Crisis Intervention Hotline and Emergency Self Rescue
推荐自己去当志愿者的申请信英语作文
全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：推荐自己去当志愿者的申请信英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Dear Volunteer Coordinator,My name is Emily Thompson, and I am a sophomore at Central High School. I am writing to express my sincere interest in becoming a volunteer with your organization. Throughout mylife, I have been taught the importance of giving back to the community and helping those in need. Volunteering has always been a passion of mine, and I believe your organization aligns perfectly with my values and desire to make a positive impact.Since a young age, I have been actively involved in various community service initiatives. During my elementary school years, I participated in food drives, toy collections, and neighborhood clean-up events. These experiences instilled in me a deep appreciation for the power of collective action and the joy that comes from lending a helping hand. As I grew older, my commitment to volunteerism only strengthened.In middle school, I joined the student council, where I had the opportunity to organize and participate in severalschool-wide community service projects. One of the most memorable experiences was our annual clothing drive for underprivileged families. Seeing the gratitude on the faces of those we helped was truly heartwarming and solidified my desire to continue serving others.Now, in high school, I am an active member of the Key Club, a student-led organization dedicated to community service. Through this club, I have volunteered at local soup kitchens, assisted in beautification projects, and organized fundraisers forvarious charitable causes. These experiences have taught me valuable skills such as teamwork, leadership, and effective communication, all of which will be invaluable assets in my role as a volunteer.One of the aspects that drew me to your organization is its mission to promote literacy and education among underprivileged children. As someone who deeply values the transformative power of education, I firmly believe that every child deserves access to quality educational resources and opportunities. Your organization's efforts to establish community libraries, provide tutoring services, and organize educational workshops truly resonate with me.I am confident that my passion, dedication, and willingness to learn will make me an excellent addition to your team of volunteers. I have a strong work ethic and a positive attitude, which will enable me to tackle any task with enthusiasm and commitment. Furthermore, my excellent communication skills and ability to work well in a team environment will undoubtedly contribute to the success of your initiatives.In addition to my passion for community service, I possess a diverse set of skills that could be valuable to your organization. As an avid reader and writer, I would be thrilled to assist with anyliteracy-related programs or activities. I am also proficient in various computer applications and social media platforms, which could be useful for promoting your organization's events and initiatives online.Moreover, I am fluent in both English and Spanish, which could be advantageous when working with diverse communities or assisting with translation needs. My organizational skills and attention to detail would also be assets in planning and executing successful events and programs.Volunteering with your organization would not only allow me to contribute to a noble cause but also provide me with invaluable personal growth opportunities. I am eager to learn from experienced mentors, develop new skills, and gain a deeper understanding of the challenges faced by underprivileged communities. This experience would undoubtedly shape me into a more well-rounded and socially conscious individual.I am available to volunteer on weekends and during summer breaks, and I am willing to accommodate any schedule that best suits the needs of your organization. I understand that volunteering requires a significant time commitment, and I am fully prepared to dedicate my efforts wholeheartedly.Thank you for considering my application. I genuinely believe that my passion, skills, and dedication make me an ideal candidate for a volunteer position with your esteemed organization. I eagerly await the opportunity to discuss my qualifications further and to learn more about how I can contribute to your noble mission.Sincerely,Emily Thompson篇2Volunteer Application EssayMy life changed the day I witnessed a horrific car accident on my way home from school. Two vehicles had collided at a busy intersection, and one of the drivers lay unconscious and bleeding on the pavement. While others gawked or hurriedly drove past, one brave individual rushed to the injured man's aid, shouting for someone to call an ambulance. As I watched in awe, she cradled the stranger's head and attempted to stop the bleeding until paramedics arrived. In that moment, I realized the tremendous impact one person's actions could have, and I vowed to become someone who helps others in times of crisis.Since then, I have actively sought out opportunities to serve my community through volunteering. My first experience was at a local soup kitchen during my freshman year of high school. Helping to prepare and serve hot meals opened my eyes to the prevalence of food insecurity right in my own neighborhood. I was humbled to witness families struggling to make ends meet and grateful for the chance to provide them with a warm, nutritious meal.The following summer, I traveled abroad to Costa Rica on a volunteer trip to teach English to elementary school students. Despite the language barrier, I quickly formed bonds with the children through our shared laughter, games, and passion for learning. Seeing their bright smiles and eagerness to absorb new knowledge was incredibly fulfilling. I recognized how education could open doors and provide the tools for a brighter future. This experience solidified my desire to become an educator and helped me appreciate the universality of human connection that transcends cultural differences.Upon returning home, I became a volunteer tutor and mentor for underprivileged youth through my school's outreach program. Each week, I worked one-on-one with students, helping them with homework, building their reading and mathskills, and encouraging them to explore their academic interests. For many of these kids, I was one of the few positive role models in their lives offering unwavering support. Watching them gain confidence, develop a thirst for knowledge, and tap into their fullest potential was tremendously rewarding. I found immense joy in being a consistent source of guidance during a pivotal stage of their personal growth.My most profound volunteering experience has been serving as a peer counselor and sexual assault survivor advocate over the past two years. After undergoing extensive training, I joined a team providing free, confidential support services to victims of interpersonal violence through a 24/7 hotline. Regularly interacting with callers enduring unimaginable trauma and pain was incredibly heavy, yet I felt privileged to create a safe space where they could open up without fear of judgment. Empathetically listening, validating their emotions, and empowering them to take control of their healing journeys became a tremendous honor. This role pushed me to develop crucial skills in crisis intervention, emotional intelligence, and resilience that will undoubtedly serve me well in any future endeavors.Through each of these diverse volunteering roles, I have gained invaluable insights into societal issues like poverty, education inequality, sexual violence, and how we can collectively strive to build a more just, compassionate world. More importantly, I've learned that the most meaningful way to enact change is by cultivating human connections one person at a time. My experiences as a volunteer have imbued me with an unwavering sense of empathy, humility, and drive to become a lifelong advocate for social justice.As I prepare for the next chapter of my journey in college, I am eager to continue making a positive impact through civic engagement. I hope to join student organizations dedicated to community service, while pursuing a degree that will equip me with the skills and knowledge to become an effective social worker or public policy advocate. My ultimate goal is to attain a position where I can influence systematic changes to dismantle oppressive institutions and cycles of disadvantage. However, I know that true, lasting change begins at the grassroots level through hands-on volunteering.I pledge to forever uphold the mission of being an engaged, compassionate citizen who willingly lends assistance to those in need, with no expectation of personal gain. The intrinsic rewardsof witnessing lives transformed, bonds strengthened, and communities fortified are more than enough to fuel my passion for service. By choosing to lead with empathy and take action, I aim to inspire others to pay forward kindness and collectively work towards a more just, equitable society for all.篇3Dear Volunteer Coordinator,I am writing to express my keen interest in volunteering for your esteemed organization. As a high school student passionate about making a positive impact, I believe your program aligns perfectly with my values and aspirations.Throughout my academic journey, I have come to understand the profound significance of community service. It is not merely an extracurricular activity but a transformative experience that fosters personal growth, empathy, and a sense of purpose. By immersing myself in volunteer work, I aim to transcend the confines of my own perspective and gain a deeper appreciation for the challenges faced by others.One of the primary motivations driving my desire to volunteer is the opportunity to make a tangible difference in people's lives. I firmly believe that even the smallest acts ofkindness can ripple outward, creating a profound and lasting impact. Whether it is lending a helping hand to those in need, supporting educational initiatives, or contributing to environmental conservation efforts, I am eager to dedicate my time and energy to causes that truly matter.Furthermore, I am drawn to the personal growth and development that volunteering can foster. By stepping out of my comfort zone and engaging with diverse communities, I anticipate cultivating invaluable life skills such as empathy, communication, teamwork, and problem-solving. These experiences will not only enrich my character but also equip me with the tools necessary to navigate the complexities of our interconnected world with greater understanding and compassion.In addition to the personal rewards, I am attracted to the prospect of gaining practical experience in areas that align with my academic interests and future career aspirations. Through hands-on involvement, I hope to acquire knowledge and insights that will complement my classroom learning, preparing me for the challenges and responsibilities that lie ahead.While I am a dedicated student committed to my academic pursuits, I strongly believe in striking a balance betweenintellectual growth and personal development. Volunteering provides a unique opportunity to apply my knowledge and skills in a meaningful context, bridging the gap between theory and practice.Throughout my high school years, I have actively sought opportunities to contribute to my local community. As a member of the school's environmental club, I have participated in numerous beach cleanups, tree-planting initiatives, and awareness campaigns aimed at promoting sustainable practices. Additionally, I have volunteered at a local food bank, where I witnessed firsthand the impact of collective efforts in addressing food insecurity.These experiences have not only reinforced my commitment to service but have also instilled in me a deep appreciation for the power of collaboration and teamwork. I have learned that meaningful change often stems from the collective efforts of individuals united by a common goal.Beyond my involvement in school activities, I have also sought out independent volunteering opportunities. During the summer months, I dedicated my time to assisting at a nearby community center, where I tutored children from underprivileged backgrounds and helped organize educationalworkshops and recreational activities. This experience taught me the invaluable lesson of adapting to diverse learning styles and fostering an inclusive environment that promotes personal growth and self-confidence.As I reflect on these experiences, I am filled with a profound sense of gratitude and a desire to continue making a positive impact. Your organization's mission and values resonate deeply with me, and I am confident that my skills, enthusiasm, and dedication will make me a valuable asset to your team.I possess strong organizational and time management skills, which will enable me to balance my academic commitments with volunteering responsibilities effectively. Additionally, my ability to work collaboratively in team settings, combined with my natural inclination towards leadership, will allow me to contribute meaningfully to any project or initiative.Furthermore, I am proficient in various computer applications and possess excellent research and analytical skills, which I believe will prove invaluable in supporting the administrative and logistical aspects of your organization's operations.In conclusion, I am eager to embark on this journey of personal growth and community service with your esteemedorganization. I am confident that my passion, commitment, and willingness to learn will make me a valuable addition to your team. I look forward to the opportunity to discuss my qualifications further and to contribute to the meaningful work you are undertaking.Thank you for your time and consideration.Sincerely,[Your Name]。
艾滋病防治常用术语手册
艾滋病的基础知识常用术语艾滋病Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, AIDS艾滋病病毒Human Immunodeficiency Virus,HIV艾滋病病毒感染者People Living with HIV and AIDS,PLWHA艾滋病病人AIDS patient艾滋病传播途径Routes of Infection(Modes of HIV transmission)暗娼Commercial Sex Worker,CSW(UNAIDS建议使用Sex Worker)不安全性行为Unsafe Sex插入性性行为Penetrative Sex产后传播After-birth Transmission窗口期window period毒品drugs多性伴multiple sexual partners非插入式性交non-penetrative sex服务场所service place高危行为high risk population(UNAIDS建议使用key populations at higher risk) 高危性行为high risk behavior共用针具吸毒sharing injection equipment红丝带red ribbon机会性感染opportunistic infections, OI鸡尾酒疗法cocktail therapy性传播sexual transmission血液传播blood-borne transmission免疫系统immune system母婴传播Mother to child transmission,MTCT男妓male prostitute男用安全套male condom女用安全套female condom潜伏期incubation period清洁针具clean needle全科医生general practitioner,GP商业性行为Commercial sex生活技能Life skills生殖健康Reproductive health世界艾滋病日World AIDS Day世界艾滋病行动World AIDS campaign,WAC双性恋Bisexuality双性性行为Bisexuality水制润滑剂K-Y Lubricant,KY体液Body fluid替代喂养replacement feeding同伴教育peer education同性恋Homosexuality同性性行为homosexual behavior无偿献血volunteer blood donation性伴侣sexual partner性产业sex industry性传播感染Sexually transmitted infections,STI性功能障碍Sexual dysfunction性教育sex education性倾向sex orientation性身份认同gender identity性行为sex behavior血浆plasma血液制品blood products血友病hemophilia义务献血compulsory blood donation异性恋heterosexuality异性性行为heterosexual sex易感人群susceptible population疫苗vaccine预防母婴传播prevention on mother to child transmission,PMTCT娱乐场所Entertainment place有偿采供血Paid blood supplement艾滋病流行病学常用术语艾滋病流行病学专题调查specific epidemiological investigation艾滋病疫情估计和预测estimate and project on AIDS epidemics案例分析case study被动检测passive surveillance抽样sampling脆弱人群vulnerable population，VP(UNAIDS建议使用Most Likely to be exposed to HIV) 发病率incidence rate覆盖面coverage感染率prevalence rate高危人群high risk population高危人群规模估计调查population size estimate of high risk groups核心人群core population绘制活动场所分布图mapping of entertainment places监测surveillance流行或大流行epidemic or pandemic桥梁人群bridge population哨点监测sentinel surveillance网络直报系统web-based reporting system危险行为发生率incidence of high risk behavior新发感染率incidence rate行为监测behavior surveillance血清流行病学seroepidemiology注射吸毒injection drug use职业暴露occupational exposure主动监测active/positive surveillance综合监测comprehensive surveillance艾滋病诊断治疗常用术语CD4+T淋巴细胞CD4+T count艾滋病病毒急性感染期acute infection-primary HIV-1 infection stage 艾滋病快速诊断试剂rapid HIV/AIDS Testing Reagent艾滋病临床分期AIDS clinical stages艾滋病慢性感染HIV chronic infection艾滋病相关综合征AIDS related complex ,ARC病毒载量HIV viral load病毒载量测定viral load test单采浆plasmapheresis蛋白酶抑制剂protease inhibitor,PI蛋白印迹法western blot test,WB服药依从性adherence, compliance高效抗逆转录病毒疗法Highly active anti-retroviral therapy,HAART 规范化性病诊疗Standardized diagnosis and treatment of STDS聚合酶链反应PCR抗体检测Antibody detection抗原检测Antigen detection联合用药组合recommended antiretroviral regiments or components 梅毒syphilis梅毒血清学试验serologic test for syphilis酶联免疫法ELISA美沙酮维持治疗methadone maintenance therapy,MMT耐药性drug resistance逆转录酶抑制剂NRT强制性检测mandatory testing求医行为health seeking behavior确认实验室confirmation laboratory确认试验confirmed test筛查实验室screening laboratory筛查试验screening test实验室生物安全Laboratory Biology safety,LBS实验室质量保证quality assurance，QA实验室质量控制quality control，QC实验室质量评价Laboratory Quality Appraisement,EQA试验的敏感性sensitivity试验的特异性specificity随访follow up停药drug stopping脱毒detoxification污染区contaminated section无症状感染期HIV positive stage心瘾mental addiction性病病症处理syndromic approach for the management of sexually transmitted disease 样品sample, specimen药物的不良反应adverse reaction药物滥用drug abuse/drug dependence一线用药方案first-line ARV regimens医源性感染Iatrogenic transmission阴道杀菌剂Vagina antiseptic阴性对照negative control中药治疗traditional medicine therapy治疗失败treatment failure现代结核病控制策略directly observed treatment shortcourse,DOTS艾滋病干预、教育、预防常用术语419 one night standIEC材料information education communication material ,IEC material艾滋病的三级预防three levels of prevention on HIV/AIDS安全套社会营销condom social marketing安全套推广使用condom promotion安全性行为safe sex安全注射safe injection参与式方法participative approach倡导advocacy大众传播mass communication大众传媒mass media大众教育public education德尔菲法Delphi method定量研究quantitative research定性研究qualitative research封闭性问题close question隔离isolation个案调查case survey个人深入访谈individual in-depth interview,IDI健康促进health promotion,HP健康教育health education, HE健康教育处方health education prescription降低危害harm reduction交流技能communication skills角色扮演role play戒断症状withdrawal symptom开放式问题open question目标人群target population目标人群的参与participation of target people普遍性防护原则universal protection principle青春期教育adolescence education人际传播interpersonal communication示范区“面对面”宣传教育“face to face” education campaign on HIV/AIDS 收视率audience rating头脑风暴brainstorming外展服务outreach service问卷调查questionnaire survey校内教育in-school education校外教育out-school education信息、教育和交流information、education、communication,IEC信息网络information network行为改变干预behavior change intervrntion,BCI行为改变交流behavior change communication,BCC行为干预behavior interview,BI以学生为中心的教育活动students-centered education诱导性问题leading question预试验pretest知识、态度和实践/行为KAP/B知晓率awareness rate预防性治疗preventive treatment针具交换syringe exchange专题小组访谈focus group discussions,FGDs艾滋病人关怀、咨询、反歧视常用术语“四免一关怀”政策“four free and one care” policy,FFOCP艾滋病自愿咨询检测voluntary counseling and testing,VCT保密原则confidentiality暴露后评估post-exposure risk evaluation暴露后预防exposure prophylaxis边缘人群marginalized groups草根组织grass-roots organization不评判原则nonjudgmental principle非言语交流nonverbal communication非政府组织non-governmental organization, NGO关怀与支持care and support家庭关怀home-based care检测后咨询post-testing counseling检测前咨询pre-testing counseling流动人口migratory populations流浪儿童street children匿名检测anonymous testing歧视discrimination社会营销social marketing社会支持social support社区动员community mobilization社区关怀community-based care受艾滋病影响的儿童children affected by AIDS/AIDS受益者beneficiaries危险评估risk assessment心理危机psychological crisis性伴通知partner notification性伴咨询partner counseling亚文化subculture阳性告知patient notification预防性咨询preventive treatment支持小组support group转介服务referral service咨询counseling咨询热线counseling hotline艾滋病有关伦理道德、法律法规常用术语公平原则justice doctrine伦理原则ethics污名化stigmatization性别平等gender equity隐私privacy与贸易有关的知识产权协议the agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights, TRIP agreement知情同意informed consent艾滋病预防工作项目管理、督导、评价常用术语艾滋病病例报告case reporting成本效益分析cost-benefit analysis成本效用分析cost-utility analysis成本效果分析cost-effectiveness analysis督导评估supervision assessment高危人群干预工作队working team for intervention among high-risk population of HIV/AIDS 国务院防治艾滋病工作委员会the state council AIDS working committee,SCAWC过程评估process evaluation技术援助technical assistance疾病负担disease burden决策者policy maker可及性accessibility快速评估rapid appraisal扩展scaling-up利益相关者stakeholder联合国大会艾滋病特别会议united nations general assembly special session on HIV/AIDS,UNGASS内部评估internal assessment能力建设capacity building评价指标evaluation index千年发展目标millennium development goals,MDG强制许可compulsory licensing全国艾滋病综合防治示范区项目china comprehensive AIDS response program, China CARES全球抗击艾滋病、肺结核和疟疾基金（简称全球基金）The global fund to fight AIDS ,tuberculosis and malaria-GFATM,global fund外部评估external assessment外部质量评估external quality assessment现场督导field monitoring现状评估current situation assessment项目可持续性project sustainability效果评估effect evaluation形式分析situation analysis需求评估need assessment一代监测first generation surveillance应对分析response analysis影响评定impact evaluation中长期规划medium and long plan政策评估policy evaluation战略规划strategic planning支持性环境support environment最佳实践best practices促进艾滋病病人、感染者更大程度的参与greater involvement of people living with or affected by HIV and AIDS ,GIPA艾滋病相关疾病常用术语艾滋病与结核双重感染HIV-TB Co-infection艾滋病恐惧症AIDS phobia非淋菌性尿道（宫颈）炎non-gonococcal urethritis ,NGU尖锐湿疣condyloma acuminatum淋病gonorrhea盆腔炎pelvic inflammatory disease ,PID人类乳头瘤状病毒human papilloma virus .HPV沙眼衣原体感染Chlamydia trachomatis生殖道感染reproductive tract infection ,RTI生殖器溃疡genital ulcer外阴阴道念珠菌病genital herpes ,GH性病sexually transmitted disease venereal disease ,VD性病性淋巴肉芽肿lymphograbuloma venereum ,LGV阴道毛滴虫病vaginal trichomoniasis。
自杀与社会文化
在我们的生活中，死，并不新鲜， 可是活着，当然更不稀罕。
在一个人的一生中，死并不是难事； 更难得是，怎样把生活继续下去。
马萨达事件“宁为自由而死，不为奴隶而生”
自杀相关理论：自杀与历史文化
川川 端端 康康 成成 生 前 的 影 像 记 录
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菊与刀，两者都是一副绘画的组成部分。日本人生性及 其好斗有非常温和；黩武而又爱美；倨傲自尊而又彬彬 有礼；顽冥不化而又柔弱善变；驯服而又不愿意受人摆 布；忠贞而又易于叛变；勇敢而又怯懦；保守而又十分 欢迎新的生活方式。他们十分介意别人对自己的行为的 观感，但当别人对其劣迹毫无所知时，又会被其罪恶所 征服。他们的军队受到彻底的训练，却又具有反抗性。
自杀与社会文化
上海交通大学医学院附属精神卫生中心 卞 茜
讲课提纲
• • • • 人类自杀的历史 自杀的流行学 解释自杀现象的相关理论 自杀的预防
人类自杀的历史
• 古希腊和古罗马时期：宽容的自杀观 • 中世纪：被基督教严格禁忌的自杀 • 现代时期：重新被审视的自杀观
自杀流行学
（1）全球自杀率地区分布
Relative importance (as % of all DALYs) of psychiatric disease in China
1998 Rank 1 Condition % of all burden COPD 8.1 6.9 5.7 4.2 1.9 2020 Rank Condition 1 2 3 6 11 15 COPD Depressive disorder suicide Bipolar disorder Dementia % of all burden 14.5 7.3 4.5 1.9 1.3
新冠疫情中上海危机沟通语言管理过程研究
新冠疫情中上海危机沟通语言管理过程研究郑咏滟（复旦大学 外文学院 上海 200433）提 要上海作为国际化大都市，已有多语种公共信息服务，但在新冠疫情危机中无法满足防控需求，大批本地高校外语院系学生志愿者投身到危机翻译活动。
对志愿者进行的半结构化访谈发现，危机沟通主体（包括社区基层工作人员和多语翻译志愿者）发挥能动性，自下而上地推动了注意→评估→调整与实施→反馈的危机沟通语言管理过程，共同塑造了多个嵌套、迭代的过程循环；同时揭示了英语单语主义意识形态和城市多语现实之间的矛盾，也凸显出微观个体能动性和宏观社会结构的辩证互动。
建议建立制度保障城市危机沟通语言管理，扩大城市多语种能力储备，匹配个体能动性和基层现实需求。
关键词 危机沟通；语言管理过程模型；能动性；多语能力；语言管理理论中图分类号H002 文献标识码A 文章编号2096-1014（2021）03-0014-11DOI 10.19689/10-1361/h.20210301A Study on Language Management Process of Shanghai’s Crisis Communication during the COVID-19Zheng YongyanAbstract Shanghai as an international metropolis provides a range of multilingual public services, but these services could not fully meet the needs of crisis communication during the COVID-19 outbreak. A large number of local university students who specialize in foreign language studies voluntarily translated important information of disease control and prevention measures into multiple languages as part of the city’s crisis management. This study adopted the framework of Language Management Theory and conducted semi-structure interviews to probe into the voluntary translation activities. Findings showed that the agents of crisis communication (including community workers and multilingual translators) exercised agency and drove the crisis communication language management process through several stages of Noting→Evaluation→Adjustment and Imple-mentation→Feedback, in a bottom-up manner. Based on the fi ndings, a language management process model of crisis commu-nication was proposed, in which agents co-shaped several interconnected and iterative language management cycles. Findings also revealed the confl ict between the implicit English monolingual ideology and the multilingual realities of urban settings and highlighted the dialectic interaction between micro-individual agency and macro-societal structure. It is recommended that a system be established to guarantee multilingual cities’ language management for crisis communication, expand the reserve of urban multilingual talents, and match individual agency with the grassroots needs.Key words crisis communication; language management process model; agency; multilingual capabilities; Language Man-agement Theory作者简介：郑咏滟，女，复旦大学教授，主要研究方向为应用语言学。
英语作文-社区派出所：为居民提供基本治安维护服务
英语作文-社区派出所：为居民提供基本治安维护服务Community Police Station: Providing Basic Security Services for Residents。
Introduction:The Community Police Station plays a vital role in maintaining the security andwell-being of residents in the community. With a dedicated team of officers and a range of services, the station ensures that residents feel safe and protected in their neighborhood. This article will discuss the various services provided by the Community Police Station and highlight their importance in maintaining a secure and harmonious community.Body:1. Emergency Response:The Community Police Station serves as the first point of contact for residents during emergencies. With a 24-hour hotline, residents can report crimes, accidents, or any other emergency situations. The station promptly dispatches officers to the scene, ensuring quick response times and immediate assistance to those in need. This emergency response system is crucial in ensuring the safety and well-being of residents.2. Crime Prevention:One of the primary functions of the Community Police Station is to prevent crime in the community. Officers patrol the neighborhood, keeping a vigilant eye on suspicious activities and potential threats. They also organize community awareness programs and workshops to educate residents about crime prevention techniques, such as home security measures and personal safety tips. By actively engaging with the community, the station creates a sense of partnership in crime prevention.3. Neighborhood Watch Programs:The Community Police Station encourages residents to participate in neighborhood watch programs. These programs involve residents keeping an eye on their surroundings and reporting any suspicious activities to the station. The station provides training and support to residents interested in joining these programs, empowering them to actively contribute to the security of their community. Neighborhood watch programs foster a sense of unity and collective responsibility among residents.4. Mediation and Conflict Resolution:The Community Police Station plays a crucial role in resolving conflicts and disputes within the community. Officers act as mediators, facilitating peaceful resolutions between parties involved in disputes. By providing a neutral and unbiased platform, the station helps maintain harmony and fosters a sense of understanding among community members. Timely intervention and effective conflict resolution contribute to a peaceful and cohesive community.5. Community Engagement:The Community Police Station actively engages with the community through various initiatives. They organize community events, such as sports tournaments, cultural festivals, and educational workshops, to promote interaction and build positive relationships between residents and officers. These activities not only strengthen community bonds but also bridge the gap between law enforcement and residents, fostering trust and cooperation.6. Support for Vulnerable Groups:The Community Police Station provides support and assistance to vulnerable groups within the community, such as the elderly, children, and victims of domestic violence. Officers conduct regular welfare checks on the elderly and offer guidance and resources to ensure their safety and well-being. They also collaborate with social services organizations to provide necessary support to victims of domestic violence and ensure their protection. By catering to the needs of vulnerable groups, the station creates an inclusive and caring community environment.Conclusion:The Community Police Station plays a crucial role in maintaining the security and well-being of residents in the community. Through emergency response services, crime prevention efforts, neighborhood watch programs, mediation and conflict resolution, community engagement, and support for vulnerable groups, the station ensures a safe and harmonious living environment. The dedication and commitment of the officers, combined with the active participation of residents, contribute to the overall security and quality of life in the community.。
英语作文大学生如何应对金融危机
英语作文大学生如何应对金融危机精选英文英语作文大学生如何应对金融危机：How College Students Should Cope with the Financial CrisisIn today's rapidly changing economic landscape, financial crises have become a recurring phenomenon, often affecting even the most secure of individuals. College students, in particular, may find themselves vulnerable due to their limited financial resources and inexperience in handling such situations. However, with careful planning and a proactive approach, they can navigate these challenging times effectively.Firstly, it is crucial for college students to stay informed and updated about the current economic situation. Understanding the causes and potential impacts of a financial crisis can help them make informed decisions. Regularly checking news sources, financial blogs, and industry reports can provide valuable insights into market trends and potential risks.Secondly, students should prioritize their financial needs and create a realistic budget. This involves identifying essential expenses such as tuition, accommodation, and food, and cutting back on discretionary spending. Creating a budget and sticking to it can help students avoid unnecessary debt and ensure that their financial resources are stretched as far as possible.Thirdly, students should explore opportunities to increase their income. This could involve taking on part-time jobs, internships, or freelance work. Not only does this provide an additional source of income, but it also allows students to gain valuable work experience and develop skills that will be beneficial in their future careers.Moreover, it is essential for students to cultivate a savings habit. While it may seem challenging, even small amounts saved regularly can accumulate over time. These savings can provide a cushion during financial difficulties and can be invested to generate additional income in the future.Lastly, students should seek advice and support from experts. Financial advisors, professors, and mentors can provide valuable guidance on how to navigate financial challenges. They can offer insights into market trends, investment opportunities, and strategies to reduce financial risks.In conclusion, while financial crises can be daunting for college students, they also present an opportunity to learn and grow. By staying informed, creating a budget, exploring income opportunities, cultivating savings habits, and seeking expert advice, students can emerge from these challenging times stronger and more resilient.中文对照翻译：大学生应如何应对金融危机在当今快速变化的经济形势下，金融危机已成为一种反复出现的现象，甚至往往影响到最安全的个人。
艾滋病防治常用术语手册
艾滋病防治常用术语手册艾滋病的基础知识常用术语艾滋病Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, AIDS艾滋病病毒Human Immunodeficiency Virus,HIV艾滋病病毒感染者People Living with HIV and AIDS,PLWHA艾滋病病人AIDS patient艾滋病传播途径Routes of Infection(Modes of HIV transmission)暗娼Commercial Sex Worker,CSW(UNAIDS 建议使用Sex Worker)不安全性行为Unsafe Sex插入性性行为Penetrative Sex产后传播After-birth Transmission窗口期window period毒品drugs多性伴multiple sexual partners非插入式性交non-penetrative sex服务场所service place高危行为high risk population(UNAIDS建议使用key populations at higher risk)高危性行为high risk behavior共用针具吸毒sharing injection equipment红丝带red ribbon机会性感染opportunistic infections, OI鸡尾酒疗法cocktail therapy性传播sexual transmission血液传播blood-borne transmission免疫系统immune system母婴传播Mother to child transmission,MTCT 男妓male prostitute男用安全套male condom女用安全套female condom潜伏期incubation period清洁针具clean needle全科医生general practitioner,GP商业性行为Commercial sex生活技能Life skills生殖健康Reproductive health世界艾滋病日World AIDS Day世界艾滋病行动World AIDS campaign,WAC 双性恋Bisexuality双性性行为Bisexuality水制润滑剂K-Y Lubricant,KY体液Body fluid替代喂养replacement feeding同伴教育peer education同性恋Homosexuality同性性行为homosexual behavior无偿献血volunteer blood donation性伴侣sexual partner性产业sex industry性传播感染Sexually transmitted infections,STI性功能障碍Sexual dysfunction性教育sex education性倾向sex orientation性身份认同gender identity性行为sex behavior血浆plasma血液制品blood products血友病hemophilia义务献血compulsory blood donation异性恋heterosexuality异性性行为heterosexual sex易感人群susceptible population疫苗vaccine预防母婴传播prevention on mother to child transmission,PMTCT娱乐场所Entertainment place有偿采供血Paid blood supplement艾滋病流行病学常用术语艾滋病流行病学专题调查specific epidemiological investigation艾滋病疫情估计和预测estimate and project on AIDS epidemics案例分析case study被动检测passive surveillance抽样sampling脆弱人群vulnerable population，VP(UNAIDS 建议使用Most Likely to be exposed to HIV)发病率incidence rate覆盖面coverage感染率prevalence rate高危人群high risk population高危人群规模估计调查population size estimate of high risk groups核心人群core population绘制活动场所分布图mapping of entertainment places监测surveillance流行或大流行epidemic or pandemic桥梁人群bridge population哨点监测sentinel surveillance网络直报系统web-based reporting system危险行为发生率incidence of high risk behavior新发感染率incidence rate行为监测behavior surveillance血清流行病学seroepidemiology注射吸毒injection drug use职业暴露occupational exposure主动监测active/positive surveillance综合监测comprehensive surveillance艾滋病诊断治疗常用术语CD4+T淋巴细胞CD4+T count艾滋病病毒急性感染期acute infection-primary HIV-1 infection stage艾滋病快速诊断试剂rapid HIV/AIDS TestingReagent艾滋病临床分期AIDS clinical stages艾滋病慢性感染HIV chronic infection艾滋病相关综合征AIDS related complex ,ARC病毒载量HIV viral load病毒载量测定viral load test单采浆plasmapheresis蛋白酶抑制剂protease inhibitor,PI蛋白印迹法western blot test,WB服药依从性adherence, compliance高效抗逆转录病毒疗法Highly active anti-retroviral therapy,HAART规范化性病诊疗Standardized diagnosis and treatment of STDS聚合酶链反应PCR抗体检测Antibody detection抗原检测Antigen detection联合用药组合recommended antiretroviral regiments or components梅毒syphilis梅毒血清学试验serologic test for syphilis酶联免疫法ELISA美沙酮维持治疗methadone maintenance therapy,MMT耐药性drug resistance逆转录酶抑制剂NRT强制性检测mandatory testing求医行为health seeking behavior确认实验室confirmation laboratory确认试验confirmed test筛查实验室screening laboratory筛查试验screening test实验室生物安全Laboratory Biology safety,LBS实验室质量保证quality assurance，QA实验室质量控制quality control，QC实验室质量评价Laboratory Quality Appraisement,EQA试验的敏感性sensitivity试验的特异性specificity随访follow up停药drug stopping脱毒detoxification污染区contaminated section无症状感染期HIV positive stage心瘾mental addiction性病病症处理syndromic approach for the management of sexually transmitted disease样品sample, specimen药物的不良反应adverse reaction药物滥用drug abuse/drug dependence一线用药方案first-line ARV regimens医源性感染Iatrogenic transmission阴道杀菌剂Vagina antiseptic阴性对照negative control中药治疗traditional medicine therapy治疗失败treatment failure现代结核病控制策略directly observed treatment shortcourse,DOTS艾滋病干预、教育、预防常用术语419 one night standIEC材料information education communication material ,IEC material艾滋病的三级预防three levels of prevention on HIV/AIDS安全套社会营销condom social marketing安全套推广使用condom promotion安全性行为safe sex安全注射safe injection参与式方法participative approach倡导advocacy大众传播mass communication大众传媒mass media大众教育public education德尔菲法Delphi method定量研究quantitative research定性研究qualitative research封闭性问题close question隔离isolation个案调查case survey个人深入访谈individual in-depth interview,IDI健康促进health promotion,HP健康教育health education, HE健康教育处方health education prescription降低危害harm reduction交流技能communication skills角色扮演role play戒断症状withdrawal symptom开放式问题open question目标人群target population目标人群的参与participation of target people 普遍性防护原则universal protection principle 青春期教育adolescence education人际传播interpersonal communication示范区“面对面”宣传教育“face to face” education campaign on HIV/AIDS收视率audience rating头脑风暴brainstorming外展服务outreach service问卷调查questionnaire survey校内教育in-school education校外教育out-school education信息、教育和交流information、education、communication,IEC信息网络information network行为改变干预behavior change intervrntion,BCI行为改变交流behavior changecommunication,BCC行为干预behavior interview,BI以学生为中心的教育活动students-centered education诱导性问题leading question预试验pretest知识、态度和实践/行为KAP/B知晓率awareness rate预防性治疗preventive treatment针具交换syringe exchange专题小组访谈focus group discussions,FGDs 艾滋病人关怀、咨询、反歧视常用术语“四免一关怀”政策“four free and one care”policy,FFOCP艾滋病自愿咨询检测voluntary counseling and testing,VCT保密原则confidentiality暴露后评估post-exposure risk evaluation暴露后预防exposure prophylaxis边缘人群marginalized groups草根组织grass-roots organization不评判原则nonjudgmental principle非言语交流nonverbal communication非政府组织non-governmental organization, NGO关怀与支持care and support家庭关怀home-based care检测后咨询post-testing counseling检测前咨询pre-testing counseling流动人口migratory populations流浪儿童street children匿名检测anonymous testing歧视discrimination社会营销social marketing社会支持social support社区动员community mobilization社区关怀community-based care受艾滋病影响的儿童children affected by AIDS/AIDS受益者beneficiaries危险评估risk assessment心理危机psychological crisis性伴通知partner notification性伴咨询partner counseling亚文化subculture阳性告知patient notification预防性咨询preventive treatment支持小组support group转介服务referral service咨询counseling咨询热线counseling hotline艾滋病有关伦理道德、法律法规常用术语公平原则justice doctrine伦理原则ethics污名化stigmatization性别平等gender equity隐私privacy与贸易有关的知识产权协议the agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights, TRIP agreement知情同意informed consent艾滋病预防工作项目管理、督导、评价常用术语艾滋病病例报告case reporting成本效益分析cost-benefit analysis成本效用分析cost-utility analysis成本效果分析cost-effectiveness analysis督导评估supervision assessment高危人群干预工作队working team for intervention among high-risk population of HIV/AIDS国务院防治艾滋病工作委员会the state council AIDS working committee,SCAWC过程评估process evaluation技术援助technical assistance疾病负担disease burden决策者policy maker可及性accessibility快速评估rapid appraisal扩展scaling-up利益相关者stakeholder联合国大会艾滋病特别会议united nations general assembly special session on HIV/AIDS,UNGASS内部评估internal assessment能力建设capacity building评价指标evaluation index千年发展目标millennium development goals,MDG强制许可compulsory licensing全国艾滋病综合防治示范区项目china comprehensive AIDS response program, China CARES全球抗击艾滋病、肺结核和疟疾基金（简称全球基金）The global fund to fight AIDS ,tuberculosis and malaria-GFATM,global fund外部评估external assessment外部质量评估external quality assessment现场督导field monitoring现状评估current situation assessment项目可持续性project sustainability效果评估effect evaluation形式分析situation analysis需求评估need assessment一代监测first generation surveillance应对分析response analysis影响评定impact evaluation中长期规划medium and long plan政策评估policy evaluation战略规划strategic planning支持性环境support environment最佳实践best practices促进艾滋病病人、感染者更大程度的参与greater involvement of people living with or affected by HIV and AIDS ,GIPA艾滋病相关疾病常用术语艾滋病与结核双重感染HIV-TB Co-infection 艾滋病恐惧症AIDS phobia非淋菌性尿道（宫颈）炎non-gonococcal urethritis ,NGU尖锐湿疣condyloma acuminatum淋病gonorrhea盆腔炎pelvic inflammatory disease ,PID人类乳头瘤状病毒human papilloma virus .HPV沙眼衣原体感染Chlamydia trachomatis生殖道感染reproductive tract infection ,RTI 生殖器溃疡genital ulcer外阴阴道念珠菌病genital herpes ,GH性病sexually transmitted disease venereal disease ,VD性病性淋巴肉芽肿lymphograbulomavenereum ,LGV阴道毛滴虫病vaginal trichomoniasis。
致用英语综合教程3自制授课教案Unit4
First, listen to the tape para by para.
Second, a certain student read one para.
Third, a certain student translate some sentences which have different expression in Chinese.
Great efforts ensure the success of our work.
(9)explosive
adj. able or likely to explode
e.g. Because the gas is highly explosive, it needs to be kept in high-pressure
significanthaving an important effect or influence
weightyimportant and serious
seriousnot easily dealt with, needing careful thought
graveimportant and needing attention
actively interact with the teacher
finish tasks as required
教学重点、难点
Grammar: use the present tense in narrative stories
Vocabulary building:use intensifying adverbs to modify verbs
The school immediately alerted the police.
外刊每日精读 GP crisis
外刊每日精读 | GP crisis文章脉络【1】一项新计划：药房为病人开药方以应对全科医生危机。
【2】该计划受到卫生领导人的广泛欢迎。
【3】该计划并不是灵丹妙药，存在一些问题。
【4】该项计划带来的好处。
【5】首相里什•苏纳克和阿曼达·普里查德阐释该计划的好处。
【6】贝西•贝尔德警告称，“并非所有药店都能提供这些服务。
【7】卡米拉•霍桑这些计划和采取的“积极措施”并不能解决根本问题。
【8】英国完全合格的全职全科医生和药店的数量有所下降。
【9】黛西·库珀表示需要严肃的计划来招募国家医疗服务体系所需要的药剂师和全科医生。
【10】韦斯·斯特里特表示不能指望保守党解决全科医生危机。
经济学人原文Pharmacies to prescribe drugs to patients in bid to tackle GP crisis【1】Millions of patients in England will be able to get prescriptions for seven common conditions, plus more blood pressure checks and the contraceptive pill, directly from pharmacies under proposals to tackle the crisis in GP surgeries.Those suffering from earache,a sore throat , sinusitis, impetigo, shingles, infected insect bites and uncomplicated urinary tract infections （UTIs） in women are set to be prescribed medicine by pharmacists without seeing a doctor or nurse for the first time .【2】The reforms, to be set out by the government and NHS England in a primary care plan today, are designed to free up 15m GP appointments over the next two years. In the past five months, 24m consultations took place more thana fortnight after being requested by the patient– almost 5m each month on average, data shows.The blueprint was broadly welcomed by health leaders, with Thorrun Gov ind, chair of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society in England, calling it a “realgame-changer” for patients.【3】But experts warned that not all pharmacies would be able to offer all or any of the new services, meaning the shake-up could result in frustrated patients being “bumped from pillar to post, only to end up back at the GP”.There are also concerns that patients may not be able to recognise the seriousness of some conditions, including whether a UTI can be classed as “uncomplicated”.The country’s senior family doctor said the plan was not the “silver bullet”urgently neededto retain and recruit the thousands of GPs required to keep the NHS afloat.【4】The proposals, which follow measures announced yesterday to make it easierto get GP appointments with online tools, are being backed by £645m over two years. Ministers hope the reforms will launch this winter after a consultation with the industry.The number of people able to access blood pressure checksin pharmacies will be more than doubled to 2.5 million a year, from 900,000 last year. Half a million women will no longer need to speak to a practice nurse or GP to access oral contraception and can instead attend a pharmacy for it, NHS England said.Self-referrals will also be increased for access to services suchas physiotherapy, hearing tests and podiatry without the requirement to see a GP first.【5】Rishi Sunak, the prime minister, will hail the plan as evidence of actionto slash NHS waiting times, as he seeks to bounce back from the Conservatives’dire performance in the local elections, in which they lostabout 1,000council seats.NHS chief executive, Amanda Pritchard, said the “ambitious package” would help transform how care is provided within the healthservice.“This blueprint will help us to free up millions of appointments for those who need them most, as well as supporting staff so that they can do less admin and spend more time with patients,” she said.【6】But Beccy Baird, a senior fellow at the King’s Fund , a health thinktank, warned that “not all pharmacies will be able to offer these services”,causing frustrations and delays which could mean “patients[being] bumped from pillar to post, only to end up back at the GP”.She added: “Local areas will need to think very carefully about how the y communicate which services are available where and to whom.”【7】There are also concerns that not all pharmacies in England have the space to provide separate privacy areas for patients seeking prescriptions for sensitive conditions.Prof Kamila Hawthorne, the chair of the Royal College of GPs , said the plans included “positive steps” but none that were the “silver bullet” needed “to address the intense workload and workforce pressures GPs and their teams are working under”.【8】Ministers have repeatedly promised to increase the number of GPs. But the number of fully qualified, full-time equivalent GPs in England has dropped since 2015. GP shortages now top 4,200 and will double to 8,800 by 2031, according to the Health Foundation. Meanwhile, the number of pharmacies in England has reduced slightlyin the past two years, according to BBC analysis of figures from the NHS Business Services Authority, down by 160 to 11,026community chemists.【9】The Liberal Democrat health and social care spokesperson, Daisy Cooper , said: “Without a serious plan to recruit the pharmacists and GPs that our NHS needs, this could be yet another Conservative health pledge not worth the paper it’s written on.”【10】expecting the Conservatives to fix the GP crisis was“like expecting an arsonist to put out the fire they started”, said the Labourhealth spokesman, Wes Streeting. Sunak“has no plan to address the shortage of GPs, or to reverse the cut in the number of doctors trained every year,” he added .。
关于支援帮助服务的英语作文
关于支援帮助服务的英语作文Support services play a crucial role in our society by providing assistance and resources to individuals and communities in need. These services can range from mental health counseling and crisis intervention to educational support and job training programs. They are designed to help people overcome challenges, achieve their goals, and improve their overall well-being.One of the primary benefits of support services is the emotional and psychological support they provide. Many people struggle with mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, or trauma, and they may feel isolated or overwhelmed. Support services can offer a safe and non-judgmental space for individuals to share their experiences, receive professional guidance, and develop coping strategies. This can be especially important for vulnerable populations, such as children, the elderly, or those living with disabilities, who may have limited access to other forms of support.In addition to emotional support, support services can also provide practical assistance. For example, some services may offer financialaid, housing assistance, or job placement services to help individuals and families who are facing economic hardship. This can be particularly crucial for those who are struggling to meet their basic needs or are at risk of homelessness. By addressing these practical concerns, support services can help people regain stability and work towards a more secure and self-sufficient future.Another important aspect of support services is their role in promoting community well-being. Many services are designed to address systemic issues, such as poverty, inequality, or social isolation, by working with local organizations and community members to develop tailored solutions. This can involve initiatives like after-school programs, community centers, or outreach efforts that aim to connect individuals with the resources and support they need.One example of a successful support service is a local community center that provides a range of programs and resources for families in need. The center offers free meals, clothing, and school supplies for children, as well as job training and financial literacy classes for adults. It also hosts parenting workshops, mental health counseling, and support groups for individuals dealing with issues such as domestic violence or substance abuse. By addressing the diverse needs of the community, the center has become a hub of support and a source of hope for many people who might otherwise feelisolated or overwhelmed.Another example is a crisis intervention hotline that provides 24/7 support for individuals experiencing mental health emergencies or suicidal thoughts. The hotline is staffed by trained professionals who can offer immediate emotional support, crisis counseling, and referrals to local mental health resources. This service can be a lifeline for those who are in a state of crisis and may not have access to other forms of support.While support services can have a profound impact on individuals and communities, they also face a number of challenges. One of the biggest challenges is funding and resource constraints, as many support services rely on government grants, charitable donations, or limited budgets. This can make it difficult for them to meet the growing demand for their services or to expand their reach to underserved populations.Another challenge is the stigma and misconceptions that often surround the use of support services. Some people may be hesitant to seek help due to fears of being judged or misunderstood, or they may not be aware of the resources that are available to them. Support services often work to overcome these barriers by engaging in public awareness campaigns, community outreach, and efforts to destigmatize the use of mental health and social services.Despite these challenges, the importance of support services cannot be overstated. They play a vital role in promoting individual and community well-being, and they have the potential to transform lives and create a more just and equitable society. Whether it's providing emotional support, practical assistance, or community-based initiatives, support services are a critical component of a healthy and thriving society.As we look to the future, it is clear that the need for support services will only continue to grow. With the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, economic instability, and other social and environmental challenges, more and more people are turning to these services for help. It is essential that we continue to invest in and support these vital resources, so that they can continue to make a difference in the lives of those who need them most.。
遇到危险时,拨打报警电话救助的英语作文
遇到危险时,拨打报警电话救助的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1When facing danger, calling the emergency hotline for help is always the first and most crucial step to ensure your own safety and the safety of those around you. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of dialing the emergency hotline in times of peril, the role of emergency responders in providing assistance, and how taking prompt action can potentially save lives.First and foremost, dialing the emergency hotline when encountering danger is essential because it allows for immediate help to arrive on the scene. Whether you are experiencing a medical emergency, a car accident, a fire, or are a victim of a crime, contacting the appropriate emergency service will ensure that trained professionals are dispatched to your location promptly. The faster help arrives, the better the chances are of mitigating the situation and preventing further harm from occurring.Emergency responders play a crucial role in providing assistance to those in need. Police officers, firefighters, paramedics, and other first responders are trained to handle a wide range of emergencies and are equipped with the necessary tools and resources to provide aid in various situations. They are prepared to assess the situation, provide immediate medical care, extinguish fires, and ensure the safety and well-being of those involved. Their quick response and expertise can make all the difference in saving lives and minimizing the impact of an emergency.Taking prompt action and calling the emergency hotline can potentially save lives. In situations where every second counts, such as in cases of cardiac arrest, choking, or severe injuries, contacting emergency services immediately can mean the difference between life and death. By alerting authorities to the emergency, you are enabling them to mobilize quickly and efficiently, increasing the chances of a positive outcome for those in distress.In conclusion, dialing the emergency hotline when faced with danger is a critical step in ensuring your safety and the safety of others. By contacting the appropriate emergency service, you are enabling trained professionals to provideassistance and support in times of crisis. Remember, in an emergency, every second matters, so do not hesitate to call for help when you need it most.篇2When in Danger, Dial the Emergency Number for HelpIn times of danger, when we find ourselves in a precarious situation and unable to handle it on our own, it is crucial that we seek help immediately. One of the most effective ways to do so is by dialing the emergency helpline number, which connects us to trained professionals who are equipped to assist us in times of need. In this essay, we will explore the importance of dialing the emergency number when in danger and the role it plays in ensuring our safety.First and foremost, dialing the emergency number can save lives. Whether we are facing a medical emergency, a natural disaster, or a criminal act, swift action is vital in such situations. By calling the emergency number, we can quickly alert authorities and request for help, which can make a significant difference in the outcome of the situation. For instance, in the case of a heart attack or a choking incident, getting medicalassistance promptly can mean the difference between life and death.Moreover, dialing the emergency number can help prevent further harm or damage. In the event of a fire, a burglary, or an accident, time is of the essence. By contacting emergency services, we can ensure that the appropriate measures are taken to minimize the impact of the situation and prevent it from escalating. Firefighters, police officers, and paramedics are trained to handle emergencies efficiently and effectively, and their prompt intervention can help contain the situation and protect lives and property.Additionally, dialing the emergency number can provide us with the support and assistance we need during a crisis. Whether we are lost, injured, or in danger, knowing that help is on the way can offer us solace and comfort. The reassuring voice of the emergency dispatcher can guide us through the situation, provide us with instructions on what to do, and keep us calm until help arrives. In moments of distress, having someone to turn to for assistance can make all the difference in how we cope with the situation.Furthermore, dialing the emergency number is a civic responsibility that we all share as members of society. Byreporting emergencies promptly, we can contribute to the safety and well-being of our community. When we dial the emergency number, we are not only seeking help for ourselves but also helping others who may be affected by the same emergency. The timely response of emergency services relies on our willingness to reach out for help when needed, and by doing so, we are fulfilling our duty as responsible citizens.In conclusion, when in danger, it is imperative that we dial the emergency number for help. Whether we are facing alife-threatening situation or in need of assistance, seeking help from trained professionals can make a significant difference in the outcome of the emergency. By dialing the emergency number, we can save lives, prevent harm, receive support, and fulfill our civic responsibility. In times of crisis, a simple phone call can be the lifeline that we need to ensure our safety and well-being.篇3When faced with danger, dialing the emergency hotline for help is often the best course of action. Whether it's a medical emergency, a fire, or an act of violence, calling for assistance can make a crucial difference in the outcome of the situation. In thisessay, we will explore the importance of contacting emergency services when in peril and the benefits of doing so promptly.First and foremost, calling the emergency hotline allows individuals to access immediate assistance from trained professionals. Emergency responders are equipped to handle a wide range of crises, from providing first aid to extinguishing fires to apprehending criminals. By making a quick call to the emergency hotline, individuals can ensure that help is on the way without delay.Moreover, dialing the emergency hotline can help save lives in critical situations. For example, during a medical emergency such as a heart attack or a stroke, every second counts. By contacting emergency services promptly, individuals can receive the necessary medical attention that could mean the difference between life and death. Similarly, in the event of a fire or a crime in progress, calling for help can prevent the situation from escalating and minimize the risk to oneself and others.Furthermore, contacting the emergency hotline can also ensure that appropriate resources are deployed to address the specific nature of the crisis. For instance, if a chemical spill occurs, emergency responders with hazmat training may be needed to contain and clean up the spill safely. By calling the emergencyhotline and providing detailed information about the situation, individuals can help ensure that the appropriate personnel and resources are dispatched to the scene.In addition to providing immediate assistance in emergencies, contacting the emergency hotline can also help prevent future incidents. By reporting dangerous situations or suspicious activities to the authorities, individuals can help prevent crimes from occurring and aid in the maintenance of public safety. Furthermore, by alerting emergency services to potential hazards such as gas leaks or downed power lines, individuals can help prevent accidents and protect the community.In conclusion, dialing the emergency hotline for help when faced with danger is a crucial step in ensuring the safety and well-being of oneself and others. By contacting emergency services promptly, individuals can access immediate assistance, save lives, and prevent further harm. Therefore, it is essential to remember the importance of calling for help in times of peril and to make use of the emergency hotline whenever necessary. Remember, when in doubt or in danger, pick up the phone and dial for help – it could make all the difference.。
CRISIS INTERVENTION
TYPES OF CRISIS
Developmental (Maturational) CrisisCrisispredicted times of stress in everyone’s life which occurs in response to a transition from one stage to another in the life cycle. ExampleExample- Erikson’s stages… going from Industry to Identity (passage from school age child to adolescence)
CRISIS INTERVENTION Con’t
Use problem solving approach. Identify needed social support (with patient’s input) and mobilize the most needed first. 8. Identify and work to increase needed coping skills (problem solving, relaxation, assertiveness, job training, newborn care, selfself-esteem). 9. Plan with patient interventions that are acceptable to both. 10. Evaluate plan and instruct patient with alternative plan if needed.
CRISIS INTERVENTION Implementation
1. 2. 3. 4.
NCLEX-RN 危机干预crisis intervention
Avoid repeated, unnecessary assessments on a dying client. Assessment should be limited to obtaining essential data.
Mild depression Moderate depression Severe depression
Adventitious Crisis- are not part of everyday life. They are unplanned and accidental resulting in traumatic experiences. Such as…
Natural disasters.. hurricanes, flood, fire, earthquake, etc… National disasters.. war, riots, etc… Crime of violence.. Child abuse, rape, assault, bombing in crowded areas, etc…
◦ Ask directly: “have u thought of hurting yourself?” ◦ “what’s your plan?”
自杀意念 Suicidal ideations 准自杀 Parasuicide : A non-fatal act in which the
individual deliberately causes self-injury or ingests a substance in excess of any prescribed or generally recognized therapeutic dosage.
MBAEssay-亚洲货币危机的成因与影响
MBA Essay-亚洲货币危机的成因与影响MBA Essay-Asian Currency Crisis - Causes and EfIntroduction 简介One of the key characteristics of money is stability, however a currency crisis is said to occur when the value of a country's currency becomes unstable and changes rapidly thereby undermining its ability to effectively serve as a medium of exchange.The Asian currency crisis was a period of financial meltdown which began in July 1997 and gripped the major proportion of East Asia. It remains one of the most talked about region-wide crisis in the 1990's, the sharpest to hit the developing countries, which resulted in a massive downward spiral of Asian economies hitherto seen as miracle economies and prompted the largest financial bailouts in history.(Radelet and Sachs 1998)This paper will examine the origin of the crisis, its impact on the economies of the countries involved and the measures that have been adopted to avoid a recurrence of a similar crisis.ORIGIN OF THE CRISIS 危机根源Upon mutual agreement, based on the plaza accord (1985) between the US, Germany and Japan, the US dollar was devalued by about 60% to the Yen in real terms in order to alleviate the increasing US current account deficit. Japanese firms facing export competitiveness due to the appreciation of the Yen began to move production to south East Asian countries whose currencies were pegged to the dollar. This provided an ideal location for the Japanese firms in terms of international price competiveness. This inflow of investment from Japan to the South East Asian countries accelerated a pattern that led to large inflow of capital from other Asian and foreign countries into the East Asian countries. The fixed exchange rate system gave the south East Asian economies strong exports, low import prices and expected financial stability.For years, East Asian Countries were held up as economic icons. Their typical blend of high savings and investment rates, autocratic political systems, export-oriented businesses, restricted domestic markets, government capital allocation, and controlled financial systems were hailed as the ideal recipe for strong economic growth of developing countries (Shapiro 1999). Asian economies like Taiwan, Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore and Thailand enjoyed overall average growth rates of 5.6 percent, 6.6 percent, 7 percent, 6.9 percent and 4.6 percent respectively for several decades. Indonesia and Malaysia too enjoyed good economic performance during most of the 1970s and 1980s. (Rao, 1998)However, these "miracle economies" were brought down in July 1997 when a brewing currency crisis started from Thailand. This seed of the Asian currency crisis of 1997 were actually sown during the previous decades when these countries were experiencing unprecedented economic growth. For long, exports had long been the engine of economic growth in these countries and as such many Asian states were regarded as "Export Power Houses". The increased foreign capital inflow into these economies also propelled capital expenditure which led to an investment boom in commercial and residential properties, industrial assets and infrastructure. These capitalexpenditures were financed by heavy borrowings from banks which had excess liquidity but no strong regulatory frameworks. Thus, by the mid 1990s, South East Asia was experiencing an unprecedented investment boom, much of it financed with foreign investments and borrowings. The case was made worse as much of the foreign borrowings had been in US dollars as opposed to local currencies. At the time, this had seemed like a smart move (i.e. regional local currencies were pegged to the dollar and interest rates on dollar borrowings were generally lower than rates on borrowings in domestic currency, and it made economic sense to borrow in dollars if the option was available); but, many of the investments made with these funds were on the basis of projections about future demand conditions that were unrealistic.Soon, there were indications of macroeconomic imbalances in the Thai economy; the real exchange rate had risen to an apparently unsustainable level and the current account was also in constant huge deficit. Rao (1998). Also, Asian Countries started to see their ballooned volume of investments during the 1990s declining significantly. Paul krugman (1999) stated the Asian countries attracted so much foreign capital that their economic growth was fuelled more by sheer volume of investment rather than by the productivity of those individual investments. Therefore the governments in the region could not maintain their dollar peg and their currencies started to depreciate against the dollar, this increased the size of the debt burden that needed to be serviced when measured in local currency. This started the debt boom.A final complicating factor was that by 1996, there became a slackening of export growth which was much noticeable in Korea, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan, while in Thailand there became a decline in the dollar value of exports. This decline in export did not stop growing import and this disparity saw many south Asian countries shifting strongly into the "red" during the mid 1990s. By 1995, Indonesia was running a current account deficit that was equivalent to 3.5% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Malaysia's was 5.9% and Thailand's was 8.1%. With deficits like these starting to pile up, it was becoming increasingly difficult for the governments of these countries to maintain the peg of their currencies against the U.S dollar.Thus by 1997, the first obvious indication of the crisis started with the Thai economy. Thailand could no longer defend their currency and therefore floated the baht on the 2nd of July 1997. (Rao, 1998). Prompted by these developments in Thailand, investors saw basically the same issues facing Thailand surfacing in other neighbouring countries. As a result, investors panicked; their fears were not allayed especially because of lack of transparency regarding issues such as the extent of government and private debt, the health of the financial sectors and no trust in the government to take pre-emptive corrective actions. This led to massive capital flight. The withdrawal of foreign currency led to dramatic depreciation in exchange rate and higher interest rates. This led to an increase in the number of non-performing loans, causing an erosion of the market value capital of most of the countries. Thus, the scene was now set for a potential rapid economic breakdown.There is no consensus on the exact origin of the currency crisis in East Asia; while some schools of thought believe that the crisis was caused by the initial financial turmoil in some Asian countries, followed by regional contagion (Radelet and Sachs, 1998; Marshall, 1998; and Changand Velasco, 1999), others believe it occurred as a result of policy and structural distortions (Corsetti, Pensetti and Roubini; 1998). However, most of the East Asian economies were interdependent, hence it was only logical that a crisis in one would have a domino-effect and inadvertently cause a crisis in other East Asian Economies that were linked to it.Using a Signalling approach based EWS model, it shows that persistent warning signals prior to the 1997 crisis was not just in a few but all of the five countries most affected by the crisis. The findings of this model supports the fact weaknesses in economic and financial fundamentals in these countries triggered the crisis.The Impact of the crisis on the Economics of the countries involved.As Thailand floated the baht on July 2 and allowed the currency to fall, wave after wave of speculation hit other Asian currencies, a de-facto devaluation of the Philippine Peso followed on July 11. Korean Won too lost. Malaysia let its currency, the ringgit float on July 14th 1997, as foreign exchange reserves had gone down to $ 28 billion. Singapore followed on July 17th and the Singapore dollar (S $) quickly dropped in value from $1 = S $ 1.495 prior to the devaluation to $1 = 2.68 a few days later. A month later on August 14, Indonesia floated the rupiah. This was the beginning of a precipitous decline in the value of the Indonesian currency as a fall was seen from $1 = 2,400 Rupiah in August 1997 to $1 = 10,000 Rupiah on January 6th, 1998, a loss of 75% (Rao, 1998).Source: DataStreamThe Chart (above) shows the monthly evolution of the currencies of the eight South-East Asian countries during the crisis from July 1997 to April 1998. The Five countries where the crisis where particularly serious (Figure 1A) saw more decline in their currencies than countries in Figure 1B even though all countries shown were affected.ÂThe economy of Thailand where the crisis started from suffered a real sharp decline. Total export earnings declined and a trade deficit rose to $ 16 billion. With the deficit standing at over 8 percent of GDP and its financing largely coming from short term funds; the external debt of Thailand rose to $68.1 billion. The non-performing loans of banks and finance companies in Thailand were estimated to be around 12 percent of total loans in mid 1997. The Thailand economy was also plagued by a deteriorating external sector, a stock market decline (the stock market index fell from 1683 in 1993 to below 500 in1997) and most importantly dwindling forex reserves. A decline in investment saw the closure of investment houses which resulted in immediate unemployment rates of between 6 and 10 percent (Rao, 1998).The Indonesian economy also suffered a set-back which included growing current account deficits due to lack-luster export growth and mounting debt service. Loss of confidence in Indonesia led to a series of attacks on the currency. In the second half of 1997, the rupiah fell by 72 percent against the dollar which had an adverse effect on the Japanese, European and US banks that lent billions of dollars to Indonesian companies. According to Witcher (1998), "the Indonesia's financial system started to stagger under escalating bad loans". Indonesia sought help from the IMF, theyagreed to provide them with loans estimated at $40billion and in return demanded that Indonesia keeps interest rates high and immediately close 16 banks.The news of bank closures led to panicked withdrawals by depositors and investors. As Stiglitz(1998) and Yellen(1998) discussed; due to limited information, investors were unable to distinguish which banks were healthy or not so they shied away from them all; this caused more havoc to the economy. The crisis quickly spread to the real sector. The real gross domestic product (GDP) contracted by 13% in 1998 and remained stagnant in 1999. Real output declined by approximately 14% in 1998. The Indonesian economy thus went into a recession with falling GDP in 1998. It also had a weak economy that was composed of falling domestic demand and company closures which meant rising poverty and unemployment. . Unemployment which was historically no more than 3 to 4 percent hit a 10 percent level in 1998 with around 8.7 million people jobless. The impact of the crisis on welfare and the economy as a whole was mostly reflected in the poverty rate which rose from 15% in 1997 to 33% in 1998.The contagion effect soon caught up with South Korea, a country whose economic performance was spectacular compared to other Asian countries. However, the won began to depreciate from late August 1997 and gathered momentum by October. From about 900 won to the dollar in early August, the exchange rate plummeted to about 1200 by the end of November. The ratio of debt reserves rose during 1992 - 1997 (Rao, 1998). In January 1997, Hanbo Steel collapsed under a $6 billion debt. This was the first Korean 'Chaebol' to go bankrupt in 10 years (Chang,1998). In the wake of this, the Korean shares declined in value by 25.2% at the end of 1997. Balance in trade declined from a surplus of $7.6billion in 1987 to a deficit of $20.6billion in 1998. GDP per capita fell and Unemployment rate naturally rose to 5.9 percent in February 1998 and started to climb up from there (Rao, 1998).The Philippines Economy faced a significant currency crisis, the peso fell significantly from 26/US $ to even 55/US $. The GDP growth rate dropped from 5.1% in 1997 to -0.5% in 1998. GNP hovered at 0.1% in 1998 compared to 7.2% in 1996 and by the fourth quarter of 1998, growth of investments had declined to -23.9%.In Hong Kong, the economy saw the collapse of the Hong Kong's stock market (with a 40 percent loss in October). On October 27 1997, the market rout on Wall Street was preceded by a 5.8 percent plunge in the Hong Kong stock market which snowballed through the world's developed and emerging stock markets. Most markets in the Asia-Pacific region tumbled in sympathy, with Australia down 3.4 percent and Tokyo down 1.9 percent.Below is a graph showing the evolution of the Asian stock markets during the financial crisis of 1997- 1998.Source: Morgan Stanley International Capital (MSCI).Figures 2A and 2B (above) show the monthly evolution of national stock price indices (expressed in US dollars) for these same eight countries and during the same period of time. The findingshows a consistent close relationship between exchange rate depreciations and stock returns during the crisis. (Bailey, Chan and Chung (2001).)Japan was also affected because its economy is prominent in the region. Asian countries usually run a trade deficit with Japan because the latter's economy was more than twice the size of the rest of Asia together; about 40 percent of Japan's export go to Asia. However, even with this, the Japanese was finally shaken as their yen fell to 147 when mass selling began; Also, with the collapse in the value of the Japanese stock market, the value of assets also plummeted, leaving the institutions with a diminished asset base and an increased portfolio of non-performing loans. The GDP real growth rate slowed dramatically in 1997, from 5% to 1.6% and even sank into recession in 1998.In a relatively short period of time, the crisis currency crisis shock was spread even beyond Asia. The USA market (the Dow Jones industrial) plunged 554 points or 7.2%. The New York Stock Exchange briefly suspended trading; this was accompanied by plunges of 15 percent in Brazil, 13.7 percent in Argentina and 13.3 percent in Mexico.Europe also had the impact of contagion effects, Markets like London fell 2.6 percent, while Germany, France and Italy all shed 2.8 percent. Smaller markets like Finland plunged 5.7 percent, while Spain skidded 4.1 percent.Russia became the major non-Asian victim of the financial contagion. By mid 1998, investors began to perceive systematic weaknesses of the Russian economy which was similar to Asia; therefore they began a steady withdrawal of their capital from the economy. By midsummer 1998, it became apparent that Russia was struggling to maintain an exchange of roughly 6 rubles to 1 dollar at the time. Their central bank reserves began to dwindle. Despite the loan package and the pro-market administration, the international investment community lost faith in Russia and rushed for the exits. On August 15th 1998, the rubble was allowed to float and the Russian stock market lost 25% of its value.The Measures that have since been adopted to avoid recurrence of a similar crisis.After the slow down of the Asian Currency Crisis of 1997, the region's former economic tigers had to mete out some conditions and policies towards a sustainable Asian economy that would be able to withstand any financial turmoil and consequently avoid the recurrence of a similar crisis. These regions's heavy weight also had to accept the International Monetary Fund (IMF) conditions in order to stay afloat - although the IMF had never dealt with a crisis of this magnitude and was met with stiff hostilities; the IMF prescribed tough conditions and measures that contributed immensely to considerable long term gains for the Asian Economics (Lakhan, 2007)One of these conditions were policies involving the Macro-economy. The tightening of monetary policy (at different stages in different countries) was necessary to stem exchange fluctuation, to prevent currency depreciation from leading into a spiral of inflation and into the eventual collapse of the exchange rate. Some countries like Thailand, South Korea, Philippines and Indonesia switched to improved credible policies that involved their exchange rate system. These countriesadopted the "inflation targeting" policy which implied greater transparency and accountability instead of exchange rate as an anchor for monetary policy. Inflation targeting also allowed for the attainment of stable development of their economy through the establishment of credible and reputable central bank; as these central banks set inflation targets and implemented monetary policies committed to the achievement of targets. They also made monetary policy decisions based on overall judgement of the economy by keeping constant watch not only on immediate price movements but also on trends of demand and supply factors in the domestic economy, exchange rate movements and overall movement of the international economy. The effects from this policy adopted - inflation targeting - contributed largely to stabilizing the monetary and economic environment after the currency crisis (Tomoko, 2002). A typical example could be seen in South Korea.After the Crisis, South Korea revised the Bank of Korea act to introduce inflation targeting in 1998. Since its introduction, South Korea's inflation targeting has played an appreciable role in stabilizing the country's economy. In particular, the introduction of inflation targeting has secured the independence of the Bank of Korea in monetary policy and drastically enhanced the transparency of monetary policy.Affected countries of the crisis also embarked on their financial system stabilization to avoid any similar recurrence of the debilitating financial crisis. These measures ventured into the areas of liquidity support for troubled banks in question, deposit protection measures through a deposit insurance co-operation to prevent systemic risk arising from the spread of credit uneasiness, boosting capital base through capital injections from public funds and prompt disposal of non-performing loans by a third party organization - (Resolution and Collection Company in the case of Japan and asset management companies (AMC) in the case of Asian countries). The four countries where the financial crisis was particularly serious (Thailand, South Korea, Malaysia and Indonesia) injected public funds into financial institutions - often with government assistance. They also went into the act of promoting the consolidation of financial institutions by closing or suspending operations of banks with doubtful chances of survival, temporarily nationalizing them or merging them. They established an asset management company to purchase non-performing loans - Thai Asset Management Corporation (TAMC) in Thailand, Danaharta in Malaysia, Korea Asset Management Company (KAMCO) in South Korea, and Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency (IBRA) in Indonesia (Lindgren et al, 2000)Although the system of the companies or organizations varied from one country to another, they all similarly purchased non-performing loans at about market prices and disposed the assets selling by tender or by means of securitization. At present, they have disposed of about 50~70% of the assets. Thailand for example, had finance companies (non-banks) that had been suffering from business difficulties even before the currency crisis and the Thai government had been providing liquidity support to them. After the crisis, the government improved its classification standard for non-performing loans to conform to the international standard and strengthened write-off standards. It also nationalized commercial banks, injected capital and reorganized them. As a result, the number of commercial banks decreased. Thai commercial banks' non-performing loan also later decreased dramatically due to agreements on debt restructuring as well as transfer ofnon-performing loans to the TAMC and write-offs. As a result, the non-performing loan ratio dropped to 19.2% as of the end of March 2001 and capital adequacy ratio stood at 12.01% as of December 2000 (A ratio higher than the BIS standard) (Montes, 1998).Structural reforms were also adopted in the areas of banking supervision and regulation in order to forestall the kind of financial system instability caused by the crisis and to minimize the effect. These reforms were also necessary to address the weaknesses in the financial and corporate sector as these features had become impediments to growth such as monopolies, trade barriers and non - transparent corporate practices. Based on this recognition, the IMF and the World Bank jointly began monitoring the international standardization and observance of standards to maintain the soundness of financial systems by introducing the Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) in 1999. Under FSAP, the IMF and the World Bank assess the observance of banking supervision and regulations implemented by each country's financial supervisory authorities, promote observance of international standards, and recommend the best practices. These acts which have been entrenched in continue to globalize the Asian economy (Lindgren et al, 2000).Rehabilitative measures were also extended to private corporations and financial institutions in the Asian countries as these institutions were also hit by the currency crisis largely because they had a superficial understanding of the need for exchange risk hedge, as their currencies were virtually pegged to the dollar. It was for this reason that the debt burdens caused by the mismatch of currencies increased during the crisis, bringing a serious impact on the economy as a whole. Thus after the currency crisis, there was a shift to a floating exchange rate system and this pushed private corporations into recognizing the importance of hedging against exchange risks. In South Korea, the government conducted a campaign appealing for the need for exchange risk hedges. Some other countries established a financial supervision system to check if foreign currency-denominated debts are hedged against exchange risks. Thanks to these policy efforts, the number of private corporations hedging against exchange risks increased drastically and the response capabilities of the economy as a whole to exchange fluctuations have been strengthened (Lindgren et al, 2000).A stronger and unified Regional Financial and Multilateral Co-operation in East Asia was also adopted and this has proven to be an effective buffering against the occurrence of future crisis - Although regional financial cooperation in East Asia did exist even before the crisis, such as Executives' Meeting of East-Asia Pacific Central Banks(EMEAP), a forum of central banks and monetary authorities in the East Asia and Pacific region established in 1991; the event of the Asian currency crisis proved more glaring that the countries in East Asia had a much more economic interdependency than was previously realized. This forced a fostering of a much stronger regional financial and multilateral cooperation. This co-operation in Asia was promoted in various forms, such as the "New Miyazawa Initiative" incorporating a comprehensive support measures, including a 30 billion dollar financial support scheme, announced in October 1998; the Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI), a swap arrangement mechanism to support those countries in potential danger of a currency crisis and the Asian Bond Market Initiative (ABMI) to avoid high dependence on the external financial market and use regional resources more efficiently (Naoyuki Yoshino et al, 2000)In addition to the development of a regional crisis-prevention mechanism, Asian countries started to co-operate especially in trade relations. This inadvertently resulted in a much more stable policy for exchange rates between the Asian currencies. With the increased unification that came as a result of the push for a stronger and unified regional financial and multilateral co-operation in East Asia, there became a rising sense of Asian identity culminating into the speculation of an introduction of a regional common currency in the future (Naoyuki Yoshino et al, 2000).The finance ministers of China, Japan, and Korea agreed at the ASEAN+3 Finance Ministers Meeting in 2006 to conduct joint research on monetary integration in East Asia. The motion put forward in 2006 helped to create grounds for the much talked about "China's global strategy approach" which started making head way in 2010. Now, China is beginning to emerge as the new and dominant world power, buttressing this, is the recent widespread awareness and circulation of the Chinese currency (renminbi). These co-operation measures adopted in Asia also extended as a forum for economic co-operation (such economic co-operation was seen to be displayed in the widely acceptance of the Chinese currency "renminbi" by the other Asian countries). This economic co-operation by these Asian countries arguably challenges the American hegemony. It also proves a strong force towards the elimination of any future financial crisis that might occur as the initiatives and discussions on intensifying monetary and financial cooperation has reached a far - end spectrum (Naoyuki Yoshino et al, 2000).From 1996 - 2000, there have been a resurgence of economic growth across the Asian region. Countries like Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, South Korea and the Philippines have averaged almost 5%.CHARTS SHOWING THE EFFECT ON THE AFFECTED COUNTRIES AFTER THE MEASURES HAVE BEEN ADOPTED.From the chart above, it can been seen that after the rehabilitative measures were meted out, corporate balance sheets in Asia improved as debt-to-equity ratios have been reduced sharply and foreign currency borrowing is no longer a large component of the corporate sources of funding.From the chart above, it can be seen that low loan-to-deposit ratios together with little off-balance-sheet financing, have helped banks avoid liquidity and funding stress in the current credit turmoil. Thus, Banks are stronger with current account surpluses and large foreign reserves.Compared to United States and many European countries, Asian economies have relative modest property price appreciation (see Chart 5). Asian countries have taken measures to cool property markets in recent years whenever prices threatened to become a bubble. As a result, property price crashes in the wake of slowing economic growth and financial market turmoil have been less of a risk.Conclusion:简介Although, the Asian currency crisis was fuelled by sheer weak economic and financial fundamentals including macro- economic imbalances, which created a contagion effect for the other countries involved.However, with the measures now adopted, it is obvious that the Asian economies have now been strengthened and would continue on that path.。
防性侵的英语作文五百字该
防性侵的英语作文五百字该Protecting Yourself from Sexual Assault: A Comprehensive Guide.Sexual assault is a serious and pervasive issue that affects individuals of all ages, genders, and backgrounds. Understanding the risks and taking proactive measures to protect yourself is crucial. This comprehensive guide explores essential strategies for preventing sexual assault.Understanding the Risk Factors.Identifying potential risk factors can help you stay alert and minimize vulnerabilities.Situational Factors: Being alone in isolated areas, attending parties with excessive alcohol consumption, or engaging in high-risk activities can increase your chancesof encountering an assault.Personal Characteristics: Individuals who are perceived as vulnerable, such as those who are intoxicated, disabled, or isolated socially, may be targeted more often.Assailant Characteristics: Predators often seek out individuals who appear vulnerable, lack self-confidence, or are easily manipulated.Preventive Measures.Situational Awareness:Be aware of your surroundings and pay attention to suspicious individuals or activities.Avoid isolated areas and walk in well-lit, populated places.Trust your instincts and remove yourself from situations that make you uncomfortable.Personal Safety Precautions:Carry a personal safety device, such as a whistle or alarm.Limit alcohol and drug consumption as they can impair your judgment and increase your vulnerability.Avoid walking alone at night or in deserted areas.Take self-defense classes or learn basic defense techniques.Communication and Boundary Setting:Clearly communicate your boundaries and expectations to others.Say "no" firmly and assertively to unwanted advances or inappropriate behavior.Surround yourself with supportive friends, family, and mentors who respect your boundaries.Reporting and Response:If You Are Assaulted:Seek immediate medical attention to document injuries and preserve evidence.Report the assault to law enforcement as soon as possible.Contact a crisis hotline or support organization for emotional support and guidance.If You Witness an Assault:Call 911 immediately.Attempt to intervene safely, distracting the assailant if possible while ensuring your own safety.Offer support to the victim and connect them withresources.Additional Considerations:Education and Awareness:Promote open dialogue about sexual assault and consent to educate youth and adults.Encourage bystander intervention and challenge harmful stereotypes that perpetuate victim-blaming.Community Involvement:Support organizations that provide prevention programs, support services, and advocacy for survivors.Join neighborhood watch groups and participate in community safety initiatives.Personal Empowerment:Cultivate self-confidence and assertiveness to reduce the likelihood of being targeted.Set personal boundaries and stick to them regardless of social pressure.Learn self-defense techniques to increase your ability to react effectively in dangerous situations.Remember, preventing sexual assault is a shared responsibility. By working together, we can create a safer environment for everyone. Stay informed, be aware, and take proactive steps to protect yourself and support others.。
老年关怀专业词汇AgedCareTerminology[整理]
![老年关怀专业词汇AgedCareTerminology[整理]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/abbe7a741fb91a37f111f18583d049649a660e45.png)
Glossary of Aged Care TerminologyAccessibility 方便性Accessing aged care services 使用养老服务Accommodation Bond Agreement 院所保证金协议Accommodation Charge Agreement院所费协议Accreditation Standard 鉴定标准Accreditation Standard Four: Physical Environment and Safety Systems 鉴定标准四: 外在环境与安全系统Accreditation Standard One: Management Systems鉴定标准一：管理系统Accreditation Standard Three: Resident Lifestyle鉴定标准三：居民生活方式Accreditation Standard Two: Health and Personal Care 鉴定标准二：保健与个人照顾Accredited facility 鉴定合格的养老服务院所Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) 后天性脑损伤Activities coordinator/Diversional Therapist活动负责人/康乐治疗师Activities of daily living 日常生活活动Acute care 急症照顾Acute condition 急症Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT)行政上诉仲裁庭Administrator 管理人Admission 住院Adult Day Care Centre 成人日间照顾中心Advance Health Care Directive 预先健康照顾指示Adverse drug reaction 不良药物反应Adverse effects 不利影响Adverse event 负面事件Advocacy Service 代言服务Advocate 代言人Age pensioner 福利金领取者Age related cognitive decline 老年认知能力下降Aged and Community Care Information Line养老及社区照顾信息专线Aged Care - Complaints Resolution Scheme养老服务投诉解决计划Aged Care Act 1997 《1997年养老服务法》Aged Care Advocacy Program 养老服务代言计划Aged Care Assessment Officer 养老服务评估员Aged Care Assessment Service (ACAS)养老评估服务处Aged Care Assessment Team (ACAT)养老评估小组Aged care facility / Aged care home / Facility / Home/ Residential Facility / Residential Service / Residential Home 养老院所Aged care home / Facility / HomeResidential Facility / Residential Service / Residential Home/ Aged care facility 养老院所Aged Care Quality Assessors 养老服务质量评估员Aged care sector 养老服务领域Aged Care Standards and Accreditation Agency养老服务标准及鉴定局Ageing in place 原处养老Ageing population 老龄化人口Ageism 老年歧视Aggression 侵犯行为Allied health personnel 联合保健人员Allied health services 联合保健服务Alternative medicine 替代医学Alternative therapies 非替代疗法Alzheimer's Australia 澳大利亚阿耳兹海默氏病协会Alzheimer's Disease 阿耳兹海默氏病Alzheimer’s disease Familial 家族阿耳兹海默氏病Ambulance services 救护车服务Ambulatory setting 流动护理环境Ambulatory care 流动护理Amputation 截肢Amputee 被截肢者Ancillary services 辅助服务Angiogram 血管照影片Anorexia 厌食症Anti depressant抗抑郁药Anxiety disorders 焦虑症Appeal process 申诉程序Approved Care Recipient 获准照顾对象Approved Provider 获准服务提供者Approved Provider Status 获准服务提供者资格Assessment guidelines 评估准则Assistance with bathing and personal hygiene 洗澡和个人卫生协助Assistance with dressing and grooming穿衣和梳洗协助Assistance with eating and drinking 饮食协助Assistance with mobility 行动协助Assisted living 辅助生活Assisted living facility 辅助生活服务机构Assisted resident 辅助居民Assistive devices 辅助装置Assistive technology 辅助技术Attendant care 护理员照顾Audiologist 听力师Australian Taxation Office (ATO) 澳大利亚税务局Autopsy 尸体解剖Average length of stay平均住院时间Basic daily care fee 基本日常照顾费Bed pan 床上便盆Bed sores 褥疮Bedside manners 病床礼貌Behaviour Intervention Support Team (BIST)行为介入支持小组（BIST）Behaviour management 行为管理Beneficiary 受益人Bequest 遗产Bereavement 丧亲Bereavement Allowance 丧偶短期津贴Bilingual worker 双语工作者Bionic ear 仿生耳Bipolar disease 双极性疾病Bladder control 控尿Bladder control problem 控尿问题Bowel control 大便控制Brokerage 中介Bulk Billing 全额报销收费Cachexia 恶病质Cancer Council of Australia 澳大利亚癌症理事会Capital gains 资本增值Caplets 囊片Cardiovascular disease 心血管疾病Care management 照顾管理Care manager 照顾经理Care plan 照顾计划Care plan review 照顾计划覆查Care planning 照顾规划Care recipient 照顾对象Care review 照顾回顾Care services 照顾服务Care standards 照顾标准Caregiver 照顾人Carer (private / family member) 照顾人Carer (staff member employed in a residential or community setting) 照顾人Carer allowance 照顾人津贴Carer payment 照顾人补助金Carer Resource Centre 照顾人资源中心Carer Respite Centre 照顾人暂息中心Carer Respite Centre - Commonwealth Carer Respite Centre 联邦照顾人暂息中心Carer support group 照顾人支持小组Case management 个案管理Case manager 个案经理Case mix 个案组合CAT scan CAT扫瞄Cataract 白内障Catchment area 受托区Catheter 导管Centrelink Multilingual Service Centrelink 多语种服务Certification 认证Cervical cancer 子宫颈癌Challenging behaviour 违拗Changed behaviour 行为变化Changed sexual behaviour 性行为变化Chapel 小教堂Chaplain 牧师Charge (as separate from fee) 收费Charitable sector 慈善界Charter of Residents Rights and Responsibilities 居民权利与责任章程Chiropractors 脊椎指压按摩师Choke 窒息Choking 噎呛Cholesterol 胆固醇Chronic care 慢性病照顾Chronic disease 慢性病Claim form 申领表Client focused solutions 以客户为中心的解决方案Client handbook 客户手册Clinical care 临床护理Clinical condition 临床状况Clinical event 临床活动Clinical examination 临床检查Clinical interview 临床诊疗Clinical pathways 临床途径Clinical treatment 临床治疗Clinician 临床医生Cognitive ability 认知能力Cognitive Dementia and Memory Service (CDAMS)认知能力、痴呆症与记忆力服务Cognitive impairment 认知障碍Cohort 分组Colon cancer 结肠癌Comment box 意见箱Commode chair 坐便椅Commonwealth Care Link Centres 联邦护理连接中心Commonwealth Carelink Centres 联邦护理连接中心Commonwealth Carer Resource Centre联邦照顾人资源中心Commonwealth Government 联邦政府Commonwealth Hearing Services Program联邦听力服务计划Commonwealth Ombudsmen 联邦调查专员署Commonwealth Seniors Concession Card联邦老年人优惠卡Commonwealth Seniors Health Care Card 联邦高龄人士保健卡Communication Book 意见簿Community health worker 社区保健工作者Community Aged Care Packages (CACP)社区养老计划Community based care 基于社区的照顾Community care 社区照顾Community Health Centre 社区保健中心Community Health Nurse 社区保健护士Community housing 社区住房Community Mental Health Centre 社区精神健康中心Community Nursing Program 社区护理计划Community Partners Program (CPP) 社区伙伴计Community treatment order 社区治疗令Community Visitors Scheme 社区访客计划Community worker 社区工作者Compensable Resident 可获赔偿的居民Complaints handling 投诉处理Complaints procedures 投诉程序Complaints Resolution Scheme投诉解决计划Complementary medicine 补充医学Compliance 遵守Compliance with medication 遵守医嘱Complication 并发症Concession - energy concession能源优惠Concession card 优惠卡Concessional and Assisted Residents获得优惠和援助的居民Concessional Resident 获得优惠的居民Condition 病情Confidentiality 保密Conflict of interest 利益冲突Confusion 头脑糊涂Consent - informed consent 知情同意书Continence 排便节制Continence - incontinence 大小便失禁Continence - National Continence Hotline全国排便节制热线Continence - stress incontinence压力性大小便失禁Continence absorption aids吸收型排便节制辅助用具Continence Aides Assistance Scheme排便节制辅助用具协助计划Continence management 排便节制管理Continuing Care Retirement Community连续退休照顾服务社区Continuity of care 照顾服务的连续性Continuous quality improvement 连续品质改善Continuum of care 照顾服务连续性Convalescence 康复Cooked and chilled meals 冷藏熟食Coping 应对Corn (callus) 鸡眼（胼胝）Coronary heart disease 冠心病Cost of a local call 按本地电话计费Council on the Ageing (COTA) 老龄化理事会Counseling 心理辅导Counselor 辅导员Cramps 痉挛Crisis Assessment Team (CAT) 危机评估小组Critical incident 重大事件CT Scan CT扫描Cultural background information 文化背景资料Cultural diversity 文化多样性Cultural preferences 文化选择Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD)文化语言多元Culturally appropriate 符合文化背景的Daily income tested fee 每日收入评估费Data collection 资料收集Data matching 资料匹配Day Respite Centres 日间暂息中心Debriefing 汇报Deeming 推定Deep vein thrombosis 深静脉血栓Delivered meals 送餐服务Delusion 错觉Delusional 产生妄想的Delusions 妄想Dementia 痴呆症Dementia - AIDS related dementia 与艾滋病有关的痴呆症Dementia - alcohol related dementia与酗酒有关的痴呆症Dementia Education and Support Program痴呆症教育支持计划Dementia Specific Care 痴呆症特别护理Dementia with Lewy bodies 雷维小体式痴呆症Demography 人口学Dental Hospital 牙科医院Dental Services 牙科服务Dental Technician 牙科技师Department of Health and Ageing卫生与老年人事务部Department of Health and Ageing - Australian Government 澳大利亚政府卫生与老年人事务部Department of Health and Ageing - Commonwealth联邦卫生健康与老年人事务部Department of Veteran Affairs (DVA) 退伍军人事务部Dependent child 受抚养子女Diabetes Australia 澳大利亚糖尿病协会Dietary requirements 饮食要求Dietary restrictions 饮食限制Dietician 饮食学家Direct care 直接照顾Director of Nursing (DON) 护理主任Disability support pension 残疾人福利金Discharge plan 出院计划Discharge planning 出院规划Disclosure 披露Discrimination 歧视Disease control 疾病控制Disease management 疾病管理Disease prevention 疾病预防Disorder 紊乱Disposable underwear 一次性内衣District Nurse 地区护士Diversional Therapist/Activities coordinator活动负责人/康乐治疗师Diversional therapy 娱乐疗法Diversity 多样化Dizziness 眩晕Do not resuscitate orders拒绝抢救指令Domestic violence家庭暴力Dose administration aids 按剂量服药辅助用具Dossette box 多塞特药盒Drug utilisation review 用药审查Dual diagnosis 双重诊断Duty of care 注意义务Dysphasia 言语困难Early intervention 早期介入Effectiveness 有效性Elderly 老年人Electro convulsive therapy 电惊厥疗法Eligibility 资格Emergency accommodation 紧急住宿Emergency accommodation / Transitional Accommodation紧急住宿Emergency services 急诊服务Emotional support 情感支持Empowerment 赋予能力End of life decision 临终决定End-of-life 生命终结Endemic 地方病Endorsed 支持Enduring Power of Attorney 永久授权书Enduring power of attorney (financial)永久授权书(财务)Enduring Power of Attorney - Medical Power of Attorney 医疗授权书Enduring Power of Guardianship 永久监护权Entitled 有权Epidemic 流行病Epidural 硬膜外麻醉Episode of care 照顾阶段Equal access 平等使用Equitable 公平Escort to appointments陪同赴约Essential supports 基本支持服务Ethnicity 族裔Euthanasia 安乐死Extended Aged Care at Home (EACH)长期居家养老服务Extended care facility 长期照顾机构Extended care services 长期照顾服务Extra Service 额外服务Extra Service Agreement 额外服务协议Extra service fee 额外服务费Facilitate communication 促进沟通Facility / Aged care facility / Aged care home / Home / Residential Facility / Residential Service / Residential Home 养老院所Fact sheets 资料说明书Family Liaison Officer 家庭联络员Family Court of Australia 澳大利亚家事法院Fee policy 收费政策Fee-for-service 服务费Fees and charges 费用及收费Financial contribution 供款Financial entitlements 财务权利Financial hardship 经济困难Financial institution 金融机构Financial year财政年度Fire safety 消防安全Flexible care 灵活照顾服务Flexible respite 灵活暂息服务Flexible responsive services 灵活响应的服务Flu vaccination 流感疫苗Foreign pension / Overseas pension 外国福利金/海外福利金Frail aged people 年老体弱人士Frail and vulnerable 体虚衰弱Frailty 体弱Frame 助行架Fringe benefits 员工福利Full pension全额福利金Full pensioner 全额福利金领取者Functional disability 功能性残疾Funded by the government 政府拨款Funding 拨款Furnishing and equipment 家俱与装置Gag 作呕General Practitioner全科医师Genuine concern 真正的顾虑Geriatric services 老年病学服务Geriatric assessment 老年病评估Geriatric rehabilitation service 老年病康复服务Geriatrician 老年病专家Geriatrics 老年病学Gerontology 老人学Gifts - acceptance of gifts 接受礼物Glaucoma 青光眼Grab rail 扶手Grief and loss 悲伤与丧失Grievance 投诉Grieving 悲伤Grooming 梳洗Guardian 监护人Guardianship 监护Guardianship Tribunal 监护权仲裁庭Guidelines 指导准则Guiding principles 指导原则Gutter frame 轮式步行架Hallucinations 幻觉Hand rails扶手Hazard 隐患Health Assessment 健康评估Health Care Card 保健卡Health care provider 保健服务提供机构Health care system 保健系统Health educator 健康教育者Health information 健康信息Health insurance 健康保险Health Insurance Commission (HIC) 健康保险委员会Health provider 健康服务机构Healthy ageing 健康老龄化Healthy eating 健康饮食Healthy eating pyramid健康饮食金字塔Hearing - Commonwealth Hearing Services Program联邦听力服务计划Hearing Services Voucher 听力服务券Heart failure 心力衰竭Heart Foundation 心脏基金会Heart Foundation of Australia 澳大利亚心脏基金会Helpline 帮助热线Hereditary 遗传性的High care facility 高需求照顾High care resident 高需求照顾居民High standard of care 高需求照顾标准Holistic approach 全面的方法Home (Private / Personal) 家庭Home / Aged care facility / Aged care home / Facility / Residential Facility / Residential Service / Residential Home 养老院所Home and Community Care (HACC)家庭及社区照顾计划Home Care Services 家庭照顾服务Home care worker 家庭照顾工作者Home cleaning 家庭清洁Home like environment 家庭式环境Home maintenance 住房维修Home maintenance - minor home maintenance 住房小型维修Home Medicine Review 家庭用药复查Home visit 家访Homeless 无家可归人士Homeless people 无家可归人士Homoeopathy 顺势疗法Hospice 临终关怀计划Hospital Fees 住院费Hospital in the home 家庭医院Hospitalisation 住院Hostel 老人宿舍Housing office 房屋管理办事处Human capital 人力资本Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission人权及平等机会委员会Huntington's disease 亨廷顿舞蹈病Identification badge 身份证章Illusions 幻觉Impairment 残障，障碍Improvement log 服务改善意见簿Income statement 收入报表Income support 收入补助Income tax return 所得税申报Income testing 收入评估Independent living 独立生活Independent Living Units / Self Care Living Units独立生活单元Independent living within a retirement village 退休村独立生活Individual care plan 个人照顾计划Individualised care 个人化照顾Infectious diseases 传染病Information privacy principles 资料隐私原则Informed choice 知情选择Informed consent 知情同意Ingestion 摄入Initial Consent Form 初步同意表Injury prevention 防止受伤Inpatient 住院病人Insurance policy 保险单Insurance premium 保险费Intake 接收Intake form 接收表Intake officer 接收办事员Intensive care 重症监护Intensive care unit 重症监护室Intensive treatment 重症治疗Inter agency referral 机构间转介Interpreting service 传译服务Intervention 介入Intervention order 干预令Intimacy and sexuality 亲昵和性行为Involuntary patient 非自愿病人Isolation - social isolation 社交孤立Languages other than English (LOTE) 非英语语言Legal rights 合法权利Legal status 法律地位Life cycle 生命周期Life event 人生大事Life expectancy 预期寿命Life insurance 人寿保险Lifting device 吊升装置Linkages 连接计划Living arrangements 居住安排Lobbying 游说Lone person 独居人士Loss and grief 丧失与悲伤Loss of inhibitions 丧失抑制Low care facility 低需求照顾机构Low level care 低需求照顾Lump sum 一次总付Malnutrition 营养不良Malpractice 玩忽职守Mammogram 乳房X光检查Mandatory reporting 强制报告Manual handling 人工搬运Mature age worker 中老年工作者Maximum rate 最高费率Meals 膳食Meals - culturally appropriate meals符合文化背景的膳食Meals - halal meals 清真膳食Meals - kosher meals 犹太膳食Meals - vitamised meals 搅碎膳食Meals on Wheels 上门送餐服务Means test 资产评估Means tested (fees) 资产评估(费用)Medical consent 医疗同意Medical Examination 体检Medical history 病史Medical record 病历Medical records 病历Medically necessary 医疗需要的Medicare 国民保健 (Medicare)Medication - administration of medication 施用药物Medication management 药物管理Memory loss 丧失记忆力Menopause 绝经Mental health provider精神健康服务提供者Mental health review board 精神健康覆查委员会Mental health services 精神健康服务Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) 轻度认知障碍Mini mental 简易精神状态检查Mini mental state examination 简易精神状态检查Mobility aids 行动辅助设备Monitoring and review of care plan照顾计划的监督和审查Monitoring of care 照顾监督Mouth care 口腔护理Movable units (granny flats) 移动式单元房MRI scan 磁共振显像扫瞄Multi purpose system 多用途系统Multi purpose taxi program 多用途出租车计划Multi-infarct dementia 多发梗塞痴呆症Multidisciplinary team 多领域小组Multiple disabilities 多重残疾Multipurpose Service Program 综合服务计划Music therapy 音乐疗法National Continence Hotline 全国排便节制辅助热线National Dementia Behavioral Advisory Service 全国痴呆症行为咨询服务Naturopath自然疗法医师Naturopathy 自然疗法Nausea 恶心Near miss 医疗失误Needs - cultural need 文化需要Needs - personal needs 个人需要Needs - spiritual needs 精神需要Needs based planning 按需规划Neglect 忽视Neglect - self neglect 自我忽视Negligence 疏忽Neurogerentology 老年神经医学Neurologist 神经病专家Neuropsychology 神经心理学Next of kin 近亲No lift policy 禁止抬举政策No restraint policy 无限制政策Non English speaking background 非英语背景Non nursing tasks 非护理工作Non pensioner 非福利金领取者Not-for-profit provider 非营利组织Nurse - qualified nurse 合格护士Nurse - registered nurse 注册护士Nurse practitioner 执业护士Nursing care 医护Nursing home 护理院Nutrition and hydration 营养和水合Nutritionist 营养师Occupancy rate 入住率Occupational therapist 职业治疗师Occupational therapy 职业治疗Occupational health and safety 职业健康与安全Occupational Health and Safety - risks and potential hazards 风险及隐患Oedema 浮肿Office of the Commissioner for Complaints投诉处理专员署Office of the Public Advocate (OPA) 公共代言署Older people 老年人Ombudsman 调查专员Ongoing review 持续审查Ophthalmologist 眼科医师Optical Services 验光配镜服务Optometrist 验光师Orthoses 支具矫正器Orthotics 矫正学Osteopath 整骨术Osteoporosis 骨质疏松症Out of pocket expenses 自付费用Outcome 成效Outcome criteria 成效标准Outcome measurement 成效衡量Outpatient 门诊病人Outpatient care 门诊护理Outpatient Clinic 门诊诊所Outreach 外展服务Over the counter drugs 柜台药物Overseas pension / Foreign pension外国福利金/海外福利金Paedology 儿科学Pain management 疼痛控制Pain management program疼痛控制计划Palliative care 临终照顾Part pension 非全额福利金Part pensioner 非全额福利金领取者Partners in Culturally Appropriate Care Victoria (PICAC) 维多利亚州文化适合性照顾服务伙伴Partnership between client and care manager客户与照顾经理人之间的合作伙伴关系Passive intervention 被动介入Pastoral care worker 精神照顾工作者Pathology 病理学Peak bodies 最高行业机构PEG feeding PEG喂养Pelvic floor 骨盆底Pelvic floor exercises 骨盆底锻炼Pelvic floor strength骨盆底力量Pension 福利金Pensionable Age 福利金领取年龄Pensioner Concession Card 福利金领取者优惠卡Personal care worker 个人照顾工作者Personal circumstances 个人情况Personal alarm 个人警报器Personal care 个人照顾Personal care plan 个人照顾计划Personal circumstance个人情况Personal independence 个人独立性Personal information 个人资料Personal preferences 个人偏好Pharmaceutical allowance药品津贴Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)药品补贴计划Pharmacist 药剂师Physiotherapist 理疗师Physiotherapy 理疗Pills 丸剂Placebo 安慰剂Placebo effect 安慰剂效果 Planned Activity Group (PAG) 计划活动小组Podiatrist 足病治疗师Podiatry 足医学Point of care services 照顾服务点Portability 携带性Positive ageing 积极安度晚年Post operative care 术后照顾Post operative complications 术后并发症Post traumatic stress disorder 创伤后紧张症Post-acute care 急症期后照顾Potential hazards隐患Power of Attorney 授权书Pre entry leave 住院前时间间隔Prejudice 歧视Prescription drugs 处方药物Prescription only medication 处方药物Pressure area 压力部位Pressure sore 褥疮Pressure ulcer 压迫性溃疡Preventative care 预防照顾Primary cancer 原发癌症Primary care 初级照顾Principal diagnosis 主要诊断Privacy - Right to Privacy 隐私权Privacy Commission 隐私委员会Privacy Officer 隐私办事员Private provider 私立服务机构Probate 遗嘱检验Processed foods 加工食品Professional code of ethics 职业道德准则Prognosis 预后Program manager 计划经理Property assets 物业资产Property damage 财产损坏Proprietor 业主Prudential Arrangements 经济审核安排Psychiatric Illness 精神疾病Psycho geriatrician 老年精神病学医师Psychogeriatric Assessment Teams (PGAT) 老年精神病评估小组Psychological support 心里支持Psychopathology 精神病理学Psychosis 精神病Psychosocial rehabilitation 精神社会康复Public advocate 公共代言人Public holiday 公共假日Public hospital 公立医院Quality Care 优质照顾Quality residential services 优质院所服务Racial Discrimination Act 《种族歧视法》Raised garden beds 高筑花坛Raised toilet seat 加高马桶座Reference number 参考号Reflexology 反射疗法Refusal of medical treatment 拒绝接受医疗Rehabilitation康复Rehabilitation Counseling 康复辅导Relapse 复发Religious needs 宗教需求Religious preferences 宗教选择Rent assistance 房租补贴Resident Agreement 居民协议Resident Contribution 居民供款Resident Handbook 居民手册Resident leave 居民离开Resident Rights and Responsibilities 居民权利与责任Resident social leave 居民社交假Residential Aged Care Advocacy Services院所养老代言服务Residential care 院所养老服务Residential Facility / Residential Service / Residential Home / Aged care facility / Aged care home / Facility / Home 养老院所Residential Home / Residential Facility / Residential Service / Aged care facility / Aged care home / Facility / Home 养老院所Residential respite care 院所暂息照顾Residential Service / Residential Home / Residential Facility / Aged care facility/ Aged care home / Facility / Home 养老院所Resolving complaints 解决投诉Respect privacy 尊重隐私Respite - emergency respite 紧急暂息服务Respite - in home respite 住家暂息服务Respite Care 暂息照顾Restrainers 抑制器具Restraint 限制Restraint - no restraint policy 无限制政策Resuscitation 复苏，抢救Resuscitation - not for resuscitation 拒绝抢救Retention Amount 保留金额Retiree 退休人士Retirement village 退休村Review date 覆查日期Reviewing ongoing care needs 覆查持续照顾需要Revocation of power of attorney 撤销授权书Rheumatoid Arthritis 风湿性关节炎Right to privacy 隐私权Ripple mattress 波纹床垫Risk behaviour 风险行为Risk management 风险管理Rooming house 寄宿舍Safe living environment 安全生活环境Safety at home 居家安全Safety rails 安全扶手Sanctions 惩处Sanitary pads 卫生巾Schizophrenia 精神分裂症Second opinion 第二意见Secondary cancer 继发性癌症Secondary care 辅助照顾Secondary diagnosis 从属诊断Self care 自理Self Care Living Units / Independent Living Units独立生活单元Self conscious 自我意识Self funded retiree household 自资退休人士家庭Self medication 自我用药Self referral 自我转介Self reliance 自力更生Self sufficiency 独立自主Senior centre 老年人中心Senior citizen's centres 老年人中心Service Agreement 服务合约书Service delivery 提供服务Serviced Apartments 酒店式公寓Sexual - changed sexual behaviour 性行为改变Sexual behaviour 性行为Sexual harassment 性骚扰Sexuality 性Sexuality and intimacy 性行为和亲昵Sharps 锋利物Shearing / shear (pressure ulcers)剪切（压迫性溃疡）Shire 郡Short term crisis accommodation 短期危机住宿Skin integrity 皮肤完整性Sleep disturbance 睡眠障碍Social preferences 社交选择Social stigma 社会耻辱Soluble tablets 可溶性药片Special care units 特护单元Special diets 特殊饮食Special Needs Group 特殊需要群体Specialist aged care services provider专业老年人照顾服务提供者Specified Care and Services 特别照顾和服务Specified Services 特别服务Speech pathologist 言语病理医师Spiritual needs 精神需求Sporadic Alzheimer's disease 偶发性阿耳兹海默氏病Standard Pension Contribution 标准恤金供款Standard Resident Contribution 标准居民供款State Trustees 州受托局Statutory Declaration 法定声明书Stress Management 压力管理Subcortical vascular dementia (Binswanger's disease)皮层下血管性痴呆症(Binswanger病) Substance abuse 滥用药物Substance dependence 药物依赖性Sundown syndrome 日落综合症Superannuation 公积金Support - level of support 支持水平Support group 支持小组Support services 支持服务Supported accommodation 支持性住宿Supported Residential Service (SRS) 支持性院所服务Swallowing problems 吞咽问题Tailored to individual needs 度身量制Tax deduction 税额扣减Tax offset 税额抵免Tea break 茶歇时间Telephone Interpreting Service 电话传译服务Telephone typewriter 聋人电话Terminal illness 绝症The Medical Treatment Act 《医疗法》Therapeutic goods 治疗物品Therapeutic relationship 治疗关系Therapy - music therapy 音乐疗法Thickened fluid 加浓流质食物Thought disorder 思维紊乱Toileting - Assistance with toileting协助上厕所Toxins 毒素Transient 临时性的Transitional Accommodation/ Emergency accommodation 紧急住宿Transitional Care 过渡性照顾Transport Concession Card holder 交通优惠卡持有人Tube feeding 导管喂养Ulceration 溃疡形成Universal precautions 普遍预防措施Urinary retention 尿潴留User Rights Principles 使用者权利原则Vaccinations 接种Values - personal values 个人价值观Vascular dementia 血管性痴呆症Vascular disease 血管性疾病Visiting library service 流动图书馆服务Vulnerability 脆弱性Walker - wheeled walker 轮式助行车Walking aids 助行用具Walking frame 助行架War widow 战争遗孀War Widow's Pension 战争遗孀补助金Ward - council ward 市政府选区Webster Pack 韦伯斯特药包Welfare Officer 福利办事员Wellness 健康Wheelchair access 轮椅出入Wheelchair hoist (bus) 轮椅吊升装置(巴士) Wheelchair ramp 轮椅斜坡Widow's Pension 遗孀补助金Will - Living Will 生前遗嘱Withdrawal from contact 逃避接触Withdrawal symptoms脱瘾症状。
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If you meet the following situation, what will yo9;s oldest emergency call service
•Launched in 1937 after five women died in London surgery fire
•Initially a red lamp turned on and a klaxon siren sounded to alert operators when a call came in
•First 999 mobile call made in 1986
拨打999时，蜂鸣器响起，红灯闪烁的交流，吸引运营商的关注。
How to call an emergency intervention hotline?
1. Take a deep breath and take a few seconds to collect yourself.
“没了，才知道什么是没了”—— 唐山大地震
Page 11
珍惜眼前所拥有的一切，即使是那些不如意的东西， 还有什么能够比生命更加重要呢？
Self-rescue in earthquake:
four ways to help you save yourself : Step1. Keep calm and do not be panic. Step2. Find a safe place to hide when you are in a crowded place. Step3. Stay away from the risk area. Step4. Keep energy when you are buried.
First and foremost ,
we must call the police.
Do you know the number of the police, the emergency treatment or the fire-fighting in our country? Basic crisis intervention hotline: Police 110
•your location • the number of the phone you are calling from, if you know it.
•If you are in a public place- give the operator the nearest
intersection or landmark (example First and Main street). • Tell them your name and the cause of events briefly.
2. Dial 911(US), 999(UK), 000(Australia), 112 ( Europe), 119 (Japan) or another emergency number for your country.
3. Ask the operator for an emergency service. 4. Give them the following:
Emergency treatment 120
Fire-fighting 119 But when you are in foreign countries, “WHO” do you call when there’s an Emergency?
“999” : the first to use
5. Stay calm and follow their advice.
Emergency Self Rescue
Devastating and terrible earthquake hit Wenchuan County in Sichuan Province, Tibet, Yunnan Province, Qinghai Province and Xinjiang Province in recent four years. Then, it is useful and helpful for citizens to know and study some basic knowledge about earthquake in order to save you in the crisis.