chapter_5(1-4)

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Chapter_5_Syntax_句法(练习答案)_doc

Chapter 5 Syntax 句法I. Multiple Choices:1.D. Immediate Constituent2. B. semantic3. A. concord4. A. the future is not expressed by morphological change5. D. substitutability6. C. co-occurrence7. B. Predicate 8.B. syntactic 9. C. self-control10. D. Government 11. D. coordinateII. Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words:1. Cohesion refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.2. A sentence structure that is made up of layers of word groups is called a hierarchical structure.3. Sentences are traditionally assumed to be made up of words in _linear___ direction.4. Provide linguistic terms for the following descriptions.1) a type of relation holding with each other at aparticular place in a structure:2) an operation that moves a phrase category from its original position generated byPS rules to another within a structure: transformation3) the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination ofwords into sentences: syntaxIII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them:T 1. It is characteristic of Halliday’s theory that more attention is paid to paradigmatic relations than to syntagmatic relations, which is the main concern of Chomsky.F2. Tense and aspect are two important categories of the verb, and they were separated in traditional grammar. (they were not separated in traditional grammar)F 3. Paradigmatic relation in syntax is alternatively called horizontal relation.(Paradigmatic relation is also called vertical relation; horizontal relation is a term for syntagmatic relation.)T 4. All human languages utilize a finite set of discrete units to form an infinite set of possible sentences.F 5. The English sentence "If only I could fly!" is in imperative mood. subjunctivemoodF 6. GOVERNMENT may be defined as the requirement that the form of two or morewords in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other. concordT 7. The SYNTAGMATIC RELATION is a relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present.T 8. The deep structure may be defined the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i.e. the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents, such as the relation between the underlying subject and its verbs, or a verb and its object.F 9. Categorization is the process of classifying our experiences into same categoriesbased on commonalities and differences. As a major ingredient in the creation of human knowledge, it allows us to relate present experiences to past ones.different categoriesF 10. The syntagmatic relation is also known as vertical relation. horizontal relationF 11. "Singing an English song" is an exocentric construction. endocentricconstructionT 12. Single words and clauses can both be constituents.IV. Define the following terms:1. IC analysisIC analysis. IC analysis (immediate constituent analysis) refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents ---- word groups ( or phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached. In practice, for the sake of convenience, we usually stop at the level of word.2. paradigmatic relationparadigmatic relation: Saussure originally called associative, is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.3. Lexical ambiguityLexical ambiguity: It refers to ambiguity explained by reference to lexical meanings. For example, “I went to the bank” is lexically ambiguous in the sense that “bank” in this sentence could refer to a business establishment or a slop of landing adjoining a river.4. Grammatical ambiguityGrammatical ambiguity: Grammatical ambiguity occurs when the grammatical structure of a sentence allows two different interpretations, each of which gives rise toa different meaning.5. Concord (or: Agreement)Concord (or: Agreement) could be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories. For example, in English the determiner and the noun it precedes should concord in number as in “this man”, “these men”; “book”, “same books”.6. endocentric constructionEndocentric construction is one kind of syntactic constructions whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable centre or head. An endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction, for example, in the noun phrase “all these last few days”, days is the head. And this phrase is an endocentric construction.V. Questions:1. What is the aim of IC analysis? Make an IC analysis of the following sentence bymeans of either brackets or a tree diagram.北外2010My brother said Mary liked the handbag.The aim of IC analysis is to discover and demonstrate the interrelationships of the words in a linguistic structure—the sentence or the word-combination. The IC analysis views the sentence not just as a linear sequence of elements but as sequence made up of “layers”of immediate constituents, each lower-level constituent being part of a higher-level constituent.Though IC analysis, the internal structure of a sentence may be demonstrated clearly and ambiguities, if any, will be revealed.We can analyze the sentence like this:SNP VPVSˈNP VPN V NPDet N Det NMy mother said Mary liked the handbag. OrMy mother said Mary liked the handbag. 2. Why did Chomsky make the distinction between Deep and Surface structures?人大2006In generative grammar, deep structure is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence, the underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted. On the other hand, surface structure is the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear.According to Chomsky, it is necessary to make the distinction, since it is helpful to differentiate and analyze syntactic structures such as "John is easy to please" and"John is eager to please", and also to disambiguate structures like "the shooting of the hunters". More importantly, it reflects two of the stages of how the language is processed through the generative grammar: the deep structure, which is an underlying structure, has to be transformed to the surface structure via a set of transformational rules.3.Try to identify the possible paradigmatic relation between any items in thefollowing poem by Lu Xun (i.e. tell if there is such a relation between which and which items).岂有豪情似旧时，花开花落两由之。

Chapter5翻译技巧篇(1)措词、增词

叶子南先生说，增词法就是把讲不清楚的词义用更多的字交代清楚，再者用以调整译入语的语言结构，使译文更像译入语。
She is more royal than the royals.
她比皇家成员更具皇家气质（名词）

毛荣贵先生说，从修辞的角度来讲，许多以委婉为修辞目的的句式，或欲言又止，或轻描淡写，或隐晦曲折，尤其论他人长短的句子，不加词不知所云。
Ah, that woman had a tongue.
----啊！那女人的嘴可真厉害！
Emphasis

增词不能增意
增词切记：
表示复数概念的增词
重复性增词
概括性增词
增词把抽象概念表达清楚
修辞角度增词
谢谢！

译文3 近来苔丝的面容总是随着她心情的变化而变化，心情愉快时容貌美丽，心情忧郁时容貌平常。某一天她面色红润，显得十分完美，另一天则会显得苍白悲哀。她面色红润时就不像满色苍白时那么多愁善感；她比较完美的容貌跟比较轻松的心情相一致，而比较紧张的心情就会使她的容貌不那么完美无缺。这会儿迎着南风的真正是她最美丽的面孔。上海译文出版社

Her portrait flatters her. 她的肖像比她本人还漂亮。 ---修辞性增词 a noisy game/noisy color He was black and winkled.
他皮肤黝黑，满脸皱纹（皱纹满面）。---原文意义上增词
Translation Practice(E-C)
那是一派胡言。 Don’t take it seriously. I’m just making

英语：Chapter-5《Fishing-with-birds》课件(1)(牛津上海版九年级上)

• A large, black bird (common in parts of China such as Guilin ) which can swim under water.
How does Damin look like?
What does he do?
How ot Wang and his birds _____ _____ on his ties raft. He ______ grass around the necks swim birds’______. The birds ______ down and catch removes ______ fish. He ______ the fish from the mouths birds’ ______.
Fishing with Birds
What do we need to fish?
• Fishing rod • Fishing net • Fishmonger
How do we fish?
Do you know these words?
of average height
fit require set off enable
Why? Why not?
；配资 https:/// 配资；
这时,他皱了皱眉头,抬头往右边の天空看了看.他用天眼,看到了万里之外の壹队人马,正在朝这边赶来,这队人马の数量还不少,有足足近百人,而且个个修为不差,整体实力远远超过这片绿洲上の普通修行者.这些人の实力,个个都有圣境以上,还有十几人の实力更是达到了绝强者之境以上. 显然这些人应该是出自有名の势力,绝强者现在虽然不少,但是在各大圣地,都起码也是长老壹级别の人物,地位不低,还远远没有到绝强者也烂大街の地步了.这些人飞行の速度

chapter5(第一讲)

Writing Skills
3. Add a favorable comment on the goods ordered. Example: We feel confident that you will satisfy with the quality of our goods and our business service.
Writing Skills
Part 2 An order, especially a first order, should most
certainly be acknowledged by a letter, a fax or Email. The acceptance should include the following information.
Partial shipment is allowed; Transshipment is not allowed.
We will establish the relevant L/C before September 20 as requested. We would like you to effect the insurance for ll0% of the invoice value covering All Risks and War Risk.
We are confident that we must have a good business start and will extend our business successfully in future through our mutual effort.
We anticipate to hear from you soon. Thanks a lot for your kind cooperation.

chap5中级宏观经济学答案华中科技大学

Microeconomics, 4e (Perloff)Chapter 5 Applying Consumer Theory5.1 Deriving Demand Curves1) The above figure shows Bobby's indifference map for juice and snacks. Also shown are three budget lines resulting from different prices for snacks assuming he has $20 to spend on these goods. Which of the following points are on Bobby's price-consumption curve?A) 10 snacks and 20 juicesB) 10 snacks and 0 juicesC) 10 snacks and 5 juicesD) 10 snacks and 15 juicesAnswer: DTopic: Deriving Demand Curves2) The above figure shows Bobby's indifference map for juice and snacks. Also shown are three budget lines resulting from different prices for snacks assuming he has $20 to spend on these goods. Which of the following points are on Bobby's demand curve for snacks?A) p = 2, q = 10B) p = 2, q = 13C) p = 2, q = 5D) p = 1, q = 20Answer: CTopic: Deriving Demand Curves3) The above figure shows Bobby's indifference map for juice and snacks. Also shown are three budget lines resulting from different prices for snacks. This information could be used to determineA) the slope of Bobby's demand curve for juice.B) the amount by which Bobby's demand curve for juice shifts when his income rises.C) the amount by which Bobby's demand curve for juice shifts when the price of snacks rises.D) All of the above.Answer: CTopic: Deriving Demand Curves4) The above figure shows Bobby's indifference map for juice and snacks. Also shown are three budget lines resulting from different prices for snacks. As the price of snacks rises, Bobby's utilityA) stays the same.B) increases.C) decreases.D) might change, but there is not enough information to determine.Answer: CTopic: Deriving Demand Curves5) The above figure shows Bobby's indifference map for juice and snacks. Also shown are three budget lines resulting from different prices for snacks. Bobby's demand for snacks isA) unit elastic.B) elastic.C) inelastic.D) perfectly elastic.Answer: CTopic: Deriving Demand Curves6) The above figure shows Bobby's indifference map for juice and snacks. Also shown are three budget lines resulting from different prices for snacks. As the price of snacks rises, the price for juiceA) stays the same.B) increases.C) decreasesD) might change, but there is not enough information to determine.Answer: ATopic: Deriving Demand Curves7) An individual's demand curve for a good can be derived by measuring the quantities selected asA) the price of the good changes.B) the price of substitute goods changes.C) income changes.D) All of the above.Answer: ATopic: Deriving Demand Curves8) As the price of a good rises, the consumer will experienceA) a desire to consume a different bundle.B) a decrease in utility.C) a southwesterly movement on the indifference map.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: Deriving Demand Curves9) An increase in the price of a good causesA) a change in the slope of the budget line.B) an increase in the consumption of that good.C) a rightward shift of the demand curve for that good.D) a parallel rightward shift of the budget line.Answer: ATopic: Deriving Demand Curves10) Suppose a graph is drawn to show a consumer's preferences for football tickets and basketball tickets. The quantity of football tickets is measured on the horizontal axis. If the price-consumption curve is horizontal when the price of football tickets changes, thenA) football tickets are an inferior good.B) the demand for football tickets is perfectly elastic.C) the demand for football tickets is unit elastic.D) the demand curve for football tickets will be horizontal.Answer: CTopic: Deriving Demand Curves11) In the relevant price range a demand curve for a Giffen good would beA) upward sloping.B) downward sloping.C) horizontal.D) vertical.Answer: ATopic: Deriving Demand Curves12) Suppose the quantity of x is measured on the horizontal axis. If the price consumption curve is vertical when the price of x changes, then the demand for x isA) perfectly elastic.B) perfectly inelastic.C) unit elastic.D) There is not enough information to determine the price elasticity of demand for x.Answer: BTopic: Deriving Demand CurvesFor the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.13) If the price-consumption curve is upward sloping when the price of the good measured on the horizontal axis changes, then the demand curve for that good will be upward sloping.Answer: False. An upward-sloping price-consumption curve indicates that as the price of the good falls, more of both goods will be purchased. So, the demand curve for the good measured on the horizontal axis slopes downward.Topic: Deriving Demand Curves14) Draw two graphs, one directly above the other. On the upper graph, label the vertical axis Good X and label the horizontal axis Good Y. On the lower graph, label the vertical axis the Price of good Y and label the horizontal axis Good Y. In the upper graph, show the income and substitution effects of a decrease in the Price of good Y when Y is a Giffen good. Draw the corresponding demand curve for Good Y in the lower graph.Answer:See the above figure. Point A is the original consumption point. The movement from point A to point B is the substitution effect. The movement from point B to point C is the income effect.Topic: Deriving Demand Curves15) The above figure shows a consumer's indifference curves for soda and all other goods. Assuming a budget of $100, derive the consumer's demand for soda for prices of $4 and $10 per case of soda. Estimate the price elasticity of demand for soda.Answer: At a price of $4, 15 cases are purchased, At a price of $10, 6 cases are purchased. In both cases, the same total amount, $60, is spent on soda. This implies unit elasticity.Topic: Deriving Demand Curves16) Use the Slutsky equation to show that a Giffen good must be an inferior good, BUT an inferior good need not be a Giffen good.Answer: The Slutsky equation may be written as dQ/dp Total dp Total = dQ/ dp subs - _(dQ/dI). For a Giffen good, dQ/dp Total is positive, which implies that - _(dQ/dI) must be positive and large enough to offset dQ/ dp subs, which is always negative. For any inferior good, however, - _(dQ/dI) is positive but not necessarily large enough to make dQ/ dp Total positive.Topic: Deriving Demand Curves5.2 How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves1) A movement upward along an upward sloping Engel curve corresponds toA) upward sloping indifference curves.B) crossing indifference curves.C) a rotation in the budget constraint.D) a parallel shift in the budget constraint.Answer: DTopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves2) When deriving an Engel curve the prices of both goodsA) are held constant.B) increase by the same percentage as income.C) decrease by the same percentage as income.D) can either decrease, increase or stay the same.Answer: ATopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves3) The above figure shows Larry's indifference map and budget lines for ham and pork. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A) Pork is an inferior good.B) Ham is an inferior good.C) Neither pork nor ham is an inferior good.D) Both ham and pork are inferior goods.Answer: BTopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves4) The above figure shows Larry's indifference map and budget lines for ham and pork. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A) Larry's Engel curve for pork will be upward sloping.B) Larry's Engel curve for pork will be downward sloping.C) Larry's Engel curve for pork will be backward bending.D) Larry's Engel curve for pork cannot be derived from the information provided.Answer: ATopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves5) The above figure shows Larry's indifference map and budget lines for ham and pork. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A) Larry's demand curve for pork shifts rightward when his income increases.B) Larry's income elasticity of demand for pork is greater than zero.C) Pork is a normal good.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves6) After Joyce and Larry purchased their first house, they made additional home improvements in response to increases in income. After a while, their income rose so much that they could afford a larger home. Once they realized they would be moving, they reduced the amount of home improvements. Their Engel curve for home improvements on their current home isA) negatively sloped.B) flat.C) positively sloped.D) backward bending.Answer: DTopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves7) Suppose the quantity of x is measured on the horizontal axis. If the income consumption curve is vertical, then the income elasticity of demand for x isA) 0.B) 1.C) -1.D) There is not enough information to determine the income elasticity of demand for x.Answer: ATopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves8) An inferior good exhibitsA) a negative income elasticity.B) a downward sloping Engel curve.C) a decline in the quantity demanded as income rises.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves9) When John's income was low, he could not afford to dine out and would respond to a pay raise by purchasing more frozen dinners. Now that his income is high, a pay raise causes him to dine out more often and buy fewer frozen dinners. Which graph in the above figure best represents John's Engel curve for frozen dinners?A) Graph AB) Graph BC) Graph CD) Graph DAnswer: ATopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves10) When John's income was low, he could not afford to dine out and would respond to a pay raise by purchasing more frozen dinners. Now that his income is high, a pay raise causes him to dine out more often and buy fewer frozen dinners. Which graph in the above figure best represents John's Engel curve for dining out?A) Graph AB) Graph BC) Graph CD) Graph DAnswer: BTopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves11) Even though Mary's income is very low, she makes sure that she purchases enough milk for her family to drink. As her income rises, she does buy more milk. Which graph in the above figure best represents Mary's Engel curve for milk?A) Graph AB) Graph BC) Graph CD) Graph DAnswer: CTopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves12) When John was in college and his income was low, he drank "Red Ribbon" beer. As his income increased, he purchased better-quality beer and less "Red Ribbon." Which graph in the above figure best represents John's Engel curve for "Red Ribbon" beer?A) Graph AB) Graph BC) Graph CD) Graph DAnswer: DTopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves13) Which graph in the above figure best represents a good that is an inferior good at some income levels, and a normal good at other income levels?A) Graph AB) Graph BC) Graph CD) Graph DAnswer: ATopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves14) If consumer income and prices increase by the same percentageA) the consumer will buy more of both goods.B) the consumer will buy more of both goods if they are both normal goods.C) the consumer will buy less of both goods if they are both inferior goods.D) the consumer's utility maximizing bundle stays the same.Answer: DTopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand CurvesFor the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.15) An increase in income (all else equal) will ALWAYS lead to a parallel shift of the budget line. Answer: True. Since prices are unchanged the relative prices of the goods stays the same and thus the slope of the budget line.Topic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves16) Explain what the slope of the income consumption curve shows about the income elasticity of demand. Answer: A positive slope of the income consumption curve is associated with a positive income elasticity of demand, and a negatively sloped income consumption curve is associated with a negative income elasticity of demand. The income consumption curve represents how consumption changes with an increase in income. An upward sloping income consumption curve represents an increase in consumption as income rises, as does a positive income elasticity.Topic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves17) Why can't all goods be inferior?Answer: If all goods were inferior, an increase in income would lead to a decline in the quantity demanded for all goods. This, however, would leave the consumer below the budget line and therefore not achieving the highest utility possible.Topic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves18) The above figure shows three different Engel curves. Rank them in terms of income elasticity. Answer: Engel curve A implies that a certain level of income is required before any of the good is purchased. Engel curve B implies that the quantity demanded is proportional to income (unit elastic). Engel curve C implies that the good is a necessity since it would be consumed even if income were zero. Thus _A > _B > _C.Topic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves19) When income increases by 1%, the quantity demanded of a good decreases by 2%. What is the income elasticity of the good? Is the good normal or inferior? Why?Answer: The income elasticity is -2. The good is inferior because the income elasticity is negative.Topic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves20) Why would you expect the demand for diamond jewelry to fall faster than plastic, costume jewelry when all incomes fall?Answer: The income elasticities differ for the two goods. Diamond jewelry most likely has a larger income elasticity than costume jewelry.Topic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves21) Draw budget constraints, indifference curves, and the income consumption curve for a good that has an income elasticity that is perfectly inelastic.Answer:See the above figure.Topic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves5.3 Effects of a Price Change1) Median household income is $50,000 per year. The typical household spends about $125 per year on milk, which has an income elasticity of about 0.07. From this information, we can conclude thatA) milk is a luxury.B) milk is a Giffen good.C) the income effect from a change in the price of milk is very large.D) the income effect from a change in the price of milk is very small.Answer: DTopic: Effects of a Price Change2) When the price of a good changes, the total effect of the price change on the quantities purchased can be found by comparing the quantities purchasedA) on the old budget line and the new budget line.B) on the original indifference curve when faced with the original prices and when faced with the new prices.C) on the new budget line and a hypothetical budget line that is a parallel shift back to the original indifference curve.D) on the new indifference curve.Answer: ATopic: Effects of a Price Change3) When the price of a good changes, the substitution effect can be found by comparing the equilibrium quantities purchasedA) on the old budget line and the new budget line.B) on the original indifference curve when faced with the original prices and when faced with the new prices.C) on the new budget line and a hypothetical budget line that is a shift back to the original indifference curve parallel to the new budget line.D) on the new indifference curve.Answer: BTopic: Effects of a Price Change4) When the price of a good changes, the income effect can be found by comparing the equilibrium quantities purchasedA) on the old budget line and the new budget line.B) on the original indifference curve when faced with the original prices and when faced with the new prices.C) on the new budget line and a hypothetical budget line that is a shift back to the original indifference curve parallel to the new budget line.D) on the new indifference curve.Answer: CTopic: Effects of a Price Change5) The substitution effect can be measured holding ________ constant.A) incomeB) utilityC) the price of one goodD) the price of all goodsAnswer: BTopic: Effects of a Price Change6) Suppose that frozen dinners were once a normal good for John, but now frozen dinners are an inferior good for him. John's demand curve for frozen dinnersA) has become steeper as a result.B) has become flatter as a result.C) has not changed as a result.D) has disappeared as a result.Answer: ATopic: Effects of a Price Change7) One characteristic of a Giffen good is that itA) is a luxury good.B) is an inferior good.C) has an upward-sloping Engel curve.D) All of the above.Answer: BTopic: Effects of a Price Change8) A Giffen good hasA) a positive substitution effect.B) a negative income effect.C) a larger income effect than substitution effect.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: Effects of a Price Change9) If a good is an inferior good, then itsA) demand curve will be upward sloping.B) income effect reinforces the substitution effect.C) income elasticity is negative.D) Engel curve cannot be drawn.Answer: CTopic: Effects of a Price Change10) Suppose Lisa spends all of her money on books and coffee. When the price of coffee decreases, theA) substitution effect on coffee is positive, and the income effect on coffee is positive.B) substitution effect on coffee is ambiguous, and the income effect on coffee is ambiguous.C) substitution effect on coffee is positive, and the income effect on coffee is ambiguous.D) substitution effect on coffee is ambiguous, and the income effect on coffee is positive.Answer: CTopic: Effects of a Price Change11) In the case of a normal goodA) demand curves always slope downward.B) the income effect and substitution effect are in the same direction.C) the Engel curve slopes upward.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: Effects of a Price Change12) The above figure shows Bobby's indifference map for soda and juice. B1 indicates his original budget line. B2 indicates his budget line resulting from a decrease in the price of soda. What change in quantity best represents his substitution effect?A) 3B) 10C) 15D) 7Answer: ATopic: Effects of a Price Change13) The above figure shows Bobby's indifference map for soda and juice. B1 indicates his original budget line. B2 indicates his budget line resulting from a decrease in the price of soda. What change in quantity best represents his income effect?A) 3B) 10C) 15D) 7Answer: DTopic: Effects of a Price Change14) The above figure shows Bobby's indifference map for soda and juice. B1 indicates his original budget line. B2 indicates his budget line resulting from an increase in the price of soda. From the graph, one can conclude thatA) Bobby views soda as an inferior good.B) Bobby's demand for soda is perfectly inelastic.C) Bobby views soda as a normal good.D) the income elasticity of demand for soda is 1.Answer: CTopic: Effects of a Price Change15) When measuring the substitution effect one uses the change alongA) the old indifference curve.B) the new indifference curve.C) either the old or the new indifference curve.D) the budget constraint.Answer: CTopic: Effects of a Price Change16) The Slutsky equation shows that, holding the total effect constant, the income effect will be larger for goods thatA) have a smaller substitution effect.B) make up a larger percentage of a household's budget.C) have perfectly inelastic demand curves.D) All of the above.Answer: BTopic: Effects of a Price Change17) Suppose that the interest rate paid to savers increases. As a result, Tom wishes to save less. This suggests that, for Tom,A) the substitution effect is greater than the income effect.B) the income effect is greater than the substitution effect.C) utility maximization is not occurring.D) future consumption is a luxury.Answer: BTopic: Effects of a Price Change18) Suppose that the interest rate paid to savers increases. As a result, Tom wishes to save more. This suggests that, for Tom,A) the substitution effect is greater than the income effect.B) the income effect is greater than the substitution effect.C) utility maximization is not occurring.D) future consumption is a luxury.Answer: ATopic: Effects of a Price ChangeFor the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.19) If a consumer is compensated for the income effect that occurs when the price of a good increases, then his demand curves can never slope upward.Answer: True. The demand curve would only include the substitution effect. Even for Giffen goods, dq/dp is negative holding utility constant.Topic: Effects of a Price Change20) A good may be inferior at some income levels and normal at others.Answer: True. A consumer may demand more of the good at low income levels and less of the good at higher income levels. Hamburger or macaroni and cheese dinners may be examples of such goods.Topic: Effects of a Price Change21) If the Engel curve for a good is upward sloping, the demand curve for that good must be downward sloping.Answer: True. If the Engel curve is upward sloping, the good is normal. As a result, the income effect will reinforce the substitution effect and guarantee a downward-sloping demand curve.Topic: Effects of a Price Change22) Suppose Joe earns $1,000 in year 1 and $0 in year 2. Any amount he saves will earn interest at a rate of 10%. Draw Joe's budget line. (Hint: He can either consume all $1000 this year or consume nothing this year and have $1,100 next year.) Assuming convex indifference curves, show that an increase in the rate of interest can cause Joe's savings to either increase or decrease. Explain in terms of income and substitution effect.Answer:See the above figure. On the graph, his original bundle is e1 so that his savings equal 1000 - C1*. A higher interest rate rotates the budget line so that, depending on the shape of his indifference map, he may choose either e2, which means savings increase, or e3, which means savings decrease. One plus the interest rate represents the price of current consumption. A higher interest rate has two effects. The substitution effect means that Joe will save more because current consumption has become more expensive. The income effect says Joe will save less because, with the higher interest rate, lower savings could actually generate more future consumption.Topic: Effects of a Price Change23) Many manufacturers sell products labeled as having imperfections at a discount at their factory outlets but do not ship these imperfect goods to regular retail outlets. Why?Answer: There is some substitutability between the goods, but imperfects sell for a lower price. Suppose, for example, the good sells for $2, but imperfects sell for $1. Both goods cost the same to ship, say $1. As a result, the relative price of an imperfect at a factory outlet is (1/2) but rises to (2/3) at the retail outlet, where imperfects will not sell because of the higher relative price.Topic: Effects of a Price Change5.4 Cost-of-Living Adjustments1) Due to inflation, nominal prices are usuallyA) equal to real prices.B) smaller than real prices.C) larger than real prices.D) a constant proportion different from real prices.Answer: CTopic: Cost-of-Living Adjustments2) A consumer price index adjustment overcompensates for inflation because it ignoresA) the income effect when relative prices change.B) the substitution effect when relative prices change.C) that some goods are inferior.D) that the substitution effect may offset the income effect.Answer: BTopic: Cost-of-Living Adjustments3) Employing a fixed-weight index like the Consumer Price Index to adjust a person's salary in response to inflation will overcompensate this person because doing so will allow this person toA) buy the same bundle of goods as he did before the inflation.B) achieve a higher level of utility than he did before the inflation.C) achieve the same level of utility as before the inflation.D) buy more of all goods.Answer: BTopic: Cost-of-Living Adjustments4) Under which of the following conditions will there be no substitution bias in the CPI?A) Indifference curves are convex.B) Indifference curves are L-shaped.C) Indifference curves are linear.D) Indifference curves are downward sloping.Answer: BTopic: Cost-of-Living Adjustments5) Under which of the following conditions will there be no substitution bias in the CPI?A) Lower-priced goods increase in price by a greater percentage than do higher-priced goods.B) Higher-price goods increase in price by a greater percentage than do lower-priced goods.C) All goods change in price by the same amount.D) All goods change in price by the same percentage.Answer: DTopic: Cost-of-Living Adjustments6) A true cost-of-living adjustment in response to a change in prices would compensate consumers so that they would be able toA) purchase the same bundle they purchased before prices changed.B) achieve the same level of utility they did before prices changed.C) face the same choices they did before prices changed.D) achieve an increase in utility that is equal to the rate of inflation.Answer: BTopic: Cost-of-Living Adjustments7) Richard receives government transfer payments and currently consumes 5 guns and 6 goose livers. Assume the price of guns decreases by 10% and the price of goose liver increases by 20%. The government raises Richard's transfer payments so he can still afford 5 guns and 6 goose livers. Does this constitute a true cost-of-living adjustment?A) No. Richard is overcompensated.B) No. Richard is undercompensated.C) Yes. The payment just achieves the right level of compensation.D) Not enough information.Answer: ATopic: Cost-of-Living Adjustments8) Before an uneven rise in prices Allan consumed 5 bread and 6 juice. After the price increase and with an increased welfare payment from the government Allan consumes 4 bread and 7 juice. Does the government payment represent a true cost-of-living adjustment?A) Yes, if the two consumption bundles lie on the same indifference curve.B) Yes, if the second bundle yields more utility than the first.C) No, the first bundle is clearly preferred.D) Not enough information.Answer: ATopic: Cost-of-Living AdjustmentsFor the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.9) Inflation over time necessarily makes consumers worse off.Answer: False. Wages also increase over time. Workers may earn the price of some goods in less time than in the past.Topic: Cost-of-Living Adjustments10) Using the CPI to compensate workers for inflation is appropriate because, in the face of a change in relative prices, people should be allowed to purchase the same bundle as they did before the price changes. Answer: False. This assumes that people would still prefer the original bundle. Because they are facing a new set of relative prices, compensating people so that they could purchase the original bundle will allow them to be able to achieve a higher level of utility than they did before the price changes.Topic: Cost-of-Living Adjustments11) Suppose the typical consumer only purchases food and clothing, and her utility can be expressed as U =F * C. Currently, food costs $5 per unit and clothing costs $2 per unit. Her income is $70. If the price of food increases to $6, compare the resulting Laspyre's price index with a true cost of living index.Answer: Maximizing utility subject to the initial constraint (5F + 2C = 70) yields C/F = 5/2 or F = 7 and C = 17.5. The Laspyre's price index calculates the ratio of the income necessary to achieve the original bundle relative to the original income. In this case [(6 * 7) + (2 * 17.5)]/70 = 1.10. The true cost of living index calculates the ratio of the income necessary to achieve the original level of utility relative to the original income. Utility is held constant when C * F = 17.5 * 7 = 122.5. The consumer is on the new budget line when C/F = 3. Combining yields F = 6.39 and C = 19.17. At the new prices, this requires an income of 76.68 and a resulting cost of living index of 76.68/70 = 1.095.Topic: Cost-of-Living Adjustments。

胡壮麟-语言学教程修订版-课堂笔记和讲义精选Chapter--(5)

Chapter 5 Meaning5.1 Meanings of “meaning”1. Meaning: Meaning refers to what a language expresses about the world welive in or any possible or imaginary world.2. Connotation: The additional meaning that a word or phrase has beyond itscentral meaning.3. Denotation: That part of the meanings of a word or phrase that relates itto phenomena in the real world or in a fictional or possible word.4. Different types of meaning (Recognized by Leech, 1974)(1) Conceptual meaning: Logical, cognitive, or denotative content.(2) Associative meaninga. Connotative meaning: What is communicated by virtue of whatlanguage refers to.b. Social meaning: What is communicated of the social circumstancesof language use.c. Affective meaning: What is communicated of the feelings andattitudes of the speaker / writer.d. Reflected meaning: What is communicated through association withanother sense of the same expression.e. Collocative meaning: What is communicated through association withwords which tend to occur in the environment of another word.(3) Thematic meaning: What is communicated by the way in which the messageis organized in terms of order and emphasis.5. The difference between meaning, concept, connotation, and denotationMeaning refers to the association of language symbols with the real world.There are many types of meaning according to different approaches.Concept is the impression of objects in people’s mind.Connotation is the implied meaning, similar to implication.Denotation, like sense, is not directly related with objects, but makes the abstract assumption of the real world.5.2 The referential theory1. The referential theory: The theory of meaning which relates the meaningof a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as thereferential theory.2. The semantic triangle theoryOgden and Richards presented the classic “Semantic Triangle”as manifested in the following diagram, in which the “symbol”refers to the linguist elements (word, sentence, etc.), the “referent” refers to the object in the world of experience, and the “thought”or “reference”refers to concept or notion. Thusthe symbol of a word signifies “things” by virtue of the “concept,”associated with the form of the word in the mind of the speaker of the language. The concept thus considered is the meaning of the word. The connection (represented witha dotted line) between symbol and referent is made possible only through“concept.”Concept / notionThought / reference----------------------Symbol objectWord stands for realitySignifier referentCode signified5.3 Sense relations5.3.1 SynonymySynonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation.5.3.2 AntonymyAntonymy is the name for oppositeness relation. There are three subtypes: gradable, complementary and converse antonymy.1. Gradable antonymyGradable antonymy is the commonest type of antonymy. They are mainly adjectives, e.g. good / bad, long / short, big / small, etc.2. Complementary antonymyThe members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each other. That is, they divide up the whole of a semantic filed completely.Not only the assertion of one means the denial of the other, the denialof one also means the assertion of the other, e.g. alive / dead, hit / miss,male / female, boy / girl, etc.3. Converse antonymyConverse antonyms are also called relational opposites. This is a special type of antonymy in that the members of a pair do not constitutea positive-negative opposition. They show the reversal of a relationshipbetween two entities, e.g. buy / sell, parent / child, above / below,etc.5.3.3 HyponymyHyponymy involves us in the notion of meaning inclusion. It is a matter of class membership. That is to say, when x is a kind of y, thelower term x is the hyponym, and the upper term y is the superordinate.Two or more hyponyms of the same one superordinate are calledco-hyponyms, e.g. under flower, there are peony, jasmine, tulip, violet,rose, etc., flower is the superordinate of peony, jasmine,etc., peonyis the hyponym of flower,and peony, jasmine, tulip, violet, rose, etc.are co-hyponyms.5.4 Componential analysisComponential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components. That is, the meaning of a word is not an unanalyzable whole. It may be seen as a complex of different semantic features. There are semantic units smaller than the meaning of a word. E.g.Boy: [+human][-adult][+male]Girl: [+human][-adult][-male]Son: child (x, y) & male (x)Daughter: child (x, y) & -male (x)Take: cause (x, (have (x, y)))Give: cause (x, (-have (x, y)))5.5 Sentence meaning5.5.1 An integrated theory1. Compositionality: A principle for sentence analysis, in which themeaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituentwords and the way they are combine.2. Selection restrictions: Restrictions on the choice of individuallexical units in construction with other units. E.g. the wordbreathe will typically select an animate subject (boy, man, woman,etc.) not an abstract or an inanimate (table, book, etc.). The boywas still breathing. The desk was breathing.5.5.2 Logical semantics1. Prepositional logic / prepositional calculus / sentential calculus:Prepositional logic is the study of the truth conditions forpropositions: how the truth of a composite proposition isdetermined by the truth value of its constituent propositions andthe connections between them.2. Predicate logic / predicate calculus: Predicate logic studies theinternal structure of simple propositions.。

中国文化概况(修订版)Chapter-5

14
Ancient Science and Technology
Four Great Inventions Traditional Chinese Medicine Other Impressive Ancient Inventions
15
Traditional Chinese Medicine
21
Other Impressive Ancient Inventions
Porcelain
• made generally from clay • heated at a high degree • the first glazing color is blue
Abacus
• an early form of calculator
compass
printing
gunpowder
paper-making
9
Four Great Inventions
Compass
• shows geographic directions • use the earth’s magnetic field • enables international trade and exploration • denotes eight main directions • helpful for the explorations of Zheng
13
Four Great Inventions
Printing
• known as “mother of civilization” • includes block printing and movable type printing • block printing is time-consuming and the blocks become useless after the printing • movable type printing is more convenient with the pieces being durable and reusable

商业银行Chapter-5-homework1

Chapter 5Multiple Choice Questions1. The noncash expense item on a bank's Report of Income designed to shelter a bank'scurrent earnings from taxes and to help prepare for bad loans is called:DA) Short-term debt interestB) Noninterest expenseC) Provision for taxesD) Provision for possible loan lossesE) None of the above.2．Banks depend heavily upon borrowed funds supplied by customers with little owners' capital invested. This means that banks make heavy use of: AA) Financial leverageB) Capital restructuringC) Operating LeverageD) Margin borrowingE) None of the above.3. Large U.S. banks must use which of the methods listed below to determine theirprovision for loan loss expense? CA) Experience methodB) Reserve methodC) Specific charge-off methodD) Historical cost methodE) None of the above.4. A bank's temporary lending of excess reserves to other banks is labeled on thebalance sheet as: BA) Fed Funds PurchasedB) Fed Funds SoldC) Money Market DepositsD) Securities Purchased for ResaleE) None of the above5. A bank sells shares of its common stock with a par value of $100 for $200 in themarket. Which two accounts on the bank's balance sheet are going to be affected?DA) Retained earnings and capital surplus accountsB) Subordinated notes and debentures and commons stock outstanding accountsC) Retained earnings and common stock outstanding accountsD) Common stock outstanding and capital surplus accountsE) Only the common stock outstanding account is affected6. A bank which starts with ALL of $1.48 million at the beginning of the year, chargesoff worthless loans of $.94 million during the year, recovers $.12 million on loans previously charged off and charges current income for a $1.02 million provision for loan losses will have an ALL at the end of the year of: BA) $.66 millionB) $3.32 millionC) $1.68 millionD) $1.28 millionE) The same amount as at the beginning of the year7. A bank that has total interest income of $67 million and total noninterest income of$14. million. This bank has total interest expenses of $35 million and totalnoninterest expenses (excluding PLL) of $28 million. Its provision for loan losses is $6 million and its taxes are $5. What is this bank's net income? AA) $7B) -$14C) $18D) $32E) None of the above8.You know the following information about the Miller State BankGross Loans $300Miscellaneous Assets $50Deposits $390Total Equity $50Common Stock Par $5NonDeposit Borrowings $60Investment Securities $150Net Premises $40Surplus $5Allowance for Loan Losses $50Deposits $390Total Assets $500Gross Premises $70Given this information, what is this firm’s Net Loan s?AA) $250B) $350C) $500D) $50E) $1509.You know the following information about the Davis National BankTotal Interest Expenses ($500)Total Non Interest Income $100Securities Gains (Losses) $ 50Income Taxes ($ 80)Dividends to Stockholders ($ 40)Total Interest Income $800Total Non Interest Expenses ($150)Provision for Loan Losses ($100)Given this information, what is this firm’s Net Income? DA) $300B) $150C) ($50)D) $120E) $8010.You know the following information about the Webb State BankAccumulated Depreciation $40Net Loans $600Fed Funds Purchased and Repurchase Agreements $200Cash and Due from Banks $50Trading Account Securities $40Miscellaneous Assets $100Deposits $500Undivided Profits $140Gross Premises $90Surplus $40Subordinated Debt $100Investment Securities $160Common Stock Par $20Gross Loans $700Given this information, what is this firm’s Total Assets? AA) $1000B) $300C) $800D) $200E) $500Problems5-4If you know the following figures:Gross Loans 300 Trading Account Securities 2 Allowance for Loan Losses 15 Other Real Estate Owned 4 Federal Funds Sold 26 Goodwill and other Intangibles 3 Common Stock 12 Total Liabilities 380 Surplus 19 Preferred Stock 3 Total Equity Capital 49 Nondeposit Borrowings 20 Cash and Due from Banks 9 Bank Premises and Equipment, Net 29 Miscellaneous Assets 38Bank Premises and Equipment, Gross 34Please calculate these items:Total AssetsNet LoansUndivided ProfitInvestment SecuritiesDepreciationTotal Deposits5-5.Hokie High Bank has Gross Loans of $550 million with an ALL account of $30 million. Two years ago the bank made a loan for $10 million to finance the Hokie Hotel. One million dollarsin principal was repaid before the borrowers defaulted on the loan. The Loan Committee at Hokie High Bank believes the hotel will sell at auction for $7 million and they want to charge-off the remainder immediately.a. The dollar figure for Net Loans before the charge-off is ?b. After the charge-off, what are the dollar figures for Gross Loans, ALL and Net Loans assuming no other transactions.c. If the Hokie Hotel sells at auction for $8 million, how with the affect the pertinent balancesheet accounts?5-9. See if you can determine the amount of Rosebush State Bank’s current net income after taxesfrom the figures below (stated in millions of dollars) and the amount of its retained earnings from current income that it will be able to reinvest in the bank. (Be sure to arrange all the figures given in correct sequence to derive the bank’s Report of Income.)。

初二牛津(第5单元-1)Chapter 5

10.battle
n. 战斗；战役
The ringleader was shot to death in a gun battle. 主犯在枪战中被击毙。
11.pretend
v. 假装
He pretended that he was innocent. 他假装无辜。 He pretended to be friendly with me. 他假装对我友善。
5.the empty plain
6.capture/ take control of 7.wooden horse 木马 8.the main gates
大门
9.pull … into
10.drag … into
拉进来
拖进来带走开…的玩笑
11.take away
12.make jokes about/at
3. Betty was born in America but now she is a Chinese ______ (army / citizen). citizen 4. Knock on the door before you _____ enter (enter / seize) the teacher’s room. 5. The children are ___________ taking turns (succeeding in / taking turns) to play on the slides.
They succeeded in climbing over that mountain without any hurt. = They managed to climb over that mountain without any hurt.

chapter5管理游戏—沙漠求生

3.区别：个体决策
信息大多不完整备选方案不多创新性自由性大责任清晰时间短经济正确率一般较低
群体决策
比较完整多屈于压力少数人驾驭不清较长费用较大较高
任务：请将下列15件物品根据重要性排列为
1至15，以便在飞机着火前（20分钟后）尽可能多地取得必需品。你们小组的成员决心呆在一起。相信共同努力能使你们成为幸存者! 计算：用第3栏减第1栏，取绝对值得出第4 栏，用第3栏减第2栏得出第5栏，把第4栏累加起来得出个人得分，第5栏累计起来得出小组得分。
物品清单 1.手电筒 (4节电池)
2.匕首 3.坠落区的地图 4.塑料雨衣(大号的) 5.指南针 6.救护箱 7.0.45口径手枪(足够子弹) 8.降落伞(红色和白色) 9.装有盐片的瓶子(1000片) 10.每人一公升水 11.书《沙漠里能吃的动物》 12.每人一付太阳镜 13.烈性伏特加酒2公升
1个人顺序
2小组顺序
3专家排列
4个人和 5小组与专家比较专家比较︱3-1︱︱3-2︱
14.每人一谈谈本组决策的简单思路。 2.通过本游戏，你得到哪些启示？ 3.请问：个体决策与群体决策有何区别？
物品清单 1.手电筒 (4节电池)
2.匕首 3.坠落区的地图 4.塑料雨衣(大号的) 5.指南针 6.救护箱 7.0.45口径手枪(足够子弹) 8.降落伞(红色和白色) 9.装有盐片的瓶子(1000片) 10.每人一公升水 11.书《沙漠里能吃的动物》 12.每人一付太阳镜 13.烈性伏特加酒2公升 14.每人一件外套 15.化妆镜
“沙漠求生”大结局

分数
0 26 33 46 56 71 – 25 – 32 – 45 – 55 – 70 以上

西方财务会计-chapter5(1)

A large organization may have several petty cash funds in a variety of offices and production facilities.
Petty Cash(cont.)
The balance of the petty cash account, which is part of the total cash balance, changes only when the fund is established, changed in amount, or discontinued.
40
Cash
2,440
Petty Cash Fund : Example
If some errors occur: Presumably, a voucher was lost, or a voucher understates the amount disbursed. The following individual vouchers accompany the fund: postage,$900; office supplies, $700; and taxi fares, $800 ( $2,400 in total ). There is a $40 cash shortage ($2,440 - $2,400 ).
Controlling cash balance
Bank reconciliation Bank accounts Petty cash
Petty Cash
Imprest fund
For routine small disbursements.
Amounts can vary from $50 or less to more than $10,000.

曼昆《微观经济学》答案(英文版)_Chapter_1~5[1]

Chapter 1Problems and Applications1. a. A family deciding whether to buy a new car faces a tradeoff between the cost of thecar and other things they might want to buy. For example, buying the car mightmean they must give up going on vacation for the next two years. So the real costof the car is the family's opportunity cost in terms of what they must give up.b. For a member of Congress deciding whether to increase spending on national parks,the tradeoff is between parks and other spending items or tax cuts. If more moneygoes into the park system, that may mean less spending on national defense or on thepolice force. Or, instead of spending more money on the park system, taxes couldbe reduced.c. When a company president decides whether to open a new factory, the decision isbased on whether the new factory will increase the firm's profits compared to otheralternatives. For example, the company could upgrade existing equipment orexpand existing factories. The bottom line is: Which method of expandingproduction will increase profit the most?d. In deciding how much to prepare for class, a professor faces a tradeoff between thevalue of improving the quality of the lecture compared to other things she could dowith her time, such as working on additional research.2. When the benefits of something are psychological, such as going on a vacation, it isn't easy tocompare benefits to costs to determine if it's worth doing. But there are two ways to think about the benefits. One is to compare the vacation with what you would do in its place. If you didn't go on vacation, would you buy something like a new set of golf clubs? Then you can decide if you'd rather have the new clubs or the vacation. A second way is to think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation; then you can decide if the psychological benefits of the vacation were worth the psychological cost of working.3. If you are thinking of going skiing instead of working at your part-time job, the cost of skiingincludes its monetary and time costs, plus the opportunity cost of the wages you're giving up by not working. If the choice is between skiing and going to the library to study, then the cost of skiing is its monetary and time costs plus the cost to you of getting a lower grade in your course.4. If you spend $100 now instead of investing it for a year and earning 5 percent interest, youare giving up the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now. The idea that money has a time value is the basis for the field of finance, the subfield of economics that has to do with prices of financial instruments like stocks and bonds.5. The fact that you've already sunk $5 million isn't relevant to your decision anymore, sincethat money is gone. What matters now is the chance to earn profits at the margin. If you spend another $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, you'll earn $2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so. You are right to think that the project has lost a total of $3 million ($6 million in costs and only $3 million in revenue) and you shouldn't have started it. That's true, but if you don't spend the additional $1 million, you won't have any sales and your losses will be $5 million. So what matters is not the total profit, but the profit you can earn at the margin. In fact, you'd pay up to $3 million to complete development; any more than that, and you won't be increasing profit at the margin.6. Harry suggests looking at whether productivity would rise or fall. Productivity is certainlyimportant, since the more productive workers are, the lower the cost per gallon of potion.Harry wants to look at average cost. But both Harry and Ron are missing the other side of the equation−revenue. A firm wants to maximize its profits, so it needs to examine both costs and revenues. Thus, Hermione is right−it’s best to examine whether the extra revenue would exceed the extra costs. In addition, Hermione is the only one who’s thinking at the margin.7. a. Since a person gets fewer after-tax Social Security benefits the greater is his or herincome, there's an incentive not to save for retirement. If you save a lot, yourincome will be higher, and you won't get as much after-tax Social Security income assomeone who didn't save as much. The unintended consequence of the taxation ofSocial Security benefits is to reduce saving; yet the Social Security system arosebecause of worries that people wouldn’t save enough for retirement.b. For the same reason, you'll tend not to work (or not work as much) after age 65.The more you work, the lower your after-tax Social Security benefits will be. Thusthe taxation of Social Security benefits discourages work effort after age 65.8. a. When welfare recipients who are able to work have their benefits cut off after twoyears, they have greater incentive to find jobs than if their benefits were to lastforever.b. The loss of benefits means that someone who can't find a job will get no income atall, so the distribution of income will become less equal. But the economy will bemore efficient, since welfare recipients have a greater incentive to find jobs. Thusthe change in the law is one that increases efficiency but reduces equity.9. By specializing in each task, you and your roommate can finish the chores more quickly. Ifyou divided each task equally, it would take you more time to cook than it would take your roommate, and it would take him more time to clean than it would take you. By specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.Similarly, countries can specialize and trade, making both better off. For example, suppose it takes Spanish workers less time to make clothes than French workers, and French workers can make wine more efficiently than Spanish workers. Then Spain and France can both benefit if Spanish workers produce all the clothes and French workers produce all the wine, and they exchange some wine for some clothes.10. a. Being a central planner is tough! To produce the right number of CDs by the rightartists and deliver them to the right people requires an enormous amount ofinformation. You need to know about production techniques and costs in the CDindustry. You need to know each person's musical tastes and which artists theywant to hear. If you make the wrong decisions, you'll be producing too many CDsby artists that people don't want to hear, and not enough by others.b. Your decisions about how many CDs to produce carry over to other decisions. Youhave to make the right number of CD players for people to use. If you make toomany CDs and not enough cassette tapes, people with cassette players will be stuckwith CDs they can't play. The probability of making mistakes is very high. Youwill also be faced with tough choices about the music industry compared to otherparts of the economy. If you produce more sports equipment, you'll have fewerresources for making CDs. So all decisions about the economy influence yourdecisions about CD production.11. a. Efficiency: The market failure comes from the monopoly by the cable TV firm.b. Equityc. Efficiency: An externality arises because secondhand smoke harms nonsmokers.d. Efficiency: The market failure occurs because of Standard Oil's monopoly power.e. Equityf. Efficiency: There's an externality because of accidents caused by drunk drivers.12. a. If everyone were guaranteed the best health care possible, much more of our nation'soutput would be devoted to medical care than is now the case. Would that beefficient? If you think that currently doctors form a monopoly and restrict healthcare to keep their incomes high, you might think efficiency would increase byproviding more health care. But more likely, if the government mandated increasedspending on health care, the economy would be less efficient because it would givepeople more health care than they would choose to pay for. From the point of viewof equity, if poor people are less likely to have adequate health care, providing morehealth care would represent an improvement. Each person would have a more evenslice of the economic pie, though the pie would consist of more health care and lessof other goods.b. When workers are laid off, equity considerations argue for the unemploymentbenefits system to provide them with some income until they can find new jobs.After all, no one plans to be laid off, so unemployment benefits are a form ofinsurance. But there’s an efficiency problem why work if you can get income fordoing nothing? The economy isn’t o perating efficiently if people remainunemployed for a long time, and unemployment benefits encourage unemployment.Thus, there’s a tradeoff between equity and efficiency. The more generous areunemployment benefits, the less income is lost by an unemployed person, but themore that person is encouraged to remain unemployed. So greater equity reducesefficiency.13. Since average income in the United States has roughly doubled every 35 years, we are likelyto have a better standard of living than our parents, and a much better standard of living than our grandparents. This is mainly the result of increased productivity, so that an hour of work produces more goods and services than it used to. Thus incomes have continuously risen over time, as has the standard of living.14. If Americans save more and it leads to more spending on factories, there will be an increasein production and productivity, since the same number of workers will have more equipment to work with. The benefits from higher productivity will go to both the workers, who will get paid more since they're producing more, and the factory owners, who will get a return on their investments. There's no such thing as a free lunch, though, because when people save more, they're giving up spending. They get higher incomes at the cost of buying fewer goods.15. a. If people have more money, they're probably going to spend more on goods andservices.b. If prices are sticky, and people spend more on goods and services, then output mayincrease, as producers increase output to meet the higher demand rather than raisingprices.c. If prices can adjust, then people's higher spending will be matched with increasedprices, and output won't rise.16. To make an intelligent decision about whether to reduce inflation, a policymaker would needto know what causes inflation and unemployment, as well as what determines the tradeoff between them. Because prices are sticky, an attempt to reduce inflation will lead to higher unemployment. A policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the benefits of lower inflation compared to the cost of higher unemployment.Chapter 2Problems and Applications1. Many answers are possible.2. a. Steel is a fairly uniform commodity, though some firms produce steel of inferiorquality.b. Novels are each unique, so they are quite distinguishable.c. Wheat produced by one farmer is completely indistinguishable from wheat producedby another.d. Fast food is more distinguishable than steel or wheat, but certainly not as much asnovels.3. See Figure 2-5; the four transactions are shown.Figure 2-54. a. Figure 2-6 shows a production possibilities frontier between guns and butter. It isbowed out because when most of the economy’s resources are being used to pr oducebutter, the frontier is steep and when most of the economy’s resources are being usedto produce guns, the frontier is very flat. When the economy is producing a lot ofguns, workers and machines best suited to making butter are being used to makeguns, so each unit of guns given up yields a large increase in the production of butter;thus the production possibilities frontier is flat. When the economy is producing alot of butter, workers and machines best suited to making guns are being used tomake butter, so each unit of guns given up yields a small increase in the productionof butter; thus the production possibilities frontier is steep.b. Point A is impossible for the economy to achieve; it is outside the productionpossibilities frontier. Point B is feasible but inefficient because it’s inside theproduction possibilities frontier.Figure 2-6c. The Hawks might choose a point like H, with many guns and not much butter. TheDoves might choose a point like D, with a lot of butter and few guns.d. If both Hawks and Doves reduced their desired quantity of guns by the same amount,the Hawks would get a bigger peace dividend because the production possibilitiesfrontier is much steeper at point H than at point D. As a result, the reduction of agiven number of guns, starting at point H, leads to a much larger increase in thequantity of butter produced than when starting at point D.5. See Figure 2-7. The shape and position of the frontier depend on how costly it is to maintaina clean environment the productivity of the environmental industry. Gains inenvironmental productivity, such as the development of a no-emission auto engine, lead to shifts of the production-possibilities frontier, like the shift from PPF1 to PPF2 shown in the figure.Figure 2-76. a. A family’s decision about how much income to save is microeconomics.b. The effect of government regulations on auto emissions is microeconomics.c. The impact of higher saving on economic growth is macroeconomics.d. A f irm’s decision about how many workers to hire is microeconomics.e. The relationship between the inflation rate and changes in the quantity of money ismacroeconomics.7. a. The statement that society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation andunemployment is a positive statement. It deals with how the economy is, not how itshould be. Since economists have examined data and found that there’s a short-runnegative relationship between inflation and unemployment, the statement is a fact,thus it’s a positive statement.b. The statement that a reduction in the rate of growth of money will reduce the rate ofinflation is a positive statement. Economists have found that money growth andinflation are very closely related. The statement thus tells how the world is, and soit is a positive statement.c. The statement that the Federal Reserve should reduce the rate of growth of money isa normative statement. It states an opinion about something that should be done,not how the world is.d. The statement that society ought to require welfare recipients to look for jobs is anormative statement. It doesn’t state a fact about how the world is. Instead, it is astatement of how the world should be and is thus a normative statement.e. The statement that lower tax rates encourage more work and more saving is apositive statement. Economists have studied the relationship between tax rates andwork, as well as the relationship between tax rates and saving. They’ve found anegative relationship in both cases. So the statement reflects how the world is, andis thus a positive statement.8. Two of the statements in Table 2-2 are clearly normative. They are: “5. If the federalbudget is to be balanced, it should be done over the business cycle rather th an yearly” and “9.The government should restructure the welfare system along the lines of a ‘negative income tax.’” Both are suggestions of changes that should be made, rather than statements of fact, so they are clearly normative statements.The other statements in the table are positive. All the statements concern how the world is, not how the world should be. Note that in all cases, even though they’re statements of fact, fewer than 100 percent of economists agree with them. You could say that positive statements are statements of fact about how the world is, but not everyone agrees about what the facts are.9. As the president, you’d be interested in both the positive and normative views of economists,but you’d probably be most interested in their positive views. Economists are on your staff to provide their expertise about how the economy works. They know many facts about the economy and the interaction of different sectors. So you’d be most likely to call on them about questions of fact posit ive analysis. Since you’re the president, you’re the one who has the make the normative statements as to what should be done, with an eye to the political consequences. The normative statements made by economists represent their views, not necessarily ei ther your’s or the electorate’s.10. There are many possible answers.11. As of this writing, the chairman of the Federal Reserve is Alan Greenspan, the chair of theCouncil of Economic Advisers is Martin N. Baily, and the secretary of the treasury is Larry Summers.12. There are many possible answers.13. As time goes on, you might expect economists to disagree less about public policy becausethey’ll have opportunities to observe different policies that are put into place. As new policies are tried, their results will become known, and they can be evaluated better. It’s likely that the disagreement about them will be reduced after they’ve been tried in practice.For example, many economists thought that wage and price controls would be a good idea for keeping inflation under control, while others thought it was a bad idea. But when the controls were tried in the early 1970s, the results were disastrous. The controls interfered with the invisible hand of the marketplace and shortages developed in many products. As a result, most economists are now convinced that wage and price controls are a bad idea for controlling inflation.But it’s unlikely that the differences between economists will ever be completely eliminated.Economists differ on too many aspects of how the world works. Plus, even as some policies get tried out and are either accepted or rejected, creative economists keep coming up with new ideas.Chapter 3Problems and Applications1. In the text example of the farmer and the rancher, the farmer’s opportunity cost of producingone pound of meat is two pounds of potatoes because for every 20 hours of work, he can produce one pound of meat or two pounds of potatoes. With limited time at his disposal, producing a pound of meat means he gives up the opportunity to produce two pounds of potatoes. Similarly, the rancher’s opportunity cost of producing one pound of meat is 1/8 pound of potatoes because for every hour of work, she can produce one pound of meat or 1/8 pound of potatoes. With limited time at her disposal, producing a pound of meat means she gives up the opportunity to produce 1/8 pound of potatoes.2. a. See Figure 3-2. If Maria spends all five hours studying economics, she can read100 pages, so that is the vertical intercept of the production possibilities frontier. Ifshe spends all five hours studying sociology, she can read 250 pages, so that is thehorizontal intercept. The time costs are constant, so the production possibilitiesfrontier is a straight line.Figure 3-2b. It takes Maria two hours to read 100 pages of sociology. In that time, she couldread 40 pages of economics. So the opportunity cost of 100 pages of sociology is40 pages of economics.3. a.Workers needed to make:One Car One Ton of GrainU.S. 1/4 1/10Japan 1/4 1/5b. See Figure 3-3. With 100 million workers and four cars per worker, if eithereconomy were devoted completely to cars, it could make 400 million cars. Since aU.S. worker can produce 10 tons of grain, if the U.S. produced only grain it wouldproduce 1,000 million tons. Since a Japanese worker can produce 5 tons of grain, ifJapan produced only grain it would produce 500 million tons. These are theintercepts of the production possibilities frontiers shown in the figure. Note thatsince the tradeoff between cars and grain is constant, the production possibilitiesfrontier is a straight line.Figure 3-3c. Since a U.S. worker produces either 4 cars or 10 tons of grain, the opportunity cost of1 car is 2½ tons of grain, which is 10 divided by 4. Since a Japanese workerproduces either 4 cars or 5 tons of grain, the opportunity cost of 1 car is1 1/4 tons of grain, which is 5 divided by 4. Similarly, the U.S. opportunity cost of1 ton of grain is 2/5 cars (4 divided by 10) and the Japanese opportunity cost of 1 tonof grain is 4/5 cars (4 divided by 5). This gives the following table:Opportunity Cost of:1 Car (in terms of tons ofgrain given up) 1 Ton of Grain (in terms ofcars given up)U.S. 2 1/2 2/5Japan 1 1/4 4/5d. Neither country has an absolute advantage in producing cars, since they’re equallyproductive (the same output per worker); the U.S. has an absolute advantage in producing grain, since it’s more productive (greater output per worker).e. Japan has a comparative advantage in producing cars, since it has a loweropportunity cost in terms of grain given up. The U.S. has a comparative advantage in producing grain, since it has a lower opportunity cost in terms of cars given up. f. With half the workers in each country producing each of the goods, the U.S. wouldproduce 200 million cars (that’s 50 million workers times 4 cars each) and 500 million tons of grain (50 million workers times 10 tons each). Japan would produce 200 million cars (50 million workers times 4 cars each) and 250 million tons of grain(50 million workers times 5 tons each).g. From any situation with no trade, in which each country is producing some cars andsome grain, suppose the U.S. changed 1 worker from producing cars to producinggrain. That worker would produce 4 fewer cars and 10 additional tons of grain.Then suppose the U.S. offers to trade 7 tons of grain to Japan for 4 cars. The U.S.will do this because it values 4 cars at 10 tons of grain, so it will be better off if thetrade goes through. Suppose Japan changes 1 worker from producing grain toproducing cars. That worker would produce 4 more cars and 5 fewer tons of grain.Japan will take the trade because it values 4 cars at 5 tons of grain, so it will be betteroff. With the trade and the change of 1 worker in both the U.S. and Japan, eachcountry gets the same amount of cars as before and both get additional tons of grain(3 for the U.S. and 2 for Japan). Thus by trading and changing their production,both countries are better off.4. a. Pat’s opportunity cost of making a pizza is 1/2 gallon of root beer, since she couldbrew 1/2 gallon in the time (2 hours) it takes her to make a pizza. Pat has anabsolute advantage in making pizza since she can make one in two hours, while ittakes Kris four hours. Kris’s opportunity cost of making a pizza is 2/3 gallons ofroot beer, since she could brew 2/3 of a gallon in the time (4 hours) it takes her tomake a pizza. Since Pa t’s opportunity cost of making pizza is less than Kris’s, Pathas a comparative advantage in making pizza.b. Since Pat has a comparative advantage in making pizza, she will make pizza andexchange it for root beer that Kris makes.c. The highest price of pizza in terms of root beer that will make both roommates betteroff is 2/3 gallons of root beer. If the price were higher than that, then Kris wouldprefer making her own pizza (at an opportunity cost of 2/3 gallons of root beer)rather than trading for pizza that Pat makes. The lowest price of pizza in terms ofroot beer that will make both roommates better off is 1/2 gallon of root beer. If theprice were lower than that, then Pat would prefer making her own root beer (she canmake 1/2 gallon of root beer instead of making a pizza) rather than trading for rootbeer that Kris makes.5. a. Since a Canadian worker can make either two cars a year or 30 bushels of wheat, theopportunity cost of a car is 15 bushels of wheat. Similarly, the opportunity cost of abushel of wheat is 1/15 of a car. The opportunity costs are the reciprocals of eachother.b. See Figure 3-4. If all 10 million workers produce two cars each, they produce atotal of 20 million cars, which is the vertical intercept of the production possibilitiesfrontier. If all 10 million workers produce 30 bushels of wheat each, they produce atotal of 300 million bushels, which is the horizontal intercept of the productionpossibilities frontier. Since the tradeoff between cars and wheat is always the same,the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.If Canada chooses to consume 10 million cars, it will need 5 million workers devotedto car production. That leaves 5 million workers to produce wheat, who willproduce a total of 150 million bushels (5 million workers times 30 bushels perworker). This is shown as point A on Figure 3-4.c. If the United States buys 10 million cars from Canada and Canada continues toconsume 10 million cars, then Canada will need to produce a total of 20 million cars.So Canada will be producing at the vertical intercept of the production possibilitiesfrontier. But if Canada gets 20 bushels of wheat per car, it will be able to consume200 million bushels of wheat, along with the 10 million cars. This is shown as pointB in the figure. Canada should accept the deal because it gets the same number ofcars and 50 million more bushes of wheat.Figure 3-46. Though the professor could do both writing and data collection faster than the student (that is,he has an absolute advantage in both), his time is limited. If the professor’s comparative advantage is in writing, it makes sense for him to pay a student to collect the data, since that’s the student’s comparative advantage.7. a. English workers have an absolute advantage over Scottish workers in producingscones, since English workers produce more scones per hour (50 vs. 40). Scottishworkers have an absolute advantage over English workers in producing sweaters,since Scottish workers produce more sweaters per hour (2 vs. 1). Comparativeadvantage runs the same way. English workers, who have an opportunity cost of1/50 sweaters per scone (1 sweater per hour divided by 50 scones per hour), have acomparative advantage in scone production over Scottish workers, who have anopportunity cost of 1/20 sweater per scone (2 sweaters per hour divided by 40 sconesper hour). Scottish workers, who have an opportunity cost of 20 scones per sweater(40 scones per hour divided by 2 sweaters per hour), have a comparative advantagein sweater production over English workers, who have an opportunity cost of 50scones per sweater (50 scones per hour divided by 1 sweater per hour).b. If England and Scotland decide to trade, Scotland will produce sweaters and tradethem for scones produced in England. A trade with a price between 20 and 50scones per sweater will benefit both countries, as they’ll be getting the traded good ata lower price than their opportunity cost of producing the good in their own country.c. Even if a Scottish worker produced just one sweater per hour, the countries wouldstill gain from trade, because Scotland would still have a comparative advantage inproducing sweaters. Its opportunity cost for sweaters would be higher than before(40 scones per sweater, instead of 20 scones per sweater before). But there are stillgains from trade since England has a higher opportunity cost (50 scones per sweater).。

Chapter5what'sthematter(课件)朗文英语世界五年级下册

Key Structures
… told me to …
We can use ‘… told me to …’ to tell someone about something that another person said.
W Dreinakr amomraeskw.ater.
Don’t change the verb form after ‘to’.
1
Fill in the blank. What‘s the matter?
_I_’_ve__g_ot__ a headache.
Let’s try!
Key Structures
2
Fill in the blanks. _W__h_a_t’_s _t_he__m_a_t_te_r_?_
_I_’_ve__go_t__ a stomachache.
Class Content
Period 1: Key Words & Key Structures Period 2: Reading & Comprehension Period 3: Reading & Comprehension Period 4: Practice 1 Period 5: Practice 2 Period 6: Phonics & Fun Corner
medicine and rest in bed.
Amy
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Candy
Key Structures What is your name?
What’s the matter? I’ve got a headache. The doctor told me to drink more water.

大学一年级英语语音练习手册 Chapter 5

会浊化成其相对的爆破音 / b, d, g /。
2. 重读音节。
单音节词: school中，ch本来要发\k\的音，但现在要发\g\的音，此种情况还有skin,storm, strange等。
多音节词: respect,重读在第二个音节，所以s后的 /k/要读成/g/。
三个辅音在—起发音时候：如果中间那个是清辅音,也要浊化的。比如: spring,音标为/spr/，因前三个辅音，要浊化读成/sbr/.
05
Exercises for Consonant Clusters
辅音连缀练习
Consonant clusters
辅音连缀
在英语中，在同一意群内（通常为一个单词内），如果有两个或两个以上的辅音音素结合在一起，这种语音现象称为辅音连缀。
Consonant clusters
辅音连缀
词首: 前面辅音辅音1+辅音2+辅音3+元音+… 轻读短促 spy 不夹元音 spring 衔接紧密 splash 过度自然
seems harms sons means girls miles sings songs words
Voiceless +/t/
stopped stepped asked kicked kissed missed washed finished watched touched
2. Final 词尾的辅音连缀
2. Final 词尾的辅音连缀
Voiced +/dz/
fields shields wields folds holds ends spends pretends extends
Summary
2

朗文1BChapter-5-综合测试卷含答案

朗文英语1B Chapter5综合测试卷Class: ______ Name: __________ Score:听力部分一．Listen and circle. 听录音圈出正确的内容。

（2’×10=20’）1. A. B. C.2. A. B. C.3. A. B. C.4. A. B. C.5. A. B. C.6. A. B. C.7. A. 12 B. 20 C. 138. A. 7 B. 17 C. 159. A. ASP B. RXQ C. IGB10. A. db B. pq C. bd二．Listen and judge. 听句子判断对错。

（2’×5=10’）1. The elephant is swimming. （）2. What is he doing ? He is making a plane. （）3. How many snakes are there? There are fourteen. （）4. Where is the ca t? It’s on the sofa.（）5. What are those? They are birds.（）三．Listen and order. 听录音，排序，共有两小题。

（2’×10=20’） 1.（）（）（）（）（）2.（）They are watching TV.（）What are they doing?（）Dad is in the living room.（）He is making a plane.（）She is playing football.笔试部分一．Write the words. 看图写单词。

（2’×5=10’）riding , making , cooking, playing , dancing二．Finish the sentences. 用is 或are 填空。