浙江大学西方经济学春季博士研究生入学考试试题(全)(完)

合集下载

2012年浙江大学801经济学综合(含西方经济学、国际经济学)考研真题及详解

2012年浙江大学801经济学综合（含西方经济学、国际经济学）考研真题及详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研资料，经济学参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行解答。

一、西方经济学部分（100分）一、名词解释（每小题5分，共20分）1．消费者剩余答：消费者剩余是指消费者在购买一定数量的某种商品时愿意支付的最高总价格和实际支付的总价格之间的差额。

由于消费者消费不同数量的同种商品所获得的边际效用是不同的，所以，他们对不同数量的同种商品所愿意支付的价格也是不同的。

但是，消费者在市场上所面临的同种商品的价格往往却是相同的，这样，消费者为一定数量的某种商品所愿意支付的价格和他实际支付的价格之间就会有一定的差额，这一差额就构成消费者剩余。

消费者剩余可以用图1-1来表示。

图1-1 消费者剩余如图1-1所示，反需求函数()d P f Q =表示消费者对每一单位商品所愿意支付的最高价格。

消费者剩余可以用消费者需求曲线以下、市场价格线之上的面积来表示，即图1-1中的阴影部分面积所示。

2．纳什均衡答：纳什均衡又称为非合作均衡，是博弈论的一个重要术语，以提出者约翰·纳什的名字命名。

纳什均衡是指这样一种策略集，在这一策略集中，每一个博弈者都确信，在给定竞争对手策略决定的情况下，他选择了最好的策略。

纳什均衡是由所有参与人的最优战略所组成的一个战略组合，也就是说，给定其他人的战略，任何个人都没有积极性去选择其他战略，从而这个均衡没有人有积极性去打破。

3．流动性陷阱答：流动性陷阱又称凯恩斯陷阱或灵活陷阱，是凯恩斯的流动偏好理论中的一个概念，具体是指当利率水平极低时，人们对货币需求趋于无限大，货币当局即使增加货币供给也不能降低利率，从而不能增加投资引诱的一种经济状态。

博士、研究生入学考试西哲试题

博士、研究生入学考试西哲试题一、简答下列各题（每题5分，共50分）1、爱利亚学校2、柏拉图“回忆说的主要内容3、德漠克利特的“影像”说4、亚里士多德关于“第一哲学”的定义5、“奥卡姆剃刀”6、休漠的不可知论观点7、笛卡儿的二元论8、卢梭关于人类不平等的论述9、康德的“自在之物”（“物自体”）10、费尔巴哈论“思维与存在的统一”二、回答下列各题（每题10分，共30分）1、洛克对“天赋观念论”的批判2、简评实用主义真理观3、海德格尔论“此在”三、试论述黑格尔对康德哲学的批判与继承（20分）一.简答题（解释下列概念与名词，每题5分，共50分）1.存在者（巴门尼德）2.数是万物的本源;3.知识与意见（柏拉图）；4.唯名论；5.有学问的无知（库萨的尼古拉）6.自因；7.《社会契约论》（卢梭）；8.观念的关系和事实（休谟）；9《人类理智新论》；10.“自我”“非我”二.分析题（全面的分析下列问题；每题25分，共100分）1.试论述亚里士多德实体学说的主要内容；2.试分析笛卡尔关于上帝存在的思路；3.试分析休谟因果学说和唯理论因果学说之间的区别；4.在康德哲学里，时间和空间具有哪些主要特征。

【名解1】水是万物的本原（南开00）；奴隶道德和主人道德（复旦96）；理念（人大98）；理念论（人大97、浙是、大98）；原子与虚空（人大97、吉大00、厦大99）；逻各斯（赫拉克利特）（吉大00、浙大99）；米利都学派（武大00）；人是万物的尺度；努斯（人大97、浙大99）；飞矢不动（南开00）；实体（亚里士多德）（吉大00）；人不能两次踏进同一条河流（人大00、北师大01、浙大98）；一切都是由必然性而产生（德谟克利特）；四因说（武大00、浙大98、人大01）；回忆说（人大99、北师大01）；潜能与现实（人大99）；助产术（人大00）；伊壁鸠鲁的快乐主义（厦大01）；奥古斯丁（浙大98）；原子论（浙大98）；影像说（浙大98）；四根说（浙大98）；美德乃是一种和谐（毕达哥拉斯派）（浙大98）；普纽玛（浙大99）；《准则学》（浙大00）；存在（巴门尼德）（浙大00）；形式与质料（人大98）；教父哲学（人大01）；美德即知识（浙大00）；人本主义（武大00）【简答1】简述柏拉图在《理想国》中阐述的伦理的政治思想。

浙大经济学院考博试题政治经济学西方经济学

浙大经济学院考博试题政治经济学西方经济学
Document serial number【UU89WT-UU98YT-UU8CB-UUUT-UUT108】
政治经济学
一简答题（每题10分）
1 马克思的分工理论；
2 马克思主义的历史与逻辑统一的分析方法；
3 马克思的生产性劳动与非生产性劳动理论；
4 资本周转理论；
二论述题（每题20分）
1 利用资本积累的一般规律解释我国现阶段的两极分化现象；
2 利用新制度经济学分析和解释马克思主义的经典理论；
3 说明经济增长方式的转变与制度变迁的关系；
西方经济学
一计算题（每题10分）
1 索罗模型的基本计算，以及黄金率问题的计算；
2 斯坦克尔博格模型的计算；
二简答题（每题10分）
1 说明埃奇沃斯曲线；
2 说明超优策略；
3 说明IS-LM模型的稳定性条件；
4 推导卢卡斯总供给曲线；
三论述题（每题20分）
1 说明逆向选择问题；。

浙江大学 2006年(春)攻读博士研究生入学考试题

浙江大学2006年（春）攻读博士研究生入学考试题考试科目_____________英语______________ 编号_________________ 注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷上或者草稿纸上均无效。

Section ⅠListening Comprehension (20 marks, 1 mark each)Part ADirections: You will hear an interview with Jason Donovan, an Australian actor and pop singer. Listen and complete the sentences in questions 1-5 with the information you’ve heard. Write no more than 3 words in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.Part BDirections: You will hear a conversation between two speakers, David and Mary. Answer the questions 6-10 while you listen. Use no more than 5 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the questions.Part CDirections: Questions 11-13 are based on the following conversation between Carlos and his sister Jean. You now have 15 seconds to read questions 11-13.11. What arrangement had Carlos and Sandra made for tonight?A. Meet around the underground station.B. Stay at home.C. See the evening performance.D. Walk in the rain.12. Why is Carlos angry with Jean?A. Because she did not tell Carlos about Sandra’s phone call as soon as he got home.B. Because she forgot to tell Sandra that Carlos couldn’t get tickets.C. Because she did not stay at home and wait for Carlos’ phone.D. Because she kept Carlos waiting for half an hour.13. What will Carlos finally do?A. Wait at home for Sandra’s phone.B. Hurry up and try to get the theater before Sandra does.C. Buy tickets for the performance of Romeo and Juliet tonight.D. Phone Sandra to tell her that he will be late.You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 11~13.Directions: Questions 14~16 are based on the following interview. You now have 20 seconds to read questions 14~16.14. According to the woman, how will rival gangs benefit from the Leisure Center?A. They can express aggression in sports.B. Their athletic skills can be improved.C. They can find something to do in their leisure time.D. They can find employment in the Centre.15. What is the man’s attitude towards the new scheme?A. He believes the scheme might help to solve the problem of gang warfare.B. He doubles whether rival gangs will be interested in the scheme.C. He doesn’t think the scheme could work because of lack of funds.D. He is afraid that there might be fights between rival groups in the Leisure Center.16. Which of the following is true of the scheme promoted by the woman?A. It has received much support from the local people.B. It is aimed primarily at rival gangs.C. It has been in operation for years.D. There have been many reports on it in newspapers.You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 14~16.Directions: Questions 17~20 are based on the following talk introducing the success of Coco-Cola. You now have 15 seconds to read questions 18~20.17. Who invented Coca-Cola and when?A. Frank Robinson, in 1888.B. Asa G Candle, in1879.C. Dr.Pemberton, in 1886.D. Jacob, in 1895.18. What has played the most important role in Coca-Cola’s success?A. A catchy name.B. Advertising.C. Its taste.D. Competition.19. Which of the following is true of Coca-Cola in World War II?A. Every American soldier could have a bottle of Coca-Cola for free.B. The company made a lot of money by selling Coca-Cola to soldiersC. About five billion bottles of Coke were sold in American.D. The company tried to open up its foreign markets for Coca-Cola.20. What do doctor say about Coca-Cola?A. It is both delicious and nutritious.B. It contains too much sugar.C. It does you no good.D. It may be harmful to your health.You now have 40 seconds to check your answers to Questions 17~20.SectionⅡVocabulary (15 marks, 1 mark each)Directions:There are 15 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠwith a single line through the center.21. You will only be allowed to leave early in _____ circumstances.A. exceptionalB. coincidentalC. peculiarD. imperative22. His latest _____ was buying a second- hand car which turned out to have a faulty engine.A. agonyB. stigmaC. wrathD. folly23. The champagnes had caused his face to _____ and his eyes were bright.A. flourishB. freshC. fleshD. flush.24. He needs a hobby to keep him busy and stop him from getting into ____ .A. mischiefB. nuisanceC. hostilityD. bustle25. Poor sight and hearing are common ____ of old age.A. presentationsB. afflictionsC. outcomeD. relevance26. The dream of many scientists has been to create a _____ motion machine – one that would always continue moving once it had been started.A. transientB. temporaryC. perpetualD. periodic27. Only a small ____ of those attending the convention came from outside the state.A. fractureB. fragmentC. fractionD. fragrance28. Chemicals from the factory up the river ______ the water, killing many fish and making the water totally unfit for human use.A. corruptedB. infectedC. contaminatedD. stained29. It is strictly illegal to _____ a gun, knife, or any other weapon when boarding an airplane.A. shelterB. disguiseC. concealD. veil30. To ____ the boredom of studying it is a good idea to take frequent breaks.A. intensifyB. aggravateC. illuminateD. alleviate31. Although we felt ____ for the child who had lost his parents, there was really not much we could do to comfort him.A. compassionB. compassC. companionD. compartment32. The police were _____ by the crime and were never able to solve it.A. hinderedB. enlightenedC. baffledD. detained33. _____ for the top-of-the–range car include a compact disc player, electric windows and a sunroof.A. accessoriesB. componentsC. decorationsD. colleagues34. The author uses the ____ of bees when describing the workers at the bakery.A. correlationB. equivalentC. analogyD. parallel35. The books will be ____ from our warehouse tomorrow to your address.A. dispatchedB. disputedC. dismissedD. dispersedSection ⅢCloze Test (20 marks, 1 mark each)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Almost all of us believe that we live in an age of uncouth manners, that thing were better in some previous era. For example, the 18th century in England is __36__ as a period of high refinement in social intercourse. We look back __37__ nostalgia to the soft candle light, the __38__ courtesies, the hand kissing – unwilling to confront the brutal reality of a century in which dueling to the death was __39__ and gentlemen were expected to drink themselves under the table.Manners __40__. In our day, it is considered good manners to be clean –indeed we spend billions of dollars on __41__ designed to keep us ―fresh.‖ In the 18th century, __42__, most doctors and church authorities frowned on bathing, and wo men’s elegant hairdos were often full of lice.The changeability of manners makes the whole subject difficult to __43__. To take one example: It was not considered bad manners in the 18th century for a man to wear his hat __44__. You would take it off to __45__ a lady, but then you’d put it right back on you head.The reason __46__ this is perfectly plain. In the first place, the hat served as a __47__ of rank throughout most of history, a __48__mark of status, in the second place, you couldn’t draw a sword easily if you were __49__ a hat in your hand.There is a __50__ to be learned from this. For the most part, manners are merely self-protective __51__ appropriate to the customs of a particular age. There customs sometimes become __52__ and symbolic, but they invariably __53__ from some practical need. Thus, on meeting somebody, we commonly shake right hands –a formal custom of no present day __54__. But in an age when every carried weapons, it was a demonstration everybody carried weapons, it was a demonstration that one was prepares to converse without a weapon in one’s hand, a sign of __55__. What we think of as ―good manners‖ was merely a way of saying, ―I mean you no immediateviolence, if you can show that your intention is the same.‖36. A) renowned B）considered C）known D）famous37. A) by B）on C）in D）with38. A) elaborate B）detailed C）exquisite D）exotic39. A) general B）familiar C）commonplace D）cruel40. A) vary B）change C）fluctuate D）turn41. A) output B）produce C）goods D）products42. A) by contrast B）by the way C）on the contrary D）on the way43. A) approach B）attack C）access D）accommodate44. A) outdoors B）indoors C）externally D）internally45. A) face B）greet C）confront D）meet46. A) for B）why C）behind D）because47. A) sign B）signature C）signal D）symbol48. A) visual B）valuable C）visible D）victorious49. A) taking B）holding C）pulling D）putting50. A) letter B）lecture C）legacy D）lesson51. A) instruments B）tools C）devices D）equipments52. A) familiarized B）formalized C）legalized D）modernized53. A) derive B）originate C）obtain D）acquire54. A) emphasis B）sense C）significance D）use55. A) understanding B）friendship C）unity D）peaceSection ⅣReading Comprehension (20 marks, 1 mark each)Directions:There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage 1Why do we care so much about appearance? Is it some kind of mass psychosis? Or is it nature? Do other species do the same thing? If a male squid is cling to anundersea rock, and two female squids swim past, dose the male look at them and decide which one is more beautiful? Does he notice the shapes of their beaks, the way the undersea light glints from their skin slime, the size of the suckers on their tentacles, and does he think to himself, in some squid way, ―Well, the one on the left is ugly, but the one on the right is a BABE‖?We may not know what squids think about beauty, but there is no question what popular Western culture thinks about it. Watch any TV show; open any magazine; go to any movie. You can’t avoid the obvious conclusion: Popular Western culture thinks beauty is a very, very big deal. Especially feminine beauty. This is one of the two big reasons why I’m glad I’m a man.Men definitely get more slack in the beauty department. A man can be bald, or carry a few dozen extra pounds, or have bad skin or a big nose, and still be considered attractive. Granted, there’s a definite ― beauty‖ standard for males: the square jawed male models with rippling abdominals, Tom Cruise, and of course John F. Kennedy Jr. These men are considered beautiful. And regular men cannot hope to look like them. But regular men CAN look at, say, Tom Hanks, or Sean Connery without his wig, or Al Pacino--- who is a Registered Sex object --- and say: ―Hey, I don’t look THAT different.‖Regular women can’t look at female romantic lead movie stars, or supermodels, and say this. More and more, it seems, the women who are certified as beautiful look less and less like the vast majority of women. It is not enough for a woman to have the right cheekbones, the right eyes, the right mouth, the right nose and flawless skin. Beautiful women, it has been decided, must also be extraordinarily tall, and they must have no more body fat than a Bic pen. If you don’t meet these criteria, then …sorry! You’re the ugly squid!56. What is the author’s purpose of mentioning squids in the first paragraph?A. To prove that squids have a lot in common with human beings.B. To show that appearance is the common concern of all species.C. To show that males squids care about female squids more than vice versa.D. To show that the concern for appearance is more psychological than physical.57. Why does the author consider being a man a lucky thing?A. Because he can avoid the public attention as much as he wants.B. Because he does not have to care too much about his appearance.C. Because popular Western culture favors masculinity more than femininity.D. Because men do not have to appear on TV or magazines as often as women.58. What is the main idea of the third paragraph?A. Men visit the beauty department less often than women.B. Men are considered beautiful if they look different from others.C. There are different standards for male beauty and female beauty.D. Men do not have to be perfect in order to be considered attractive.59. What is true of a certified beautiful woman?A. She is thin, tall and had perfect skin.B. She is different from the majority of women.C. She is different from the majority of women.D. She has the right cheek bones, the right eyes and the right mouth.60. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Standards of BeautyB. Beauty Men VS WomenC. Concern for Appearance: a Universal TruthD. Who Cares More about Beauty: Men or Squids?Passage 2Try ordering a medium coffee at most coffee bars. They look at you as though you asked for a flagon of mead.The word medium, especially in food and beverages, is going the way of the ―cup‖ of coffee. Drink size have become a free-for-all of image build, divorced from any real description of quantity.The move away from medium is partly attributable to economic—companies trying to squeeze out a few more cents by exaggerating sizes.To be sure, medium hasn’t died altogether. There are medium olives and mediumgarbage bags. There are medium eggs: they are often the smallest. Bigger eggs are classified as large, extra- large and jumbo. Paper towels now come in large and jumbo too.Small products are flourishing, but they aren’t called small. For example, cereal, aspirin and shampoo are sold in tiny packages.‖But they’re never called tiny,‖say Lorna Opatow, president of the marketing research firm of Opatow Associates. ―They’re called individual or one time or disposable.‖When it comes to sizing, the masters are fast food restaurants. At McDonalds’s the soft-drink sizes are regular, medium, large and, on occasion, super-size.―Nobody wants a small drink anymore,‖ says McDonald’s spokesman Chuck Ebeling.‖We live in an era when people carry a liter bottle of water as though it were a pencil over their ear.‖At Burger King there are still small, medium and large drinks. But what do those words mean? In 1954, when the chain started, it called a 12-ounce regular and 16-ounce large. Today the small is 16 ounces and the large is 32 ounces.The king of more is 7-Eleven, which boasts that it makes America’s biggest drink, the 64-ounce Double Gulp. Karen Raskopf, a 7-Eleven spokeswoman,sys no other country gulps as American does: the chain’s international stores don’t sell the Double Gulp. Indeed in Europe and Japan a small size is often equated with luxury—the 61/2-ounce Perrier bottle, for example.Behind the size inflation in beverages is a simple fact: the actual cost of the additional beverage is a minute portion of the price. ‖The packaging and handling costs for a drink are a substantial part of the cost,‖ says Ebeling of McDonald’s. ―If we package it in a large size, that’s more efficient for us.‖Amazingly, Pasqua Coffee, a national chain based in San Franciso, is sticking with small, medium and large. ―We want to offer quick service,‖ says Robert Mann, vice president of operations. ―We don’t want to waste time correcting customers’coffee grammar.‖61. What is the major reason for ―size inflation‖ in the United States?A. Small products mean higher cost in packaging.B. The number of overweight Americans is increasing.C. People think they can save money by buying in bulk.D. Things in large size sell more quickly than things in small size.62. Why aren’t enormous sizes popular in Europe or Japan?A. Because Japan and European countries are much smaller in size.B. Because Europeans and the Japanese do not drink as much as the Americans.C. Because Europeans and the Japanese are more more money-minded than the Americans.D. Because things in smaller size are considered more luxurious in Europe and Japan.63. The expression ―a pencil over their ear‖(Para.6) most probably means______.A. something normalB. something peculiarC. something extra-largeD. something extraordinary64. Why does Pasqua Coffee still offer ―small, medium, and large‖ sizes?A. Because fixing extra-large coffees takes more time.B. Because they want to provide more efficient service.C. Because they don’t want to hear the customers’ ungrammatical sentences.D. Because people in the west prefer small-sized coffees more than people in the east.65. What is the author’s point of view toward large sizes?A. This is a trend that will go on and on.B. He reserves his judgment on this trend.C. Profit is the real motive behind this trend.D. This trend should be inhibited as far as possible.Passage 3Each year more than 500,000 people in the U.S. are victims of some form of identity fraud, according to the National Notary Association(NNA). The growth ofInternet commerce is putting the personal security of consumers at even greater risk. High- tech identity fraud could become a more serious problem in the future through the misuse of digital signaturcs.The U.S. Congress and several dozen state governments have enacted legislation that gives electronic signatures the same status as hand written ones in commercial use and in executing a variety of ―acknowledgements, verifications, and oaths.‖ But these measures do not elaborate on the role the notary, an impartial third party who verifies the identity of people who sign important documents.The notary makes sure that an individual signing a document is indeed the person he or she purports to be. The notary also observers the person’s willingness to sign a document and the signer’s awareness of what the document entails. Without being in the same room with the singer, a notary cannot make these determinations.The mandatory physical presence of the document signer before a notary has long been recognized under w. In 1955, a Texas court said, ―A notary can no more perform by telephone those notarial acts which require a personal appearance than a dentist can pull a tooth by telephone,‖ according to the NNA.Some states now permit notaries to use electronic signatures. Some states legislatures have also passed laws that allow any person to unilaterally create so –called ―notarized‖ electronic signatures without a notary. Meanwhile, companies are streamlining the processes for e-business and legal transactions, some claim to provide ―electronic notarization‖ for online transactions.These may still fall short of true notarization because they try to circumvent the ―personal appearance‖aspect of notarization and really do nothing to certify the signer’s awareness and willingness,‖ writes Milton G.Valera, president of the notary association.Valera insists that the basic notary principles and process remain the same despite technological changes. Fraud deterrence still depends on face–to-face interaction between a notary and the signer of a document. The arrival of complex signature technology, with its new potential for fraud, could increase the importance of notaries in the future.Notaries for the digital age may need to undergo technical training, testing, and certification programs to supplement their traditional functions.‖The National Notary Association does not foreclose on the possibility that future communications technology may allow interactive audiovisual linkups between a notary and signer that may prove to be a reliable alternative to personal presence,‖ say Valera.66. The growth of Internet Commerce has resulted in _______.A. the decline of identify fraudB. frequent use of digital signatureC. the disappearance of the notaryD. the inferiority of handwritten signatures67. What the Texas court said in 1955 shows that _______.A. the notary is outdated when telephone records are availableB. to find a notary is as painful as to pull a toothC. a notary is extremely important in the process of verificationD. a notary is useless without the required physical presence68. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.A. an electronic signature without a notary is invalid in the business worldB. some companies managed to certify the signer’s awareness and willingness through ―electronic notarization‖C. the identity fraud becomes impossible in e-business and online-transactionsD. the present ―electronic notarization‖has twisted the basic principles of traditional notaries69. The phrase ―foreclose on‖ in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ―___‖.A. look forward toB. interfere withC. take possession ofD. believe in70. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Alternative to the NotariesB. Notaries in the Digital AgeC. E-documents in the Digital TimeD. Deterrence to Identity FraudPassage 4Ironically, one great unsolved problem in Darwin’s master work, On the Origin of Species, was just that: How and why do species originate? Darwin and his later followers were faced with a seeming paradox. They described evolution as a continuous and gradual change over time, but species are distinct from each other, suggesting that some process has created a discontinuity, or gap, between them.Credit for doing the most to crack this puzzle goes to Ernst Mayr, perhaps the greatest evolutionary scientist of the twentieth century. Along with Theodosius Dobzhansky, George Gaylord Simpson, and others, Mayr achieved the ―modern synthesis‖in the 1930s and 1940s that integrated Mendal’s theory of heredity with Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection.Born in 1904 in Germany, Mayr trained as a medical student but realized he had a greater passion for studying birds and biology. Emigrating to the United States, he became a curator at the American Museum of Natural History, working on bird classification while formulating his key ideas about evolution. In 1942 he published his most important work, Systematics and the Origin of species. Mayr moved to Harvard University in 1953 and served as director of the school’s Museum of Comparative Zoology from 1961 to 1970. Since then, he has published a number of books and chapters and received the prestigious Japan Prize for Biology in 1983.In his landmark 1942 book, Mayr proposed that Darwin’s theory of natural selection could explain all of evolution, including why genes evolve at the molecular level. On the stubborn question of how species originate, Mayr proposed that when a population of organisms becomes separated from the main group by time or geography, they eventually evolve different traits and can no longer interbreed.It’s this isolation or separation that creates new species, said Mayr. The traits that evolve during the period of isolation are called ―isolating mechanisms,‖and discourage the two populations from interbreeding.Moreover, Mayr declared that the development of many new species is what leads to evolutionary progress. ―Without speciation, there would be no diversificationof the organic world, no adaptive radiation, and very little evolutionary progress. The species, then, is the keystone of evolution.‖71. What do we learn about Ernst Mayr?A. He was the first man to reject Darwin’s theory of evolution.B. He began his career as a medical doctor in Germany.C. He failed to explain how and why species originate.D. He helped define the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory.72. Mayr’s work on species and speciation helped scientists understand______.A. evolution as a continuous change over timeB. the evolution from one species to anotherC. Darwin’s theory of natural selectionD. the evolution of genes at the molecular level73. According to Mayr, what leads to the formation of new species?A. Geographic isolation.B. Species interbreeding.C. Heredity.D. Natural selection.74. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?A. A biographical account of Mayr’s life.B. Mayr’s contributions to the field of evolutionary biology.C. Awards and honors Mayr has received.D. Mayr’s passion for bird-watching and biology.75. The word ―crack‖ in Paragraph 2 most probably means_____.A. analyzeB. locateC. presentD. solveSection ⅤTranslation (25 marks)Directions: Translate the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet 2.76. 遗传与环境究竟哪一个影响更大？从某种程度上讲，一个人生来具有的潜力将决定他一生的作为。

2021年浙江大学801经济学综合考研真题

2021年浙江大学801经济学综合考研真题浙江大学801经济学综合2021年硕士研究生入学考试试题及答案第一部分西方经济学部分（共100分）一、名词解释（4×5分=20分） 1、吉芬商品答案：吉芬商品是一种商品，在价格上升时需求量本应下降，却反而增加。

所谓吉芬商品就是在其他因素不改变的情况下，当商品价格上升时，需求量增加，价格下降时，需求量减少，这是西方经济学研究需求的基本原理时，19世纪英国经济学家罗伯特・吉芬对爱尔兰的土豆销售情况进行研究时定义的。

2、可竞争性市场答案：可竞争市场的基本假设条件是：(1)企业进入和退出市场(产业)是完全自由的．相对于现有企业．潜在的进入者在生产技术、产品质量、成本等方面不存在劣势；(2)潜在进入者能够采取“打了就跑”的策略，甚至有一个短暂的盈利机会都会吸引潜在的进入者进入市场参与竞争．而在价格下降到无利可图时．它们会带着已获得的利润离开市场，即它们具有快速进入市场的能力．更重要的是，他们撒出市场时并不存在沉没成本．所以，不存在退出市场的概念。

在以上的基本似设条件下，可竞争市场理论认为：如果不存在沉没成本，公司能够迅速进入该行业，在位公司由于担心局外竞争者的进入，迫使在位公司维持反映生产成本的价格以及高效率生产，即使行业仅由少数公司组成，也会得到竞争性市场的产量。

3、滞涨答案：滞胀全称停滞性通货膨胀，“滞”是指经济增长停滞，“胀”是指通货膨胀。

在经济学，特别是宏观经济学中，特指经济停滞与高通货膨胀，失业以及不景气同时存在的经济现象。

通俗的说就是指物价上升，但经济停滞不前。

它是通货膨胀长期发展的结果。

4、真实经济周期理论答案：真实经济周期理论，也称真实商业周期理论。

真实经济周期理论认为，市场机制本身是完善的，在长期或短期中都可以自发地使经济实现充分就业的均衡；经济周期源于经营体系之外的一些真实因素，如技术进步的冲击，而不是市场机制的不完善；真实经济周期理论否定了把经济分为长期与短期的说法，经营周期本身就是经济趋势或者潜在的或充分就业的国内生产总值的变动，并不存在与长期趋势不同的短期经济背离。

浙江大学西方经济学秋季博士研究生入学考试试题(全)(完)

浙江大学西方经济学20XX年秋季博士研究生入学考试试题一、简答题1、简论LS—LM模型（已有）2、消费者理论对偶性（高微的不考）3、价格歧视理论（已有）二、论述题1、真实经济周期理论答：真实经济周期理论真实经济周期理论（Real Business Cycle Theory）真实经济周期理论认为，市场机制本身是完善的，在长期或短期中都可以自发地使经济实现充分就业的均衡；经济周期源于经营体系之外的一些真实因素，如技术进步的冲击，而不是市场机制的不完善；真实经济周期理论否定了把经济分为长期与短期的说法，经营周期本身就是经济趋势或者潜在的或充分就业的国内生产总值的变动，并不存在与长期趋势不同的短期经济背离。

基德兰德和普雷斯科特由于对动态宏观经济学的贡献而获得20XX年度诺贝尔经济学奖：主要是因为他们合作完成的两篇论文——一篇题为“规则而不是相机抉择”，发表于1977年的《政治经济学杂志》，主要讨论时间一致性问题；一篇题为“建造时间和总量波动”，发表于1982年的《计量经济学》，是真实经济周期理论的开山之作。

也就是说，20XX年诺奖有一半是授予给“真实经济周期理论”。

从1982年开始起的20多年中，所谓真实经济周期理论经历了迅猛的发展，至今俨然是宏观经济学中的一个主流派别。

[编辑]真实经济周期理论真实经济周期理论出现在上世纪八十年代，属于自由放任的新古典宏观经济学派，多年来在经济学中一直风头正健。

主张国家干预的凯恩斯主义各派和主张自由放任的各派分歧的关键是短期中市场机制的调节是否完善，需不需要国家用宏观经济政策调节经济。

他们争议的中心问题之一是经济周期问题，即经济中繁荣与衰退交替的经济波动。

在这一问题上他们的争议围绕三个问题：经济周期的性质是什么？经济周期的原因是什么？以及如何减少经济周期稳定经济？正是在这些问题上，以基德兰德和普雷斯科特为代表的真实经济周期理论向凯恩斯主义各派发起全面挑战，并取得了开创性成果。

浙江大学考研经济学专业课2003-2012年真题

浙大 801 经济学综合（2003-2012 年真题汇总）浙江大学 801 经济学综合2003年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题西方经济学部分(100 分)一名词解释 30 分（每题 5 分）1.潜在 GDP2.生产可能性边界(PPF)3.实际利率4.消费者剩余5.惯性通货膨胀6.规模经济二简述题 40 分（每题 10 分）1.简述宏观经济政策工具？2．简述失业的三种类型？3．画图说明直线型需求曲线上弹性的变化及其这种变化与总收益的关系。

4.政府为什么管制产业?三论述题 30 分（每题 15 分）1.论述新古典经济增长模型。

2.试述均衡价格的决定及其变动。

2004年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题注意:答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效。

西方经济学部分(100 分)一名词解释 30 分（每题 5 分）1.等产量曲线2.现值3.套利4.结构性失业5.永久性收入6.广义货币二简述题 40 分（每题 10 分）1.消费者价格指数及其缺陷2.边际成本定价的作用3.简述企业存在的理由4.货币传导机制三论述题 30 分（每题 15 分）1.论述博弈论的基本原理及主要均衡战略。

2.试述供给学派宏观经济政策的核心特征。

2005年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题注意:答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效。

西方经济学部分(100 分)一名词解释 30 分（每题 5 分）1、配置效率2、单位需求价格弹性3、纳什均衡4、财富效应5、有效金融市场6、政策无效性定理二简述题 40 分（每题 10 分）1、如何通过套期保值分摊风险?2、简述不完全竞争的根源。

3、简述投资乘数理论。

4、简述如何促进开放经济的增长。

三论述题 30 分（每题 15 分）1、试述自然资源经济学的基本思想2、新古典宏观经济学的理论与政策。

2006年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题注意:答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效。

西方经济学部分(100 分)一名词解释 30 分（每题 5 分）1、生命周期假说2、货币供给乘数3、奥肯法则4、后此谬误5、公共品6、停业原则二简述题 40 分（每题 10 分）1、论述货币的职能和货币需求的原因。

浙大医学院博士硕士各专业入学试题

浙江大学医学院2005年免疫学（春博）一、名词解释1、TCR2、AICD3、生理排除4、1型超敏反应5、HSP6、协同刺激分子7、穿孔素8、异嗜抗原9、粘附分子10、MHC二、问答题1、Ig的生物学功能2、HLA的多基因性和多态性的生物学意义3、分子水平的免疫调节4、免疫耐受机制5、有杀伤作用的淋巴细胞及机制浙江大学医学院2004年肿瘤学（春博）一、名词解释1、肿瘤生物标志2、NPT3、微转移4、错配修复基因及微卫星不稳定5、树突状细胞6、热休克蛋白7、免疫监视8、扁平腺瘤9、two-hit theroy10、total mesorctalresction二、问答题1、肿瘤流行趋势及三级预防对策2、根据肿瘤生物治疗的分类，举例说明其靶向性3、分析肿瘤发生及发展的机制4、腺瘤性息肉的随访和筛查5、肿瘤免疫逃避机制，如何将这些原理应用与生物治疗6、不明来源肿瘤的定义，如何进一步诊断的程序7、急性粒细胞白血病是克隆病吗浙江大学医学院2005年消化内科（春博）一、名词解释（选10题作答，否则以统计最低分计算）1、Barrett 食管2、Zollinger-Ellison综合征3、ENS4、门脉高压性胃病5、基因多态性6、TNF7、肝肺综合征8、微卫星不稳定性9、蛋白丢失性胃肠病10、Criggler-Najjar 综合征11、CYP45012、消旋体13、生物半衰期14、药靶15、缓释制剂二、简答题（选3题）1、胃癌的癌前状态2、Hp检测方法及在消化性溃疡中形成机制3、食管运动的检测方法4、胆源性胰腺炎的内镜治疗适应症及选择时机5、作用于5-HT的代表药物6、制酸剂的药理作用机制三、问答题1、对重度食管静脉曲张破裂出血的治疗方法作出评价2、结合胃肠运动的调节机制对动力调节剂分类并举例3、CK在IBD和胰腺炎发病中的作用机理4、人体胃粘膜保护机理和胃粘膜保护剂的应用现状5、萎缩性胃炎的检测手段和逆转治疗措施6、抗Hp治疗方案的组方原则及药用机理7、胃粘膜保护相关药物机理浙江大学医学院2004外科学（博士）1. 名解（10题）仅记住6题镁负荷试验；脾切术后爆发性感染；易位；Pringle手法；Whipple三联征；左侧门静脉高压征2. 简答题（5题）记住4题SAP的治疗；乳癌治疗原则；Bismuth的分类；MODS的治疗浙江大学医学院2004年生理学（博士）一名词解释（20）1暗适应2离子通道3体温调定点4有效不应期二问答题（任选4题，80分）1PO2,PCO2,H+对呼吸的影响？其中枢和外周机制如何2脂肪÷食物在消化道中消化和吸收的机制3安静和应激情况下，对肾血流量如何分配？各有何意义？4颈动脉窦和主动脉弓压力感受器的反射过程及调节血压的意义5学习与记忆的突触生理学机制和特点6胰岛素的生理作用及分泌调节机制浙江大学医学院2004年神经外科（博士）一、名词解释1、Foster-Kennedy综合症2、弥漫性轴索损伤3、Brown-sequard、综合症4、运动障碍5、烟雾病二、简答1、WHO关于星形细胞肿瘤的病理分级2、脑水肿的分类3、脑脓肿的临床分期及相应的头颅CT表现4、Key-hole5、GOS预后评分三、问答1、PD的外科治疗2、动脉瘤术中供血动脉的夹闭（夹闭前血供试验，术中监护等）3、高血压脑出血的外科治疗4、松果体区肿瘤的治疗。

浙江大学801经济学综合(西方经济学)历年真题及详解(含2008～2013年真题)

浙江大学801经济学综合（西方经济学）历年真题及详解（含2008～2013年真题）2013年浙江大学801经济学综合（西方经济学）考研真题一、名词解释（每小题5分，共20分）1．市场机制2．长期竞争均衡3．潜在GDP4．自动稳定器二、计算题（共30分）1．（5分）一直某君消费两种商品和的效用函数为，商品的价格分别为和，收入为。

请推导出该君对和的需求函数。

2．（15分）根据市场研究，某家垄断性唱片公司获得了以下有关其新CD的需求和生产成本的信息：价格；总收益；边际收益；边际成本。

其中，表示可以出售的CD数量，而是用美分表示的价格。

试求：（1）使公司利润最大化的价格和数量；（2）能实现社会福利最大化的价格和数量；（3）计算垄断带来的无谓损失；（4）假设除了以上成本以外，还要向录制唱片的乐师支付报酬。

这家公司在考虑以下四种方案：①一次性付费2000美元；②利润的50%；③每售出一张CD支付50美分；④收益的50%。

对于以上四种方案，分别计算使利润最大化的价格和数量。

在这些付酬计划之中，如果有的话，哪一种能改变垄断引起的无谓损失？解释原因。

3．（10分）若某一国家有如下宏观经济模型（单位：亿元）：，且消费函数为，投资函数为，净出口函数为，货币需求为，政府支出，税率，名义货币供给为，价格水平不变为，试求：（1）曲线；（2）曲线；（3）产品市场和货币市场同时均衡时的均衡利率和均衡收入；（4）两个市场同时均衡时的消费、投资和净出口值。

三、简述题（每小题10分，共20分）1．简述序数效用理论与基数效用理论的区别。

2．什么是曲线？简述它的经济含义。

四、论述题（每小题15分，共30分）1．假设政府对厂商消费的每一单位产品均征税单位的税，作图分析这一税收会如何在消费者和生产者之间进行分担，又会给社会带来多大的无谓损失，并讨论是什么因素决定了这一分担的比例以及无谓损失的大小。

2．概述实际经济周期理论的基本内容。

2013年浙江大学801经济学综合（西方经济学）考研真题及详解一、名词解释（每小题5分，共20分）1．市场机制答：在市场经济中，利润最大化的厂商行为所决定的供给、效用最大化的消费者行为所决定的需求，以及价格三者之间相互作用、相互影响、相互制约，使整个经济体制顺利进行并达到均衡的作用机制和调节功能，称为市场机制。

2019浙江大学801经济学综合(西方经济学、政治经济学)考研真题

2019浙江大学801经济学综合（西方经济学、政治经济学）考研真题
一、西方经济学
（一）名词解释（4*5）
1.边际效用递减规律
2.基尼系数
3.国内生产总值
4.IS曲线
（二）计算题（3*10）
1.Q＝KL，K、L两种生产要素，价格分别为r、w（1）求成本函数（2）r＝20，k＝10，C ＝4000，求使产量最大的K、L、Q
2.垄断产商Q＝53-P，AC＝MC＝5（1）求利润最大化的P，Q（2）求完全竞争的P，Q（3）求从垄断到竞争消费者剩余的变化
3.C＝30+0.8Yd，I＝60，G＝50，NX＝50-0.05Y，Tn＝50（1）求Y，NX（2）I变为70时的Y，NX（3）Tn＝50-0.0625Y，求Y，NX
（三）简答题（2*10）
1.抵挡商品的需求曲线为何向右下倾斜。

2.短期经济波动的三大关键性事实。

（四）论述题（2*15）
1.怎样才能促进经济长期增长，可以采取哪些公共政策。

2.什么是负外部性，有什么方法矫正负外部性。

二、政治经济学
（一）简述题（3*10）
1.具体劳动与抽象劳动。

2.市场失灵与政府失灵。

3.货币怎样转化为资本。

（二）论述题（20）
改革开放四十年来，我党重申“两个基本不动摇”的基本经济制度，请说说你对此的理解。

研究生入学考试841西方经济学

浙江师范大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码： 841 科目名称：西方经济学提示：本科目适用专业：区域经济学；请将所有答案写于答题纸上，写在试题上的不给分；请填写准考证号后6位：____________。

一：选择题：（每小题2分，共20分）1．如果个人收入等于570美元，而个人所得税等于90美元，消费等于430美元，利息支付总额为10美元，个人储蓄为40美元，那么个人可支配收入则等于（）。

A．500美元；B．480美元；C．470美元；D．400美元。

2、在生产中资本租用成本减少将导致（）。

A．资本将更加密集，资本-产出比率下降；B．资本将更加密集，资本-产出比率增加；C．资本将变为不密集，资本-产出比率减少；D．资本将变为密集，资本-产出比率增加。

3、货币市场和产品市场同时均衡出现于（）。

A．各种收入水平和利率上；B．一种收入水平和利率上；C．各种收入水平和一定利率上；D．一种收入水平和各种利率上4、总供给曲线右移可能是因为（）。

A．其他情况不变而厂商对劳动需求增加；B．其他情况不变而税收增加了；C．其他情况不变而原材料涨价了；D．其他情况不变而劳动生产力下降了。

5、乘数原理和加速原理的关系是（）。

A．乘数原理说明国民收入的决定，而加速原理则说明投资的决定；B．两者都说明投资的决定；C．乘数原理解释经济如何走向繁荣，而加速原理则说明经济怎样陷入萧条；D．只有乘数的作用时国民收入的变动比乘数、加速数作用相结合时的变动要更大一些。

6、下述说法中哪一种说法是不正确的？（）。

A．增加生产要素的流动性能够抵制垄断购买；B．工会与资方建立合同或政府规定最低工资率能够减少或消除垄断剥削；C．不完全竞争的产品和要素市场上的剥削程度重于其他类型的产品和要素市场的剥削程度；D．当生产要素之VMP〉MRP〉P时，就既存在垄断剥削又存在垄断购买剥削。

7、完全垄断市场中如果A市场的价格高于B市场的价格，则（）。

浙江大学博士研究生入学考试文艺学专业试题：

浙江大学博士研究生入学考试文艺学专业试题：
专业一：文学基础理论
一、评析题：（2*30=60）
1,诗的定义是规定诗应当是什么；而不是诗过去或现在在现实中是什么样子。

2，美作为人类永恒的期盼，它的意义是使人在经验生活之中还看到一个经验生活之上的世界，从而把人不断引向自我超越，艺术的精神就在于此。

二、论述题（二选一，1*40=40）
1，从活动论的角度论述创作、作品、阅读的关系。

2，评国内学界关于“审美意识形态论”的论争。

专业二：中西美学思想史（六选四，4*25=100）
1，亚里士多德的《诗学》对柏拉图诗学思想的回应。

2，简析中国古代文论的“文学”之辨（到章太炎为止）。

3，海德格尔对荷尔德林诗歌的解释及其思想主旨。

4，朱光潜的美学翻译及其对中国美学发展的贡献。

浙江大学801经济学综合(西方经济学部分)参考书目及真题分析【圣才出品】

（1）浙江大学801经济学综合（西方经济学部分）参考书目及真题分析
一、参考书目
浙江大学经济学院所有专业实行的是“801经济学综合”。

其中，西方经济学（共计100分）是所有专业必考，另外50分考题考试内容取决于考生所报专业。

“801经济学综合”（西方经济学部分）考研指定参考书目为：
1．曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》，第7版，北京大学出版社
2．曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》，第7版，北京大学出版社
需要提醒考生注意的是，2013年及之前年份，“801经济学综合”（西方经济学部分）考研指定的参考书目为：
1．平狄克《微观经济学》，第七版，中国人民大学出版社
2．多恩布什《宏观经济学》，第十版，中国人民大学出版社
从近两年浙江大学“801经济学综合”考卷来看，建议考生复习过程中重点看平狄克《微观经济学》和多恩布什《宏观经济学》两本教材。

二、真题分析
通过研究浙江大学“801经济学综合”（西方经济学部分）历年考研真题，可以发现，该考试科目试卷呈现如下特征：
1．历年考题跟其他高校考题相似度很高
浙江大学“801经济学综合”（西方经济学部分）历年考题跟其他高校历年考题相似度很高，甚至有部分重题。

因此，考生强化、冲刺阶段应多做考题，包括其他院校历年考题，
强烈推荐看平狄克《微观经济学》名校考研真题详解、多恩布什《宏观经济学》名校考研真题详解等教辅图书。

2．考题难度适中，但竞争激烈
相对于同等高校，浙江大学“801经济学综合”考卷考题难度适中，甚至稍微偏容易。

但是，考虑到浙江大学对于公共课、总分要求很高，竞争非常激烈，专业课一定要取得高分。

因此，建议考生多加重视专业课复习。

2013年浙江大学801经济学综合(含西方经济学、政治经济学)考研真题及详解

2013年浙江大学801经济学综合（含西方经济学、政治经济学）考研真题及详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研资料，经济学参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行解答。

一、西方经济学部分（100分）（一）名词解释（每小题5分，共20分）1．市场机制答：在市场经济中，利润最大化的厂商行为所决定的供给、效用最大化的消费者行为所决定的需求，以及价格三者之间相互作用、相互影响、相互制约，使整个经济体制顺利进行并达到均衡的作用机制和调节功能，称为市场机制。

在市场经济中，市场机制主要解决生产什么、生产多少、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。

在市场机制中，价格机制构成了经济运行的中心。

价格作为最敏感的市场信号，通过它对生产者和消费者的利润和效用的影响，像一只“看不见的手”那样调节着他们的经济行为。

2．长期竞争均衡答：在长期中，所有的生产要素投入量都是可变的，完全竞争厂商通过对全部生产要素投入量的调整来实现利润最大化的均衡条件P LM C=。

在完全竞争市场价格给定的条件下，厂商在长期生产中对全部生产要素的调整可以表现为两个方面，一方面表现为对最优的生产规模的选择，另一方面表现为进入或退出一个行业的决策。

完全竞争厂商的长期均衡出现在LAC曲线的最低点。

这时，生产的平均成本降到长期平均成本的最低点，商品的价格也等于最低的长期平均成本。

即完全竞争厂商的长期均衡条件为：M R LM C SM C LAC SAC====此时，单个厂商的经济利润为零。

3．潜在GDP答：潜在GDP是经济实现了充分就业时的GDP，又称充分就业的GDP，反映了经济的潜在生产能力。

潜在GDP的增加意味着经济增长，潜在GDP与实际GDP的差别反映了经济周期的情况。

浙江大学经济学院博士生博弈论课程习题及答案

纳什均衡1．在下表所示的战略式博弈中，找出重复删除劣战略的占优均衡表1.1首先，找出S2的劣战略。

对于S2，M策略严格劣于R策略，所以M为严格劣策略。

删除后M再找出S1的劣战略，显然对于S1而言，M策略和D策略严格劣于U策略，所以M和D为严格劣策略。

删除M与D后找占优均衡为（U,L）即，（4，3）。

2．求解下表所示的战略博弈式的所有的纯战略纳什均衡表1.2首先看S1选择X策略。

如果S2同样选择X策略，那么S3一定选择Y策略；同样，如果S3选择Y策略，S2也一定会选择X策略，因此（X，X，Y）是一个纳什均衡；如果S2选择Y策略，那么S3一定选择X策略；同样，如果S3选择X策略，S2也一定会选择Y策略，因此，（X，Y，X）是一个纳什均衡。

其次看S1选择Y策略。

如果S2选择X策略，S3一定选择X策略；同样，如果S3选择X策略，S2也一定会选择X策略，因此（Y，X，X）是一个纳什么均衡。

如果S2选择Y策略，S3选择Y策略是理性的，如果S3选择X，S2将选择X，这样（Y，Y，X）将不是一个纳什均衡；同样，如果S3选择Y策略，S2也一定会选择Y策略，因此（Y，Y，Y）是一个纳什均衡。

所以该博弈式的纯战略纳什均衡有4个：（X，X，Y）（X，Y，X）（Y，X，X）（Y，Y，Y）。

3．（投票博弈）假定有三个参与人（1、2和3）要在三个项目（A、B和C）中选中一个。

三人同时投票，不允许弃权，因此，每个参与人的战略空间Si=｛A，B，C｝。

得票最多的项目被选中，如果没有任何项目得到多数票，项目A被选中。

参与人的支付函数如下：U1(A)=U2(B)=U3(C)=2U1(B)=U2(C)=U3(A)=1U1(C)=U2(A)=U3(B)=0求解以上博弈的所有纯战略纳什均衡。

由上，ABC策略是无差异的，但均衡策略只能是参与人3选择A 策略，因此（A ，A ，A ）是一个纳什均衡。

如果参与人2选择B 策略，参与人3选择AB 策略是差异的，但均衡策略只能是其选择A ，因此（A ，B ，A ）是一个纳什均衡。

浙大考博微观真题

微观经济学
简答题：（必要时作图说明，每题10份）
1、运用完全竞争模型说明“看不见的手”及其作用。

2、解释消费者剩余，并说明消费者剩余如何在生产者和消费者之间分配的。

3、以“彩电市场”为例，说明厂商为什么走不出价格竞争的“囚徒困境”。

4、以职业经理为例，说明委托代理问题及其解决。

5、
计算题（每题10分）
1、会计利润和经济利润的计算及分析
涉及显性成本、隐性成本和机会成本的知识
某人1997年购入P＝5元的布料，而现在市场价格是P＝10。

生产一件衣服需要4小时劳动和4米布料，市场工资为10元每小时。

成衣市场价90元每件。

请计算会计利润和经济利润。

如果布料购入价是25，现在市场价是15，会计利润和经济利润又如何？
2、一个公司两个份工厂的生产决策。

总产量、均衡价格、各厂商的产量。

论述题（每题15分）
1、“企业利益相关者理论”产生的背景，主要理论观点及其在现实中的作用。

2、什么叫“公共物品”，举例说明如何解决公共物品问题。

浙江大学博士入学试题国际贸易-5页精选文档

西方经济学：2003年10月：一、计算1、差别定价2、经济增长二、简答1、跨期替代2、蒙-弗模型3、优惠券的经济学分析三、论述1、排污的经济学分析2、汇率变动与国际投机资本流动2004年10月一、计算1、不完全竞争2、消费决策二、1、艾奇涡斯盒状图2、为什么征税会产生无谓损失3、古骆模型4、IS-LM模型三、论述1、关税壁垒的小国福利效应2、论对公共物品的私人偏好05春一、1差别定价 2、生命周期计算二、1、学习成本学习曲线 2、古骆均衡3、不对称信息如何导致效率低下三、1、要素市场双边垄断 2、不同情况下（开恩司、货币主义）财政效应2006西方经济学一、计算题(20分）1、给出一个总成本函数TC=X3-16X2+96X，要求：求平均成本函数，边际成本函数，以及最小平均成本和其对应的产量2、给出消费函数C=0.8（1-t)Y、投资函数I=900-50i、税率t=0.25、政府支出G=800、货币需求函数L=0.25Y-62.5i和货币供给函数M/P=500，要求：1)计算IS方程、LM方程以及均衡的国民收入和利率。

2）当G=1000时，Y和i.二、简答题（40分）1、论述、比较、评价凯恩斯主义和货币主义对三十年代的大萧条的不同看法。

2、论述、比较、评价货币主义与理性预期学派对扩张性货币政策的不同看法。

3、对风险资产的需求4、阐述市场供给曲线是如何得到的，并要求图示。

三、论述题（40分）1、正负外在性与无效率：分析和比较2、排放费、排放标准以及可排放许可证：阐述和比较。

国际贸易与投资2002年10月一、简答1、学习曲线2、里昂惕夫之迷及其解释二、论述1、关税的成本-收益分析2、比较优势理论3、跨国公司转移定价的目的4、交易的三个维度2003年10月一、简答1、股票期权交易，并举例说明“看涨期权”2、什么是贸易条件，贸易条件的改变对一国福利的影响二、论述1、试述跨国公司在扩张过程中可能遇到的组织成本2、试述跨国公司的规模与其拥有的人力资本状况之间的关系3、请说明发展中国家贸易政策的特点，理论依据及其实施效果；并据此评述东亚奇迹和东南亚金融危机4、分析美国对中国巨额贸易赤字的原因05春一、1战略性贸易政策 2、不祥二、1、U、M型组织结构优缺点2、威廉母斯三维度3、垄断竞争模型和外部经济模型4、纺织品配额取消后对中国的影响2006春浙大国际贸易与投资一、简答题（20）1、康采恩的特点？2、内部规模经济和外部规模经济对市场结构的影响二、论述题（80）1、论述基于跨国并购的要素整合优势如何能成为跨国公司长期的和持久的竞争力？2、论述战略联盟的微观动因？3、论述国际贸易理论中的贸易所得的来源？4、自愿出口限制和进口配额对进口国和出口国的不同影响希望以上资料对你有所帮助，附励志名言3条：1、常自认为是福薄的人，任何不好的事情发生都合情合理，有这样平常心态，将会战胜很多困难。