The current situation of nuclear weapon
Shadowing and Antishadowing in Neutrino Deep Inelastic Scattering
a r X i v :h ep-ph/5795v17J ul25International Journal of Modern Physics A c World Scientific Publishing Company SHADOWING AND ANTISHADOWING IN NEUTRINO DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING IVAN SCHMIDT Departamento de F´ısica,Universidad T´e cnica Federico Santa Mar´ıa,Casilla 110-V,Valpara´ıso,Chile e-mail:ischmidt@fis.utfsm.cl The coherence of multiscattering quark nuclear processes leads to shadowing and anti-shadowing of the electromagnetic nuclear structure functions in agreement with measure-ments.This picture leads to substantially different antishadowing for charged and neutral current processes,particularly in anti-neutrino reactions,thus affecting the extraction of the weak-mixing angle sin 2θW .Keywords :Shadowing;neutrino.1.Introduction The weak-mixing angle sin 2θW is an essential parameter in the standard model of electroweak interactions.Until recently,a consistent value was obtained from all electroweak observables 1.However,the NuTeV Collaboration 2has determined a value for sin 2θW from measurements of the ratio of charged and neutral current deep inelastic neutrino–nucleus and anti-neutrino–nucleus scattering in iron targets which has a 3σdeviation with respect to the fit of the standard model predictions fromother electroweak measurements 1.Although the NuTeV analysis takes into account many sources of systematic errors,there still remains the question of whether the reported deviation could be accounted for by QCD effects.Here we shall investigate whether the anomalous NuTeV result for sin 2θW could be due to the different behavior of leading-twist nuclear shadowing and antishadowing effects for charged and neutral currents 3.The physics of the nuclear shadowing in deep inelastic scattering can be most easily understood in the laboratory frame using the Glauber-Gribov picture.The virtual photon,W or Z 0,produces a quark-antiquark color-dipole pair which can interact diffractively or inelastically on the nucleons in the nucleus.The destruc-tive and constructive interference of diffractive amplitudes from Regge exchanges on the upstream nucleons then causes shadowing and antishadowing of the virtual photon interactions on the back-face nucleons.The coherence between processes which occur on different nucleons at separation L A requires small Bjorken x B :1/Mx B =2ν/Q 2≥L A .An example of the interference of one-and two-step pro-cesses in deep inelastic lepton-nucleus scattering is illustrated in Fig.1.In the case12IVAN SCHMIDTwhere the diffractive amplitude on N1is imaginary,the two-step process has the phase i×i=−1relative to the one-step amplitude,producing destructive interfer-ence(the second factor of i arises from integration over the quasi-real intermediate state.)In the case where the diffractive amplitude on N1is due to C=+Reggeon exchange with interceptαR(0)=1/2,for example,the phase of the two-step ampli-tude is12(1−i)×i=12(i+1)relative to the one-step amplitude,thus producingconstructive interference and antishadowing.Due to the different energy behavior, this also indicates that shadowing will be dominant at very small x values,where the pomeron is the most important Regge exchange,while antishadowing will appear at a bit larger x values.Fig.1.The one-step and two-step processes in DIS on a nucleus.If the scattering on nucleon N1is via pomeron exchange,the one-step and two-step amplitudes are opposite in phase,thus diminishing the¯qflux reaching N2.This causes shadowing of the charged and neutral current nuclear structure functions.2.Parameterizations of quark-nucleon scatteringWe shall assume that the high-energy antiquark-nucleon scattering amplitude T¯q N has the Regge and analytic behavior characteristic of normal hadronic amplitudes. Following the model of Ref.4,we consider a standard Reggeon atαR=1Antishadowing3 Reggeon exchange.The resulting amplitude is:T¯u−p=σ s i+tanπδ(2π)3Cx2k1+k2 Z+N k1+k213R20,R0=1.123A1/3fm,and b=10(GeV/c)−2.Then the nuclear quark distributions are readily obtained,and we get predictions for the ratio of structure functions F A2/F N2,which gives an excellent de-scription of the experimental data5,6,showing both shadowing and antishadowing.Furthermore,it agrees remarkably well with the data for the ratio F neutrino2A /F muon2A.For details see Ref.3.We can now apply this same nuclear distribution functions to neutrino deep inelastic scattering in nuclei.Our results show that shadowing is similar for elec-tromagnetic and weak currents,but that there is a much stronger antishadowing effect for antineutrinos,and that neutral and charge currents give different anti-shadowing.Since in our nucleon quark distributions parametrization there is still some freedom,especially in the strange quark case,the details of these results could change,but certainly not the overall picture,which shows a substantially different antishadowing for charged and neutral current reactions.4IVAN SCHMIDT4.Nuclear effects on extraction of sin2θWThe observables measured in neutrino DIS experiments are the ratios of neutral current to charged current events;these are related via Monte Carlo simulations to sin2θW.In order to examine the possible impact of nuclear shadowing and an-tishadowing corrections on the extraction of sin2θW,we will consider the Paschos and Wolfenstein relation7R−N=σ(νµ+N→νµ+X)−σ(¯νµ+N→¯νµ+X)2−sin2θW ,(4)and a similar expression for the case in which there is a nuclear target(N→A).We estimate the nuclear effects on the weak mixing angle in the following way.First,we use the cross sections to calculate the Paschos-Wolfenstein ratios R−A(sin2θW)and R−N(sin2θW)for various values of sin2θW,and using the NuTeV cutoffs.Second,we extractρ2by means of Eq.(4).Wefind a weak dependence of ρ2on sin2θW andρ2very close to1.Finally,we use the obtainedρ2to extract the shadowing/antishadowing effect on the weak-mixing angle∆sin2θW from the modified relation:R−A(sin2θW)=ρ2 1。
核能源不是最好的选择英语作文
核能源不是最好的选择英语作文Nuclear energy can be obtained from various sources,such as oil,coal,natural gas,solar energy and windenergy.However,conventional energy such as oil and coal is rapidly exhausted.Moreover,due to technical reasons,solar heat can not be widely used immediately.Because of this kind of energy and gas pollution,people can't get enough pollution because they can't get enough oil and gas to control their lives There have been many accidents.However,when we use nuclear energy,such things will not happen,although when the nuclear leakage,it will cause great harm to people's health and the environment.We can do enough to avoid these things.But I still don't think nuclear energy is the best option.核能现在，能源可以通过石油、煤炭、天然气、太阳能、风能等各种来源获得，但石油、煤炭等常规能源正迅速被消耗殆尽，而且由于技术原因，太阳能热不能立即得到广泛应用。
我认为，不清楚的能源将取代常规能源，因为现在人们可以自由地控制这种能源，而不污染、取之不尽、比煤和石油安全得多的煤和石油燃烧，它们还产生许多有害气体，空气已经被这些气体严重污染，这将威胁到人们的生活环境，而且由于错误地使用这种能源而发生了许多事故。
核爆来临时该怎么办英文作文
核爆来临时该怎么办英文作文Nuclear weapon is a device that uses nuclear reaction to produce explosion. Due to shock wave, heat and radiation, nuclear explosion will cause a lot of damage and casualties.After a nuclear attack, it is essential to take a series of steps to prevent exposure to radiation. The first step is to seek refuge in the building to prevent radiation. Brick or concrete is most recommended. If you are warned of an imminent attack, you need to enter the nearest building immediately and stay away from the windows. This will help prevent explosions, heat and radiation from explosions. After the shock wave, we must enter the nearest shelter in less than 10 minutes to protect ourselves from radioactive fallout.In the event of a nuclear explosion, ensure that we have an "emergency supply package", which should include water, non perishable packaged or canned food, emergency medicine, battery powered radio, backup battery and flashlight. Mobile phone, SMS, TV and Internet services may be interrupted or unavailable. We can only try to listen to the latest information through a battery powered radio, which can continue to work after a nuclearexplosion. If you go out after radioactive fallout, you must take off contaminated clothes and clean or wash unprotected skin.。
nuclear power雅思大作文
nuclear power雅思大作文Nuclear power has been a topic of considerable debate for decades. Proponents argue that it is a clean and efficient source of energy, while opponents raise concerns about safety and environmental impact. This essay explores both sides of the argument and presents a balanced view on the role of nuclear power in our energy future.On one hand, nuclear power offers several advantages. It is a low-carbon energy source, which means it does not emit greenhouse gases during operation, making it a vital tool in the fight against climate change. Nuclear reactors are also highly efficient, capable of generating vast amounts of electricity with a small amount of fuel. This efficiency can help reduce dependence on fossil fuels and decrease the overall carbon footprint of energy production.Moreover, nuclear power plants operate continuously and can provide a stable base load of electricity, which is essential for meeting the growing demand for energy. Unlike renewable sources such aswind and solar, which are intermittent, nuclear power is reliable and can ensure a consistent energy supply.On the other hand, there are significant drawbacks to nuclear power. The most pressing issue is the safety of nuclear reactors. Accidents such as Chernobyl and Fukushima have highlighted the catastrophic consequences of nuclear meltdowns. The risk of radioactive contamination and the long-term storage of nuclear waste are also major concerns. The environmental and health impacts of these issues cannot be underestimated.Additionally, the construction of nuclear power plants is costly and time-consuming. The financial burden, along with the potential for construction delays and cost overruns, can be prohibitive for many countries. Furthermore, the proliferation of nuclear technology raises concerns about nuclear weapons proliferation and the potential for nuclear materials to fall into the wrong hands.In conclusion, nuclear power has the potential to be a key player in the transition to a low-carbon energy economy. Its efficiency and ability to provide a stableenergy supply are significant benefits. However, the safety, environmental, and financial concerns cannot be ignored. It is essential that rigorous safety standards are maintained and that research into safer reactor designs and more effective waste management solutions continues. Only with careful consideration of these factors can nuclear power be a sustainable and responsible part of our energy mix.中文翻译：核能一直是数十年来争议不断的话题。
对待核能态度英文作文
对待核能态度英文作文I think nuclear energy is a controversial topic. On one hand, it provides a large amount of power and can help reduce carbon emissions. On the other hand, the potential risks and dangers associated with nuclear energy are concerning.Nuclear energy has the potential to meet the world's growing energy needs. It is a reliable source of power and can help reduce our dependence on fossil fuels.However, the disasters at Chernobyl and Fukushima have shown us the catastrophic consequences of nuclear accidents. The long-term environmental and health effects of these disasters are still being felt today.Despite the risks, I believe that nuclear energy can be a part of the solution to climate change. With propersafety measures and regulations in place, it can help us transition to a more sustainable energy future.At the same time, we cannot ignore the fact that nuclear waste remains a major issue. The disposal and storage of nuclear waste pose significant environmental and public health risks.In conclusion, I believe that nuclear energy should be approached with caution. While it has the potential to provide clean and reliable energy, the risks and challenges associated with it cannot be ignored. We need to carefully consider the trade-offs and make informed decisions about the role of nuclear energy in our energy mix.。
Newclear Power
Is Nuclear Power the Answer?A group of prominent climate scientists wrote a public letter calling on environmental groups to embrace the need for a new generation of nuclear power plants as a way of addressing the problems of climate change. And a risk expert recently argued that fears of nuclear disasters far exceed the real hazards.Does it make sense to expand nuclear power for environmental reasons, or are there better alternatives?Nuclear Is Crucial to a Zero-Carbon EconomyMark Lynas is the author, most recently, of "Nuclear 2.0: Why a Green Future Needs Nuclear Power."The ideal approach would be huge amounts of both wind and solar power, but they cannot do the job without nuclear also in the mix.UPDATED NOVEMBER 14, 2013, 6:07 PMI fully agree with the climate scientists who are now so worried about climate change that they are reduced to pleading with the leaders of the green movement to drop their decades-long ideological opposition to nuclear power. As an author and campaigner on global warming for many years, I have tried to make the same case. In short, it makes no sense to try to tackle carbon dioxide emissions by eliminating one of the world's largest sources of zero-carbon power, as anti-nuclear environmentalists demand. This idea is not just implausible; it is mathematically absurd.For my recent book, ―Nuclear 2.0,‖ I did some climate modelling with the British Meteorological Office to try to investigate the climate change outcomes of different energy approaches. The conclusion was clear: The only pathway that has a good chance of delivering a manageable climate outcome (below 2 degrees centigrade of global warming) is one including a substantial deployment of new, safer nuclear power. This is not a nuclear-only pathway, by the way. I don't know anyone, not even in the nuclear industry, who claims that nuclear can do the job alone.The safest pathway from my models had huge amounts of both wind and solar power, with the world’s wind farms covering an area equal to Texas and New Mexico combined and2,500 concentrating solar plants in hot deserts. But all this renewable power cannot do the job without nuclear also in the mix, because poorer countries are seeking to vastly increase their energy consumption as their populations get connected to the electric grid for the first time. Energy scarcity is the enemy of development.Nuclear is also vital to supply a zero-carbon baseload – a consistent source that does not vary with the weather. With smart grids, energy efficiency and electricity storage options, renewables and nuclear can work together to create a grid with little or no carbon output. It makes no sense to think of renewables and nuclear as rivals.We Need a New Manhattan ProjectNaomi Oreskes is a professor of the history of science and an affiliated professor of earth and planetary sciences at Harvard University. She is the co-author of “Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming.”Promoting the use of nuclear power as a way to deal with climate change overstates the promises of the technology and understates the risks.NOVEMBER 14, 2013Ken Caldeira, Kerry Emanuel, James Hansen and Tom Wigley have done extraordinary work to document and understand climate change, so it’s significant that they are trying to jump-start a serious discussion of solutions. But like many distinguished scientists and engineers before them, they are overstating the promises of nuclear power, understating the risks and dismissing opposition as emotional and biased.After 50 years of effort, hundreds of billions of dollars in research, direct and indirect subsidies and a history of political support at the highest levels, the U.S. has only managed to generate 20 percent of its electricity through nuclear generation. Could we dramatically expand nuclear power in the U.S.? Perhaps, but the tragic events at Fukushima make it clear that we should not expand in seismically active zones, which rules out most of the west coast and some of the mid-continent. Neither should we expand nuclear power near heavily populated cities, which rules out much of the northeast and mid-Atlantic corridor. Nuclear power requires access to large volumes of water, which rules out much of the southwest.So we are left with the southeast, and parts of the midwest. Public acceptance of nuclear power is fairly high in some parts of these regions, and some plants have licenses for expanded capacity. But we’d still have to deal with the waste, something we’ve not yet been able to do.And that’s the point: nuclear power has never delivered on its promises. It hasn’t been the miracle technology that its advocates envisioned back in the 1950s, and it remains one of our most expensive sources of electricity. Citizen opposition explains very little of its high cost, most of which arose from difficulties inherent to the technology and its management.Several commentators, myself included, have argued for a new Manhattan Project on energy and the environment to develop options. This could include safer reactors, but also carbon capture and sequestration, improved efficiency and storage for renewable sources, better building design, and smart electricity grids, as well as regulatory and taxation structures that foster innovation and public acceptance.The Manhattan Project was only trying to do one thing — build a deliverable nuclear weapon to usein World War II — and there were several ideas on the table as to how to do it. The approach taken was not to decide in advance which technological approach was most likely to succeed, but to try them all. It was an expensive strategy, but it worked. This is what we need to do now.Like all analogies, this one has its limits. The Manhattan project was formulated in the absence of a scientific bureaucracy; a new Manhattan Project faces the risk that funds would be channeled into ―research as usual.‖ For security reasons, the Manhattan Project was highly concentrated; a new project would require diverse elements placed where expertise was greatest. The president should appoint a commission, comprised of business and academic leaders not currently invested (either financially or intellectually) in existing projects and programs, to develop a blueprint.One last thought. The scientists’ argument is founded on the presumption that energy supply ―must continue to grow.‖ But per capita electricity use in California has been nearly flat since the 1970s, so economic growth does not have to be tied to energy growth. It is also built on the presumption that emotions are an illegitimate basis for decision-making. Yet, emotions are as real as the technologies they respond to, and until we have a better understanding of people’s feelings about a proposed solution, until scientists and engineers begin to take seriously the social dimensions of technology, we are unlikely to achieve what we all agree is urgently needed.Price Fossil Fuels Out of the MarketZhao Zhong, a former nuclear engineer at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is the China program coordinator at Pacific Environment, an environmental group.Capping carbon emissions would make all the alternatives to fossil fuels more competitive and drive innovations in the clean energy sector.UPDATED NOVEMBER 15, 2013, 6:45 AMI agree that we should move away from our dependence on greenhouse gas-emitting fossil fuels at a faster pace and find replacements for our energy needs at magnitudes much greater than current expectations.Championing one technology, though, is a distraction. There’s little to be gained in engaging folks in a ―solar versus nuclear‖ battle.The single most important thing we must do is place a high price, or a strict cap, on carbon emissions to make fossil fuel energy less attractive when compared to other energy sources. We are at the beginning stages of capping coal in China but much more needs to be done. If we price coal and other fossil fuels to capture their true costs, it will immediately make all the alternatives to fossil fuels more competitive and drive innovations in the clean energy sector.In China there is huge room for growth in energy efficiency, solar and wind. Nuclear might have a role too, but I predict that it will be more limited than what these climate scientists were suggesting in their recent appeal.Nuclear has problems. To many of us in China and nearby regions, the Fukushima accident was a huge wake-up call on the dangers of nuclear power. First it set off a panic about food safety as millions rushed to grocery stores to buy salt, which helps to prevent illnesses associated with radiation. But more important, we realized that nuclear power creates serious environmental justice burdens: nearby communities face hugely disproportionate risks from a nuclear catastrophe.Nuclear energy itself is also not as low carbon as people think when you factor in true lifecycle costs, including mining uranium.I’d rather see our society focus on new technologies and policy incentives that promote the many safer, truly clean forms of energy. But it all starts with pricing fossil f uels out of the market. That’s the first step and the most important one.Nuclear Needs to Be an OptionNathan Myhrvold is the former chief technology officer of Microsoft, the founder and chief executive officer of Intellectual Ventures and vice chairman of the board of TerraPower, a company developing technologies for nuclear energy.No single breakthrough will fix climate change. We need to look at all available forms of energy, with the help of investments in new technology.UPDATED NOVEMBER 15, 2013, 12:00 AMThe future of the planet depends on all the ways we address climate change, not either/or options. If we are serious about curtailing the warming of the Earth, we need a rapid transition to the lowest emitting energy technologies. That means conserving energy where we can, deploying solar and wind technology where feasible, but it also means reassessing nuclear power.Nuclear energy technologies present a carbon-free option for electricity production that we can pursue immediately while we accelerate our pursuit of new technologies. The current state of the art nuclear plants have improvements in safety that make them safer in any rational measure than coal or gas plants. New designs minimize waste, incorporate inherent safety mechanisms and reduce proliferation risk. They are being pursued by private investments but their future is threatened by anti-nuclear fear mongering.Nuclear technology is scary to some people because they fear extremely improbable scenarios while ignoring the virtual certainty of climate issues. Ironically people who argue against nuclear on environmental grounds may contribute to a far greater environmental catastrophe. Unfortunately the physics of climate change makes the here and now danger too easy to ignore.About half of the temperature increase due to greenhouse-gas concentrations occur within a decade of carbon dioxide emission. Another quarter will play out over a century, and another quarter of the impact will take somewhat longer. This means that if we wait until temperature change becomes an obvious and immediate problem, we’ll only be half way through the warming caused by carbon dioxide that is already in the atmosphere. Even radical cutbacks at that point will not prevent another century of warming.No single breakthrough will fix climate change. Instead, we need to look at all available forms of energy — nuclear included — and push into a cleaner future.Question for discussion:Nuclear energy is the best source of power in meeting ever-increasing energy needs，To what extent do you agree or disagree?。
核发电英文介绍文章
核发电英文介绍Nuclear power generation is a kind of efficient and clean energy, with the advantages of safety, reliability and sustainability. With the increasing global energy demand, nuclear power generation is playing an increasingly important role in the energy structure. This paper will introduce the basic principles, advantages, development status and future trend of nuclear power generation.1. The rationale for nuclear power generationNuclear power generation is the principle of using nuclear energy into electric energy to generate electricity. Nuclear energy is the energy generated by the nuclear fusion or nuclear fission of protons and neutrons in the nucleus at high temperature and high pressure. The energy released during the nuclear reaction is converted into heat, which is then used by thermodynamics to convert heat into electricity.2. Advantages of nuclear power generationEfficient: Nuclear power generation is more efficient and can generate large amounts of electricity with less fuel.Clean: Nuclear power generation does not produce large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, with relatively little impact on the environment.Sustainable: Nuclear power generation can provide a stable supply of electricity and can play an important role in cases of energy shortages.Safety: Nuclear power generation has taken strict safety measures to ensure the safety and reliability of the nuclear reaction process.3. The development status of nuclear power generationAt present, many countries and regions around the world have established nuclear power plants, including the United States, France, China and so on. Nuclear power generation has been widely used in these countries and has become an important part of the energy structure. At the same time, with the continuous progress of technology and the reduction of costs, the competitiveness of nuclear power generation hasgradually increased, which has become an important direction of future energy development.4. Future trends of nuclear power generationThe development of small nuclear power plants: small nuclear power plants have the advantages of flexibility and strong adaptability, which can meet the needs of different countries and regions. In the future, small nuclear power plants will become an important trend in the development of nuclear power generation.Research and development of new nuclear reactors: New nuclear reactors have higher safety and efficiency, and can better meet the future energy needs. At present, some countries and regions have begun developing new nuclear reactors and will be put into use in the future.The combination of nuclear energy and renewable energy: the combination of nuclear energy and renewable energy can give full play to their respective advantages, improve the energy utilization efficiency, and reduce the impact on the environment. In the future, the combination of nuclear energy and renewable energy will become an important way to use energy.Application of digital technology: The application of digital technology can improve the intelligent level of nuclear power plants, improve the operation efficiency and management level. In the future, digital technology will become an important trend in nuclear power plant development.In short, nuclear power generation, as an efficient and clean energy source, has broad development prospects. In the future, with the continuous progress of technology and the change of energy structure, nuclear power generation will play a more important role in the global energy structure.译文：核发电是一种高效、清洁的能源，具有安全、可靠、可持续等优点。
核能源 英语作文
核能源英语作文Nuclear energy, also known as atomic energy, is the energy released from nuclear reactions. It is a highly efficient and powerful source of energy, capable of producing massive amounts of electricity.The use of nuclear energy has been a topic of debatefor many years. On one hand, it is a clean and reliable source of energy that does not produce greenhouse gases or contribute to air pollution. On the other hand, there are concerns about the safety and environmental impact of nuclear power plants, as well as the potential for nuclear weapons proliferation.Nuclear energy is harnessed through the process of nuclear fission, where the nucleus of an atom is split into two smaller nuclei, releasing a large amount of energy. This process is used in nuclear power plants to heat water and produce steam, which then drives turbines to generate electricity.One of the main advantages of nuclear energy is its high energy density, meaning that a small amount of nuclear fuel can produce a large amount of energy. This makes nuclear power plants very efficient and cost-effective in the long run.Despite its advantages, nuclear energy also has its drawbacks. The most significant concern is the potentialfor nuclear accidents, such as the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 and the Fukushima disaster in 2011. These accidents have raised serious questions about the safety of nuclear power plants and the long-term impact of radioactive contamination.In conclusion, nuclear energy is a complex and controversial topic that continues to be a source of debate and discussion. While it offers significant benefits in terms of energy efficiency and environmental impact, it also poses serious risks in terms of safety and security. As the world continues to seek sustainable and reliablesources of energy, the future of nuclear energy remains uncertain.。
核专业英语背诵材料2.0
Unit 1Helium---------------------氦uranium------------铀Gaseous state-----------气态的artificially------------人工的The perfect gas law------理想气体定律Boltzmann constant--- 玻尔兹曼常数neutrons --------------中子electrostatic -------静电的，静电学的Specific heat capacity--- 比热容Plank constant---------普朗克常量Fission----------------裂变fusion-----------------聚变Maxwellian distribution--麦克斯韦分布microscopic------------微观的Macroscopic-----------宏观的quantum number-------量子数Laser-----------------激光deuterium--------------氘Tritium----------------氚deuteron---------------氘核Trition----------------氚核atomic mass unit------原子质量单位Avogadro’s number----阿伏伽德罗常数binding energy----------结合能Substance-------------物质internal-----------------内部的Spontaneously --------自发地circular-----------------循环的Electronic ------------电子的neutral-----------------中性的Qualitative -----------定性的dissociation-------------分解分离Disrupt--------------使分裂A complete understanding of the microscopic structure of matter and the exact nature of the forces acting (作用力的准确性质) is yet to be realized. However, excellent models have been developed to predict behavior to an adequate degree of accuracy for most practical purposes. These models are descriptive or mathematical often based on analogy with large-scale process, on experimental data, or on advanced theory.一个完整的理解物质的微观结构和力的确切性质(作用力的准确性质)尚未实现。
核能的英语作文
核能的英语作文Nuclear energy, a product of the atomic age, has been a topic of intense debate since its inception. While it offers a seemingly limitless supply of power, it also carries the potential for catastrophic accidents and long-term environmental damage. This essay aims to explore the multifaceted role of nuclear energy in the modern world, touching upon its benefits, risks, and the ethical considerations that surround its use.Firstly, the advantages of nuclear energy are hard to ignore. It is a highly efficient source of power, producing vast amounts of electricity from a small amount of fuel. This efficiency makes nuclear power plants some of the most productive in the world. Additionally, nuclear energy is alow-carbon source of energy, which is crucial in the fight against climate change. Unlike fossil fuels, nuclearreactions do not emit greenhouse gases, making them an attractive alternative for countries looking to reduce their carbon footprint.However, the risks associated with nuclear energy are significant. The most pressing concern is the potential for nuclear accidents, such as those seen in Chernobyl and Fukushima. These disasters have had long-lasting effects onthe environment and the health of those living in theaffected areas. Moreover, the disposal of nuclear waste is a complex issue, as it remains hazardous for thousands of years.The search for safe, long-term storage solutions is ongoing and poses a considerable challenge.Ethical considerations also play a pivotal role indiscussions about nuclear energy. The technology can be dual-use, meaning it can be harnessed for both peaceful energy production and the creation of nuclear weapons. This raises concerns about proliferation and the potential for nuclear conflict. Additionally, there are questions about theequitable distribution of nuclear technology and the accessibility of its benefits to developing nations.In conclusion, nuclear energy is a powerful and controversial element in the global energy mix. While it provides a clean and efficient means of power generation, it also presents serious safety and ethical challenges. As we move forward, it is imperative that the international community engages in thoughtful dialogue and stringent regulation to maximize the benefits of nuclear energy while minimizing its risks. The future may hold advancements in technology that can address these concerns, but until then, the debate will continue tobe a critical part of our path to a sustainable energy future.。
nuclear energy 阅读理解
nuclear energy 阅读理解Nuclear Energy: An OverviewIntroductionIn recent years, nuclear energy has become a widely debated topic due to its potential as a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels. It is important to understand the fundamentals of nuclear energy to form an informed opinion on this matter. This article will provide an overview of nuclear energy, exploring its history, process, benefits, and drawbacks.1. Historical BackgroundNuclear energy has its roots in the early 20th century when scientists began to explore the potential of harnessing the energy released by splitting atoms. The discovery of nuclear fission by Otto Hahn in 1938 paved the way for the development of nuclear power plants.2. Process of Nuclear Energy GenerationNuclear energy is generated through a process known as nuclear fission. This process involves splitting the nucleus of an atom into two smaller nuclei, releasing a tremendous amount of energy. Uranium-235, a radioactive isotope, is commonly used as fuel in nuclear reactors.3. Advantages of Nuclear Energy3.1 Clean and Low Carbon EmissionsUnlike fossil fuels, nuclear energy does not emit large quantities of greenhouse gases, contributing to the mitigation of climate change. It offersa viable solution to reduce the world's reliance on carbon-intensive energy sources.3.2 High Energy DensityNuclear energy has a significantly higher energy density compared to traditional energy sources like coal or natural gas. This means that a small quantity of nuclear fuel can produce a substantial amount of electricity, making it more efficient and cost-effective in the long run.3.3 Energy SecurityNuclear energy provides countries with a reliable source of energy, reducing their dependence on external suppliers. It offers energy security and independence, crucial for national development and stability.4. Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy4.1 Radioactive WasteOne of the most significant concerns surrounding nuclear energy is the management and disposal of radioactive waste. Radioactive by-products generated during the nuclear fission process require safe storage and disposal methods to prevent any adverse environmental and health effects.4.2 Safety RisksAccidents, such as the incidents at Chernobyl in 1986 and Fukushima in 2011, have highlighted the inherent risks associated with nuclear energy. Although modern safety measures have significantly reduced the likelihood of such accidents, the potential for catastrophic events remains a concern.4.3 Limited Uranium ReservesNuclear power is reliant on uranium as its primary fuel source. While there are significant uranium deposits worldwide, their limited supply raises concerns about the long-term sustainability and availability of nuclear energy.5. Future Prospects for Nuclear Energy5.1 Advanced Reactor DesignsScientists and engineers are continuously developing advanced reactor designs, such as molten salt reactors and small modular reactors, aiming to enhance the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of nuclear energy.5.2 Nuclear FusionNuclear fusion, the process of combining atomic nuclei, holds immense potential for generating vast amounts of clean energy. Although it remains a complex and costly technology, ongoing research and international collaborations aim to make nuclear fusion a viable energy source in the future.ConclusionNuclear energy is a double-edged sword with its evident benefits and drawbacks. It is crucial to evaluate its potential against the backdrop of global energy needs and environmental concerns. As advancements continue and safety measures improve, nuclear energy may indeed play a significant role in transitioning to a sustainable and low-carbon energy future.。
英语阅读理解 核电站
英语阅读理解核电站Title: The Role of Nuclear Power in Meeting Global Energy NeedsNuclear power has long been a controversial topic, with arguments both for and against its use in energy production. However, as the global population continues to grow and energy demands increase, nuclear power is increasingly seen as a viable option to meet our energy needs. In this article, we will explore the role of nuclear power plants in meeting global energy requirements.Nuclear power plants generate electricity by harnessing the energy released from the splitting of uranium atoms. This process, known as nuclear fission, produces large amounts of heat, which is then used to generate steam. The steam is then used to turn turbines, which generate electricity.One of the main advantages of nuclear power is that it produces relatively low levels of greenhouse gas emissions. This makes it an attractive option in the fight against climate change. Additionally, nuclear power plants provide a reliable source of baseload electricity,ensuring a consistent supply of power even during peak demand hours.However, the use of nuclear power also comes with risks. The potential for accidents, such as the Fukushima Daiichi disaster in Japan, highlights the importance of stringent safety measures and regulations. Furthermore, the disposal of nuclear waste remains a challenge, with long-term storage and disposal methods still to be determined.In conclusion, nuclear power plants have the potential to play a significant role in meeting global energy needs. Their ability to produce large amounts of electricity without significant greenhouse gas emissions makes them an important part of our energy mix. However, it is crucial that we continue to invest in research and development to ensure the safe and sustainable use of nuclear power.。
高考英语二轮阅读理解精选专练(1)
语鹅市安置阳光实验学校2013高考英语二轮阅读理解精选专练系列（10）及答案AI had made up my mind a long time ago that I would not give a homeless person money, because Icould never be sure what that money would be used for. Instead, I decided, I would buy them a sand-wich, a cold drink on a hot day, a cup of coffee, whatever I could manage.I was out recently and saw a homeless man outside of a Starbucks. So I dropped another few coinsin and went into the Starbucks. I decided I would buy this man lunch. I bought a sandwich and soda.Just as I was leaving the store, two policemen were approaching the man. Obviously the shop owners had complained of his wandering and the police were there to draw him away from the storefronts.Just as they were ahout to wake him, I asked one of the officers if it was all right if I just gave the mansomething before he went. I was not sure why I asked the permission hut the policeman said sure and Ijust left the bag in the man's cart, got in my car and drove off.As I was driving off I remember thinking, "I hope people saw that". Then I had to seriously askmyself why I hoped people had seen me give the man a sandwich from Starbucks. Was it because I wanted people to think, "She' s such a nice person!" ? Why did I hope others had seen me do it ?continued to wonder this all evening.The next moning it came to me. I wanted people to have witnessed that small act of kindness not so that I would receive credit and praise but so that they might be inspired to do the same and in so doing that others still would witness their acts of kindness. Thus the whole spirit of pity and giving would be lasting.56. The underlined word "Starbucks" in the second paragraph is the name of a _A. shop .B. hookstoreC. hankD. man57. When the author saw the homeless man, he was _A. begging outsideB. buying goodsC. staying awakeD. falling asleep58. What's the purpose of the passage?A. To show the author is great. .zxxkB. To encourage people to help others.C. To introduce an experience that changed the author.D. To call on people not to give money to a homeless man.59. The author can be best described as _A. bad-temperedB. hard-workingC. kind-heartedD. self-confidentBAt the middle school level, there are many academic clubs in which students can participate. Stu-dents can choose clubs that focus on an area of interest.Mathcounts ClubMathcounts tries to increase excitement towards mathematic achievement. It hopes to provide stu-dents with the foundation for success in science, technology, engineering and mathematics careers.Schools select individuals and teams to participate in competitions. Local competitions are held inFebruary with winners progressing to state competitions and then to the national level. Mathcountsworks to challenge students' math skills, developself-confidence and give rewards for their achieve-ments.EnvirothonThe Envirothon program focuses on natural resources knowledge and exposes students to diverse(多种的 ) environmental issues, and ecosystem. The ecology field competition for five-memher mid-dle school teams offers competitions in wildlife, soil forestry, and current environmental issues. Stu-dents work and learn in middle school clubs and can compete at the local and state level.Future Problem SolversFuture Problem Solvers is an academic club that uses a six-step process to solve problems thatmay happen in the future. Students who are in the talented and gifted program, who like to "think out-side the box" or who enjoy thinking about futuristic problems may like this club. Teams made up offour students read future scenes and write up solutions in a booklet using the six-step process. Teamsthat score high enough can go to the state competition and then to the international competition.Builders ClubBuilders club is open to any nuddle school student who wishes to perform community service.Each Builders Club is co-sponsored hy a Kiwanis club and a middle school. The members learn by do-ing, and they learn organization, team-work, and leadership. Builders Clubs can sponsor a "Teacherof the Year" program, provide a recycling collection point, and organize canned food and clothing tosupport local shelters.Middle school academic clubs offer students a place to explore interests or talents. The club theyjoin in middle school can help guide choices in high school and beyond.60. Students choosing Mathcounts Club couldA. study wildlife and soilB. get help in science careers.C. perform community serviceD. enjoy solving future problems61. If you enjoy thinking about futuristic problems, _is a good choice for you.A. Mathcounts ClubB. Builders ClubC. EnvirothonD. Future Problem Solvers62. The students who are not interested in competitions would like to chooseA. Builders ClubB. Mathcounts Club .C. Future Problem SolversD. Envirothon63. What is the common feature of the four clubs?A. Competitions.B. LeadershipC. Exploration of talents.D. Scientific researches.CFor thousands of years, the most important two buildings in any British village have been thechurch and the pub. Traditionally, the church and the pub are at the heart of any village or town ,where the people gather together to socialize and exchange news.As a result, British pubs are often old and well preserved. Many of them have become historicsites. The most famous example is the pub in the city of Nottingham called "The Old Trip to Jerusa-lem". which dates hack to the year 1189 AD and is probably the oldest pub in England. However, British pubs are not just for kings and queens; they welcome people from all classesand parts of society. On a cold night, the pub's landlord or landlady can always find a warm place for you by the fire. There is always honest and hearty food and plenty of drink available at an affordable price.That' s how things used to be. Things are beginning to change. It is said that the credit crunch(信贷紧缩 ) is causing 39 British pubs a week to go out of business. People do not have enough spare money to spend on beer. Recently, the UK government banned (禁止) smoking in all pubs, and that may also have affected the number of customers going to pubs. This decline(衰退) is happening despite the fact that in 2005 the UK government started to allow pubs to stay open after 11 p.m. Previously, with 11 p.m. as closing time, customers would have to drink quite quickly, meaning they sometimes got more drunk than they would if allowed to drink slowly. The British habit of drinking a lot very quickly is known as "binge drinking", and it causes long-term health problems for people and problems with violent crime for communities.In order to save their businesses, pubs are trying to change with the market. British pubs now offer something for everyone. A lot of pubs used to be "Working Men's Clubs", meaning that women could not usually enter. Today, however, women can freely enter 99% of pubs without experiencing any problems. Perhaps things are changing for the betterafter all.64. The passage mainly tells us something about _A. the long history of British pubs B: the decline of British pubsC. the past and present of British pubsD. the importance of British pubs65. Which may not be the cause of the decline of British pubs?A. The credit crunch.B. The present closing time.C. The ban of smoking.D. Having no spare money.66. We can infer from the passage that____.A. binge drinking means drinking less beerB. British people used to like drinking slowlyC. closing the pubs early will reduce social problemsD. British government aims to discourage people from binge drinking67. We can see from the last paragraph that the author ____.A. holds an optimistic attitude towards the British pubsB. is against the admission of too many women to the pulbsC. thinks that women in the pubs will cause less social problemsD. thinks that British pubs should offer everything you needD With only two weeks to go before Christmas, buying presents is a lug priority for a lot of people. However, this year not so many people are leaving their homes to browse around the shops. These days lots of people do their shopping in the comfort of their own home with the help of the Internet.Online shopping is becoming more and more popular for a number of reasons: prices are often lower online, you don't have to queue up in busy shops and you can buy almost any product imagin- able with just a few clicks of your mouse.Computer trends are often man-dominated but this year women are expected to do more shop-ping on the Internet than men. It seems .that women are now more attracted to the convenience of on-line shopping than they used to be.Average spending online this Christmas by women will rise to $240 compared to the slightly lower average $233 for men, while the average spending per person on the high street is only $197. 70% of lnternet users, male and female, are now buying their Christmas gifts online.In the past a lot of people were unwilling to shop online. Many were worried about the security of entering their card details on the Intemet and the reliability of the Internet but as shopping; online has become more widespread, these worries have begun to disappear. 45% of Internet users still do have security worries but it hasn't slowed theever-increasing numbers of online shoppers.One victim of the online shopping boom is the UK high street. Christmas trading can represent up to 60% of turnover for some stores. Many companies are concerned that not enough shoppers are coming through their doors in the run-up to Christmas. As a result there are lots of special offers in the shops. Most shops traditionally have sales after Christmas but this year the bargains have come early.68. Why don't people browse around the shops to buy Christmas presents thus year?A. Because they don't have enough time.B. Because Christmas is two weeks away.C. Because they go shopping on the lnternet.D. Because it isn't convenient for them to leave their houses.69. Which of the following is NOT the reason for people liking online shopping?A. Lower prices.B. Using the bank cards.C. Saving time.D. Buying almost whatever you want.70. Why were people unwilling to shop online in the past?A. Because men were against shopping online.B. Because there were fewer goods on the Internet.C. Because people worried about the safety of their bank cards.D. Because they didn't trust the quality of the goods on the Internet.71. Many companies on the UK high street have special offers before ChristmasA. to beat online shopsB. to attract more customersC. to reward the customersD. to reduce the competitions among themEBERLIN-With the crisis in Japan raising fears about nuclear power, Germany and Switzerland said on Monday that they would reassess(重新评估) the safety of their own reactors.Doris Leuthard, the Swiss energy minister, said Switzerland would put off plans to build nuclear plants. She said no new ones would be permitted until experts had reviewed safety standards.Germany will put off "the recently decided extension of the running time of Cerman nuclear plants," Chancellor Angela Merkel told reporters. "This moratorium (延缓) will run for three months and it will allow for a thorough exanunation of the safety standards of the country's 17 nuclear power plants.The European Union called for a meeting on Tuesday of nuclear safety authorities to assess Europe's preparedness.Germany's foreign minister, Cuido Westerwelle, called for a new risk analysis of the counitry' snuclear plants, particularly regarding their cooling systems. He is the leader of the Free Democratic Party, which strongly supports nuclear power.A previous government,led by the Social Democrats, passed a law in 2001 to close all the country's nuclear plants by 2021. But Mrs. Merkel' s government changed that decision last year to extend the lives of the plants by an average of 12 years.In Switzerland, Doris Leuthard said she had already asked to analyze the exact cause of the problems in Japan and draw up new or tougher safety standards "particularly in terms of seismic(地震的 )safety and cooling."In Russia, the Prime Minister said his govemment would "draw conclusions from what's goingon in Japan."72. Where can you most likely read this passage?A. In a diary.B. In a magazine.C. In a science report.D. ln a newspaper.73. How will Germany react to Japan's nuclear crisis?A. Germany will change the decision made last year.B. Germany will close all the country's nuclear plants,C. Germany will hold a meeting of nuclear safety authorities.D. Germany will delay the extension of nuclear plants running time. .74. The author mentions all the following EXCEPTA. Russia will try to Ieam something from the nuclear power crisis in Japan.B. The Social Democrats in Germany shares the same view with the Free Democratic Party.C. The moratorium in Cermany will give time to examine the nuclear plants safety standards.D. Switzerland will not build new nuclear plants unless they meet the experts' safety standards.75. What is the best title of the passage?A. Nuclear Plants in Europe Are DelayedB. Europe Is against Building Nuclear PlantsC. Opinions on Nuclear Power Are Opposite.D. Watch Out for the Danger of Nuclear Power参考答案*****************************************************结束。
有关于核报道的英语作文
有关于核报道的英语作文Nuclear Energy: A Double-Edged Sword。
Nuclear energy is a powerful source of energy that has the potential to provide a significant amount ofelectricity to the world. However, it is also a double-edged sword that can cause catastrophic damage if not handled properly. The use of nuclear energy has been atopic of debate for many years, with some arguing that itis a clean and efficient source of energy, while others believe that it is too dangerous to use.One of the main advantages of nuclear energy is that it is a clean source of energy. Unlike fossil fuels, nuclear energy does not produce greenhouse gases or otherpollutants that contribute to climate change. This makes it an attractive option for countries that are looking to reduce their carbon footprint and meet their climate goals. Additionally, nuclear energy is a highly efficient source of energy, as it can produce a large amount of electricityfrom a small amount of fuel.However, the use of nuclear energy also comes with significant risks. The most well-known risk is thepotential for a nuclear accident, which can havecatastrophic consequences. The Chernobyl disaster in 1986 and the Fukushima disaster in 2011 are two examples of the devastating effects of a nuclear accident. In addition tothe immediate impact on human health and the environment, a nuclear accident can also have long-term effects, such asthe displacement of communities and the loss of livelihoods.Another risk associated with nuclear energy is theissue of nuclear waste. Nuclear waste is highly radioactive and can remain dangerous for thousands of years. The safe disposal of nuclear waste is a major challenge, as it requires the storage of radioactive material for anextended period of time. If nuclear waste is not properly stored, it can pose a significant threat to human healthand the environment.Despite these risks, many countries continue to usenuclear energy as a source of electricity. In fact, nuclear energy currently provides about 10% of the world's electricity. However, the use of nuclear energy is not without controversy. Some countries, such as Germany and Switzerland, have decided to phase out nuclear energy in the wake of the Fukushima disaster. Other countries, such as China and India, are investing heavily in nuclear energy as a way to meet their growing energy demands.In conclusion, nuclear energy is a double-edged sword that has the potential to provide clean and efficient energy to the world, but also poses significant risks if not handled properly. As the world continues to grapple with the challenges of climate change and the need for sustainable energy sources, it is important to carefully consider the risks and benefits of nuclear energy. Only by doing so can we make informed decisions about the role of nuclear energy in our energy future.。
2022考研英语阅读核能烟雾消散之后
2022考研英语阅读核能烟雾消散之后The Fukushima crisis will slow the growth of nuclearpower. Might it reverse it?福岛危机将减缓核能的增长，但它是否会扭转其进展势头?FEAR and uncertainty spread faster and fartherthan any nuclear fallout. To date the crisis at theFukushima Dai-ichi nuclear plant in Japan, laid low bythe tsunami of March 11th, seems to have done littleif any long-term damage to the environmentbeyond the plants immediate vicinity or to publichealth. In fits and starts, and with various reverses,the situation at the plant has come closer to beingunder control.与任何核辐射相比，恐惊与惶惑的传播速度更快，范围更远。
迄今为止，因311海啸而陷入瘫痪的日本福岛第一核电站，看起来并没有对除电厂毗邻区域以外的环境和公众健康造成多大的长期损害。
伴随着事态的种种反复，福岛核电站的状况已在曲折中更加趋于受控。
But the immediate crisis is far from over. The temperature of the three reactors withdamaged central cores still fluctuates and water systems for the spent-fuel pools are jury-rigged at best. Contaminated food has been found a disconcertingly long way away, although itseems to be being kept out of the food chain.There are worries about tap water in distantTokyo.不过，眼下的危机远未结束。
The Debate Over the Use of Nuclear Energy
The Debate Over the Use of NuclearEnergyThe debate over the use of nuclear energy has been a contentious issue for decades, with strong arguments on both sides of the spectrum. Proponents of nuclear energy often cite its low carbon emissions and high energy output as reasons for its continued use. They argue that nuclear power is essential in the fight against climate change, as it provides a reliable source of energy without producing large amounts of greenhouse gases. Additionally, supporters of nuclear energy point to its potential to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and enhance energy security. On the other hand, opponents of nuclear energy raise concerns about the safety and environmental risks associated with nuclear power plants. The catastrophic accidents at Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, and Fukushima have highlighted the potential dangers of nuclear energy, including the release of harmful radioactive materials into the environment. Critics argue that the long-term storage of nuclear waste poses a significant threat to public health and the environment, as it remains radioactive for thousands of years. Another key point of contention in the debate over nuclear energy is the issue of cost. Building and maintaining nuclear power plants is a costly endeavor, with high upfront capital costs and ongoing expenses for safety measures and waste management. Critics argue that these costs make nuclear energy economically unfeasible compared to renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power, which have seen significant cost reductions in recent years. Furthermore, the proliferation of nuclear weapons is a major concern associated with the use of nuclear energy. The dual-use nature of nuclear technology raises fears that countries could misuse nuclear power infrastructure to develop nuclear weapons. This has led to calls for stricter international regulations and safeguards to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and ensure the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Despite these concerns, some argue that advancements in nuclear technology, such as small modular reactors and thorium-based reactors, could address many of the safety and environmental issues associated with traditional nuclear power plants. Proponents of these technologies believe that they offer a more sustainable and safer alternative to conventionalnuclear energy, with reduced risks of accidents and lower long-term environmental impact. In conclusion, the debate over the use of nuclear energy is complex and multifaceted, with valid arguments on both sides of the issue. While nuclear energy has the potential to play a significant role in addressing climate change and enhancing energy security, concerns about safety, cost, and proliferation remain significant barriers to its widespread adoption. As technology continues to evolve, it is essential to consider all aspects of nuclear energy and carefully weigh the risks and benefits before making decisions about its future use.。
山东省枣庄市台儿庄高考英语 短语总结、阅读理解训练(32)
台儿庄2014高考英语短语总结、阅读理解训练（32）及答案take (an active) part in (积极地)参加take a boat from across the (lake) 从(湖)的对面搭一艘船take a deep breath 深呼吸take a message for sb. 为(发信人)留个信take a message to sb. 给(收信人)留/传个信take a rest 休息take a seat 坐下take a taxi 找出租车、打的take a trip (因私)旅行take after ①长得像②追赶(美国英语)take along 携带take another two pills 再吃两粒药take around 带人参观take aside 把人带到一边take away 拿走take back ①拿回②退缩take care 小心take control of 控制take down ①写下、记下②拿下take from 从……取得take in ①欺骗②收留③吸入、拿进来take it easy ①别紧张、放松②掉以轻心take it for granted that…认为……是理所当然的take measures 采取措施take no notice of 没有注意take notes 做记录take notice that 把……列入考虑、对……注意take off ①起飞②脱下③离开take office 就职take on ①呈现、显现②雇佣③承担(工作)take one's attention 吸引某人注意take one's exam 某人考试take one's leave 离开take one's time 不着急、慢慢来take out (of sp.) (从……)拿出take over ①继承②接管take photographs of sb./sth. 给……拍照片take pity/mercy on sb./sth. 怜悯(可怜)……take place 发生take pride in 以……自豪take sb. up to sp. 带某人去某地take sb./sth. seriously 认真对待……take sides in 参加、参与take sides with 站在……一边take sth. as 把……看作take sth. for ①当作、看作②误认为……take sth. for granted 认为……是理所当然的take sth./sb. for ①把……当作(看作) ②误认为……是take sth./sb./doing for example 把……做例子take the place of 取代、代替take this street/road 走这条街(路)take to ①喜爱②养成(某种恶习)take turns at doing 轮流做……take turns to do sth. 轮流做……take two more pills 再吃两粒药take up ①占据(时间、空间) ②拿起③跟着别人说④从事talk of 谈到talk to oneself 自己对自己说talking of 谈起、谈到tear oneself away from 爱不释手tell lies/a lie 说谎tell the difference between A and B 区分A和B的不同tend to do 倾向tens of thousands of 成千上万的(加可数名词复数)than before 比以前than usual 比平时thanks for 多亏了thanks to 幸亏、由于That is (to say),…也就是说，……American NewspapersNo country in the world has more daily newspapers than the USA. There are almost 2000 of them, as compared with 180 in Japan, 164 in Argentina and 111 in Britain. The quality of some American papers is extremely high and their views are quoted(引用) all over the influence all over the country. However the Post and the Times are not national newspapers in the sense that the Times is in Britain or le Monde is in France, since each American city has its own daily newspaper. The best of these present detailed accounts of national and international news, but many tend to limit themselves to state or city news.Like the press in most other countries, American newspapers range from the“sensational”, wh ich feature crime, sex and gossip, to the serious, which focus on factual news and the analysis of world events. But with few exceptions American newspapers try to entertain as well as give information, for they have to compete with the attraction of television.Just as American newspapers satisfy all tastes, so do they also try and appeal to readers of all political persuasions(信念).A few newspapers support extremist groupson the far right and on the far left, but most daily newspapers attempt to attract middle-of-the-road Americans who are essentially moderate(中立的).Many of these papers print columns by well-known journalists of different political and social views, in order to present a balanced picture.As in other countries American newspapers can be either responsible or irresponsible, but it is generally accepted that the American press serves its country well and that it has more than once courageously exposed political scandals(诽谤)or crimes, for instance, the Watergate Affair. The newspaper drew the attention of the public to the horrors of the Vietnam War.63. There are fewer national newspapers in__________.A. Britain than in the USE.B. France than in BritainC. the USA than in Britain or FranceD. France than in the USA or Britain64. Most American newspapers try hard to entertain their readers because________.A.they have to keep up a good relation with themB.they have to compete with televisionC.they have to write about crime, sex and gossipD.they have to give factual news in an interesting way65. Many American newspaper attract readers of different political preference by__________.A.supporting extremist groups from time to timeB.inviting middle-of-the-road American to write articles for themC.avoiding carrying articles about extremistsD.printing articles representing different political viewpoint66. The passage is mainly about_________.A.the characteristics of American newspapersB.the development of American newspapersC.the function of American newspapersD.the advantages and disadvantages of American newspapers【解析】：本文介绍了美国的各种报纸为了适合各种口味，而呈现出不同的特征。
核能雅思大作文
核能雅思大作文Nuclear energy has been a topic of debate for many years, with proponents arguing that it is a clean and efficient source of power, while opponents raise concerns about safety and the long-term impact of nuclear waste. This essay will explore the different perspectives on nuclear energy, considering its advantages and disadvantages, as well as the potential for future development in this area.One of the main arguments in favor of nuclear energy is its low environmental impact compared to traditional fossil fuels. Nuclear power plants do not produce greenhouse gases, which contribute to climate change, and they have a smaller footprint than large-scale solar or wind farms. Additionally, nuclear energy is a reliable source of power, providing a consistent and steady supply of electricity, which is essential for meeting the energy demands of modern society.However, there are also significant drawbacks to nuclear energy, particularly in terms of safety and the management of nuclear waste. The catastrophic accidents at Chernobyl and Fukushima have highlighted the potential risks associated with nuclear power, including the release of radioactive materials and the long-term health effects on surrounding communities. Furthermore, the disposal of nuclear waste remains a major concern, as it can remain hazardous for thousands of years and there is currently no universally accepted solution for its storage and disposal.In considering the future of nuclear energy, it is important to acknowledge the potential for technological advancements to address some of these challenges. For example, the development of advanced reactor designs, such as small modular reactors, could offer improved safety and efficiency, while also reducing the amount of nuclear waste generated. Additionally, research into nuclear fusion, which has the potential to provide a nearly limitless and clean source of energy, holds promise for the future of nuclear power.Despite these potential advancements, it is clear that nuclear energy will continue to be a contentious issue, with strong opinions on both sides of the debate. It is important for policymakers to carefully consider the full range of implications associated with nuclear energy, weighing its potential benefits against the risks and challenges it presents. Additionally, public engagement and education are essential in fostering an informed and balanced discussion on the role of nuclear energy in our energy future.In conclusion, nuclear energy is a complex and multifaceted issue, with both advantages and disadvantages to consider. While it offers the potential for a clean and reliable source of power, there are significant concerns regarding safety and the management of nuclear waste. As we look to the future, it is important to approach the development of nuclear energy with caution and consideration for its broader impacts, while also remaining open to the potential for technological advancements to address some of these challenges. Ultimately, the future of nuclear energy will depend on a careful and balanced assessment of its potential benefits and risks, as well as the development of informed and inclusive decision-making processes.。