程序员的疲倦 •程序员往往犯同样的错误 •某些软件的缺陷其实是大灾难的征兆
36
6.避免测试自己的程序
程序员轻易不会承认自己写的程序有错误；程序员的测试思路有局限性，做测试时很容易受到编程思路的影响；程序员测试不具有典型性
8

成人高等教育学士学位英语考试试卷

2005 年成人高等教育学士学位英语考试试卷Paper One试卷一(90 minutes)Part Ⅰ Dialogue Completion (15 points)Directions: There are 15 short imcomplete dialogues in this part, each followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one to complete the dialogue and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1.Client: Hello. May I speak to Mr. Smith?Secretary:____________A. Hello. Thanks for calling.B. Speaking,please.C. Hello. Who ’re you, please?D.I ’m sorry. He’s at a meeting now.2.Roommate A: I wish you wouldn ’thave your radio so loud.Roommate B:_____________A. I ’m afraid so.B.It ’s none of your business.C. Sorry! Is it disturbing you?D. Really? It ’s not my fault.3.Mary: We ’re having a few people over for a dinner Friday. We ’d love to have you.Tom:____________A.Oh, I ’dlove to . But I ’m afaid.B.Oh, really! What time should I come?C.No. I have to prepare for the exam.D.Yes. Though I have to take the exam.4.Son: I ’m terribly sorry. Mom. I ’ve broken an Italian vase.Mom: _________A. Oh, what a shame!B. Oh, dear. How awful it is!C. Oh, that doesn’tmatter.D. Oh, I ’m so sorry about that.5.Jane: Hello.Danny: Hi, Jane.Is John there, please?A.No. He ’s not here at the moment.B.No. He ’s away. Call back later.C.Sorry. I don ’tknow where he is .D.Sorry. He ’s not here right now. Any message?6.Teacher: You’re late again!Student: Sorry, ______________A. I won ’tdo that anymoreB. but it ’s my own business.C. I ’m afaid I ’ve oversleptD. but I need more sleep7.Guest: Oh, it ’s ten o’clock. I must be leaving now.Host: _________A.It ’s OK. Please walk slowly.B.Why do you want to go now?C.Yeah, it ’s really late. Do as you like.D.Won ’tyou stay for another cup of tea?8.Cathy: Do you mind opening the door for me ?Robert: __________.A. Yes, I ’lldo it.B. It ’s nothingC. That ’s all rightD. Not at all9.Katherine: Haven ’tseen you for ages, Linda! How are you getting on?Linda: Quite well. And you?Katherine: Pretty good. How ’s your husband?Linda: Oh, we ’ve got divorced.Katherine: ____________A. Oh, I ’m so sorry to hear that.B. What a shame!C. It’s really a problem.D. Hope you ’ll get better.10.Customs officer: Could I have your name, please?Passenger: It’s Paine, Sarah Paine.Customs officer: ________?Passenger: It’sP-A-I-N-E.A. How do you spell your last nameB. What ’s your last name, pleaseC. How to pronoune your last nameD. How could I speak your last name11.Stranger: ____________. Do you know where the nearest bank is , please? Resident: Sure. It ’s on King Street, between Sixth and Seventh Avenue. Stranger: Thank you.A. Help meB. Forgive meC. Excuse meD. Trouble you12.Mary: Peter, would you like to go to a party this Sunday?Peter: _______. What kind of party you mean?Mary: It ’s a birthday party.A. Sounds goodB. Looks niceC. Seems all rightD. Feels great13.Susan: That’s a beautiful skirt you have on!Lily:_________.A.Actually, I don ’tlike it very muchB.Oh, thank you . I just got it yesterdayC.Yes. But it isn ’tso as you saidD.No, it ’s not that beautiful . Yours is better14.John: May I use your computer this afternoon, Susie?A. Do as you pleaseB. Oh, I ’m sorryC. Thank you just the sameD. Never mind it15.Patient: I feel terrible today. My stomach doesn ’tfeel well at all.Doctor: _________ .A.You should take something for itB.That’s too bad for your healthC.It serves you rightD.Remember. Don’tdo that againPart ⅡReading Comprehension(40 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by 5 questions ornufinished statements. For each of them . there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose thebest one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage oneM ichael Phelps has already been considered by some as the greatest all-around competitor inthe history of his sport. At the 2004 U.S. Trials, Phelps qualified for Athens in six individual eventsacross every possible stroke. He finally earned five titles of Olympic champion. Should Phelpsmatch Mark Spitz ’s record in Athens or Beijing in 2008, he will earn a＄1 million bonus fromhis sponsor. Michael Phelps was born to June 30, 1985. His father was a good athlete, and passedhis ability on to his kids.Michael ’ s coach told Michaelc’ s mother that her son was a rare telent-limbed.Longwith bighands and feet, he took to instruction very well, loved to work hard and never seemed nervous iscompetition. By all accounts, his frame is perfect for a swimmer. His big hands and feet are likepaddles in the water. The butterfly is his signature stroke, but he’ s shown the ability to domin any event.In 1999,Michael broke a record in the 200-meter butterfly for the 20-year-old age group at thJunior Nationals.At 15, Michael became the youngest swimmer to compete Sydney Olympics forthe U.S.in 68 years. In an astonishing performance, he medaled six times and set five worldrecords. Michael won the 200-meter butterfly with a new world mark, and also turned in recordtimes in the 100-meter butterfly and 200-meter individual medley (混合泳 )— doing so on thesame day, which was a first in swimming history.Outside of his swimming career,Michael was a normal teenager.He didn’ t like getting out of the bed in the morning; but refused to slow down once his day began.Michael has his sights set onmore than Olympic glory.He wants to transform his sport the way other great athletes like MichaelJordan and Tiger Woods have.16.Which of the following is the biggest achievement of Michael Phelps so far?A. An all-around competitor in the history of swimming.B. Breaking of a record in the 200-meter butterfly.C. Six individual events across every possible stroke.D. Five titles of Olympic champion.17. From Paragraph 1 it can be inferred that the passage was written_______.A. right in 2005B. at a time between 2004 and 2005C. just before Athens 2004D. immediately after Athens 200418. Michael Phelps turned to be the youngest American swimmer_______.A. in 1999, when he broke a record in the 200-meter butterflyB. in 2004,when he attended Athens 2004C. in 2000, when he attended Sydney OlympicsD. in an astonishing performance at home in the U.S.19. ________hating to get out of his bed in the morning, Michae l Phelps wouldn’ t slow downonce his day began.A. AsB. ThoughC. OnceD. Despite of20.The last sentence of the passage tells us that Michael Phelps is so ambitious as to___________.A.win many more gold medals for the U.S.B.remake history of his sport like M.Jordan and T.WoodsC.become the greatest world record breaker in sport historyD.be by far the greatest sportsman with Olympic gloryPassage TwoMost personnel managers agree that job interviews are one of the least objectiverecruiment methods.But the advantages of testing are not going to change the attraction of theinterview to employers . The appeal of the interview has everything to do with the humanfactor.Most people believe that they are a reasonable judge of character and trust theirinstinctive feeling. We might use some kind of test to aid the selection process, but we usuallypick a candidate who interviews well, has good qualifications and impressive work record.But suppose the candi date lies or is less than completely honest.“ This can be a serious problem for employers” , explains Alan Conrad, Chief Executive at Optimus Recruiment.most difficult liars to find are those who tell half- truths rather than complete lies.” Researchshows that up to 75 percent of resumes are inaccurate on purpose. The most common practiceis omission.Interviewer should therefore concentrate on areas of uncertainy such as gaps betweenperiods of employment and job descriptions that seem strange.ng on these“areasFocusiwillforce candidates to tell the truth or become increasingly dishonest. This is usually when peoplesignal their anxiety by their body language. Sweat on the upper lip, false smiles and nervoushand movements all indicate discomfort.”Conrad does not suggest an aggressive policy-style interview technique , but insists thatclose inspection of a resume is absolutely essential. Only by asking the right questions can youconfirm the suitability of the candidate or put pressure on those who are being less thancompletely honest.21.The best title of this passage can be ___________.A.How to Catch Out the Dishonest CandidateB.How to Find a Job by TricksC.Disadvantages of Job InterviewsD.Advantages of Job Interviews22.The liars hard to recognize are those who tell___________.A. complete truthsB. complete liesC. partial truthsD. mainly truths23.How were the job applicants able to lie without being detected?A.By leaving out some necessary informationB.By providing more information than needed.C.By using their body language.D.By telling some unbelievable lies.24.In order to pick up a qualified and an honest candidate, Conrad suggests that we _____.A. examine the resumes carefullyB. inspect the candidates aggressivelyC. correct the resumes intentionallypare one’s resume with others ’25.What is the author ’s attitude towards job interviews?A. Most objectiveB. Too subjective.C. SuspiciousD. Credulous.Passage ThreeOur world is wonderful with birds that are absolutely amazing and unbelievable.One kindof such birds is the coot —a clumsy bird so unloved that its name implies something of an old fool. ”The bird has a remarkable ability to recognize amd count its eggs,”says behavioral ecologist Bruce Lyon of the University of California at Santa Cruz. Coots need to be tricky because of the nunsual way the animals. Compete: One coot will put its eggs secretly into another’s nest to trick the host into raising the invader ’s eggs. But nest owners use their wits to fight back, Lyon finds.Over four summers, Lyon monitored 400 coot nests near Williams Lake in central British Columbia, tagging the eggs with a marker. Of these , 160 coot nests received eggs from unrelated coots. The hosts generally were not fooled, however,. About half the time, coot parents rejected the strange eggs completely, usually by burying them deep in the nest. “Foreign eggs were not disappearing by chance ---and that can only mean the birds wererecognizing them, ”Lyon says. Apparently , the coots were alerted by the unfamiliar colors and patterns on the foreign eggs. In other cases, the parents pushed the foreign eggs to an unfavorable position at the border area of the nest, where there is less heat for hatching.Even if a mother coot didn ’tremove the foreign eggs from her nest, she continued to lay a normal hatch number of her own eggs, despite the apparent extra foreign eggs. Lyon thinks that means the coots somehow kept a count of both their own eggs and the suspicious ones. “That coots can distinguish their own eggs from the foreign ones is a rare but very convincing example of counting wild animal world, ”the ecologist concluded.26. The meaning of the bird ’s name “coot”probably is __________.A. wonderful and amazingB. unusual and remarkableC. secret and unbelievableD. old and silly27. In the passage, “foreign eggs”refers to _________.A. the eggs of the nest ownersB. the eggs of the invadersC.the eggs from foreign countriesD. the eggs unable to be hatched28.Which of the following is the particular way coots often compete?A. To steal some eggs from other nests.B. To put their own eggs intoothers ’nests. C. To hatch othercoots’eggs.D. To protect their own eggs.29.Which would the nest owners do with the foreign eggs according to the passage?Ⅰ. Burying them deep in the nests.Ⅱ. Pushing them aside to an unfavorable area.Ⅲ. Hatching them as their own.A. Ⅰ .onlyB. Ⅱ .onlyC. Ⅰ.land Ⅱ .D. Ⅰ .,Ⅱ .and Ⅲ .30. Which of the following is the particular ability the ecologist believes that the coot has?A. To trick other coots.B. To fight back the tricks.C. To be alert to the foreign eggs.D. To recognize and count its own eggs.Passage FourNational Aviation and Space Administration (NASA) and its partners in the Inter-national Space Station have agreed in principle to let a 28-year-old South African become the second paying tourist on the orbiting outpost, the U.S. space agency said on Tuesday.Internet magnate Mark Shuttleworth signed a contract on Dec.4 with the Russian Aviation and Space Agency(RASA) to fly aboard a Soyuz space taxi to the station in April 2002, almost exactly a year after lionaire Dennis Tito became the first to experience space as a paying guest.NASA spokeswoman Kristen Larson said by telephone:”We’ve agreed in principle to the flight of Mr. Shuttleworth. However, there are some final details that need to be takenof . ”Larson would not say what details needed resolving , but said the station’s internationalpartners---including the space agencies of Russia, Europe, Japan and Canada---had drafted a set of requirements for space travelers covering “physical ability, psychological ability, language ability ”and “length and appropriateness of training. ”Outgoing commander Frank Culbertson of the space station said the new crew replacinghis was going to be extremely busy. “The station is for workers, and it puts an additional burden on the crew to have people up here that are not doing science or conducting experiments that are productive. This is a workplace, a laboratory, a research facility, ”he said.Space Adventures chief Eric Anderson said he could not disclose what Shuttleworth was paying for the trip, but added that a Russian official had been quoted as saying the price wasno worse than Tito ’s fare, which was widely reported to be ＄ 20 million.31. Who was the first space tourist according to the passage?A. Kristen Larson.B. Eric Anderson.C. Mark Shuttleworth.D. Dennis Tito.32.Which of the following is NOT included in the requirements for space travelers?A. Sufficient experience in conducting laboratory work.B. Enough long and proper training for flight.C. Mentally and physically healthy enough.33.Why is the space station reluctant to receive more paying tourists according to FrankCulbertson?A. Because the space station isn’ t big enough for the payings. touristB. Because as a place for doing research, the staton should be highly efficient.C. Because a paying tourist may be ignorant of the space research work.D. Because the paying tourists have to pay too much to gain space experience.34.“ Anoutgoing commander ” can probably be one who __________.A.is extremely capableB.is going to be out of dutyC. is a supervisor over the space station workD. has his own crew members35.To be the second paying space tourist ,one has to primarily____.A. receive necessary training voluntarilyB. pay a sum of money no less than Tito’ s fareC. pay a sum of money less than Tito’ s fareD. do more mental and physical exercisesPartⅢ Vocabulary and Structure(20 points)Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are 4choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.36.If workers had been paid decent wages, profits________so great.A. would beB. were not to beC. wouldn ’thave beenD. would have been37.If students can ’tfocus on the spoken word of the teacher, they not only lose______to learn;they actually lose ability to learn.A. needB. wishC. desireD. power38.There is nothing _____ about a native English-speaking teacher except that he speaksEnglish easily and well.A. particularB. specialC. specificD. especial39.I ________ that most people who wanted to buy our newspaper were either moving or gettingmarried.A. worked outB. figured outC. spoke outD. broke outth century, has ____ its 40. The Eiffel Tower, symbol of innovative technique at the end of the19 universal image.A. maintainedB. preservedC. storedD. continued41. Amazon is ________the largest remaining rainforest area left on our planet.A. so farB. by farC. thus farD. as far as42. The best thing ________ happened to me was finding my best friend, Katrina.A. whatB. asC. thatD. which43.Life presents many barriers, and all too often those who work hardest may not receivegreat__________.A. rewardsB. grantsC. allowanceD. praise44. Now almost all the parents want their children to leam the piano or the violin, _______ their children are willing or not.A. no matter whetherB. no matter ifC. howeverD. whatever45.Homework in American schools is often minimal _________ the children have plenty of timeto watch television.A. such thatB. so thatC. thatD. because46.It is largely thanks to the variable climate in England ____ the English pay so much attentionto the work on their homes and gardens.A. whereB. thatC. in whichD. for which47. Life on Earth is _______ varied and complex.A. amazinglyB. amusedlyC. amazedlyD. amusingly48.In terms of education systems, one cannot say that one system in one country is better than____.A. that of anotherB. anotherC. one of anotherD. one another49. When I started applying to colleges, I definitely had no idea what I wanted to _____in.A. studyB. majorC. stayD. gear50. The new immigrants found it hard to _________ themselves to the climate of the country.A. adoptB. adaptC. regulateD. coordinate51.One day while looking for a job, I _______ the Chicano Youth Center, which offered mean after-school job.A. dropped by.B. dropped outC. dropped downD. dropped off52.The newly promoted assistant manager . expressed a wish to be __________ to the London branch.A. exchangedB. transmittedC. transferredD. moved53. The relationship between China and India has been ________ studied recently.A. originallyB. extremelyC.violentlyD. intensively54.Over a third of the population in that African country was estimated to have no _____ to the health service.A. excessB. successC. processD. access55. When he arrived at the village, he found _________ the aged and the sick at home.A. none butB. anyone butC. nothing butD. no other than56. Which sport is the most expensive ___ training equipment, players’personal equipment and uniforms?A. in place ofB. in terms ofC. by means ofD. by way of57. ________ your jacket, please. The room is very warm.A. Take offB. Take afterC. Take upD. Take on58. It started raining , so she ______ the nearest house.A. made forB. make offC. made upD. made out59.Those who failed in the entrance examinations are likely to ________ their failures to bad luck.A. contributeB. attributeC. distributeD. retribute60.The new findings by the research crew suggested that the government s’housingplans______ not practicable.A. beB. should beC. wasD. were61. In this company fewer and fewer employees are willing to do ______ they are asked to .A. whatB. whichC. thatD. whether62. The spy was supposed to _______disguised as a woman in the supermarket.A. escapeB. escapedC. have escapedD. had escaped63. The lady was made_________ on the floor waiting for ten minutes before attended to .A. to standB. standC. standingD. stood64.A doctor , along with a group of young nurses, ________ going go demonstrate the heart operation process.A. isB. areC. willD. shall65. When the young man was about to speak, his friend looked at him,_________ to lock up hismouth.A. as regardsB. asC. as forD. as if66._________, we made a plan for the future study.A.Summarized our present workB.Summarizing our presnet workC.Having summarized our present workD.Being summarized our present work67.Tom Smith wished that his parents______ih the stricken area when the earthquake occurred.A. were notB. are notC. have not beenD. had not been68.Some people are not so much interested in what a man does _______how he came tochoose that particular line of work.69.the proposal that business companies_________guided by professionals for their newscheme of developments was accepted without disagreement.A. beB. areC. wasD. were70. The doctor ________me to the danger of not getting enough rest while working overtime.A. alertedB. remindedC. ledD. persuaded71. It seems quite unbelievable that a man like Jeremy could be ______ in questionable deals.A. participatedB. takenC. involvedD. lost72.The lady ’s appointment would be terminated as of September 29, unless ________ to thattime she requested a hearing.73.The dean of the Physics Department ________ for the university library manyoutstanding private book collections.A. separatedB. contributedC. distributedD. secured74. Large amount of oil imports puts a heavy burden on the country’s gold_______.A. storageB. reserveC. conservationD. preservation75. The ultimate goal of this dance college is to fully bring out the students’artistic.A. capacityB. potentialC. possibilityD. likelihoodPart ⅣCloze Test(10 points)Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage.For each numbered blank, there are 4 choices marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.A daily dose of laughter may be good for the heart because it makes blood vessels work more efficiently. Depression, ______ the other hand, can raise the risk ofdying from heart failure, a separate study found. The two studies, _____ at a meeting of the American College of Cardiology in Florida, show how psychological factorscan __________ a person’ health.“We don’t recommend that you laugh and not exercise, _________ we do recommend that you try to laugh on a regular basis. Thirty minutes of exercise three times a week, and fifteen minutes of laughter on a daily________ Is probably goodfor the vascular(脉管的 )system,”said Dr.Michael Miller.Miller and his colleagues at the school _______ two movies. One humorous,_______stressful, to twenty healthy volunteers and tested the function of their blood vessels. The researchers specifically looked at the lining of the vessels and found that blood ________ was reduced in fourteen of the twenty volunteers after stressful movie cuttings. But blood flowed more freely in nineteen of the twenty subjects_____ they laughed at funny movie segments. Average blood flow increased 22% during laughter, and ______ during mental stress, the researchers told the meeting.76.A.at B.on C. in D. by77.A.presenting B. to present C. presented D. presents78.A.influence B. interrupt C. effect D. affect79.A.but B.otherwise C.nevertheless D.still80.A.base B.based C.basis D.basic81.A.exhibited B.showed C. illustrated D.displayed82.A.other B. second C.two D.one83.A.flow B. vessel C.pressure D.function84.A.during B.since C. when D.while85.A.lowed B.decreased C. lessened D.loweredPaper Two 试卷二（30 minutes）Part V Writing (15 points)Directions: You are to write in 100-120 words about the title “My Ideal Job ”.You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:1.什么是你心目中理想的工作？说明理由。

IBM扫射微软

IBM扫射微软
TomFeremski;王贤青;汤雷
【期刊名称】《竞争力》
【年(卷),期】2004(000)006
【摘要】20年前，在对待微软的问题上，蓝色巨人曾犯过巨大的错误。

20年来，IBM做过多次尝试，想换回败局，都未能如愿,但IBM并没有放弃努力。

【总页数】1页(P16)
【作者】TomFeremski;王贤青;汤雷
【作者单位】无
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】F416.67
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2.2011年微软IBM占软件市场前两位 [J],
3.用友软件与微软及IBM达成合作 [J],
4.IBM与微软合作提供混合云选择 [J],
5.微软要花大价钱研发量子计算机与谷歌IBM争雄 [J],
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

Describing the uncertainties in experimental results

Address correspondence to Professor Robert J. Moffat, Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 1988; 1:3-17
©1988 by Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
0894-1777/88/$3.50
4
R . J . Moffat see mean that the new results are really different, or is this difference just a consequence of the uncertainties in my measure. ments? Uncertainty analysis provides clear, unambiguous guidance: If the observed difference exceeds zero by more than the expected uncertainty interval for the difference, then the observed difference is probably significant. Even earlier in an experiment, uncertainty analysis can be used to help choose the most reliable technique for a given measurement or to identify the critically important instruments in a system (and thereby determine where expensive instruments are needed!). THE BASIC MATHEMATICS This section introduces the root-sum-square (RSS) combination, the basic form used for combining uncertainty contributions in both single-sample and multiple-sample analyses. In this section, the term 3Xi refers to the uncertainty in Xi in a general and nonspecific way: whatever is being dealt with at the moment (tor example, fixed errors, random errors, or uncertainties).

A Software Architectural View of Usability Patterns

A Software Architectural View of Usability Patterns Xavier Ferre (1), Natalia Juristo (1), Ana M. Moreno(1)& M. Isabel Sánchez(2) (1) Facultad de Informática, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Boadilla del Monte, Spain {xavier, natalia, ammoreno}@fi.upm.es(2) Facultad de Informática, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Spainmisanche@inf.uc3m.es Abstract: Usability is one of the key quality attributes in software development. The content of this paper is part of the research conducted within the European Union IST STATUS project, related to the development of techniques and procedures for improving usability of software architecture designs. In this paper, we will focuson the possible improvement of usability at software design time. For this purpose, we have identified, from both the literature and the project’s industrial partners’ experience, what we have called usability patterns. The usability patterns represent twenty usability mechanisms, for example, undo, cancel, multiple-languages, etc.,which improve final system usability and have an effect upon the design of the software system in which theyare implemen t ed. We also presen t possible design solu t ions for incorpora t ing t he respec ive usabili y mechanisms into a software system design. The design solutions have been obtained by means of an inductive process that guarantees that these solutions are possible, albeit not necessarily the only solutions.Keywords: Software architecture, software design, software usability1 IntroductionOne reason why sof ware archit ect ure research is attracting growing interest is the direct relationship between architectural decisions and the fulfilment of certain quali t y requiremen ts (Bosch, 2000). The idea underlying t his relat ionship is t hat a soft ware architecture needs t o be explicit ly designed so t hat the final syst em sat isfies specific qualit y at t ribut es. The most widespread studies on this subject refer to quality a t t ribu t es like performance or maintainability (Bengtsson et al., 2000). Usability is no t usually considered in sof t ware architecture, due t o t he widespread assump tion between software developers that usability has to do only wit h the visible part of the user interface. This assumption is not t rue, since usabilit y is st rongly related t o t he int eract ion part of t he syst em and it must be considered when designing t he rest of t he system, no jus he user in erface (Ferre e al., 2001). Decisions in sof t ware archi t ec t ure can severely compromise t he usabili t y of the final system, for example if an “undo” mechanism is not devised when t he sof t ware archi t ec t ure is established, i will be very cos t ly t o incorpora te afterwards. Therefore, i would be in eres ing orelate final sys t em usabili t y wi t h t he kind of decisions t aken in t he design of t he sof t ware architecture. It is in this cont ext t hat t he STATUS (SofTware Archi t ec t ure Tha suppor s USabili y)i projec t emerged, whose objec t ive is to develop techniques and procedures to be incorporated during the design of a sof tware sys tem to achieve improvements in t he usabilit y of t he syst em under construction. Tradi t ionally, usabili t y evalua tion before implemen t a tion is direc t ed towards user interface pro t o t ypes, and no t t o design specifications. Our approach aims o incorpora t e well-known usabilit y heuris ics int o t he design of the syst em before it is implement ed, shaped in the form of patterns. When no usabili t y exper t ise is available in t he software archi ec ure eam, usabilit y requiremen s may not be considered as being relat ed to soft warei STATUS project: EU funded project IST–2001–32298.architecture. This si ua ion leads o designs with usability problems ha would be much easier t o correc if discovered in t he sof ware archi ec ure design s t age. Figure 1 shows how t he usabili t y evaluation can be handled in t he sof t ware architecture design process, following the same process proposed in t he soft ware archit ect ure field for other quality at t ribut es, such as performance or maintainability.Figure 1: Architectural design method for usabilityproposed in STATUS The design process starts with the construction of a model of he sof ware archi ec ure from a set of functional requiremen s. Some usabili y requirements t hat can be evaluat ed in design t ime mus have already been es ablished as well.Although soft ware engineers will not design t hispreliminary model to be unreliable or under performon purpose, most non-functional requirement s are generally s udied la er on. Accordingly, hepreliminary design derived is evaluated with respect to some quality attributes, usability in this particularcase. The evalua ion of usabili y of an archi ec ural design is far from being easy, since sof ware architecture is represen ed by means of a se of design models, which cannot be tested directly with a user. One possibilit y is t o dynamically simulat e the archi ec ure, and such approach is being pursued as one of he lines of research in heSTATUS project . The t echniques for t his kind ofevaluation are described in (Uchit el et al., 2003).Another possibilit y is based on a st at ic perspect ivewhere usabilit y propert ies are searched for in t he design specifica t ions. Techniques t o evalua te a software archit ect ure from a st at ic perspect ive are described in (Folmer and Bosch, 2003). In this paper, we will focus on the lat t er, the st at ic perspective, studying possible usabili t y improvements that can be made at design time. Our approach is based on iden t ifying t he usabili t y properties (such as guidance, explicit user cont rol, and so on), that are needed for the software product being developed, and providing software developers with design solu ions ha address such usabilit y properties. The design solu t ions proposed areshaped in t he form of pa t t erns, which express common usability heuristics of the HCI field. In this way we express usabilit y knowledge by using t he terms and concep t s which are employed a t t hesoftware architecture design stage. For this purpose,section 2 shows t he approach t aken t o decompose usability int o several levels of abstraction t hat are progressively closer to soft ware archit ect ure. These progressive levels are represented by the concepts of usability attributes, usability properties and usability patterns. Then, sec t ion 3 shows how t o incorpora t e t heusability characteristics represent ed by t he usabilitypatterns in o a generic sof ware archi ec ure. For this purpose, we will use the concept of architectural pattern, which specifies, in t erms of componen s and t heir int errelat ionships, possible solut ions forincorporating aspects that will improve final system usability into the design. Finally, sect ion 4 briefly discusses t he use of t he approach taken in this paper.2 Usability Attributes, Properties and Patterns Software syst ems usabilit y is usually evaluat ed on the finished syst em, t rying t o assign values t o t he classical usability attributes (Cons t an tine and Lockwood, 1999; Nielsen, 1993; Shackel, 1991): • Learnability – how quickly and easily users can begin t o do produc ive work wit h a system that is new to them, combined with the ease of remembering the way a system must be operated. • Efficiency of use – the number of tasks per unit t ime t hat t he user can perform using the system. • Reliability – somet imes called “reliabilit y in use”, this refers to the error rate in using the syst em and the t ime it takes to recover from errors.• Satisfaction – t he subject ive opinions t hatusers form in using the system. However, the level of these usability attributes is toohigh for us to be able to examine what mechanisms should be applied t o a sof t ware archi t ec t ure t oimprove t hem. Therefore, t he philosophy followedin STATUS was t o decompose t hese at t ribut es into two in ermedia e levels of concep s closer t o he software solut ion: usabilit y propert ies and usabilit ypatterns.The firs t level involves rela t ing t he above-mentioned usabilit y a ribu es t o specific usabilit y properties t ha t de t ermine t he usabili t y characteristics to be improved in a system. Usability properties can also be seen as the requirements to be satisfied by a software system for it to be usable (for example, provide feedback t o t he user, provide explicit user cont rol, provide guidance t o t he user, etc). The second level was envisaged o iden ifyspecific mechanisms that might be incorporated into a soft ware architecture t o improve t he usabilit y of the final sys t em. These mechanisms have beencalled usability patterns and they address some needspecified by a usability propert y . Note that usabilitypatterns do no t provide any specific sof t waresolution t o be incorporated in t o a sof tware architecture; t hey jus t sugges t some abs tract mechanism that might be used to improve usability(for example, provide undos, alert s, command aggregations, wizards, etc.). The procedure followed t o ident ify t he relat ionshipbetween usability at t ribut es, properties and patterns is det ailed in (Andrés et al., 2002). We t ook a top-down approach from usability att ribut es (defined in the literature), through usability properties (derived, on t he one hand, from heuris ics and guidelines given in t he lit erat ure for improving usabilit y and, on t he ot her, from t he experience of t he project ’s industrial par t ners), t o finally iden t ify usabili ty patterns.A subse of t he above-mentioned rela t ionship is outlined in Table 1, showing how usabili t y properties relat e pat t erns t o usabilit y at t ribut es in a qualitative sense (an arrow indicates that a property positively affect s an attribute, that is, improves that attribute). For example, t he “wizard” pa t t ern improves learnabilit y: t he wizard pat ern uses t he concept of “guidance” t o t ake t he user t hrough a complex t ask one s t ep a t a t ime; “guidance” improves t he learnabili t y usabili t y a t t ribu t e. Usability pat erns may address one or more of t heusability proper t ies and usabili t y proper t ies may improve one or more usability attributes.Table 1: Attribute, Property & Pattern RelationshipsThe concept of usabilit y pat ern has already been used in the literature. This concept can be generally defined as “a descript ion of solut ions t hat improve usability at ribut es” (Perzel and Kane, 1999). The usability aspect s dealt wit h by t hese pat t erns refer basically t o user in erfaces, which is why t hesepatterns are also called user in t erface pa t terns(Cascade, 1997) or in t erac t ion design pa t t erns (Tidwell, 1998). As indicated by aut hors like Welie and Troe t t eberg (Welie and Troe t t eberg, 2000), although several pa t t ern collec t ions exis t , anaccepted se t of such pa t t erns has no t emerged. There appears t o be a lack of consensus about t he format and focus of user interface patterns. Possible examples of some user int erface pat erns are (Cascade, 1997; Tidwell, 1998; Welie and Troetteberg, 2000): feedback, wizard, provide t he user wi t h all informa t ion needed in the same window, mark required fields when filling a form, etc.The differences be t ween t he usabili t y pa t terns proposed in t his paper and t he classic usabilit y or interface pa erns exis ing in he li era ure lie basically in that the classic patterns of usability are based on he improvemen of he applica ion interface, which means ha hese pa erns are implemented mainly during he in erface design phase and generally affect low-level component s, like pseudo-code. On t he ot her hand, t he usabilit y patterns ou lined in his paper address he mechanisms o be considered in a sof ware architecture, dealing wit h usabilit y aspec s in t he early s ages of he developmen process. For example, the solution proposed by Welie (Welie and Troetteberg, 2000) for the feedback pattern is based on “provide a valid indication of progress. Progress is typically the time remaining until completion, thenumber of units processed or the percentage of work done. Progress can be shown using a widget such as a progress bar. The progress bar must have a label stating the relat ive progress or the unit in which is measured”. From a differenperspec ive, our solution for his same pa ern covers he components t o be added t o a soft ware archit ect ure and the relationships among these components. The second column in Table 2 list s t he usabilit y patterns proposed in the STATUS project. The first column of t he t able shows t he usabilit y propert ies related to each pattern. It should be no ed t hat t he propert ies of Nat ural Mapping and Consis t ency canno tbe arranged around specific usability patterns. The reason is that these properties require the performance of differenttasks and ac t ivi t ies t hroughou t t he en t ire development process rat her t han the applicat ion of particular solut ions at t he archit ect ural level. For example, the provision of natural mapping between the user t asks and t he t asks t o be implement ed in the sys em calls for soft ware requiremen s o beelicited during the analysis process bearing in mindthis objec ive, and he sys em mus be designed according to these requirements. The same goes for consistency, which involves differen t ac t ivi t ies throughout t he lengt hy development process of t he original system or new versions.3 Architectural Usability Patterns The most widely used concept of pattern in software development is t he design pat t ern, and it is usedparticularly in the object-oriented paradigm. In thiscontext, a design pattern is a description of classesand object s t hat work together to solve a particular problem (Gamma et al., 1995). These patterns showa solut ion t o a problem, which has been obtained from i t s use in differen t applica t ions. No t e, nevertheless, t hat a design pat ern should not be seen as a unique or original solu ion, bu as a possible solution.Besides the idea of usability pattern, we also use the concep of archi t ec t ural pa ern in he STATUS project. Given t ha t we have defined a usabili y pattern as a mechanism to be applied to the design of a sys t em archi t ec t ure in order t o address aparticular usability property, an architectural patternwill de t ermine how t his usabili t y pa t tern is converted into software architecture. In other words, what effect t he considerat ion of a usability pat t ern will have on t he componen t s of t he sys t em architecture. Abs rac ing he defini ion of designpattern, an architectural pattern can be defined as adescription of t he component s of a design and t he communication be t ween t hese componen t s t o provide a solu t ion for a usability pa t tern. Like design patterns, archit ect ural pat t erns will reflect a possible solut ion t o a problem, t he implement at ion of a usability pattern.Therefore, the architectural pattern is the last chain in the usability attribute, property and pattern chain tha t connec t s sof t ware sys t em usabili t y wi t h software syst em archit ect ure. Accordingly, anot her column can be added to Table 1, as Table 3 shows.3.1 Procedure for out pu t tingarchitectural patterns for usabilityIn the following, we describe the procedure followed to ident ify t he architectural patterns that design theproposed usabili ty pa t terns. This procedure iscomposed of two parts:1. Application of a process of induc ion t oabstrac he archi ec ural pa erns fromparticular designs for several projec sdeveloped by bo h researchers andpractitioners. For this purpose, we took thefollowing steps: 1.1. We asked designers o build designmodels for several sys ems wi houtincluding usability patterns.1.2. For each usabilit y pa ern, we asked designers o modify heir earlier designs o include he func ionali y corresponding t o t he pa t tern under consideration. 1.3. For each usabili ty pa t tern, we abstracted the respect ive archit ect ural pattern from t he modificat ions madeby the developers to the design. 2. The applica tion of t he resul t ing architectural patterns from step 1 to several developments to validate their feasibility.To illust rat e t his process, we show below how t he reusing information pat t ern was abst ract ed from a restauran orders and ables management application. The sequence diagram shown in Figure 2 and t heclass diagram shown in Figure 3 show part of t he design of his applica ion, specifically he part related t o t he ent ry of t he menu request ed by t he restaurant customer. Figure 4 and Figure 5 show thesequence and class diagrams, respec ively, nowconsidering the inclusion of the reusing information usability pattern for this same functionality. We can see how t he inclusion of t he reuser class provides the possibility of repeating a previous operation.Table 3 - Usability attributes/properties/pattern and architectural pattern relationships: Reques t: Table: Consum ption : Reques t-line : Alert-M anager: Ing r ed i e n tFigure 2: Interaction diagram without the reusing information patternNam (fr om C A ddress A vailableT Chec S tatus : StringS moker/Non S m oker : Boolean Code : IChangeS ChangeS H o ur S ta tu sInput -CodConsum pt ion()init-request ()Init-req ues t ()()In i t Co dCo ns ump t i o n (c od e )()B ill()()G e tP ric e(pric e )()(f rom CLA SSES)O G Read(cons LineNam Nam eReal-StockA skF or(ingredient)()(fr om C L AS SES)Desc Chec ConsAddress : StringAvailableTables(date, hour, kind)()Check(date, hour)()Hour St a t usInput-C odC onsum ption()init-request()Init-request()()InitC odC onsum ption(code)()Bill()()GetPrice(price)()(from CLASSES)Description Check-Stock()Consum Crea t e Line(co de )()Consum t i on Pri ce (price)()GetPri ce (pr ice)()(from CLASSES)OK()MCheck()()Amoun tGetRestaurants(list)()Status : StringSm oker/Non Sm oker : BooleanCode : IntegerChangeState()ChangeState()()Init-request()Undo()()Input-C odC onsum ption(code)()DuplicateC onsum ption()()Get-help(help)()New Book()()Get(restaurant, data, hour,kind)()ConnectingSystem()()Pressed(F1)()SpecificHelp(tppic)()Cancel(request)()(from CLASSES)GeFigure 5: Class diagram with the reusing information patternFrom this design and o thers crea ted by o ther developers, we have abs rac ed a general design solution as shown in Figure 6.Figure 6: Generic solution for the reusing informationpatternLikewise, we have applied this inductive process to the other usability patterns to develop the respective architectural pa erns. This process is de ailed in (Juristo et al., 2003).3.2 Description of t he Archi tec turalPatternsSince t he ult imat e aim of this work is t o provide a set of architectural recommendations to improve the usability of sof tware sys tems, these recommendations will be described in an architectural pattern catalogue. Each pattern in this catalogue has to be described according t o the following fields:Pattern Name - Patterns must have suggestive names t hat give an idea of t he problem t hey address and the solution in a word or two. Problem – This describes when t o apply t he pattern and in which cont ext. In t he case of architectural patterns, the problem will refer to a specific usability pattern to be materialised.Solution – This describes t he elemen t s hat make up t he archi ec ure, t heir relat ionships, responsibilities, e t c. The solu t ion does not describe a definit e design, as a pat t ern can beseen as a template that can be applied in many differen si ua ions. Particularly, he solu t ion for a specific pattern will be specified by means of the following elements:o Diagram- A figure that represents the components of t he archi t ec t ure andtheir rela t ions. Numbered arrowsbetween the different components will represen t t he rela t ions. The arrows with solid lines specify t he dat a flow, while t he do t t ed lines represen he control flow between the components. o Participants – A descrip ion of t hecomponents t ha t t ake part in the proposed solu t ion and t he rela t ions (represented by arrows) t o det ermine how t hey are t o assume their responsibilities.Usability benefi t s - Descrip t ion of whichusability aspec t s (usabili y proper ties) can be improved by including the pattern.Usability ra tionale - A reasonable argumentation for t he impac t of pa t t ern application on usabilit y, t hat is, what usabilit y attributes have been improved, and which ones may have got worse. Init ially, t his feat ure will be comple ed wi h informa ion coming from other au hors or from he experience of he consortium members. However, once t he patterns have been applied to real applications, this field will be filled in wit h t he result s of empirical experience.Consequences - Impact of the pattern on other quality a t t ribu t es, like flexibili t y, por t abili t y, maintainability, et c. As for t he above feat ure, this one will be filled in wit h t he result s of empirical experience.Related pa t t erns - Which archi t ec tural patterns are closely rela t ed o t his one, and what differences there are.Implementation of t he pat t ern in OO - Thearchitectural patterns provided are patterns that can be applied in any development paradigm. However, as t hese pat t erns have been obtained and refined for OO applications, we will provide guides t ending t o address pa t t ern application in this field. Basically, we will describe the classes deriving from the pattern’s main component s. These guides are illust rat ed in the example shown in the following section.Example of the applicat ion of t he pat ern in question.In Figure 7, we show how t he architect ural pattern reusing information is described. The o t her architectural pat t erns t hat provide design solut ions for t he usabilit y pat t erns proposed in the STATUS project have been described similarly.4 DiscussionAfter genera t ing t he archi t ec t ural pa t t erns wepropose o presen a se of prac ical guideshat provide practitioners with information on:• How t o select an archit ect ural pat t ern, forexample, from t he usabilit y at t ributes t hat are to be enhanced in each design and how to de t ermine t he impac t on t he o t her quality attributes.• How t o use an archi ec ural pa ern forinclusion in a given design.The effor o improve sof ware archi ec ure wi hregard to usability present ed in this paper is relatedto another important part of STATUS, which is the assessmen t of t his archi t ec t ure wi t h respec t t o usability. This assessment is being conducted in two ways in t he project : a scenario-based archit ect ural assessmen t and a simula t ion-based archi t ec t ural assessment. This evalua ion will yield he se of shortcomings that a given software architecture has with respec t t o cer t ain usabili t y a t t ribu t es or parameters. The architectural patterns could then be used t o implement usabilit y improvement solut ions for the detected shortcomings.Figure 7: Example of architectural pattern: reusing informationHowever, the idea of architectural patterns can alsobe used independen t ly of t he archi t ec t ureevaluation, as they provide design solu tions forcertain usabili t y requiremen ts (any usabili typroperties included in t he requiremen tsspecification). The considerat ion of t hese usabilityrequirements at the start of development and later indesign, by means of archi t ec t ural pa t t erns, isexpected t o provide improvement s in final syst em usability.We have to take into account that the final software system usabilit y has t o be validat ed and measured when t he syst em in quest ion has been built and is operational. Therefore, we will have t o wait until these results have been applied to real projects to get empirical data to properly verify t he as yet intuitive benefits t hat t he use of archit ectural pat erns can provide for soft ware syst ems usabilit y. At t he t imeof wri ting, one of t he indus t rial par tners was applying t he pat t erns in a real project. As soon asthe sys t em has been developed, t he classicalusability evalua t ions will be run t o check theimprovements in t he final usabilit y of t he syst emconstructed.References Andrés A., Bosch J., Charalampos A, Chatley R., FerreX., Folmer E., Jurist o N., Magee J., Menegos S., Moreno A. Usability attributes affected by software architecture. Deliverable 2. STATUS project , June 2002. http://www.ls.fi.upm.es/statusBengtsson P., Lassing N., Bosch J. and van Vliet H.Analyzing soft ware archit ect ure for modifiabilit y. Journal of Systems and Software , 2000. Bosch, J. Design and Use of Software Architectures: Adopting and Evolving a Product Line Approach , Pearson Education, Addison-Wesley, 2000. Cascade G. Notes on a Pat t ern Language for InteractiveUsability, Proceedings of the Computer HumanInterface Conference of the ACM , A t lan t a, Georgia, 1997. Constantine L. L., Lockwood L. A. D. Software for Use: A Practical Guide to the Models and Methods of Usage-Centered Design . Addison-Wesley, 1999. Ferre X., Juristo N., Windl H., Constantine L. UsabilityBasics for Soft ware Developers. IEEE Software ,vol 18 (1), January/February 2001. pp. 22-29. Folmer E., Bosch J. Usabili t y pa t t erns in Sof t ware Architecture. Proc. of HCI-International’2003, Crete, June 2003. Gamma E., Helm R, Johnson R, Vlissides J. Design Patterns. Elements of Reusable Object-OrientedSoftware . Addison Wesley, 1995. Juristo N., López M., Moreno A., Sánchez M. Techniques and Patterns for Architecture-Level Usability I mprovements. Deliverable 3.4. STATUS project , April 2003. http://www.ls.fi.upm.es/status. Nielsen J. Usability Engineering . AP Professional, 1993.Perzel D., Kane D. Usability Patterns for Applications ofthe World Wide Web. Proc. of PloP’99.Shackel B. Usabilit y – cont ext , framework, design andevaluation in B. Shackel and S. Richardson (eds.) Human Factors for Informatics Usability . Cambridge University Press, 1991. pp. 21-38Tidwell J.. In t erac t ion Design Pa t terns. PatternLanguages of Programming 1998, Washing t on University Technical Report TR 98-25. Uchitel S., Chat ley R., Kramer J. and Magee J. LTSA-MSC: Tool Suppor t for Behaviour Model Elaboration Using Implied Scenarios. Proceedings of TACAS '03, Warsaw April 2003. Welie M., Troet eberg H. Int eract ion Pat erns in User Interfaces. Proc. of PloP’00.。

加贝的定律

加贝的定律加贝的定律，又称为加贝定律或加贝原理，是由美国计算机科学家彼得·加贝（Peter J. Denning）于1971年提出的。

该定律主要描述了计算机系统的性能与设计参数之间的关系，为计算机系统设计和性能优化提供了重要的指导原则。

加贝的定律可以简单地表述为：在计算机系统中，任何给定的硬件或软件设计参数的改进，都只能带来有限的性能提升。

换句话说，即使我们不断提升硬件的处理能力、增加软件的优化程度，但由于其他因素的限制，系统性能的提升总是有限的。

这一定律的提出源于加贝对计算机系统设计和性能优化的深入研究。

他发现，在计算机系统中，不同组件之间存在着各种不同的瓶颈和限制。

无论是处理器的时钟频率、内存的容量、硬盘的读写速度，还是网络的带宽等，都会对系统性能产生影响。

而这些组件之间的相互作用和限制，导致了性能的终极上限。

加贝的定律的核心思想是，计算机系统的性能提升是一个综合性的问题，需要综合考虑各个组件的性能，并找到性能提升的瓶颈所在。

只有找到瓶颈所在，并有针对性地进行优化，才能实现系统性能的真正提升。

在实际应用中，加贝的定律为计算机系统的设计和优化提供了重要的指导。

通过分析和评估不同组件的性能指标，可以找到性能瓶颈所在，并针对性地进行优化。

比如，在处理器性能提升受限的情况下，可以通过增加并行计算的能力，来提升系统的总体性能。

在内存容量有限的情况下，可以通过优化算法和数据结构，来减少内存的占用，提高系统的响应速度。

然而，需要注意的是，加贝的定律并不是说计算机系统的性能无法提升，而是指在特定条件下，性能提升的幅度是有限的。

在实际应用中，我们可以通过不断迭代和创新，利用新的技术和方法来突破性能瓶颈，实现更大幅度的性能提升。

总结起来，加贝的定律是计算机科学领域的重要原则之一，它提醒我们在进行计算机系统设计和性能优化时，要全面考虑各个组件的性能，并找到瓶颈所在，有针对性地进行优化。

只有这样，才能实现系统性能的真正提升。

软件测试基础(新)

下面是各种测试方法选择的综合策略，可供
读者在实际应用的测试过程中参考。 (1)首先考虑等价类划分，包括输入条件和输出条件的等价类划分，将无限测试变为有限测试，这是减少工作量和提高测试效率最有效的方法。可以充分利用不同的等价类方法，最好既考虑有效的等价类，也考虑无效的等价类。
(2)在仸何情况下都必须使用边界值分析方
黑盒测试用例设计方法包括：等价类划分法、
边界值分析法、错误推测法、因果图法、决策表法、正交试验设计法、场景法等。这些测试用例的设计方法不是单独存在的，具体到每个项目里可能会用到多种方法。不用类型的软件有各自的特点，每种测试用例设计的方法也有各自的特点，针对不同软件如何利用这些黑盒方法是非常重要的，在实际测试中，往往是综合运用各种方法才能有效地提高测试效率和测试覆盖度，这就需要认真掌握这些方法的原理，积累更多的测试经验，有效提高测试水平。
(5)如果被测软件的业务逻辑清晰，同时又
是系统级别的测试，那么可以考虑用场景法来设计测试用例。设计系统级别的测试时，在考虑使用场景法的同时，理解需求觃约尤为重要。在分析测试是否达到了所有的供电能覆盖时，功能点的划分要根据具体情况划分得越细越好，但要考虑每个功能的高内聚性和低耦合性。同时，综合考虑使用其他测试方法。
时间加班是对员工身心不利的，尽管本人工作时长不多，但是看到不少因为加班一个活生生的人健康拖垮的案例比比皆是，钱是赚钱到了，生命乊花却枯萎了，感觉得不偿失，在此提醒一下广大的软件测试从业人员，注意身体健康，多运动！
1、所有测试都应追溯到用户需求。
2、尽早地和不断地迚行软件测试。 3、不可能完全地测试。

总乊一切与软件测试有关的行为，都是为了

CISSP考试练习(习题卷1)

CISSP考试练习(习题卷1)第1部分：单项选择题，共100题，每题只有一个正确答案,多选或少选均不得分。

1.[单选题]为什么必须很好地保护 Kerberos 服务器免受未经授权的访问?A)我不包含所有客户的密钥。

B)它始终以根本特权运作。

C)它包含所有服务的门票。

D)它包含所有网络实体的互联网协议 (IP) 地址。

答案:A解析:2.[单选题]Data backup verification efforts should:数据备份验证工作应该:A)Have the smallest scope possible.尽可能有最小的范围B)Be based on the threats to the organization.基于组织面临的各种威胁C)Maximize impact on business.最大化对业务的影响D)Focus on user data.关注用户数据答案:B解析:3.[单选题]审计期间将收集的数据量主要由A)审计范围。

B)审计师的经验水平。

C)数据A的可用性。

D)数据的完整性。

答案:A解析:4.[单选题]可能造成的事件或事件的系统或网络造成的损害称为A)劣势B)威胁代理C)威胁D)漏洞答案:C解析:<p>可能对信息系统或网络造成危害的事件或活动。

</p>5.[单选题]As a security manger which of the following is the MOST effective practice for providing value to an organization? 作为安全经理，以下哪项是为组织提供价值的最有效实践？A)Assess business risk and apply security resources accordingly. 评估业务风险并相应地应用安全资源。

B)Coordinate security implementations with internal audit. 协调安全实施与内部审计。

(完整word版)软件工程选择题

chapter 11. Which question no longer concerns the modern software engineeringWhy does computer hardware cost so much？Why does software take a long time to finish？Why does it cost so much to develop a piece of software？Why can’t software errors be removed from products prior to delivery? Answer: a2.Today the increased power of the personal computer has brought about an abandonment of the practice of team development of software.TrueFalseAnswer：b3.Software is a product and can be manufactured using the same technologies used for other engineering artifacts.TrueFalseAnswer: b4.Software deteriorates rather than wears out becauseSoftware suffers from exposure to hostile environments.Defects are more likely to arise after software has been used often.Multiple change requests introduce errors in component interactions.Software spare parts become harder to order。

ISA新增中文模拟题答案

题号:1 题型:单选题内容:以下哪一项属于所有指令均能被执行的操作系统模式？选项:A、问题B、中断C、监控D、标准处理标准答案:B题号:2 题型:单选题内容:企业将其技术支持职能（help desk）外包出去，下面的哪一项指标纳入外包服务等级协议（SLA）是最恰当的？选项:A、要支持用户数B、首次请求技术支持，即解决的（事件）百分比C、请求技术支持的总人次D、电话响应的次数标准答案:B题号:3 题型:单选题内容:IS审计师检查组织的数据文件控制流程时，发现交易事务使用的是最新的文件，而重启动流程使用的是早期版本，那么，IS审计师应该建议：选项:A、检查源程序文档的保存情况B、检查数据文件的安全状况C、实施版本使用控制D、进行一对一的核查标准答案:C题号:4 题型:单选题内容:将输出结果及控制总计和输入数据及控制总计进行匹配可以验证输出结果，以下哪一项能起上述作用？选项:A、批量头格式B、批量平衡C、数据转换差错纠正D、对打印池的访问控制标准答案:B题号:5 题型:单选题内容:审计客户/服务器数据库安全时，IS审计师应该最关注于哪一方面的可用性？选项:A、系统工具B、应用程序生成器C、系统安全文文件D、访问存储流程标准答案:A题号:6 题型:单选题内容:测试程序变更管理流程时，IS审计师使用的最有效的方法是：选项:A、由系统生成的信息跟踪到变更管理文档B、检查变更管理文档中涉及的证据的精确性和正确性C、由变更管理文档跟踪到生成审计轨迹的系统D、检查变更管理文档中涉及的证据的完整性标准答案:A题号:7 题型:单选题内容:分布式环境中，服务器失效带来的影响最小的是：选项:A、冗余路由B、集群C、备用电话线D、备用电源标准答案:B题号:8 题型:单选题内容:实施防火墙最容易发生的错误是：选项:A、访问列表配置不准确B、社会工程学会危及口令的安全C、把modem连至网络中的计算机D、不能充分保护网络和服务器使其免遭病毒侵袭标准答案:A题号:9 题型:单选题内容:为确定异构环境下跨平台的数据访问方式，IS审计师应该首先检查：选项:A、业务软件B、系统平台工具C、应用服务D、系统开发工具标准答案:C题号:10 题型:单选题内容:数据库规格化的主要好处是：选项:A、在满足用户需求的前提下，最大程度地减小表内信息的冗余（即：重复）B、满足更多查询的能力C、由多张表实现，最大程度的数据库完整性D、通过更快地信息处理，减小反应时间标准答案:A题号:11 题型:单选题内容:以下哪一种图像处理技术能够读入预定义格式的书写体并将其转换为电子格式？选项:A、磁墨字符识别（MICR）B、智能语音识别（IVR）C、条形码识别（BCR）D、光学字符识别（OCR）标准答案:D题号:12 题型:单选题内容:代码签名的目的是确保：选项:A、软件没有被后续修改B、应用程序可以与其它已签名的应用安全地对接使用C、应用（程序）的签名人是受到信任的D、签名人的私钥还没有被泄露标准答案:A题号:13 题型:单选题内容:检查用于互联网Internet通讯的网络时，IS审计应该首先检查、确定：选项:A、是否口令经常修改B、客户/服务器应用的框架C、网络框架和设计D、防火墙保护和代理服务器标准答案:C题号:14 题型:单选题内容:企业正在与厂商谈判服务水平协议（SLA），首要的工作是：选项:A、实施可行性研究B、核实与公司政策的符合性C、起草其中的罚则D、起草服务水平要求标准答案:D题号:15 题型:单选题内容:电子商务环境中降低通讯故障的最佳方式是：选项:A、使用压缩软件来缩短通讯传输耗时B、使用功能或消息确认（机制）C、利用包过滤防火墙，重新路由消息D、租用异步传输模式（ATM）线路标准答案:D题号:16 题型:单选题内容:以下哪一项措施可最有效地支持24/7可用性？选项:A、日常备份B、异地存储C、镜像D、定期测试标准答案:C题号:17 题型:单选题内容:某制造类公司欲建自动化发票支付系统，要求该系统在复核和授权控制上花费相当少的时间，同时能识别出需要深入追究的错误，以下哪一项措施能最好地满足上述需求？选项:A、建立一个与供货商相联的内部客户机用及服务器网络以提升效率B、将其外包给一家专业的自动化支付和账务收发处理公司C、与重要供货商建立采用标准格式的、计算机对计算机的电子业务文文件和交易处理用EDI系统D、重组现有流程并重新设计现有系统标准答案:C题号:18 题型:单选题内容:以下哪一项是图像处理的弱点？选项:A、验证签名B、改善服务C、相对较贵D、减少处理导致的变形标准答案:C题号:19 题型:单选题内容:某IS审计人员需要将其微机与某大型机系统相连，该大型机系统采用同步块数据传输通讯，而微机只支持异步ASCII字符数据通讯。