海外实习大纲(外科部分)

毕业实习规定
1.毕业实习为50周。

其中岗前培训2周、内科16周、外科实习16周、妇产科实习6周、
儿科实习6周、急救2周护理1周。

实习时间为在本年7月开始至次年6月完成。

实习安排在本校的附属医院和教学医院中进行。

2.医院对学生实习采取三级管理方式，即：教学办—教研室—带教教师。

教学办在各教研
室均聘请一名主治医师以上的人员为班主任导师负责学生的实习管理工作。

3.入科教育：学生分组入科学习，第一天由该教研室常务副主任及教学班主任进行入科教
育，介绍本科的基本情况、规章制度，轮转科室和值班次序，安排带教教师及实习医生实习工作程序，教学查房和实习期间小讲课的时间安排等。

4.出科考核：每科轮转结束后，由带教教师及班主任共同组成考评小组，对实习生按照八
项考核评定标准，进行口试、笔试、技能操作等考核，综合实习生的平时操作、实习表现及考核成绩按照客观定量，计算在该科实习的分数。

（见“八项指标综合评定标准”）5.按照实习大纲要求，教学办组织教学督导组专家于学年内对每个学科进行教学查房督导
评价，教学办随机到各教研室检查实习带教及学生实习情况，征求并反馈教师和学生意见，据此每月进行综合评价。

6.实习生要遵守医院的考勤管理制度。

在实习期间，实习医生一般不得请事假，如特殊情
况，一日以内者，向带教老师请假；二日以内向教研室请假，三天以内者，向教研室主任及实习医院教学办请假；二周以上，报学校学生主管部门批准，违者按旷课处理。

因病休假者必须出示就诊医院诊断证明书，并经实习医院的教学主管部门批准后方可休假。

如病情严重需长期休养者，应经学校学生主管部门批准并按规定办理休学。

7.实习医生在内、外科实习期间，病、事假不得超过该科实习期间的1/4，其他各科不得超
过该科实习期的1/3，超过者应按该科规定的实习时间补实习。

实习期间病、事假累计超过全部实习时间的1/3，应随下一届学生重新参加毕业实习。

8.学生如要求在校外或国外医院实习，应选择在大学教学医院或医疗中心级医院、规模须
具备500张床位以上，具有较强教学能力的综合性医院中进行。

须本人提出申请并有接收医院开具同意接受该生实习的证明，同时出具该医院具备接受能力的资质证明。

9.无论在本校进行毕业实习还是在校外或国外医院进行毕业实习，学生在完成各科实习后
须回本校参加毕业实习综合能力考试。

（考试内容为内科、外科、妇科、儿科的临床理论部分和实际操作能力部分）考试合格者方能准予毕业。

考试时间安排在次年的6月份进行。

附：实习考核标准
Internship Regulations
1.The Internship in Clinical Medicine is 48 weeks from July in any year to June of
the following year, in which there are 12 weeks for Internal Medicine, 12 weeks for Surgery, 6 weeks for Gynecology & Obstetrics, 6 weeks for Pediatrics，4 weeks for Neurology，2 weeks for Radiology, 2 weeks for Ophthalmology, 2 weeks for Otorhinolaryngology and 2 weeks for Dermatology. The internship is arranged at the teaching hospitals of Tianjin Medical University according to the internship schedule.
2.The students are under the supervision of the Teaching Affairs Department,
Teaching and Research Office and the tutors. One attending or senior level doctor from each Teaching and Research Office will be put in charge of internship management respectively.
3.Students should be arranged to do the internship in groups. On the first day of the
internship, the vice director and the teacher in charge will give the students the basic introduction to the sectors, the regulations, the sequence of working in different sectors, the programme for internship, schedule for going around the ward for inquiry and the arrangements for internship instruction.
4.The interns shall be given an assessment after internship in each sector by an
evaluation team formed by the tutors and the teacher in charge. The eight assessment results are based on both oral and written tests, operation skills, comprehensive operations, overall behavior of the intern and evaluation result.
5.The internship should be carried out strictly according to Internship Outline.
Experts from the supervision team will give an evaluation and instructions for each subject and the teaching office will also ask for advice and feedback from the tutors and students. In accordance with the above, a comprehensive evaluation will be performed monthly.
6.Students must abide by the regulations of the internship and they are not allowed to
take a leave without special permission. If they wish to have one day off, they should ask their tutors for permission; two days, ask the teaching and research office of the department; three days, ask the director of the department and the teaching office of hospital. For more than two weeks leave, they have to report to the students’ management department for authorization. Anyone will be reg arded as absent if they take a leave without permission from the relevant department. If students ask for sick leave, they need to present the medical diagnosis record from the hospital and get the permission of the internship hospital. If the students suffer from a serious sickness, they need to get the approval of the university authorities and then go through the probation procedure.
7.The students will be subject to make up for the lost period if his absence accounts
for one fourth of the internal medicine or surgical internship, and one third in the
other subjects. A student needs to repeat the internship with the next grade if he is absent from the practice for over one third because of illness or for any other reason.
8.Students who want to do the internship aboard or out of our university should
select a comprehensive hospital or medical center, with over 500 patient beds and with medical teaching competence. The student is also required to submit an admission letter from the hospital and a certification showing the qualification of the hospital.
9.Wherever the students perform internship work, at our university or aboard, they
must return to the university to attend the general examination after the internship.
The examination involves clinical theory and clinical practice of Internal Medicine, Surgery, Gynecology and Paediatrics. Those who pass the exam are qualified to graduate and obtain diplomas. The examination is scheduled to be held next June.
Encls: Evaluation Criteria for internship
实习病种记录表（外科学）
Record of Diseases for Internship (Surgery)
基本掌握疾病Diseases to be mastered 例数Amount 参加手术Operation 浅部组织的化脓性感染Acute pyogenic infection of soft tissue
手部急性化脓性感染Acute pyogenic infection of the hand
一般外伤Common trauma
热力烧伤Burns
甲状腺疾病Diseases of the thyroid gland
乳腺疾病Diseases of the breast
腹外疝Abdominal hernia
急性化脓性腹膜炎Acute pyogenic peritonitis
胃、十二指肠溃疡并发症Complications of peptic ulcer
肠梗阻Intestinal obstruction
阑尾炎Appendicitis
胆囊结石、胆囊炎Cholecystitis & cholecystolithiasis
胰腺疾病Diseases of the pancreas
原发性下肢静脉曲张Varicose vein of the lower extremity
腰椎间盘突出症Lumbar protrusion
常见骨折、脱位Common fracture and dislocation
软组织扭伤、劳损Injury and strain of soft tissue
泌尿系感染Infection of the urinary system
前列腺炎Prostatitis
泌尿系结石Urinary system calculus
尿路梗阻Urinary tract obstruction
食管癌Esophageal cancer
肺癌Lung cancer
心脏疾病Diseases of the heart
胸外伤Chest trauma
麻醉前处理Evaluation before anesthesia
麻醉前对病人的用药Administration before anesthesia
一般了解疾病Diseases to be understood 例数A mount 全身外科感染General surgical infection
胆管结石、胆管炎Calculus of bile duct & cholangitis
胆管结石、胆管炎Diseases of the anus
腹部闭合性损伤Abdominal closed injury
胃癌Gastric carcinoma
肝癌Hepatic carcinoma
结、直肠癌Colorectal carcinoma
下肢动脉硬化闭塞症Arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower extremity
深静脉血栓形成Deep vein thrombosis
门脉高压症Portal hypertension
关节结核Tuberculosis of the joint
泌尿系损伤Injury of the urinary system
附睾炎Epididymitis
急性肾衰Acute renal failure
颈肩痛、腰腿痛Cervix and shoulder pain & low back pain
脊柱结核Tuberculosis of the spinal column
教师签字Teacher’s Signature: 日期Date：
实习操作技能记录表（外科学）
Record of Practice for Internship (Surgery)
基本掌握Procedures to be mastered 数目Amount 病历书写Medical documentation 中文in Chinese (for Chinese group)
英文in English (for Chinese / English group) 外科查体Physical examination of surgery
刷手戴手套穿手术衣Scrub, wear gloves and gown
消毒皮肤S kin disinfection
铺消毒单Sterile drape of the operative site
直肠指诊Digital examination of the rectum
切皮I ncision
止血H aemostasis
缝合S uture
打结M ake knots
胃肠减压N asogastric suction
换药D ressing change
拆线R emove the suture
导尿U rethral catheterization
参加麻醉例数Participation in anesthesia
麻醉记录单书写A nesthesia record writing
一般了解Procedures to be understood 数目Amount 透光试验Penetrating test
透光试验A noscopy
阅片X-ray interpretation
局麻Local anesthesia
伤口引流Wound drainage
伤口包扎Wound dressing
静脉切开Venous cutdown
皮肤牵引骨牵引Skin traction and bone traction
夹板Splint
石膏绷带Plaster bandage
灌肠Enemas
搬运病人Transporting patients
全麻General anesthesia
腰麻Subarachnoid space block for anesthesia
气管内插管Endotracheal intubation
全麻、椎管内麻醉Intervertebral anesthesia
平均分管床位数The number of responsible for inpatient-bed (on average) 教师签字Teacher’s Signat ure: 日期Date：
外科学Surgery
实习医院名称The Name of the Teaching Hospital:
实习时间Time of internship 自From(y/m/d)____________ 至to(y/m/d)____________
实习小结：Internship Report
年Y / 月M / 日D
实习成绩考核记录（外科学）
GRADE RECORD OF INTERNSHIP (Surgery)
考核项目要求标准
扣分标准
statement 得分教师签字
items requirement standard mark signature
病历书写字迹清楚语言通顺
层次分明重点突出
10
字迹不清楚扣1-5分;语言不通扣1-5分;
层次不分,重点不突出扣1-5分.
clarity:1-5;
fluency:1-5;
emphases:1-5
writing medical
record
clear, fluent, make the key points
stand out
查体姿势正确顺序正规
手法熟练完整准确
15
姿势不正规扣1-5分;无顺序,手法不熟练
扣1-5分;有遗漏不准确扣1-5分.
posture:1-5;
sequence:1-5;
correct:1-5
physical examination
correct posture, regular sequence, skillful performance
病历分析表达清楚分析有序
抓住重点诊断处理
正确
15
表达分析层次不清扣1-8分;抓不住重点
扣1-8分;诊断处理欠正确扣2-10
分.perspicuity:1-8;
emphases:1-8;
diagnosis and treatment;2-10
analysis of medical record clear expression, orderly analysis, correct treatment
临床基本
技能操作
熟练准确正规迅速
15 不熟练扣2-10分;欠准确或不准确扣4-15
分;不迅速扣2-7分.
skillness;2-10;
correct:4-15;
fast;2-7
basic clinical performance skillful, correct, regular, fast
口试回答正确概念清楚
表达有条理
15
回答不正确概念不清楚扣1-10分;表达能
力差扣1-5分. correct:1-10;
ability of expression:1-5
oral test
correct answer, clear concept, logistic expression
理论考试选择题,病历讨论题
15 按考卷评分及病历分析结果计算.according to the paper
test of theory multiple choice, discussion record
职业道德尊敬老师爱护患者
文明礼貌遵守纪律
15
不尊敬教师扣1-15分;对病人不关心不爱
护扣1-15分；不遵守纪律不文明礼貌扣
1-15分. respect teachers;1-15;
care about patients:1-15;
be polite and observe discipline:1-15
medical ethics
respect teachers, care about patients, civilized, be polite, observe discipline,
总分mark:
教研室主任签字Signature of Director:
科室意见Director’s Review
主任签字Director’s Signature:
日期Date:
_______________________________________________________________________________ 考勤情况（由带教教师纪录）
Attendance Record (Record for Internship Teachers)
病假事假旷课迟到早退
sick leave absence leave truancy late leave early
_______________________________________________________________________________
外科学实习大纲
总体要求
实习生外科轮转共16周。

实习科室有, 普通外科8周, 骨科2周, 心胸外科2周，泌尿外科2周，神经外科2周。

通过上级医师的传, 帮, 带以及实习医师提问, 自学等方式，理论联系实践，熟悉外科常见病, 多发病的诊断和治疗。

学会阅读胃肠道造影, 腹平片, CT, MR，及其在疾病诊断中的价值。

掌握外科无菌术，换药, 手术基本操作等技能。

在外科实习过程中，要求实习生参加住院医生24小时值班，对“医师法”进行了解。

书写中文病历6份，英文2份；英文班学生书写英文病历8份。

在上级医师指导下分管≥6张床病人。

实习期间，每周安排实习小讲课一次，教学查房一次，要求应用双语教学和学习，安排主治医师带教。

实习结束时进行口试, 理论考试, 病例分析及操作考试。

实习医生实习期间，要求参加学科组织的学术讲座，病例讨论等学术活动。

Surgery Practice Outline
General requirements:
There are 12 weeks for the interns to accomplish the surgical rotation. The arrangements are as follows: department of general surgery for 6 weeks, department of orthopedic for 2 weeks, either in the department of urinary surgery or department cardiothoracic surgery for 2 weeks.
Through the senior doctor’s teaching and self-study by the intern, the student should integrate theory with practice and become acquainted with the diagnosis and treatment of common surgical diseases. The intern should learn how to read gastrointestinal contrast films, abdominal plain films, CT, MR, and know their use in the diagnosis of various diseases. The procedures of surgical asepsis, dressing changes, and some basic operation skills should be mastered.
The intern should be engaged in 24-hour duty during the internship, and learn the basic principles of medical care. The intern should finish 8 medical records and mana ge at least 6 inpatients under the senior doctor’s instruction.
There will be a short lecture once a week and instructional teaching rounds with the attending physican, once a week. There will be an attending physician serving as a teacher, and teaching will be both in English and Chinese. At the end of the internship, the intern will receive an oral examination, a written examination paper, a case analysis and a test of procedural skills. You are also required to take part in academic activities organized by the department, such as lectures and case discussions.
各学科具体要求
普外科
普通外科轮转8周，对实习医师要求如下：
1.通过临床诊治工作，熟悉外科病人常见症状, 体征及其意义，掌握初步诊断疾病的轻重
缓急及病态大致部位。

2.熟悉普外病人术前常规准备方法以及术后饮食, 抗菌素, 胃肠减压, 腹腔引流的处理及
补液原则。

3.了解B超, X线检查结果, 内窥镜检查, 同位素检查以及各项常规化验结果在临床外科的
诊断意义。

4.通过病房及急诊实践, 掌握抽血, 换药, 脓肿切开, 导尿, 胃肠减压, 掌握外科无菌概念。

在上级医师指导帮助下，学会外科手术的基本操作。

5.对阑尾炎, 疝, 大隐静脉曲张, 甲状腺瘤, 肛门疾病从诊断, 术前准备, 手术治疗原则到
术后处理要求较全面的掌握,并参加这一类手术。

6.对一般胆囊炎, 胆石症, 消化道溃疡, 消化道肿瘤，甲状腺肿大, 甲亢，乳腺等疾病，要
求掌握临床表现, 体征，辅助检查方法选择，特殊术前准备以及手术原则。

7.对直肠癌，门脉高压，胰腺疾病，复杂胆道疾病等复杂的外科病，要求了解临床表现和
诊断方法的选择，掌握治疗原则。

8.对抢救工作，尤其是外科较多见的出血及中毒性休克，了解补充血容量，纠正水电解质
紊乱和酸碱平衡失调的原则。

9.熟悉外科营养的目的, 途径, 需要量的计算, 并发症的预防和处理。

10.书写中文病历3份，英文1份；英文班书写英文病历4份，熟悉普外科常见病术前, 术
后的医嘱处理。

Individual Department Requirements
General Surgery Practice Outline
The intern should work in the department of general surgery for 8 weeks. The requirements are as follows:
1. Become acquainted with common symptoms and signs of patients with general surgical diseases and know their significance by clinical work. Learn how to approximate the extent and location of the diseases.
2. Be acquainted with routine preparation for preoperative patients and basic postoperative management, such as diet, antibiotic treatment, principles of fluid replacement, nasogastric suction, and abdominal drainage.
3. Understand the diagnostic significance of B-ultrasound, X-ray films, endoscopy, isotopic examinations and routine laboratory reports.
4. Master some procedures such as venipuncture for blood draws, dressing changes, abscess incision, urethral catheterization, nasogastric suction, and understand surgical aseptic technique. Master basic operation skills under the senior doctor’s instruction.
5. Master the diagnosis, preoperative preparation, and operative principles for appendicitis, hernia, varicose great saphenous veins, thyroid tumor, and diseases of the anus. Participate in these operations.
6. Master the clinical presentation, selection of accessory examinations, special
prepoerative preparations, and operative principles for cholecystitis, cholecystolithiasis, peptic ulcers, digestive tract tumors, thyromegaly, hyperthyroidism, and diseases of the breast.
7. Understand the clinical presentation and selection of diagnostic methods, and master the treatment principles for some complicated surgical diseases, such as rectal cancer, portal hypertension, diseases of the pancreas and complicated diseases of the biliary tract.
8. Understand the principles of blood volume replacement, correction of water-electrolyte disturbances, and acid-base imbalance during emergencies, especially in hemorrhagic shock and toxic shock.
9. Be acquainted with the purpose, route, calculation of requirements, and prevention and management of complications of surgical nutrition.
10. Finish 4 English medical records and be acquainted with preoperative and
postoperative physician orders for common diseases in general surgery.
骨科
骨科轮转2周，对实习医师要求如下：
1.通过骨科实习后，熟悉掌握骨科物理学诊断方法，尤其掌握上, 下肢的肌力检查方法, 脊
柱及骨关节的检查方法，并应了解一些特殊的骨科物理诊断方法。

2.初步掌握骨科常见病的诊断及处理原则，如：创伤（骨折, 脱位）, 骨关节感染, 结核, 关
节炎等常见病的诊断和处理方法。

初步掌握一些常见的骨折, 脱位（如股骨颈骨折, COLLes骨折, 锁骨骨折, 肩关节脱位等）的诊断和治疗原则。

3.了解骨科的一些基本操作技术方法，如：皮牵引, 骨牵引固定, 小夹板应用, 关节穿刺, 各
种造影技术, 局部封闭等技术。

4.了解严格的无菌概念对骨科的特殊重要性，必须掌握要求更高的无菌操作及消毒, 灭菌
原则。

5.熟悉骨科常见病多发病，腰椎间盘突出症的诊断及鉴别诊断，脊柱结核的临床表现，治
疗原则及手术指征，慢性化脓性骨髓炎的成因, 诊断及治疗原则，骨肿瘤的分类, 良恶性骨肿瘤的鉴别和治疗原则。

了解腰腿痛及颈肩痛的病因, 发病机理, 诊断, 鉴别诊断及治疗原则，髋及膝关节结核的临床表现和治疗原则。

6.正确开医嘱，掌握骨科常见病术前准备及术后处理；常用药物剂量, 给药途径及方法，
掌握药物的适应症, 禁忌症和副作用。

7.掌握骨外科常见急重症的抢救技术，如手外伤, 多发伤, 多发骨折, 创伤性失血性休克,
高位颈髓损伤等，参加心肺复苏的抢救。

8.书写中文病历1份，英文1份；英文班书写英文病历1份，熟悉骨外科常见病术前, 术
后的医嘱处理。

Orthopedic Surgery Practice Outline
Guidelines for 2 weeks of clinical practice in the Orthopedics Department
1.Master the basic physical examination techniques required to make a diagnosis of
diseases of the musculoskeletal system, for example the examination of muscle strength and motion of the spine or joints. Also try to obtain knowledge of some special physical examination techniques.
2.Acquire an intimate knowledge of the principles of diagnosis and treatment for
some common disorders of the bones and joints. Such as traumatic surgery (fracture and dislocation), infectious diseases, and aseptic arthritis, etc.
3.Learn some basic therapeutic techniques, such as traction, fixation with splint or
cast, arthrocentesis, arthrography, and local injection techniques to treat joint pain.
4.Understand the special importance of aseptic technique during orthopedic surgery,
and to learn more strict sterile techniques.
5.Learn the basic knowledge of key points for some common disorders such as the
diagnosis and differential diagnosis for lumbar disc herniation, the clinical manifestations and principles of treatment of tuberculosis of the spine, the classification, differential diagnosis, and principles of treatment of bone tumors. 6.Learn how to write the correct medical documentation and physician orders, to
give a proper plan for preoperative and postoperative treatment, and to know the correct medications to prescribe, and their effects and side effects.
7.Take part in procedures for the management of some emergency and critical cases,
such as multiple injuries, compound fractures, traumatic and hemorrhagic shock, and cervical spinal cord injury.
plete at least 1 case records in English.
心胸外科轮转2周，对实习医师要求如下：
1.对一般胸部创伤能作出正确诊断及初步处理。

2.了解食管疾病，肺部疾病的检查方法，能对食管癌, 肺癌做出诊断。

3.了解胸透, 胸穿操作方法及观察胸腔引流在疾病诊治中的作用。

4.了解低温, 体外循环的机理。

5.根据心前区杂音能判断出先天性心脏病，二尖瓣病变。

6.了解冠状动脉性心脏病的外科治疗；
7.了解常见先天性心脏病：继发孔型房间隔缺损, 室间隔缺损的外科治疗；
8.了解常见心脏瓣膜病：二尖瓣狭窄/关闭不全, 主动脉瓣狭窄/关闭不全的外科治疗。

9. 书写中文病历1份，英文1份；英文班书写英文病历1份。

Cardiothoracic Surgery Practice Outline
The intern should work in the department of cardiothoracic surgery for 3 weeks and the requirements are as follows:
1.Give the correct diagnosis and initial management for general chest trauma.
2.Understand the examination methods for diseases of the oesophagus and lung. Be
able to determine the diagnosis for oesophageal cancer and lung cancer.
3.Understand the procedures of chest fluoroscopy and thoracic puncture, and observe
the effects of thoracic drainage in diagnosis and treatment.
4.Understand the mechanism of hypothermia and extracorporeal circulation.
5.Diagnose congenital heart diseases and bicuspid valve lesions according to the
precordial region murmur.
6.Understand surgical treatment of coronary heart disease.
7.Understand surgical treatment of common congenital heart diseases, atrial septal
defect, and ventricular septal defect.
8.Understand surgical treatment of common heart valve diseases, such as mitral
valve stenosis, mitral valve incompetence, aortic valve stenosis, and aortic valve incompetence.
plete 1 English medical records.
泌尿外科轮转2周，对实习医师要求如下：
1.初步掌握泌尿科常见病多发病包括泌尿系感染，前列腺炎，泌尿系结石，尿路梗阻及泌
尿系损伤的诊断及处理原则，尤其对泌尿系统诊断方法，如：膀胱镜, 泌尿系造影, 肾功能检查血管造影等的选择及适应症有初步认识，并能阅读影象学资料。

2.了解泌尿科的一些基本操作技术，前列腺按摩, 导尿技术, 包皮环切术, 鞘膜积液及膀胱
造瘘等手术操作。

3.了解泌尿外科的一些特殊检查：体外冲击破碎石，尿流率．膀胱镜．尿道扩张术适应症。

4.熟悉门诊常见病的诊治方法（前列腺, 附睾, 泌尿结石）, 泌尿系统外科常见病的临床表
现, 诊断, 治疗原则及手术指征。

5.书写中文病历1份，英文1份；英文班书写英文病历1份，熟悉泌外科常见病术前, 术
后的医嘱处理。

Urologic Surgery Practice Outline
Practice in urology will be for 2 weeks, with the requirements as follows:
1.Master the diagnosis and management principles of some common diseases in
urology, including urinary tract infection, prostatitis, urinary stones, obstruction of the urinary system and urologic injury. The student should especially know the methods of diagnosis, for instance: cystoscopy, urography, renal function examination, and angiography. Understand the information from radiology.
2.Understand some basic procedures, for instance: prostatic massage, phimosiectomy,
the operative procedures for hydrocele, tunica vaginalis, and cystis stoma.
3.Understand the indications of some special examinations: extracorporeal shock
wave lithotripsis, urine flow rate measurement, cystoscopy, and dilation of the urethra.
4.Know the diagnosis and treatment of common diseases (diseases of the prostate
gland, epididymis, urinary calculus), and know the clinical manifestation, diagnosis, therapeutic principles, and operative indications of common diseases in urology.
plete 1 clinical records in English, and know the physician orders for
preoperative and postoperative care for the common diseases in urology.
神经外科轮转2周，对实习生医师要求如下：
1.掌握头皮损伤和颅骨骨折处理原则，参加头皮清创手术。

2.熟悉颅脑损伤的现场急救。

3.熟悉颅脑损伤病人的观察事项：包括意识、瞳孔、肢体活动以及生命征变化。

4.熟悉典型的颅内血肿、脑出血、脑梗死、颅脑及椎管内肿瘤的临床表现、诊断依据及处
理原则。

5.熟悉颅脑手术前、后处理原则。

掌握术前头皮备皮。

6.了解颅脑损伤、脑血管疾病及常见神经系统肿瘤的CT及MRI影像学特征性改变。

7.掌握腰穿的适应症、禁忌症及操作要点。

Practice in neurosurgery department will be for 2 weeks, with the requirements as follows:
1.Master the management principles of scalp injury and skull fracture. Join in the
activities of debridement and suture of scalp injury.
2.Know the emergency treatment of traumatic brain injury.
3.Know the observation items of traumatic brain injury patient: state of
consciousness, pupil, physical activity and vital signs.
4.Know the clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment of the typically diseases:
intracranial hematoma, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, brain tumor and intraspinal tumor.
5.Know the Principles for Preoperative and Postoperative Management of brain
surgery. Master the preoperative hair removal.
6.Understand the significant CT and MRI findings of Craniocerebral Trauma,
cerebral vascular disease and common tumor of brain.
7.Master the indications, contraindications and operational essentials
of lumbar puncture.。