汽车租赁外文翻译文献
汽车外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 中英对照 汽车金融研究
Automobile finance researchAbstract:The automobile industry has hundred years history in overseas oneself. The people in carefully examine, savors these 100 year historical time, often saw is the automobile industry magnificent and the wheel nationality's abundance, but has neglected in this century hundred year, billowing automobile dust behind, some unknown hero - automobile finance service station plays vital role. If did not have at that time “the carapace insect” unsolvable with Germany Volkswagenwe rk famous “five Deutsche Mark credits” emerging, does not have today “the unparalleled in the world” automobile empire and world top level German automobile industry; If does not have the Ford automobile credit company to take the lead the automobile finance service to take the impetus auto sale the release lever, standard and gets down fixedly the automobile finance service with the corporate system way, and first uses the securitization in the world the way to allow temporary credit class of the continuously fund, also does not have today automobile industry mammoth and the common people lives the convenience to be quick. In a sense, had the automobile finance service, only then had today automobile industry, today aviation industry and now weather all mechanical manufacturing industries; Also had the automobile finance service, only then had human's radius of action hundred, thousand kilometer level spanning, had the humanity to benefit in the geography space and time expands the humanities spirit sublimation which, the movement speed enhanced brings.Automobile finance researchMust understand truly the automobile industry, must first read the automobile finance; must develop the automobile industry truly, must first develop the automobile finance. Domestic and foreign historical oneself after has made clear this point. China passes for several dozens years to attempt one to leave the automobile finance continuously, the independence develops the automobile industry pathway, the result it can be imagined. Is big until now, realized only then gradually, the automobile finance is the automobile industry ox muzzle, the automobile finance starts one of important keys which the society expends.Although automobile finance expends in the finance in the overseas society,after has become continues the real estate finance the second big finance, but in China whether needs to develop also has the very great dispute. In other words, whether does the automobile finance production and develop in a disorderly way may follow?On the one hand I according to Mr. Liu Fuyuan “the national economy space and time theory”, also “national economy development phase to economical thing and economic phenomena keeping in balance with guiding function” the viewpoint embarks, “deepens and “the consumption pattern has and the change rule” the angle from the finance”, had the development national economy stage space and time characteristic to the automobile finance service to carry on the analysis, proposed “the automobile finance was th e national economy develops the financial phenomenon which under the specific stage appeared inevitably” and “the consumption pattern operating law decided the automobile finance had the development” and so on the viewpoints.On the other hand I attempt through the automobile finance service to macroscopic economical and the microscopic economical function analysis, explained the automobile finance service enhanced the automobile production, the service, the expense domain fund use efficiency, strengthened the financial service superiority, thus further emphasized the automobile finance produces rationality: The automobile finance can adjust in the national economy movement three big contradictory: “Production and expense contradiction”, “turnover of capit al contradiction”, “credit (demand) and deposit (supplies) contradiction”;The automobile finance has “the high value transferability” to the automobile industry, has “the height dependence and the catalytic nature” to the tertiary industry, has “the high placement” to the employment;The automobile finance may play “the maintenance sale system to the automobile manufacturer, the conformity sale strategy, provides the market information the role”; the automobile finance may play to the car dealer “provide s goods in stock financing”, “transport business fund allows temporary credit”, “equipment financing” the role;The automobile finance may play to the automobile user “provides the expense credit”, “rents financing”, “service financing”, “the insurance business”the role;In brief, “the automobile finance can consummate socialized, the marketability financial service system”.Under the above analysis premise, I place the research and the writing key point the automobile finance concrete operation flow in several key questions, argues vigorously establishes a relative consummation the structure system.Because at present in domestic, but also does not have one special to discuss with the literature, even is one has the depth paper, studies the automobile finance question, I only then “look for a needle in a haystack”, seeks some fragmentarily, the dispersible material from the overseas university development facility and in the automobile finance service website.The innovation aspect, belongs in the rese arch area “runs the horse stable place”, the basically entire structure is new, but also is preliminary. According to “automobile finance historical development - - research system foundation; Automobile finance profit pattern - research system core; Automobile finance credit administration - - research system inner layer; Automobile finance financing mechanism - - research system outer layer: Automobile finance product development - research system surface layer” the order launches; In the research techniq ue, has mainly used “the comparison research” the method, in the Western economic, the finance study, the insurance study, the service management science, the financial engineering, consumer economics domain extensive cultivation and so on the marketing study, compatible and gathers, uses these theories to explain diligently the automobile finance the related question, and has formed some new viewpoints, mainly has “the automobile finance increment profit pattern” in the concrete content, “the credit reimburses ability management”, “the automobile finance multi-dimensional financing structure”, “the automobile finance financial product development”, “the automobile finance product achievements marketing” and so on.First, understands the automobile finance “the development history”.Has analyzed the automobile finance service company's general evolution history process and the current several kind of main existence form, including “bigautomobile manufacture enterprise attached”, “big bank financial group attached”, “independent type”; Has analyzed the automobile finance service company newly “the compound superiority”; Also analyzed “the economical globalization” in the process the automobile finance service to start to appear “the multi-dimensional strate gy”, “the deepened strategy” and “the hypothesized service” the trend of development.Specially has also analyzed the Chinese automobile finance special development experience and the advantages in this foundation. According to “the modern effective marke t hypothesis”, has analyzed “the interest rate control” in the situation, the Chinese automobile money market non-validity, has drawn some basic conclusions: Induces and the start huge individual deposit with the automobile finance service, supports the national economy high speed to grow continually: The automobile finance service is helpful “the automobile expends the leading” in the establishment the market pattern; The automobile finance service is helpful to the elimination “the automobile demand growt h regional characteristic incline” the question; The automobile finance service is helpful in the display uses the Chinese automobile storage quantity property. Also to develop the automobile finance service existence “the human vehicle to be contradictory”, “the road vehicle is contradictory” and so on the main restriction factor to carry on the appraisal, proposed specially: The automobile finance can “the creation supplies”, be the science solution above question “the key”.After the understanding automobile finance service historical present situation, has then analyzed the automobile finance service existence “the origin of life” - - the profit pattern. This also is further is proving the automobile finance existence “the rationality” the question.After the introduction automobile finance profit pattern basic meaning, I divide into it “the basic profit pattern” and “the increment profit pattern” two kinds, and from “service management theory”, “financial service theory” the angle, proved the automobil e finance service profit pattern “not to be possible to know touches the nature”, “the indivisibility”, “the different principle” and so on the characteristics, proposed “the automobile finance service profit pattern core factor was the customer loyal degr ee of satisfaction”, “the automobile finance serviceprofit pattern secondary factor is the automobile finance service transmission quality”. Also to “the market concentration degree”, “the market entered the barrier”, “the market mechanism” and so on the market parameters has carried on the description.I the Western economic “the market analysis” the theory introduction, will also analyze and obtain “the perfect competitive market to the automobile finance service profit pattern non-serviceability”, “hav e monopolized the market completely to the automobile finance service profit pattern non-serviceability”, “the monopoly struggled the market mechanism unexpectedly to the automobile finance service profit pattern serviceability”, “the oligopoly market to t he automobile finance service profit pattern serviceability” the conclusion, and has specifically analyzed under each kind of market condition, automobile finance service profit pattern running status.In this part, my another new viewpoint is, proved the automobile finance service to rise in value fully the profit pattern necessity, the concrete method, the fund composition, the investment principle, the investment portfolio. Also introduced I apply the investment bank fundamental research development one kind of typical automobile finance service to raise in value the profit pattern - “to buy the vehicle to manage finances the profit pattern”.If the automobile finance service profit pattern is a core, then the credit administration is controls this patt ern the key. After inspects “the credit theory”, “the consumer credit theory” these theory origin, has emphatically analyzed the automobile finance service credit system function and the automobile finance service credit system specific connotation and the category, emphasized the key point is eliminates the automobile finance the information dissymmetry, according to credit rank decision financing quantity and deadline. Also “paid (deposit) toself-to restrain the mechanism”, “the joint and several liability mechanism”, “the credit system mechanism” and so on the automobile finance service credit operations machine has manufactured the description, has established the measure automobile finance service individual loan risk and the automobile finance reimburses ability management the essential method, and established the automobile finance service credit system on our country to propose thecountermeasure.The automobile finance service financing structure plays is gathering accepts the fund the role, is the support, the guarantee automobile finance profit pattern display function “the power” .It both automobile finance profit pattern control, and reaction in automobile finance profit pattern, therefore, met down has conducted the research to it. The automobile finance service company finances the structure rationale to have “the financial capital to say”, “the banking capital circulation said”, and “the transaction expense said”. The automobile finance service financing history process has experienced “endogen financing”, “extraneous source financing” and “highly effective in extraneous source financing”. Has analyzed the automobile finance service company's financing structural model and the automobile finance service company best financing structure function, as well as the influence automobile finance Service Company finances the structure primary factor. Also with emphasis introduced the automobile finance service company's several kind of main financing form, specially introduced in the automobile finance credit property securitization financing form, in the automobile finance service intangible asset capitalization financing strategy, in the automobile finance service special permission management financing strategy, in the automobile finance service project financing strategy, the automobile finance service level border financing strategy.The automobile finance service product development sells the camp is the entire system final link, it realizes the automobile finance profit pattern tool, is the automobile finance credit administration carrier, is the automobile finance financing mechanism operation goal.The automobile finance service product makes a general reference thought the automobile transaction and the use allows temporary credit the financial structure which the fund carries on (quantity, deadline, cost and so on), the financial strategy design and the corresponding legal contract arrangement, is each kind of question solution which in the reality the automobile finance service station faces, including encompassment price optimization aspect automobile finance product; Encompassment circumvention sale policy, system development automobile finance product: Revolves the automobile expends in the process to have servicelink convenience, efficient and indemnificatory development automobile finance product. The automobile finance service product characteristic by took the general use commodity the automobile and decided as the financial service contractual relationship two big factors: Has “compound”, “the accuracy”, “the risk”, “the continuous nature”, “the selectivity” and so on;The automobile finance product design is in the finance study is most difficult one of richest challenging topics. It is the automobile finance analysis inverse problem. Automobile finance product design general flow, including “goal design”, “structural design”, “product fixed price”, “risk income characteristic analysis”, “product standardization”. The automobile finance product benefit appraised the method includes: “Profit margin discount law”, “information feedback law”.The automobile finance product development innovation is the China monetary system reform intrinsic request, the interest rate marketability, is develops the Chinese automobile finance product core and the key.Had the automobile finance service product, but also must open “the direct marketing channel”, “the straight multiple marketing channel”, “on the net the marketing”, carries on “the potency to the automobile finance product sale personnel to dr ive”, and to “the potency drove” has carried on the model description.The analysis opens the Chinese automobile finance service market existence “the merger and acquisition conformity”, “the market reorganization” and so on the tendencies, proposed carries out Chinese Silver Jail to meet the spirit, the perfect automobile finance service company governs the structure, the use “the independent pattern”, “the union pattern”, “the Chinese-foreign joint venture pattern”, establishes the Chinese specialized au tomobile finance service organization, impels the automobile finance service industry moderately to grow in advance, promotes our country automobile industry, the financial service industry overall competitive power.文献来源：/Article/Automotive/index.html汽车金融研究摘要：汽车工业在国外己有百年历史。
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外文文献原稿和译文原稿A New Type Car -- Hybrid Electric VehicleWith skyrocketing fuel prices and changes in weather patterns, many car manufacturers claimed to develop the kind of vehicles that will increase the mileage and reduce the emissions. Hybrid car is a kind of vehicle which can meet above requirements. A hybrid car features a small fuel-efficient gas engine combined with an electric motor that assists the engine.The reasons of building such a complicated machine are twofold: to reduce tailpipe emissions and to improve mileage. Firstly, hybrid cars are good for the environment. They can reduce smog by 90 percent and they use far less gasoline than conventional cars. Meanwhile, hybrid cars burn less gasoline per mile, so they release fewer greenhouse gases. Secondly, hybrid cars are economical. Hybrid cars, which run on gas and electricity, can get up to 55 to 60 miles per gallon in city driving, while a typical SUV might use three times as much gas for the same distance! There are three reasons can mainly account for that: 1) Hybrid engines are much smaller than those on conventional cars. A hybrid car engine is to accommodate the 99% of driving time when a car is not going up hills or accelerating quickly. When extra acceleration power is needed, it relies on the battery to provide additional force. 2) Hybrid gasoline engine can shut off when the car is stopped and run off their electric motor and battery.3) Hybrid cars often recover braking energy. Electric motors could take the lost kinetic energy in braking and use it to charge the battery. Furthermore, hybrids are better than all-electric cars because hybrid car batteries recharge as you drive so there is no need to plug in. Most electric cars need to be recharged every 50-100miles. Also, most electric cars cannot go faster than 50-60 mph, while hybrids can.Hybrid cars bridge the gap between electric and gasoline-powered cars by traveling further and driving faster and hybrid gas-electric cars are proving to be a feasible alternative at a time of high gas prices. So, in my opinion, hybrid cars will have a bright future.How Does Hybrid Electric Vehicle Work？You probably own a gasoline or diesel-engine car. You may have heard ofelectric vehicles too. A hybrid vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a combination of both. Hybrid vehicles utilize two or more sources of energy for propulsion. In the case of HEVs, a combustion engine and an electric motor are used.How it works depends on the type of drive train it has. A hybrid vehicle can either have a parallel or series or parallel-series drive train.Parallel HybridThe parallel hybrid car has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries.A parallel hybrid is designed to run directly from either the combustion engine or the electric motor. It can run using both the engine and the motor. As a conventional vehicle, the parallel hybrid draws its power from the combustion engine which will then drive the transmission that turns the wheels. If it is using the electric motor, the car draws its power from the batteries. The energy from the batteries will then power the electric motor that drives the transmission and turns the wheel.Both the combustion engine and the electric motor are used at the same time during quick acceleration, on steep ascend, or when either the engine or the motor needs additional boost.Since the engine is directly connected to the wheels in a parallel drive train, it eliminates the inefficiency of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and back. This makes a very effective vehicle to drive on the highway.Series HybridThe series hybrid car also has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries with the addition of the generator. The generator can be the electric motor or it can be another separate component.The series configuration is the simplest among the 3. The engine is not connected to the transmission rather it is connected to the electric motor. This means that the transmission can be driven only by the electric motor which draws its energy from the battery pack, the engine or the generator.A hybrid car with a series drive train is more suited for city driving conditions since the engine will not be subjected to the varying speed demands (stop, go, and idle) that contributes to fuel consumption.Series-Parallel HybridThe series-parallel configuration solves the individual problems of the parallel and series hybrid. By combining the 2 designs, the transmission can be directly connected to the engine or can be separated for optimum fuel consumption. The Toyota Prius and the Ford Escape Hybrid use this technology.Honda’s hybridFor those of you who have toyed with the idea of buying a hybrid but were discouraged by the price, you are not alone. In fact, despite the growing concern for the environment, not to mention the skyrocketing price of gas, hybrid cars still only represent a small percentage of global car sales, and a major reason for this is the cost.Hybrids are considered the wave of the future because they not only reduce emissions, addressing the issue of climate change, but they get great gas mileage, animportant consideration with the current price of oil. It should be noted that hybrids can also improve the power of the engine, which compromises any advantages in fuel efficiency and emissions. Whatever the application, however, the technology makes the cars more expensive.Because of this, they are the vehicle of choice for only a small niche of people who can afford them, and they currently enjoy a special status amongst the image conscious celebrity-set. For most average consumers, however, they are not an option.That may soon change.Honda Motor Corporation, one of the largest car manufacturers in the world and a leader in fuel efficient technology, has unveiled it’s plan to introduce a low-cost hybrid by 2009. If they can pull it off, they hope to make the hybrid a more mainstream car that will be more appealing to the general public, with the ultimate goal of achieving greater sales and broader appeal than their current incarnation.This, of course, is making Detroit nervous, and may signal a need for American car makers to start making greener and more fuel efficient vehicles, something they could afford to ignore in the past because hybrid cars weren’t worth their attention (due to such a small market share) while gas-guzzling SUVs have such high profit margins.Honda, meanwhile, has had to confront a growing need to compete with Toyota, which has not only grown to be the world’s largest automaker, but makes the car that has become synonymous with the hybrid movement, the Prius. Honda is therefore faced with the seemingly insurmountable task of challenging Toyota’s dominance in the market.Concurrently, Toyota is racing to lower production costs on the Prius, as well, which would hopefully result in a lower cost to the consumer. All eyes are on a potentially favorable car buyers market in 2009.In the meantime, with even adamant global warming naysayers warming up (no pun intended) to the possibilities of an ecological disaster on the horizon, maybe it’s time that we got over our need to drive huge SUVs and start moderating our fuel consumption.Then again, as gas prices hovering around $4.00 and with no ceiling in sight, we may have little choice in the matter.Engine Operating PrinciplesMost automobile dngines are internal combustion, reciprocating 4-stroke gasoline engines, but other types have been used, including the diesel, the rotary ( Wankel ) , the 2-srtoke, and stratified charge.Reciprocating means up and down or banck and forth, It is the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder blick, or engine block. The blick is an iron or aluminum casting that contains engine cylinders and passges called water jackets for coolant circulation. The top of the block is covered with the cylinder head. Which forms the combustion chanber. The bottom of the block is covered with an oil pan or oil sump.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder. However, this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars of trucks. The piston is attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin, called a piston pin or wrist pin. The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft. The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft, which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large beaings called rod bearings. Similar bearings, called main bearings, are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. Shown in Fig. 1-1The diameter of the cylinder is called the engine bore. Displacement and compression ratio are two frequently used engine specifications. Displacement indicates engine size, and compression ratio compares the total cylinder volume to compression chamber volume.The term stroke is used to describe the movement of the iston within the cylinder, as well as the distance of piston travel. Depending on the type of engine the operating cycle may require either two or four strokes to complete. The 4-stroke engine is also called Otto cycle engine, in honor of the German engineer, Dr. Nikolaus Otto, who first applied the principle in 1876. In the 4-stroke engine, four strokes of the piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle. Each stroke is named after the action it performs intake, compression, power, and exhaust in that order, shown in Fig1-2.1、Intake strokeAs the piston moves down, the vaporized mixture of fuel and air enters the cylinder through open intake valve. To obtain the maximum filling of the cylinder the intake valve opens about 10°before t.b.c., giving 20°overlap. The inlet valve remains open until some 50°after b.d.c. to take advantage of incoming mixture.2、 Compression strokeThe piston turns up, the intake valve closes, the mixture is compressed within the combustion chamber, while the pressure rise to about 1Mpa, depending on various factors including the compression ratio, throttle opening and engine speed. Near the top of the stroke the mixture is ignited by a spark which bridges the gap of the spark plug.3、 Power strokeThe expanding gases of combustion produces a rise in pressure of the gas to some 3.5Mpa, and the piston is forced down in the cylinder. The exhaust valve opens near the bottom of the stroke.4、Exhust strokeThe piston moves back up with the exhaust valve open some 50°before b.d.d., allowing the pressure within the cylinder to fall and to reduce ‘back’pressure on the piston during the exhaust stroke, and the burned gases are pushed out to prepare for the next intake stroke.The intake valve usually opens just before the exhaust stroke. This 4-stroke cycle is continuously repeared in every as long as the engineremains running.A 2-stroke engine also goes through four actions to complete one operatingcycle.However, the intake and the compression actions are combined in one seroke, and the power and exhaust actions are combined in the other stroke. The term2-stroke cycle or 2-stroke is preferred to the term 2-cycle, which is really not accurate.In automobile engines, all pistons are attached to a single crankshaft. The more cylinders an engine has, the more power strokes produced for cach revolution. This means that an 8-cylinder engine runs more smoothly bdcause the power atrokes are closer together in time and in degrees of engine rotation.The cylinders of multi-cylinder automotive engines arranged in one of three ways. 1、Inline engines use a single block of cylinder.Most 4-cylinder and any 6-cylinder engines are of this design. The cylinders do not have to be vertical. They can be inclined either side.2、V-type engines use two equal bands of cylinders, usually inclined 60degrees or 90degrees from the cach other. Most V-type engines have 6 or 8 cylinders, although V-4 and V-12 engines have been built.3、Horizontally opposed or pancake engines have two equal banks of cylinders 180degreeas apart. These space saving engine designs are often air-cooled, and are found in the Chevrolet Carvair, Porsches, Subaus, and V olkswagens. Subaus design is liquid cooled.Late-model V olkswagen vans use a liquid-cooled version of the air cooled VWhorizontally opposed engine.译文新型汽车----混合动力汽车在油价飞涨的今天，汽车制造商被要求发展一种排放低，行驶里程长的汽车。
融资租赁中英文对照外文翻译文献
融资租赁中英文对照外文翻译文献XXX LeasingSmall and medium-sized companies have XXX in the global economy。
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One of the main XXX without having to make a large upfront investment。
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which means that companies can stay up-to-date without having to make nal XXX.3.XXX LeasingXXX whether a small company will choose to lease or not。
One of the most important factors is the cost of leasing versus the cost of purchasing。
Small XXX associated with each n in order to make an XXX.Another factor that can XXX is the length of the XXX。
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it is XXX.At the turn of the 20th century。
mass n methods neered by Ford Motor Company led people to believe that large-scale business enterprises were the way of the XXX well into the late20th century。
拼车服务外文文献翻译2019
拼车服务外文文献翻译2019英文Carsharing use by college students: The case of Milan and Rome Lucia Rotaris，Romeo Danielis，Ila Maltesec AbstractThe paper analyses carsharing (CS) use by college students in the Italian cities of Rome and Milan. We use an adapted stated preference approach to study CS preferences by collecting information on the individual mobility patterns and by distinguishing between commuting and non-commuting trips. We develop six hypothetical scenarios to explore how mobility decision would change when varying the characteristics of the current CS supply. We estimate a random parameter discrete choice model to evaluate CS preferences and simulated CS demand. The main finding is that college students use CS on an occasional basis and vary rarely their habitual transport choice. The students prefer the free-floating CS type over the station-based or roundtrip one. Lower fares and a higher CS supply of preferably electric cars would increase the number of CS student users from the current 2% to up to 10–15%. CS substitutes mainly the private car and, to a lesser extent, public transport.Keywords：Carsharing，College students，Stated preference，Travel demand1. IntroductionIn the last four years, Italian cities have experienced a large increase in carsharing (CS) service supply. In Italy, CS is offered by two types of organization: state-sponsored companies and private companies. The former offer either a roundtripor a station-based service, and some of them are supported by the Car Sharing Initiative (ICS, Iniziativa Car Sharing), promoted and financed by the Ministry of the Environment (Ministero dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, 2018). According to Istat (2016), in 2014 roundtrip or station-based CS was offered in 23 medium-large Italian cities. In the years 2011–2014, the number of available vehicles increased from 656 to 915 and the number of stations increased from 435 to 521. The real game changer was the market entry of the private companies supplying free-floating systems. It is estimated that, in total, by the end of 2017 7,679 CS cars were in service, managed by 29 CS companies (Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare, 2018).Notwithstanding the recent growth, many areas of uncertainty exist and deserve more research. An important one regards the CS demand. The CS market is still in its initial phase. The suppliers are adjusting their business models in an effort to control costs and make a profit. The users have yet to adapt their transport mode choices. It is unclear whether CS is used merely on occasional basis or if it is to some extent a habitualtransport mode choice. The preference structure of CS demand is unknown. The CS providers need to know the preferences of the current and potential demand in order to better meet the customers’ needs and to increase their market share. Furthermore, in the Italian context, the substitution between CS and other transport modes remains, by and large, unexplored. This information is crucial not only for evaluating the impact of CS on social and environmental efficiency, but also for understanding the distributional impacts on other transport suppliers, and consequently, the acceptability of CS.In this paper these topics are analyzed with respect to college students attending the Universities of Milan and Rome. The research is specifically focused on college students because they represent an important current and potential segment of the CS market. A research conducted in 2016 involving 37 Italian universities and 70.000 individuals estimates that 11% of the university students interviewed use a free-floating CS service, while 4% use a station-based CS service. Lodigiani (2017)reports that in Milan 27% of CS members are college students and they use the service more frequently than the other market segments. A recent study carried out in Rome by the local administration reports that 90% of college students have a driver license but only 35% have a private vehicle and represent a promising and large potential segment for the CS providers. Moreover, it is wellknown that young generations are more sensitive to environmental issues and green products, and find it easier to accept technological changes, as found by Yu et al. (2016). Younger people have limited disposable income and find advantageous to use CS, since it allows them to avoid the fixed costs of owing a private car and the fees to be paid when travelling downtown (parking and congestion charges). Finally, as suggested by Martin and Shaheen (2011b), college students have a highly dynamic life, characterized by frequent moving, changes in roommates, employment, course schedules, and vehicles. Often, they live in different cities and houses during different times of the year. Their travel pattern can be very different from one year to the next. Consequently, it is advisable to study their mobility needs in a separate and segment-specific study.CS providers are aware of the importance of serving this particular market segment. In fact, they have launched pilot projects with many Italian Universities who, in an effort to attract more students, strongly support and partly finance the CS services inside their campuses. Universities frequently join CS schemes with the aim of offering additional services to students, faculty, and staff, promoting an environmentally-conscious image of their institution and decreasing on-campus parking demand (Zheng et al., 2009). These initiatives prove that, as reported by Millard-Ball et al. (2005) and, more recently,by Shaheen et al. (2009), CS providers deem important to enter university markets since these allow them to gain a foothold into new local urban markets.The choice of focusing on Milan and Rome is based on their importance within the Italian context and on the size of their student population, equal to 175 and 188 thousand students, respectively (Istat, 2016). Currently, in Rome CS is offered by 4 CS companies (Car2go, Enjoy, Share'ngo, Carsharing Roma), all providing a free-floating service except for Carsharing Roma, who offers a roundtrip and station-based service, for a total of 2,188 cars, 534 of which are electric-powered. In Milan, there are 6 companies: Car2go, DriveNow, Enjoy, and Share'ngo, offering a free-floating CS, and E-Vai and Ubeeqo offering station-based CS; in total, 3,290 cars are available, 788 of which are electric-powered. The two cities substantially differ in terms of transport accessibility. Commuting time takes longer in Rome (33 min) than in Milan (28 min). Milan offers a much larger supply of public transport services than Rome, 14.3 vs. 8.1 seat-km per 103 inhabitants, respectively, and it has a larger public transport modal share (37% vs. 27%). The implications for the CS use are unclear. On the one hand, higher public transport availability allows one to give up the private car and rely on CS for trip destinations that cannot be reached conveniently by public transport; on the other hand, it reduces the potential need for CS.The paper aims at contributing to the existing literature assessing: a) how many students take advantage of the existing CS service, how their preferences are structured and which role CS plays in satisfying their mobility needs; b) what are the students’ preferences for CS services; c) which transport modes are substituted by CS.2. Literature reviewCS is rapidly growing worldwide. According to Shaheen et al. (2018) in 2016 the compound annual member growth rate was 76%, the fleet growth rate was 23%, while the member-vehicle ratio was 95.6. Relative to the year 2014, in 2016 the world free-floating market share increased by 76% in membership and by 11.5% in the number of available vehicles. On the contrary, the roundtrip car sharing market share decreased by 16.2% in membership and by 3.6% decrease in the number of available vehicles.However, there is a lack of information at the micro level with regards to the socio-economic characteristics of the CS users. Initial evidence, based on small ad hoc surveys, is reported and discussed by Danielis et al., 2014, Danielis et al., 2016. On the contrary, the international literature is abundant. Table 2 lists some of the contributions. It is found that CS users are generally young, have a higher education level and high income, and belong to small households. They use public transport or non-motorized transport modes, live in larger cities, havestronger environmental awareness and a good CS knowledge. Consequently, college students appear to be a very promising target group for CS use.Some papers focus specifically on college students. Zheng et al. (2009) analyze the preferences for CS of the students, faculty and staff of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. They find that students are more likely to use CS than faculty and staff, and that the probability of joining a CS scheme positively depends on gender (if the students are female), environmental awareness and familiarity with a CS service, while it is negatively affected by private vehicle availability. Zhou (2013) studies the CS preferences of the employees of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) arguing that universities represent a niche market for CS. According to his research CS users are mostly female, in their late thirties, having an income level which is lower than the average, and using public transport services more frequently than the average. Most of them do not own a car and use CS especially for personal reasons. Danielis et al., 2014, Danielis et al., 2016 analyze the potential demand of a hypothetical CS service to be offered at the University of Trieste (Italy). They find that college students would largely benefit from the provision of a CS service, with an estimated potential CS demand equal to 31% of the students’ community.A number of papers discuss mobility management issues at theUniversity level, with no specific focus on CS. For instance, Rotaris and Danielis, 2014, Rotaris and Danielis, 2015 evaluate the effectiveness and the efficiency of different parking and regulation policies aimed at reducing the environmental impact of college students’ transport demand in Trieste (Italy). Dell’Olio et al. (2014) analyze the impact that parking regulation, bike-sharing and shuttle bus services could produce on transport demand at the University of Cantabria (Spain). Eboli et al. (2013)investigate the factors influencing the choice between walking and moving by a transit system at the University of Calabria (Rende, Italy).The substitution between CS and other transport modes has been dealt with in several papers, although not exclusively focused on students’ choices. This is a very relevant topic for the acceptability of CS, as Firnkorn (2012) argues. Most literature reports that CS substitutes private cars (Martin et al., 2010, Martin and Shaheen, 2011a) and reduces parking demand, though Stasko et al., 2013, Stasko et al., 2013find that car ownership of students living on campus is less affected than that of students living off campus. Finally, Burkhardt and Millard-Ball (2006) claim that many members of CS services might refrain from purchasing a car, or might even sell it after joining the scheme. The substitution between CS and public transport is discussed by Zoepf and Keith (2016) who find that the regular users of bus or train are more willing to travel farther to pick up a CS vehicle. This is interpreted as anevidence of a complementary relationship between CS and public transit, as already suggested by Douma et al., 2008, Cervero, 2009. Martin and Shaheen (2011a) argue that joining CS schemes increases overall public transit and non-motorized modal use. Efthymiou and Antoniou (2016) suggest, however, that CS compete with taxi services for social activity destinations as they share many features.3. Methodology and sample descriptionThe research methodology used in this paper is based on stated preferences data to analyse discrete choices. The pros and cons of such a methodology and data source are discussed at length in many papers (e.g., Louviere, 1988, Hensher and Cherchi, 2015, McFadden, 2017). The hypothetical bias is probability the most important limit of this approach which can be, at least partially, controlled combining revealed and stated preference data and carefully selecting the design of the choice experiments.With specific reference to investigating the choice of CS as an alternative\complement to other transport modes the setup of the experiment needs to take into account that:•the demand for CS is highly dependent on the mobility patterns which could be partly recurrent (such as work or study commuting) and partly non-recurrent;•a person\group of people might use many modes of transport orvehicles depending on the trip distance, trip purpose, weather, physical status, and so on;•CS systems are quite new and evolve over time: the growth rate of both network density and fleets are positive, and the market share and membership of free-floating services are increasing, while the station-based ones are decreasing.The research methodology draws from previous research carried out by the authors (Danielis et al., 2014, Danielis et al., 2016, Rotaris and Danielis, 2017). It consists in collecting detailed data, via face-to-face interviews, on the individua ls’ current habitual mobility pattern and on how it would vary under alternative hypothetical scenarios.3.1. The questionnaireThe interview consists of three parts. The first part collects data on the socio-economic characteristics of the respondent such as gender, age, income, possession of a driving license, number of family members with a driving license, number of cars owned within the family, knowledge of•fare, ranging from 0.20 €\min to 0.40 €\min, equivalent to a minimum of 12 €\hour and a maximum of 24 €\hour. The fare levels are based on the current Italian market values;•access distance to be walked to get the nearest vehicle, ranging from 0.5 km to 1.5 km. The access distance is linked to the density of the CS network\vehicles11;•propulsion system of the vehicle, which can be electric or with internal combustion. According to Wielinski et al. (2017), the distance to be travelled has a major influence on the choice between electric and internal combustion vehicles;•CS type, which can be roundtrip (the car has to be returned to the same CS station where it was accessed by the user), station-based (the car has to be returned to any station belonging to the CS organization), or free-floating (the car can be returned to any parking place within a given area).An efficient design was created using the Ngene software to be used in the hypothetical scenarios. Efficient designs, unlike the orthogonal ones, minimize the asymptotic variance and allow the analyst to obtain robust estimates even with small samples (Hess and Rose, 2009).3.2. The sampleThe survey has been carried out in Rome and Milan. In both cities considerable efforts have been made in order to promote CS use among college students. The questionnaires were administered at the Politecnico University of Milan in April 2016 and at the Roma Tre University of Rome in June 2016. The sample includes students attending the courses offered by the Departments of Engineering and by the Departments of Architecture in Milan, and the Departments of Political Science, in Rome. The number of students currently enrolled both at the PolitecnicoUniversity and at the Roma Tre University is about 40 thousands. Both universities are located in central areas. They are very well served by public transport (buses and underground trains) and offer limited parking space. Consequently CS, which provides users with free parking in public spaces, represents an attractive alternative to private cars, but competes with the cheaper public transport. The sample consists of 400 students (192 men and 208 women), living in Milan (257) or in Rome (143).Although the large majority of the sample (85%) is familiar with the CS service, only 20% of the students interviewed in Milan and 22% of those interviewed in Rome have, at least occasionally, used it. CS users are more frequent among students not having the availability of a car, in line with the results reported in the literature described in Section 2. No significant differences in terms of CS use could be detected distinguishing by gender (contrary to the evidence reported by TCRR, 2005, and Zhou, 2013).4. Results4.1. Habitual mobility pattern of the sampleBased on the information collected, the current habitual weekly mobility pattern is calculated. Table 6 reports the average number of trips performed by the students within a week by transport mode, trip purpose (commuting and non-commuting) and city.With regard to commuting trips, the prevailing transport modes arelocal public transport (bus, subway or tram) and walking.14 The situation is quite different, however, in the two cities. In Milan, having a denser public transport network, the average number of trips by public transport is twice as high as that by private car. In Rome, instead, the private car use is slightly higher than that of public transport. A striking difference concerns also the use of intercity trains, being much higher in the Milan than in Rome. CS, as a habitual transport mode, is used, although marginally, only in Milan.With regard to non-commuting trips, the private car is the most frequent transport mode both in Milan and in Rome, followed by walking and public transport. CS usage is low, although more frequent than for commuting trips (similarly to the evidence reported by Stasko et al., 2013, Stasko et al., 2013, Ciari et al., 2013) especially in Rome.In terms of individuals, 4 students (all located in Milan) reported that they currently use CS at least once a week in their commuting mobility pattern, while the number increases to 13 (7 located in Milan and 6 in Rome) when the weekly non-commuting mobility pattern is considered. Under the conditions of the hypothetical scenarios proposed, they would increase up to 28 for commuting trips and 36 for non-commuting trips.4.2. Preferences for CS serviceThe changes of the weekly mobility patterns stated by the respondents with respect to the hypothetical scenarios proposed in the lastpart of the interview allowed us to perform an econometric analysis. In order to better take into account the heterogeneity of the sample’s preferences and the correlation of the repeated observations collected from each respondent, we estimated a random parameters (or mixed) logit model.15The dependent variable of our models is a dummy variable which is equal to 1 if in the hypothetical scenario proposed the respondent states that s\he would perform at least one trip by the hypothetical CS service and 0 otherwise.Since 6 different hypothetical scenarios, both for commuting and for non-commuting trips, had been proposed to each respondent, we have collected 12 repeated observations for each individual: 6 regarding to the stated preferences for the commuting trips, and 6 regarding to the stated preferences for the non-commuting trips. A total of 4,800 observations have been collected over the whole sample.中文大学生使用拼车服务：以米兰和罗马为例摘要本文分析了意大利城市罗马和米兰的大学生使用共享汽车拼车的情况。
汽车租赁外语翻译文献
汽车租赁外语翻译文献
近年来，随着旅游业的繁荣以及出行方式的多样化，汽车租赁
行业成为许多人出行的一种选择。
本文翻译了两篇关于汽车租赁的
外语文献，分别为《汽车租赁业的增长》和《汽车租赁服务中的消
费者意愿》。
《汽车租赁业的增长》一文介绍了全球范围内汽车租赁行业的
快速增长，并分析了增长的原因及趋势。
该文指出，汽车租赁行业
的增长源于旅游业的发展，以及个人服务需求的增加。
此外，文中
还提到了共享经济对汽车租赁行业的冲击，以及行业未来的发展趋势。
《汽车租赁服务中的消费者意愿》一文则从消费者的角度出发，探讨了消费者在选择汽车租赁服务时的决策因素及意愿。
该文指出，消费者在选择汽车租赁服务时，主要考虑的因素包括价格、车型、
保险、车况等。
此外，文中还提到了消费者对于车辆卫生以及服务
质量的要求，以及服务提供商在满足这些要求上的应对策略。
综上所述，汽车租赁行业的快速增长，离不开旅游业的繁荣以及共享经济的冲击。
同时，服务提供商需要从消费者角度出发，满足消费者对于价格、车型、保险等方面的需求，并提高服务质量，来更好地应对市场竞争。
汽车租赁外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：An overview of customer complaints in car rental activities from Romania（罗马尼亚汽车租赁活动中的客户投诉概述）文献作者：Daniel C.OLA文献出处：《Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov》,2017, 10(2):117-124字数统计：英文2795单词，14714字符；中文4440汉字外文文献：An overview of customer complaints in car rental activitiesfrom RomaniaAbstract An ever growing tourism with a higher competitive market of services, the car rental segment is essential in the development of the tourist transport services, in order to fulfil and satisfy the mobility needs of the customers. The paper focuses on the identification of the most frequent complaints and the efficient management that can be implemented in order to minimize the negative impact that affects the car rental provider, and to effectively address the measures to regain the customer trust and brand loyalty.Key words: rent a car, brand loyalty, customer complaints, online customer feedback, tourism.1.IntroductionWorldwide, tourism represents 9% of the global GDP 2011, creating 255 million jobs. It is estimated that the tourism industry will grow with a rate of 4% each year in the next 10 years. It is estimated that by 2022, about 328 million tourism jobs will be achieved, or 1 out of 10 jobs worldwide will be in the field of tourism.Personal transportation modes have diversified greatly, and rental use in tourismarea can be one of the strategies to popularize tourism and new transportation vehicles.Tourism is more a social activity than economic and it involves people from all over the world with different cultures and habits and different expectations and understanding of the quality services.Regarding overall satisfaction of the rental service, most users were satisfied and want to use it in a tourism area as an alternative to, primarily, private cars. According to Nakamura H. 2016, users ranked the order of importance for car rentals as "safety", "convenience", "joy", and "mobility".World tourism organization (UNWTO), defines tourism as being summarized by the activities carried out by persons during travelling and accommodation in places outside their usual residence in a time frame that does not expand more than one year with the purpose of entertaining, doing business or other reasons.A tourism package is defined by having at least two of the following tourism services: accommodation, transport, lunch, leisure activities. These services are grouped and sold by a tourism agency at a certain price and are valid for at least 24 hours involving one accommodation over night.The tourism package is agreed upon signing of a contract that contains informations regarding the destination, means of transport, accommodation address and facilities, price, methods of payment and the terms in which the customer can file in a complaint.The first contact of the tourist is made with the transport service offered in the tourism package. The transport service represents the first impression of the tourist consumption and this is why the psychological impact upon the tourist is decisive.Even though researchers give considerable attention to the means of transport in tourism fields, it is unfortunate that cars played a secondary role in this concern. Problems and advantages that renting companies show by respecting to other services, it is important to note that the loophole in legal support looks to be for this activity an increasing limitation for further enhancement.Car rental services has evolved greatly and diversified so that today it representsa world industry governed by rules and national and international legislation.Car rentals represents a main component in the tourism industry as more and more travelers are using the rental services as a preferred choice of mobility. The main reason that many tourists turn to car rental is that the car rentals offer an increased mobility at an acceptable cost, in the frame of an extensive and continually expanding network of roads.2.Car Rental Complaints in EUThe rules applicable in this industry vary from state to state, although it is desirable that in the near future a standardization of car rental contracts to be implemented so that the rental process to be harmonized globally.Within the most recent European Policy for Tourism, the competitiveness of the European tourism industry is directly linked to the image of Europe and to its perception, as a collection of sustainable and high-quality tourist destinations. In such context, improving the profile of the European tourist destinations has become a main target. During the last years, the European Commission focused on the sustainable development of tourist destinations.A study published by the European Consumer Centre (ECC-Net), initiated by ECC Barcelona, wants to offer a new perspective regarding base contracts made for rental cars, according to known customer complaints. The aim of this study is to evaluate the best car rental service in order to implement appropriate regulations.The car rental business is one with awesome budgets due to its popularity in tourism and business trips worldwide. The broker service provider model is the dominant one with the brokers searching and negotiating with several providers for each reservation request. Moreover reservations life cycle in the aforementioned model is a complex process bearing exhaustive details and constraints that have to be met until a reservation is confirmed and deployed. Full reservations cycle enables automatic reservation treatment incorporating the most enhanced functional features demanded by brokers and service providers.Car rental market in Romania is made up of both large foreign companies andlocal companies. The touristic season in summer has an increase in the number of cars rented by Romanian citizens or foreigners traveling to the country for tourism purposes. Most customers are foreigners, their weight can reach up to 95% of total rental vehicles.Cheapest car rentals and the most sought by tourists are the cars categorized as in economy class. For these cars the rental price starts from 13 euros to 20 euros per day, while the price for premium cars can go well over 100 euros per day.It is estimated that about 80% of all customers who rent cars, are foreigners. Around 75% of all foreign customers rent a car for an average of 5 days.3.Management of Customer Complaintes in Car Rental ServicesGiven the growing appeal of the concept of destination loyalty in tourism marketing, it is highly important to investigate the travel expenditures of loyal vs. non- or less loyal visitors. Adopting the behavioral approach to loyalty, the spending patterns of visitors could be studied, while comparing between the different loyalty segments: no previous visit, one previous visit, and multiple visits. The analysis is based on an intercept survey.However, the loyalty segments are distinguished in their spending patterns at the destination, when first timers spend more on lodging, food and restaurants, and car rental, and the those with one or more previous visits spend more on gasoline, activities and entertainment, and shopping.In general, customers are reluctant to complain when faced with some inconvenience, especially when it comes to minor problems. They believe that their complaints will not alter the quality of service and therefore the time during which they assign complaints would be wasted.In reality, the exact opposite happens. Despite the fact that many customers do not complain directly to companies, they are very attractive idea to complain on the Internet in various forums and specialized websites. Customers thinking that their complaints can not change anything by addressing the company directly, customers will find a method of sharing their unpleasant experience using the Internet.4.Online customer complaints QuestionnaireA customer questionnaire was developed by a Romanian car rental company that was used from 2010 to 2012 in order to asses the customers satisfaction. The questionnaire was accessed on the Internet page and clients were able to access it after they benefited from the car rental services.The questionnaire sent to customers contains new quality assessment factors with corresponding marks awarded on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is very poor quality service and high quality service is rated by 5.A number of 3002 customers of different nationalities have completed the survey and average mark was calculated using the scores they gave for the service quality.The goal of the questionnaire was to asses the aspects of the car rental process that generate the highest level of complaints among customers and to apply changes in a most efficient way to correct deficiencies.The feedback from the customers was categorized in positive, negative and neutral comments and were represented in Figure 1. Out of all the 3002 customers that completed the questionnaire, 1109 (36.94%) have added a comment in which they justified the scores given or manifested their discontent on the services they received.Fig. 1. Complaints categories in car rental services based on the feedback questionareGenerally, customers who gave marks to an average greater than 3.5 areconsidered to be overall satisfied with the services offered by the company, while customers who gave marks to an average of less than 3.5 were considered to be unsatisfied with services in a lesser or greater level.This indicator for the assessment of service quality was the final mark (average of the evaluations given for each question) that offered a tool to identify the percent of dissatisfied customers that are willing to post a negative comment and how many of satisfied clients will offer a favorable comment to the company.4.1.Identification of the customers who leave positive or negative reviewsA major problem for the rental company are the customers that would give negative advertising. These unhappy customers can alter the negative perception of prospect customers who have never used the company’s services but would like it to if given the chance.There are situations where a company offers good services and still have negative reviews on specialized sites because the dissatisfied customers are more likely to advertise negative comments than to advertise the positive experiences. This particularly affects small businesses that tend to ignore the customers feedback.From the total participants in the survey 2612 customers gave a grade higher than 3.5 and 592 from them (representing 22.66%) also left a comment (Figure 2). Of the 390 clients who gave a rating of less than 3.5, a total of 363 left a comment describing what displeased them most.Very few of the clients who completed the questionnaire and were satisfied with the service left a comment (23%), while 93% customers who were dissatisfied left comments (Figure 2). If this situation remains when it comes to posting comments on specialized sites on the Internet, the damage brought to the company’s image is overwhelming.Fig. 2. Percentage situation of customers leaving comments categorized based on satisfaction It is important to know the percentage of customers who were dissatisfied with the service provided by the company and in the future will no longer return as a customer. To estimate the potential losses that the company recorded because these customers were not loyal, questions were used to determine the level of customer loyalty.From a total of 363 customers who complained about the services, 247 of them gave a score less than 3.5 to the question "Have you ever rented a car from us?". These customers most likely will not return to use the car rental services due to the inconvenience encountered.The percentage of dissatisfied customers that will no longer use the services of the company was of 68% from the total of dissatisfied customers. The percentage of dissatisfied customers that will return to use the services of the company was of 32% since they considered that the problems encountered were usual and would happen in any other company.4.2.Classification of Main Customer ComplaintsBased on the negative comments left by customers various complaints were identified and represented in Figure 3.Fig. 3. Pie chart of main customer complaintsThe main complaints were categorized and numbered in order to quantify the occurrence frequency and the percentage. From a total of 363 customers who complained about the services, 25% complaints were about the state of the car at reception (technical problems, cleaning), 16% complaints were related to employee behavior (attitude towards customers, punctuality, preparation), 12% were complaints about the fact that the car was different than the one originally booked by the customer (replacement car without consulting the client, providing a vehicle of category other than that requested or with different engines), 12% complaints were related to additional fees to be paid by the customers, 8% complaints were relating to additional accessories requested by customers ( GPS maps systems inoperable or outdated, inadequate child seats, audio systems flaws), 6% complaints related to customer requirement to wash the car before returning it, 21% different complaints that do not fall within any of the categories mentioned.4.3. Classification of customer Complaints according to the Country ofOriginPeople from different corners of the world perceive things differently or in this case the quality of service offered is depending on the cultural background of the customer. For example, a service that can have a very good quality in a South American or Asian eyes can be perceived as inferior in the eyes of European or North American and vice-versa.The purpose of this determination of complaints by nationality is to identify the most demanding customers so that the company's employees have a more appropriate approach towards them. Even if it seems somewhat discriminatory, it is a part of the customer relations management that the car rental company must act.In this study, the percentage of complaints by country of origin were acquired relative to the total number of complaints registered.Compared to the total number of customers in these countries, the most demanding customers by country of origin are presented in Figure 4. Clients who have complained leaving negative reviews of all customers according with the country of origin showed that the most demanding were clients from the country were the business was conducted.Fig. 4. Complaints by country of origin of the customerAccording to Figure 5, the most demanding customers are Romanians followed by British, French and Spanish.Fig. 5. The most demanding customers by nationalityRomanian tourists that were expatriates and came from other countries (mainly Spain and Italy) have been counted as Romanian, even if they have completed the questionnaire at their current country of residence.5.Evolution of Quality in Car Rental Services based on Customer FeedbackTo have a clear picture of the evolution of quality car rental services in the company it was necessary to identify the number of complaints registered each year and to relate it to the total number of clients who completed the questionnaire in that year. According to the survey, the trends in the quality of services for the years 2010, 2011 and 2012 was represented in Figure 6.Fig. 6. Evolution of customer negative feedbackThe percentages represented in Figure 6 are the total number of negative comments from a year compared to all customers who completed the questionnaire in that year.Therefore, in 2010, out of a total of 1,171 clients who completed the questionnaire, 184 (representing 15.71%) expressed their dissatisfaction with the services they had leaving a comment. In 2011, the 1,067 customers who have completed the survey, 110 (10.3%) have left a negative comment, 5% less than the previous year.This decrease in negative comments suggest an improvement in the quality of services. The year 2012 recorded a decrease of just over 1% of complaints compared with 2011, only 69 customers (9,03%) out of 764 expressed their dissatisfaction with the company's services.Overall, in the period 2010-2012 the company was headed in the right direction, with a decrease of over 6% of complaints in 2012 compared to 2010.6.ConclusionsDissatisfied customers, even though they represent a relatively small percentageof total customers, may have a negative impact on the company's image. This is caused by the fact that, as demonstrated in the analysis of the questionnaire, dissatisfied customers are more prone to express public reviews and comments than satisfied customers.The conclusions of the study reveal that since satisfied customers are far less kin to leave positive comments on the Internet this may give the impression that a higher percentage of customers are dissatisfied when the actual percentage is actually far less.Based on this result from the study, it is essential for any company to reduce the number of complaints in order to maintain a good image and when complaints exist to make everything possible for them to be manifested in an environment controlled within company and isolated from the exterior. This can be achieved by encouraging complaints made directly to the firm and in an modern and motivating environment such as a Internet platform built by the company.It is therefore in the direct benefit of the car rental company to facilitate and encourage the customer to express his complaints in a method that offers both moral compensation to the customer and a valuable feedback from him to know what corrective measures need to be taken.中文译文：罗马尼亚汽车租赁活动中的客户投诉概述摘要随着旅游业的不断发展和市场竞争的日益激烈，汽车租赁业在发展旅游交通服务中是必不可少的，以满足和达到客户的流动性需求。
英文版标准的汽车租赁合同3篇
英文版标准的汽车租赁合同3篇篇1Standard Car Rental AgreementThis Car Rental Agreement (the "Agreement") is made and entered into by and between [Name of Car Rental Company], with an address at [Address of Car Rental Company] (the "Lessor") and [Name of Renter], with an address at [Address of Renter] (the "Renter").1. Rental Vehicle: The Lessor agrees to rent to the Renter the vehicle described as follows:Make and Model:License Plate Number:Color:VIN:2. Rental Period: The rental period shall begin on [Start Date] at [Start Time] and end on [End Date] at [End Time]. The Renter agrees to return the Rental Vehicle to the Lessor at the end of therental period in the same condition as it was received, except for ordinary wear and tear.3. Rental Fee: The Renter agrees to pay the Lessor a rental fee of [Amount in words] per [Day/Week/Month]. The rental fee is due in full at the start of the rental period. The Renter also agrees to pay a security deposit of [Amount in words], which will be refunded upon return of the Rental Vehicle in good condition.4. Insurance: The Renter agrees to carry adequate insurance for the Rental Vehicle during the rental period. The Renter is responsible for any loss or damage to the Rental Vehicle during the rental period, including but not limited to accidents, theft, and vandalism.5. Additional Drivers: The Renter may designate additional drivers for the Rental Vehicle, provided that they are approved by the Lessor and meet all age and licensing requirements.6. Prohibited Uses: The Renter agrees not to use the Rental Vehicle for any illegal or prohibited purposes, including but not limited to illegal racing, carrying hazardous materials, or driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol.7. Maintenance and Repairs: The Renter agrees to maintain the Rental Vehicle in good condition during the rental period.The Renter is responsible for all costs associated with routine maintenance and repairs, except for mechanical failures due to normal wear and tear.8. Termination: The Lessor reserves the right to terminate this Agreement and repossess the Rental Vehicle if the Renter fails to comply with any of the terms and conditions of this Agreement.9. Governing Law: This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of [State/Country].In witness whereof, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement as of the date set forth below.Lessor:Renter:Signature: Signature:Date: Date:Please read and sign below to acknowledge your acceptance of this agreement.I, [Name of Renter], have read and agree to the terms and conditions of this Car Rental Agreement.Renter's Signature:Date:Leave a valid driver's license number, company name or credit card number as a guarantee of payment.篇2Car Rental AgreementThis Car Rental Agreement (“Agreement”) is entered into by and between [Car Rental Company] (“Renter”) and [Renter’s Name] (“Customer”) on [Date].1. Rental Vehicle: The Customer agrees to rent the vehicle described as [Year, Make, Model, License Plate] (“Vehicle”) from the Company for the duration specified in this Agreement.2. Rental Period: The rental period begins on [Start Date] at [Time] and ends on [End Date] at [Time]. Any extension of the rental period must be agreed upon by both parties in writing.3. Rental Charges: The Customer agrees to pay the Company the total rental charge of [Amount] for the rental period, which includes [List any other charges such as insurance, taxes, etc.]. The Customer also agrees to pay the Company a security deposit of [Amount] at the time of rental.4. Insurance: The Vehicle is covered by the Company’s insurance policy. The Customer is responsible for any damages to the Vehicle that are not covered by insurance. The Customer is also responsible for any fines, tolls, or parking tickets incurred during the rental period.5. Driver’s License: The Customer must provide a valid driver’s license at the time of rental. The Customer must be at least 21 years old and have a clean driving record.6. Use of the Vehicle: The Vehicle may only be driven by the Customer or an authorized driver listed in this Agreement. The Vehicle must not be used for any commercial purposes, racing, or illegal activities.7. Prohibited Activities: The Customer must not smoke in the Vehicle, transport pets, or exceed the maximum occupancy limit. The Customer must also comply with all traffic laws and regulations.8. Return of the Vehicle: The Vehicle must be returned to the Company at the end of the rental period in the same condition as when it was rented. The Customer is responsible for any damages or cleaning fees.9. Termination: The Company reserves the right to terminate this Agreement if the Customer fails to comply with any of the terms and conditions outlined in this Agreement.10. Governing Law: This Agreement shall be governed by the laws of [State/Country] and any disputes arising from this Agreement shall be resolved through arbitration.By signing below, the Customer acknowledges that they have read, understood, and agree to the terms and conditions of this Agreement.[Customer’s Signature] [Date][Company’s Signature] [Date]This Car Rental Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the Customer and the Company and supersedes any prior agreements or understandings between the parties.篇3Car Rental AgreementThis Car Rental Agreement ("Agreement") is made and entered into as of the date of signing by and between the Renter and the Car Rental Company (hereinafter referred to as "Company").1. Vehicle DescriptionThe Company agrees to rent to the Renter, and the Renter agrees to rent from the Company, the following vehicle:Make:Model:Year:License Plate Number:VIN:2. Rental TermThe rental term shall commence on the Date of pick-up and shall continue until the return of the vehicle on the Return Date specified in this Agreement. The Renter agrees to return the vehicle to the Company’s premises in the same condition as it was at the beginning of the rental term, normal wear and tear accepted.3. Rental PaymentThe Renter agrees to pay the Company the following rental fees:- Daily rate: $- Mileage rate: $ per mile- Late return fee: $- Cleaning fee (if applicable): $4. InsuranceThe Renter acknowledges that they are responsible for obtaining adequate insurance coverage for the vehicle during the rental term. The Renter must provide proof of insurance at the time of pick-up.5. Maintenance and RepairsThe Renter agrees to be responsible for all maintenance and repair costs incurred during the rental term, including but not limited to oil changes, tire rotations, and repairs resulting from accidents or misuse of the vehicle.6. Prohibited UsesThe Renter agrees not to use the vehicle for any of the following purposes:- Commercial purposes- Racing or other competitive activities- Towing or pushing of other vehicles7. Return of the VehicleThe Renter agrees to return the vehicle to the Company’s premises on the Return Date specified in this Agreement. The Renter shall return the vehicle with a full tank of gas, or pay a refueling fee as specified in this Agreement.8. Governing LawThis Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the state of [State], without regard to its conflict of law principles.9. Entire AgreementThis Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes all previous agreements and understandings between the parties.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement as of the date first above written.Renter Signature: __________________Company Signature: __________________。
汽车工程客运车辆中英文对照外文翻译文献
汽车⼯程客运车辆中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献(⽂档含英⽂原⽂和中⽂翻译)中英⽂翻译Passenger vehicles in the United StatesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThe neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (December 2007)Note: this article adopts the U.S. Department of Transportation'sdefinition of a passenger vehicle, to mean a car or truck, used for passengers, excluding buses and trains.The United States is home to the largest passenger vehicle market of any country in the world.[1]Overall, there were an estimated 254.4 million registered passenger vehicles in the United States according to a 2007 DOT study.[2] This number, along with the average age of vehicles, has increased steadily since 1960, indicating a growing number of vehicles per capita. The United States is also home to three large vehicle manufacturers: General Motors, Ford Motor Company and Chrysler, which have historically been referred to as the "Big Three." Chrysler however is no longer among the top three; but is number five, behind Toyota and Honda. The motor car though has clearly become an integral part of American life, with vehicles outnumbering licensed drivers.[2] StatisticsThe United States Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration as well as the National Automobile Dealers Association have published data in regard to the total number of vehicles, growth trends, and ratios between licensed drivers, the general population, and the increasing number of vehicles on American roads. Overall passenger vehicles have been outnumbering licensed drivers since 1972 at an ever increasing rate, while light trucks and vehicles manufactured by foreign marques have gained a larger share of the automotive market in theUnited States. In 2001, 70% of Americans drove to work in cars.[3] New York City is the only locality in the country where more than half of all households do not own a car (the figure is even higher in Manhattan, over 75%; nationally, the rate is 8%).[3]Total number of vehiclesAccording to the US Bureau of Transportation Statistics for 2009 there are 254,212,610 registered passenger vehicles. Of these, 193,979,654 were classified as "Light duty vehicle, short wheel base, while another 40,488,025 were listed as "Light duty vehicle, long wheel base." Yet another 8,356,097 were classified as vehicles with 2 axles and 6 tires and 2,617,118 were classified as "Truck, combination." There were approximately 7,929,724 motorcycles in the US in 2009. [4] According to cumulative data[1]by the Federal Highway Administration (FHW A) the number of motor vehicles has also increased steadily since 1960, only stagnating once in 1997 and declining from 1990 to 1991. Otherwise the number of motor vehicles has been rising by an estimated 3.69 million each year since 1960 with the largest annual growth between 1998 and 1999 as well as between 2000 and 2001 when the number of motor vehicles in the United States increased by eight million.[1]Since the study by the FHA the number of vehicles has increased by approximately eleven million, one of the largest recorded increases. The largest percentage increase was between the years of 1972and 1973 when the number of cars increased by 5.88%.Age of vehicles in operationIn the year 2001, the National Automobile Dealers Association conducted a study revealing the average age of vehicles in operation in the US. The study found that of vehicles in operation in the US, 38.3% were older than ten years, 22.3% were between seven and ten years old, 25.8% were between three and six years old and 13.5% were less than two years old. According to this study the majority of vehicles, 60.6%, of vehicles were older than seven years in 2001.[5] This relatively high age of automobiles in the US might be explained by unaffordable prices for comparable new replacement vehicles and a corresponding gradual decline in sales figures since 1998.[6] Also, many Americans own three or more vehicles. The low marginal cost of registering and insuring additional older vehicles means many vehicles that are rarely used are still given full weight in the statistics.The median and mean age of automobiles has steadily increased since 1969. In 2007 the overall median age for automobiles was 9.4 years, a significant increase over 1990 when the median age of vehicles in operation in the US was 6.5 years and 1969 when the mean age for automobiles was 5.1 years.[7] Of all body styles, pick-up trucks had the highest meanage in 2001 (9.4 years), followed by cars with a mean age of 8.4 years and van with a mean age of 7.0 years. As SUVs are part of arelatively new consumer trend originating mostly in the 1990s, SUVs had the lowest mean age of any body style in the US (6.1 years). The average recreational vehicle was even older with a mean age of 12.5. For all body styles the mean vehicle age increased fairly steadily from 1969 to 2001.[7] In March 2009, RL Polk released a study conducted between 2007 to 2008 which indicated that the median age of passenger cars in operation in the US increased to 9.4 years, and that the median age for light trucks increased from 7.1 years in 2007 to 7.5 years in 2008.SalesIn the year 2009, about 5.5 million new passenger cars were sold in the United States[6] according to the U.S. Department of Transportation. This figure “Includes domestic and impor ted vehicles." (Department of Transportation) The number of vehicles sold in the US has been decreasing at a gradual yet continuous rate since 1999, when nearly 8.7 million vehicles were sold in the US. Looking back at history however, reveals that such decline is only part of normal market trends and most likely only a temporary affair. Overall, 1985 was a record year with cars sales totaling just over eleven million.[6] While imports have been gaining ground in terms of units sold during the 2000s and have regained roughly the same market share they held in 1992, the sales of domestic vehicles are still more than double those of imported vehicles. It should be noted, however that the US Bureau of Transportation Statistics "Includes carsproduced in Canada and Mexico" as domestic vehicles as both countries are part of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), thus including many cars by Asian and European manufacturers - many V olkswagens are made in Mexico, Toyotas in Canada, also. In 2006 the sales of vehicles made in NAFTA states totaled 5.5 million, while the sale of imported vehicles totaled 2.2 million. 923,000 vehicles were imported from Japan, making it the greatest exporter of vehicles to the US. Germany was the second largest exporter of vehicles to the US, with 534,000 units exported to the US in 2006. Imports from all other nations, except Germany and Japan, totaled 729,000.[8]美国的客运车辆From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia这篇⽂章的中⽴性是有争议的。
融资租赁中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文资料外文翻译附录1：（原文）The Determinants of the Leasing of Small Companies1, international for small and medium-sized companies were discussedAt the beginning of the 20th century, appear with ford motor as a representative of the mass production methods, people believed in the enterprise of large-scale business is the trend of The Times. But last of the twentieth century ago in economics leading view also think big enterprise is efficient, the scale become the pronoun of efficiency, enterprise's economic development of large-scale become direction. Yet the century in the 1970s, a kind of traditional ideas beganchallenged. In 1973, the British scholar schumacher (E.F.S chumacher) published a small is a good book. Quickly and has caused a great echo. The author thinks that the western countries specialization, large-scale production pattern looks is solved "production problem", but actually is an illusion. This mode of production caused economic inefficiency, environmental pollution, resource exhaustion, and fostered many social problems. Therefore, must choose again a development pattern or way. Schumacher pointed out the development of large-scale and automation error, advocated the development of small and medium-sized intermediate technology. He thinks. To make the society "enduring" development, must go miniaturization, among the development of roads, especially to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and "intermediate technology". British prime minister Tony Blair also put forward by 2005 to the development of small businesses of British construction become heaven ".2, small and medium-sized enterprises in China's economy contributionSmall and medium-sized enterprises is an important means of technical innovation. Before world war ii, the century with different since the 1960s and 1970s gradually arisen on information technology and biotechnology as the core of the new technology revolution is mainly in small and medium-sized enterprises, and at least in lots of small and medium-sized enterprises tody develops. In the middle of the century ago, rich economies in the proportion ofsmall and medium-sized enterprises has been declining trend; In the middle of the century especially after the 1960s and 1970s, and small and medium-sized enterprises and started mass development (see Storey, D.J., 1994). This suggests that small and medium-sized enterprise is to adapt to this new trend of technological progress. According to statistics, so far, small and medium-sized enterprises in China has more than 800 thousand, accounts for the enterprise 99% of all. In since 1960s of rapid economic growth, industrial output value of new 76% above is created by small and medium-sized enterprises. Small and medium-sized enterprise output and realize profits tax have accounted for 60% of the national respectively and 407., in recent years in the total export, small and medium-sized enterprises accounted for about 60 percent. "no doubt, small and medium-sized enterprises has become the new growth point of boosting the national economy, promoting China's economic boom is the main driving force of uplink. About smes in the country's economy, the importance of roughly boils down to:First, provide employment opportunity, absorbing surplus labor force. Compared with large enterprises and small and medium sized enterprises are using more labor-intensive technology, so the development of small and medium-sized enterprises can help alleviate current employment pressure. In fact, although small and medium-sized enterprise role far more than that, but it is small and medium-sized enterprises of this feature, to medium and small-sized enterprisesfor people increasingly attention. Our country the industry and commerce registration of small and medium-sized enterprises, more than 1,500 million, accounts for the total enterprises ninety-nine percent, to be town provides seventy-five percent of the jobs.Second, create the mainstay of GDP. According to the above information: small and medium-sized enterprises in the national industrial output account for about 60, realize profits tax of up to 40%. Table 3-1 for our independent accounting industrial enterprises in 1995-2000 some data, including various types of enterprise of gross industrial output and the proportion of total assets, value added of industry and the proportion of total assets and profit tax amount to total assets ratio (namely fund LiShuiLv). We can find that, regardless of in the output value on the proportions still in proportion of small and medium-sized enterprises are superior to large enterprises. This shows that every unit fund of small and medium-sized enterprises than large enterprise creates more social wealth. But, in addition to 2000, small and medium-sized enterprises outside the capital LiShuiLv below large enterprises. So, in proportion with capital value LiShuiLv appears between some contradictions. Because the latter reflects the former distribution relationship, this is because of hard to get the bank low-interest loans to small and medium-sized enterprises to use capital interest of proportion of those enterprises.Lease financing background is socialized production developed market economydevelopment to a higher level, industrial products, developed countries and its relative surplus of industrial capital seek and develop new market, therefore in the investigation of its function and advantages, cannot be separated from the historical background. Only understand this historical background, can answer financing lease why produced in the 1950s and to worldwide development, rather than creating and developing in other time periods. Financing lease improved social reproduction pace, acceleration of capital goods circulation and consumption, drive investment demand and the fellowship demand expanded. Eventually have a promotion aggregate demand growth, and thus to promote full employment and economic development.3. Move investment demandBritish lease experts, the bott who specially in the world on the lease yearbook of literary theory and the effect. He said: "in fact, some governments are shifting in full-scale lease to stimulate domestic investment. They moved to increase employment desire from an" '. He in investigating the German and British examples. Conclusion: lease industry in ensuring the role of main domestic investment was profound. Governments also encourage leasing company for capital equipment finance to expand exports, in order to improve their producers in the international market competition in position. Lease financing are able to expand domestic demand, increase employment in plays a unique role, reason mainly has two sides, the first, the financing lease of the equipment suppliedwhatever is located where requires some personnel, this undoubtedly will increase employment; Second, governments for lease provides preferential tax reduced leasing companies and enterprise's financing cost, thus make many enterprises want to use lease form to carry on an investment, investment increase is apparent.4 our experienceOur country economy in the 1990s, has maintained a strong growth momentum. During this decade, there are eight years is the Clinton administration office. China's President economic commission chairman is 2001 Nobel Prize winner Joseph. SiDiGeLiCi as he died, but also by the Nobel Prize winner, lemon, the author of the article George gram rove lady janet "Aaron, which are both as a new Keynesian representative figures, they advocate information asymmetry theory that completely on market economic regulation is not solve all problems. As a free economy does not guarantee during the trade information symmetry, causing some areas of adverse selection (vicious circle) and moral hazard (credit crisis), this shows that our country was inclined to conditionally government intervention and control the market. Our country government to use tax and interest rate leverage to regulate the market, with investment policy caused investment direction. These again and lease have internal relations. Our so-called tuyuhun equipment leasing the financing lease of by the financing involving rates, strong city in the policy has led to $rising interest rates to leasebring the opportunity of the development. Our tax on rental industry has certain preferential, while rental industry is more relying on talent advantage and control the ownership of the lease objects legal status, make full use of our country to encourage investment preferential policies, and designed the system "lease", such as: "leveraged lease", "tax leasing", etc in accord with the government encourages investment direction lease modes, enlarged policy efforts, promote the economic development of our country. From our lease data can be found in a decade ago our lease permeability (leasing forehead occupies equipment investment proportion) is 32%, lease the forehead is $120 billion, after 10 years (1999), the leasing of statistical data, the lease 34.4% permeability is the forehead is 2260 billion dollars. Lease lease frontal doubled. Its economic permeability (rental amount of GDP) 30% of the proportion of GDP of China accounts for almost a third. Lease with the China economic double forehead, but no major permeability changes show that lease is not omnipotent, just a economic levers, from our own experience, lease for economic development in the ability to move around." Lease has so magical function, it mainly in the operation of the real rights and use "separation" concept in action, property and rights separation gave lease activities to enlarge government control of the will, become market between government and market between effective macro-control measures. From since 9/11, our country and take several rate cuts and tax adjustment policy, as well as expand access to war, lay particular stresson government input control economy components.Lease financing background is socialized production developed market economy development to a higher level, industrial products, developed countries and its relative surplus of industrial capital seek and develop new market, therefore in the investigation of its function and advantages, cannot be separated from the historical background. Only understand this historical background, can answer financing lease why produced in the 1950s and to worldwide development, rather than creating and developing in other time periods. Financing lease improved social reproduction pace, acceleration of capital goods circulation and consumption, drive investment demand and the fellowship demand expanded. Eventually have a promotion aggregate demand growth, and thus to promote full employment and economic development.附录2：（译文）小型公司融资租赁的决定因素l、国际对中小型公司的探讨20世纪初，出现以福特汽车为代表的大规模生产方式，人们相信企业的大规模经营是大势所趋。
租车和买车英文作文
租车和买车英文作文Renting a car can be a convenient option for short-term use. It allows you to have the flexibility of using a car without the long-term commitment of owning one. 。
Buying a car, on the other hand, gives you the freedom to use it whenever you want without having to worry about time restrictions or additional costs. It also gives you the opportunity to personalize and modify the car to your liking.Renting a car may be more cost-effective for occasional use, especially if you don't need a car on a daily basis.It saves you from the financial burden of car ownership, such as maintenance, insurance, and depreciation.Owning a car gives you a sense of stability and security, knowing that you have a reliable mode of transportation at your disposal whenever you need it. It also eliminates the hassle of having to rent a car everytime you need one.Renting a car allows you to choose different types of vehicles for different occasions, whether it's a small and fuel-efficient car for daily commutes or a spacious SUV for a weekend getaway. 。
车辆租用协议书英文翻译版范本
车辆租用协议书英文翻译版范本Vehicle Rental Agreement TemplateThis Vehicle Rental Agreement ("Agreement") is made on [date] between [Renter Name], with its principal place of business at [Renter Address] ("Renter"), and [Owner Name], with its principal place of business at [Owner Address] ("Owner").1. Vehicle RentalOwner agrees to rent to Renter the vehicle described as [vehicle make/model, license plate number, and VIN] (the "Vehicle") for the rental period beginning on [start date] and ending on [end date] (the "Rental Period").2. Rental RateRenter agrees to pay Owner a rental rate of [rental rate] per [day/week/month] for the entire Rental Period. Renter shall also pay any applicable taxes and fees.3. PaymentRenter shall pay for the Vehicle rental in advance. Payments made under this Agreement shall be made in [currency] by [payment method].4. Use of VehicleThe Vehicle shall be used solely for the purpose of [purpose of use] during the Rental Period. Renter agrees to take good care of the vehicle and return it in the same condition as when received. Renter shall not use the Vehicle for any unlawful purpose.5. InsuranceRenter shall provide evidence of insurance coverage for the Vehicle during the Rental Period. Renter is responsible for any damage or loss to the Vehicle during the Rental Period.6. IndemnificationRenter agrees to indemnify and hold Owner harmless from any and all claims, damages, judgments, expenses, and liabilities arising out of Renter's use of the Vehicle during the Rental Period.7. TerminationOwner may terminate this Agreement at any time if Renter breaches any of the terms and conditions set forth herein. Upon termination, Renter shall immediately return the Vehicle to Owner.8. Governing LawThis Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the People's Republic of China.9. Legal Effect and EnforceabilityAll provisions of this Agreement shall be binding and enforceable as written.10. Entire AgreementThis Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties and supersedes all prior and contemporaneous agreements, understandings, negotiations, and discussions between the parties.11. AmendmentThis Agreement may not be amended or modified except in writing signed by both parties.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Agreement as of the date and year first above written.[Renter Name]By: ______________________________Name: ____________________________Title: _____________________________[Owner Name]By: ______________________________Name: ____________________________Title: _____________________________。
去泰国租车英语作文
去泰国租车英语作文Renting a car in Thailand can be an exciting adventure, offering you the freedom to explore the country at your own pace. Here's a comprehensive guide to renting a car in Thailand:Choosing a Rental Company:When selecting a rental company, it's essential to opt for a reputable one with good reviews and a transparent rental process. Look for companies that offer comprehensive insurance coverage and have a wide range of vehicles to choose from. Major international rental companies like Avis, Budget, and Hertz operate in Thailand, along with local companies.Booking in Advance:To ensure availability and secure the best rates, it's advisable to book your rental car in advance, especiallyduring peak tourist seasons. Many rental companies offer online booking platforms, making it convenient to reserve your vehicle before arriving in Thailand.Required Documents:When renting a car in Thailand, you'll typically need the following documents:1. Valid Driver's License: You must have a validdriver's license from your home country or an International Driving Permit (IDP). Make sure your license is in English or accompanied by an official translation.2. Passport: A valid passport is required for identification purposes.3. Credit Card: Most rental companies require a credit card for the security deposit. Make sure your credit card has sufficient funds available for the deposit hold.Insurance Coverage:Before finalizing your rental agreement, carefully review the insurance coverage offered by the rental company. Basic insurance usually covers third-party liability, but additional coverage for collision damage and theft may be advisable for peace of mind. Some credit cards also provide rental car insurance coverage, so check if your card offers this benefit.Understanding Traffic Rules:Familiarize yourself with Thailand's traffic rules and regulations before driving. Keep in mind that Thais driveon the left side of the road, and road signs are typicallyin Thai with English translations in tourist areas. It's essential to abide by speed limits, wear seat belts, and avoid using mobile phones while driving.Inspecting the Vehicle:Before accepting the rental car, thoroughly inspect it for any existing damages or scratches. Note anydiscrepancies on the rental agreement and take photos as evidence. This documentation will protect you from being held responsible for pre-existing damage when returning the vehicle.Driving in Thailand:While driving in Thailand can be an exhilarating experience, it's crucial to exercise caution, especially in busy city areas and rural roads. Be mindful of motorbikes, pedestrians, and unpredictable traffic conditions. Avoid driving at night in remote areas, and always park your car in well-lit and secure locations.Returning the Vehicle:When returning the rental car, make sure to refill the gas tank to the same level as when you received it to avoid additional charges. Return the car on time to avoid late fees, and ensure it's in the same condition as when you rented it. The rental company will inspect the vehicle, and if everything is in order, they will release the securitydeposit hold on your credit card.Renting a car in Thailand can enhance your travel experience, providing you with the flexibility to explore the country's diverse landscapes and attractions independently. By following these guidelines and exercising caution while driving, you can enjoy a smooth and memorable road trip in the Land of Smiles.。
汽车租赁合同英文版6篇
汽车租赁合同英文版6篇篇1AUTOMOBILE LEASE CONTRACTThis Automobile Lease Contract (hereinafter referred to as the "Contract") is made and executed on [Date] by and between [Lessor Name] (hereinafter referred to as the "Lessor") and [Lessee Name] (hereinafter referred to as the "Lessee").PREAMBULEWHEREAS the Lessor is the rightful owner of the automobile described below and intends to lease it to the Lessee for the term specified under the terms and conditions agreed upon.NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and agreements contained in this Contract, the Lessor agrees to lease and the Lessee agrees to lease and operate the automobile described below upon the following terms and conditions:TERMS AND CONDITIONSArticle 1: Lease Vehicle DescriptionThe vehicle to be leased is a [Brand and Model] automobile with the following identification number/VIN: [VIN Number].Article 2: Term of LeaseThis lease shall commence on [Lease Start Date] and shall continue for a period of [Lease Term, specifying months/years].Article 3: Rental and PaymentThe Lessee shall pay the Lessor a monthly rent of [Rent Amount]. Rent is due on the first day of each month. Late payments will be subject to a late fee of [Late Fee Amount].Article 4: Use and Care of VehicleLessee shall use the leased vehicle solely for legitimate purposes and shall operate it in a safe and careful manner. Lessee shall maintain the vehicle in good condition, normal wear and tear excepted.Article 5: InsuranceLessee shall maintain the leased vehicle against all risks of physical damage and third-party liability. The Lessor shall be named as a loss payee on all insurance policies.Article 6: Ownership and RegistrationThe ownership of the leased vehicle shall remain with the Lessor. Lessee shall bear all costs related to vehicle registration, maintenance, repairs, and insurance.Article 7: TerminationThis lease may be terminated by either party giving written notice to the other party prior to the expiration of the term specified in Article 2. In case of default by Lessee, Lessor may terminate this lease immediately.Article 8: Default and RemediesIf Lessee fails to perform any obligation under this Contract, Lessor may, at its option, declare a default and exercise any or all of the following remedies: (i) terminate this lease; (ii) repossess the leased vehicle; (iii) seek monetary damages.Article 9: Warranty DisclaimersUnless otherwise specified in this Contract, Lessor provides no warranty for the condition or fitness of the leased vehicle. Lessee acknowledges that he/she has inspected the vehicle and is satisfied with its condition.Article 10: Limitation of LiabilityLessor shall not be liable for any indirect, consequential, or special damages arising from or in connection with this lease.Article 11: IndemnificationLessee shall indemnify and hold Lessor harmless from any claims, losses, damages, or expenses arising out of or in connection with this lease.Article 12: MiscellaneousThis Contract contains the entire agreement between the parties, and no modification shall be valid unless made in writing and signed by both parties. Any notice required by this Contract shall be given in writing and shall be deemed given when delivered personally or sent by certified mail. This Contract shall be governed by the laws of [Country/State].IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Contract in [City] on [Date].LESSOR: _____________________LESSEE: _____________________篇2Car Rental ContractThis Car Rental Contract is made and entered into by and between [Rental Company Name] and [Renter Name] on the [Date of Signing].1. Definitions and Interpretation(a) “Rental Company” refers to the company whose name appears at the beginning of this contract and that rents out cars to Renters.(b) “Renter” refers to the individual or entity that intends to rent a car from the Rental Company under this Contract.(c) The terms of this Contract shall be interpreted according to their plain meanings, and any ambiguity shall be resolved in favor of the Rental Company.2. Rental VehicleThe Renter rents from the Rental Company the following vehicle for the period specified in this Contract: [Insert Description of Vehicle, including make, model, year, color, license plate number].3. Term of RentalThe term of this rental shall begin on [Start Date] and end on [End Date]. The Renter shall return the vehicle to the Rental Company at the end of the rental period.4. Rental FeesThe Renter shall pay the Rental Company the following fees for the rental period: [Insert details of rental fees, including total amount, payment schedule, etc.]. All fees must be paid in full before the commencement of the rental period.5. Conditions of Rental(a) The Renter shall be at least 21 years old and possess a valid driver’s license.(b) The Renter shall not operate the vehicle under the influence of alcohol or any other substance that impairs judgment or ability to drive safely.(c) The Renter shall use the vehicle for lawful purposes only and not engage in any activity that is unlawful or dangerous.(d) The Renter shall maintain the vehicle in good condition and report any damage or malfunction to the Rental Company immediately.(e) The Renter shall not modify or alter the vehicle in any way without the prior written consent of the Rental Company.6. Responsibilities of the Rental Company(a) The Rental Company shall ensure that the vehicle is in good condition at the start of the rental period.(b) The Rental Company shall provide assistance in case of vehicle malfunction or accident during the rental period.(c) The Rental Company has the right to terminate this Contract immediately if the Renter fails to comply with any term or condition of this Contract.7. Insurance and Liability(a) The Renter shall be responsible for obtaining appropriate insurance coverage for the vehicle during the rental period.(b) In case of an accident, the Renter shall immediately notify the Rental Company and provide all necessary information.(c) The Renter shall be liable for any damage caused to the vehicle during the rental period, except for those damages that are covered by insurance.8. TerminationThis Contract may be terminated by either party without penalty if mutually agreed upon or in case of breach by either party.9. Disputes and LawsAny dispute arising from this Contract shall be resolved in accordance with the laws of the jurisdiction where this Contract is executed. Both parties shall endeavor to resolve any disputes through negotiation before resorting to litigation.10. MiscellaneaousIn Witness Whereof:The parties have executed this Agreement as of date first above written and signed with full understanding and mutual agreement as follows:Rental Company Name: _____________________Authorized Representative Signature:_____________________Date: _____________________Renter Name: _____________________篇3Car Rental ContractThis Car Rental Contract (hereinafter referred to as the “Contract”) is made and executed on [Date] by and between [Rental Company Name] (hereinafter referred to as the “Rental Company”) and [Renter Name] (hereinafter referred to as the “Renter”), c oncerning the rental of a motor vehicle.1. Definitions and ScopeThis Contract governs the relationship between the Rental Company and the Renter concerning the renting of a motor vehicle with detailed specifications listed below.2. Rental Vehicle DescriptionThe vehicle to be rented by the Renter from the Rental Company is described as follows:[Vehicle make, model, year, color, license plate number, identification number, engine details, etc.]3. Rental PeriodThe vehicle shall be rented for a period of [Specify duration –e.g., 30 days/weekly/monthly/etc.] starting from [Start Date].4. Rental Fees and PaymentThe Renter shall pay the Rental Company the following fees:a) Base rent: [Amount] per [Day/Week/Month].b) Additional charges for extras such as fuel, insurance, etc., if applicable.c) Any other applicable charges or taxes.Payment shall be made in full prior to the commencement of the rental period or as per mutually agreed terms.5. Responsibilities of the Rental CompanyThe Rental Company agrees to:a) Provide the Renter with a well-maintained vehicle in good working condition.b) Maintain the vehicle according to its schedule.c) Provide necessary documents for the duration of the rental period.d) Be responsible for any defects in the vehicle due to negligence on the part of the Rental Company.e) Ensure that all drivers employed by the Rental Company are duly authorized and qualified to drive the rented vehicle.6. Responsibilities of the RenterThe Renter agrees to:a) Use the vehicle only for legal purposes.b) Drive the vehicle safely and comply with all applicable traffic regulations.c) Return the vehicle in good condition at the end of the rental period, except for normal wear and tear.d) Be responsible for any damages caused to the vehicle due to negligence or misconduct on the part of the Renter or any person authorized by the Renter to drive the vehicle.e) Notify the Rental Company immediately of any defects or issues with the vehicle during the rental period.f) Pay any outstanding fees or charges related to the rental promptly upon demand by the Rental Company.g) Not sub-lease or allow any unauthorized person to drive the vehicle without prior written consent from the Rental Company.h) Comply with all applicable laws and regulations pertaining to the use of the vehicle.i) If applicable, ensure that all persons traveling in the vehicle are covered by insurance.篇4CAR LEASE CONTRACTThis Car Lease Contract (hereinafter referred to as the "Contract") is made and entered into by and between the Lessor and the Lessee, effective as of [Date] and shall continue as specified in Article 3.LESSOR:Name:Address:Contact Information:LESSEE:Name:Address:Contact Information:1. LEASED PROPERTYThe Lessor agrees to lease to the Lessee and the Lessee agrees to rent from the Lessor the following described vehicle:* Make/Brand: [Specify Brand]* Model: [Specify Model]* Year: [Year of Car]* Vehicle Identification Number (VIN): [VIN Number]* License Plate Number: [Plate Number]2. LEASE TERMThe term of this lease shall commence on [Start Date] and shall continue for a period of [Lease Duration] months/years. After the expiration of the lease term, unless otherwise agreed in writing by both parties, this lease shall terminate.3. RENTAL PAYMENTSThe Lessee shall pay the Lessor a total lease amount of $____ (USD) per month/year, payable at the beginning of each month/year. Any late payment shall be subject to a late fee of $____ (USD). Failure to make timely payments may result in termination of this lease and legal action.4. USE AND CONDITION OF THE VEHICLEThe Lessee shall use the leased vehicle solely for lawful purposes and shall comply with all applicable laws and regulations pertaining to the operation of the vehicle. The Lessee shall be responsible for maintaining the vehicle in good condition and shall promptly notify the Lessor of any accident or damage to the vehicle.5. INSURANCE AND REGISTRATIONThe Lessee shall maintain proper insurance coverage for the leased vehicle and shall provide evidence of such coverage to the Lessor prior to commencement of the lease term. The Lessee shall also be responsible for obtaining and maintaining all necessary licenses and registrations for the vehicle.6. EARLY TERMINATIONEither party may terminate this lease prior to its expiration date if agreed upon in writing by both parties or if there is a breach of this Contract by either party that cannot be cured within a reasonable period of time. In such case, the Lessee shall be responsible for any outstanding lease payments and any other amounts due to the Lessor.7. DEFAULT AND REPOSSESSIONIf the Lessee fails to comply with any term or condition of this Contract, the Lessor may, after providing reasonable notice to the Lessee, repossess the leased vehicle and terminate this Contract. The Lessee shall be responsible for any resulting damage or loss incurred by the Lessor.8. MISCELLANEOUSThis Contract shall be governed by the laws of the state in which it is executed. Any disputes arising from this Contract shall be resolved through binding arbitration or in a court of law located in [Arbitration Location]. Both parties have read and fully understand this Contract and have signed it voluntarily. This Contract may not be modified except in writing signed by both parties.LESSOR: _________________________ (Signature) Date:_________LESSEE: _________________________ (Signature) Date:_________篇5AUTOMOBILE LEASE CONTRACTThis Automobile Lease Contract (hereinafter referred to as the "Contract") is made and executed on [Date] by and between [Name of the Lessor], hereinafter referred to as "Lessor" and [Name of the Lessee], hereinafter referred to as "Lessee".Article 1: Lease ObjectThe Lessor agrees to lease to the Lessee and the Lessee agrees to lease from the Lessor the following automobile for the term specified in Article 3:* Make and Model of Automobile: [Specify]* License Plate Number: [Specify]* Year/Date of Manufacture: [Specify]* Vehicle Identification Number: [Specify]Article 2: Lease TermThe term of this lease shall commence on [Start Date] and shall continue for a period of [Lease Duration]. After the expiration of the lease term, the Lessee shall return the automobile to the Lessor in good condition, except for normal wear and tear.Article 3: RentThe rent for the automobile shall be [Amount] payable [Payment Frequency]. All payments shall be made in advance. Failure to make timely payments may result in late fees or termination of the lease.Article 4: Use and Care of AutomobileThe Lessee shall use the automobile solely for lawful purposes and shall not damage, alter, or modify the automobile without the Lessor's consent. The Lessee shall be responsible for any damage caused by negligence or misuse.Article 5: InsuranceThe Lessee shall maintain insurance on the automobile in an amount sufficient to cover any losses resulting from accidents or other risks. The Lessor shall be named as a loss payee on all insurance policies related to the automobile.Article 6: TerminationThis Contract may be terminated by either party in the event of a breach by the other party. In addition, the Lessor may terminate this Contract for convenience prior to the end of the lease term, upon giving reasonable notice to the Lessee.Article 7: Default and PenaltiesIf the Lessee fails to make timely payments or breaches any other term of this Contract, the Lessor may charge late fees or penalties as specified in this Contract. Such fees or penalties shall be clearly stated and reasonable.Article 8: Disposition of Personal PropertyAll personal property left in the automobile by the Lessee shall be considered abandoned. The Lessor shall not be responsible for such personal property and shall have the right to dispose of it as it sees fit.Article 9: OwnershipThe ownership of the automobile shall remain with the Lessor. The Lessee shall not claim any ownership rights in the automobile during the term of this Contract.Article 10: MiscellaneousThis Contract contains the entire agreement between the parties and no modifications shall be made to it unless agreed upon in writing by both parties. Any disputes arising from this Contract shall be resolved in [Place] under the laws of [Country/State].IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Contract on the dates specified below.LESSOR:Name: ________________________Date: ________________Signature: ________________________Address: ________________________Contact Information: ________________Email: ________________ Phone: ________________ LESSEE:Name: ________________________Date: ________________Signature: ________________________篇6AUTOMOTIVE LEASE CONTRACTPart 1: Contracting PartiesLessor:Name: _________________________Address: _________________________Lessee:Name: _________________________Address: _________________________Part 2: Lease ObjectThe Lessor agrees to lease to the Lessee and the Lessee agrees to rent from the Lessor the following vehicle for the term stated below:Vehicle Brand and Model: ________________Vehicle Identification Number (VIN): ________________Year of Manufacture: ________________License Plate Number: ________________Lease Term: From ________________ to ________________Part 3: Lease Terms and Conditions1. Payment Terms: The Lessee shall pay the Lessor a total lease amount of $______ at agreed installments, each due at the start of the month for a total of ________ months. Any late payments shall be subject to a late fee of $________.2. Vehicle Condition: The Lessee shall return the vehicle in the same condition as it was received at the commencement of the lease, except for normal wear and tear. Any damages beyond normal wear and tear shall be the responsibility of the Lessee.3. Maintenance and Repairs: The Lessee is responsible for ensuring regular maintenance of the vehicle as per the manufacturer's recommendations. Any repairs necessary due to negligence shall be borne by the Lessee.4. Insurance: The Lessee shall maintain insurance on the leased vehicle for the full term of the lease, covering losses due to accidents, fire, theft, and any other risks. The Lessor shall be named as an additional insured on all policies.5. Termination: This lease may be terminated by either party with a 30-day written notice. In case of default by the Lessee, the Lessor may terminate the lease immediately and retain any security deposit as compensation for damages or outstanding dues.6. Default: Failure to pay rent on time or comply with any other term of this lease agreement shall constitute default. In case of default, the Lessor may take possession of the vehicle and retain any security deposit to cover outstanding dues, damages, or costs incurred in repossession.7. Ownership: The Lessor retains full ownership of the leased vehicle. The Lessee has no right to sell, pledge, or otherwise dispose of the vehicle without the Lessor's consent in writing.8. Jurisdiction: This lease agreement shall be governed by the laws of the state where the leased vehicle is located and any disputes arising from this agreement shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of that state.9. Miscellaneous: Both parties shall perform their respective obligations under this agreement faithfully. Any amendments or modifications to this agreement must be made in writing and signed by both parties. This agreement constitutes the entire understanding between the parties and no oral agreements shall be binding on either party.Part 4: SignaturesThe Lessor and Lessee have read and understood this agreement and agree to be bound by its terms and conditions.Lessor Signature: _________________________ Date:________________Lessee Signature: _________________________ Date:________________This Automotive Lease Contract is made effective as of the date stated above and shall remain in full force and effect for the term specified.Note: Please make sure to consult with legal professionals before drafting or signing any legal document to ensure its validity and enforceability in your jurisdiction. This template is general information only and may not cover all legal aspects related to car leasing in your specific location.。
汽车租赁外文翻译文献
汽车租赁外文翻译文献文献信息：文献标题：An overview of customer complaints in car rental activities from Romania（罗马尼亚汽车租赁活动中的客户投诉概述）文献作者：Daniel C.OLA文献出处：《Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Bra?ov》,2017,10(2):117-124字数统计：英文2795单词，14714字符；中文4440汉字外文文献：An overview of customer complaints in car rental activitiesfrom RomaniaAbstract An ever growing tourism with a higher competitive market of services, the car rental segment is essential in the development of the tourist transport services, in order to fulfil and satisfy the mobility needs of the customers. The paper focuses on the identification of the most frequent complaints and the efficient management that can be implemented in order to minimize the negative impact that affects the car rental provider, and to effectively address the measures to regain the customer trust and brand loyalty.Key words: rent a car, brand loyalty, customer complaints, online customer feedback, tourism.1.IntroductionWorldwide, tourism represents 9% of the global GDP 2011, creating 255 million jobs. It is estimated that the tourism industry will grow with a rate of 4% each year in the next 10 years. It is estimated that by 2022, about 328 million tourism jobs will be achieved, or 1 out of 10 jobs worldwide will be in the field of tourism.Personal transportation modes have diversified greatly, and rental use in tourismarea can be one of the strategies to popularize tourism and new transportation vehicles.Tourism is more a social activity than economic and it involves people from all over the world with different cultures and habits and different expectations andunderstanding of the quality services.Regarding overall satisfaction of the rental service, most users were satisfied and want to use it in a tourism area as an alternative to, primarily, private cars. According to Nakamura H. 2016, users ranked the order of importance for car rentals as "safety", "convenience", "joy", and "mobility".World tourism organization (UNWTO), defines tourism as being summarized by the activities carried out by persons during travelling and accommodation in places outside their usual residence in a time frame that does not expand more than one year with the purpose of entertaining, doing business or other reasons.A tourism package is defined by having at least two of the following tourism services: accommodation, transport, lunch,leisure activities. These services are grouped and sold by a tourism agency at a certain price and are valid for at least 24 hours involving one accommodation over night.The tourism package is agreed upon signing of a contract that contains informations regarding the destination, means of transport, accommodation address and facilities, price, methods of payment and the terms in which the customer can file in a complaint.The first contact of the tourist is made with the transportservice offered in the tourism package. The transport service represents the first impression of the tourist consumption and this is why the psychological impact upon the tourist is decisive.Even though researchers give considerable attention to the means of transport in tourism fields, it is unfortunate that cars played a secondary role in this concern. Problems and advantages that renting companies show by respecting to other services, it is important to note that the loophole in legal support looks to be for this activity an increasing limitation for further enhancement.Car rental services has evolved greatly and diversified so that today it representsa world industry governed by rules and national and international legislation.Car rentals represents a main component in the tourism industry as more and more travelers are using the rental services as a preferred choice of mobility. The main reason that many tourists turn to car rental is that the car rentals offer an increased mobility at an acceptable cost, in the frame of an extensive and continually expanding network of roads.2.Car Rental Complaints in EUThe rules applicable in this industry vary from state to state, although it is desirable that in the near future a standardization of car rental contracts to be implemented so that the rental process to be harmonized globally.Within the most recent European Policy for Tourism, the competitiveness of the European tourism industry is directly linked to the image of Europe and to its perception, as a collection of sustainable and high-quality tourist destinations. In such context, improving the profile of the European touristdestinations has become a main target. During the last years, the European Commission focused on the sustainable development of tourist destinations.A study published by the European Consumer Centre (ECC-Net), initiated by ECC Barcelona, wants to offer a new perspective regarding base contracts made for rental cars, according to known customer complaints. The aim of this study is to evaluate the best car rental service in order to implement appropriate regulations.The car rental business is one with awesome budgets due to its popularity in tourism and business trips worldwide. The broker service provider model is the dominant one with the brokers searching and negotiating with several providers for each reservation request. Moreoverreservations life cycle in the aforementioned model is a complex process bearing exhaustive details and constraints that have to be met until a reservation is confirmed and deployed. Full reservations cycle enables automatic reservation treatment incorporating the most enhanced functional features demanded by brokers and service providers.Car rental market in Romania is made upof both large foreign companies andlocal companies. The touristic season in summer has an increase in the number of cars rented by Romanian citizens or foreigners traveling to the country for tourism purposes. Most customers are foreigners, their weight can reach up to 95% of total rental vehicles.Cheapest car rentals and the most sought by tourists are the cars categorized as in economy class. For these cars the rental price starts from 13 euros to 20 euros per day, while the price forpremium cars can go well over 100 euros per day.It is estimated that about 80% of all customers who rent cars, are foreigners. Around 75% of all foreign customers rent a car for an average of 5 days.3.Management of Customer Complaintes in Car Rental ServicesGiven the growing appeal of the concept of destination loyalty in tourism marketing, it is highly important to investigate the travel expenditures of loyal vs. non- or less loyal visitors. Adopting the behavioral approach to loyalty, the spending patterns of visitors could be studied, while comparing between the different loyalty segments: no previous visit, one previous visit, and multiple visits. The analysis is based on an intercept survey.However, the loyalty segments are distinguished in their spending patterns at the destination, when first timers spend more on lodging, food and restaurants, and car rental, and the those with one or more previous visits spend more on gasoline, activities and entertainment, and shopping.In general, customers are reluctant to complain when faced with some inconvenience, especially when it comes to minor problems. They believe that their complaints will not alter the quality of service and therefore the time duringwhich they assign complaints would be wasted.In reality, the exact opposite happens. Despite the fact that many customers do not complain directly to companies, they are very attractive idea to complain on the Internet in various forums and specialized websites. Customers thinking that their complaints can not change anything by addressing the company directly, customers will find a method of sharing their unpleasantexperience using the Internet.4.Online customer complaints QuestionnaireA customer questionnaire was developed by a Romanian car rental company that was used from 2010 to 2012 in order to asses the customers satisfaction. The questionnaire was accessed on the Internet page and clients were able to access it after they benefited from the car rental services.The questionnaire sent to customers contains new quality assessment factors with corresponding marks awarded on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is very poor quality service and high quality service is rated by 5.A number of 3002 customers of different nationalities have completed the survey and average mark was calculated using the scores they gave for the service quality.The goal of the questionnaire was to asses the aspects of the car rental process that generate the highest level of complaints among customers and to apply changes in a most efficient way to correct deficiencies.The feedback from the customers was categorized in positive, negative and neutral comments and were represented in Figure 1. Out of all the 3002 customers that completed the questionnaire, 1109 (36.94%) have added a comment in which they justified the scores given ormanifested their discontent on the services they received.Fig. 1. Complaints categories in car rental services based on the feedback questionareGenerally, customers who gave marks to an average greater than 3.5 areconsidered to be overall satisfied with the services offered by the company, while customers who gave marks to an average of less than3.5 were considered to be unsatisfied with services in a lesser or greater level.This indicator for the assessment of service quality was the final mark (average of the evaluations given for each question) that offered a tool to identify the percent of dissatisfied customers that are willing to post a negative comment and how many of satisfied clients will offer a favorable comment to the company.4.1.Identification of the customers who leave positive or negative reviewsA major problem for the rental company are the customers that would give negative advertising. These unhappy customers can alter the negative perception of prospect customers who have never used the company’s services but would like it to if given the chance.There are situations where a company offers good services and still have negative reviews on specialized sites because the dissatisfied customers are more likely to advertise negative comments than to advertise the positive experiences. Thisparticularly affects small businesses that tend to ignore the customers feedback.From the total participants in the survey 2612 customers gave a grade higher than3.5 and 592 from them (representing 22.66%) also left a comment (Figure 2). Of the 390 clients whogave a rating of less than 3.5, a total of 363 left a comment describing what displeased them most.Very few of the clients who completed the questionnaire and were satisfied with the service left a comment (23%), while 93% customers who were dissatisfied left comments (Figure 2). If this situation remains when it comes to posting comments on specialized sites on the Internet, the damage brought to the company’s image is overwhelming.Fig. 2. Percentage situation of customers leaving comments categorized based on satisfaction It is important to know the percentage of customers who were dissatisfied with the service provided by the company and in the future will no longer return as a customer. To estimate the potential losses that the company recorded because these customers were not loyal, questions were used to determine the level of customer loyalty.From a total of 363 customers who complained about the services, 247 of them gave a score less than 3.5 to the question "Have you ever rented a car from us?". These customers most likely will not return to use the car rental services due to theinconvenience encountered.The percentage of dissatisfied customers that will no longer use the services of the company was of 68% from the total of dissatisfied customers. The percentage of dissatisfied customers that will return to use the services of the company was of 32% since they considered that the problems encountered were usual and would happen in any other company.4.2.Classification of Main Customer ComplaintsBased on the negative comments left by customers various complaints were identified and represented in Figure 3.Fig. 3. Pie chart of main customer complaintsThe main complaints were categorized and numbered in order to quantify the occurrence frequency and the percentage. From a total of 363 customers who complained about the services, 25%complaints were about the state of the car at reception (technical problems, cleaning), 16% complaints were related to employee behavior (attitude towards customers, punctuality, preparation), 12% were complaints about the fact that the car was different than the one originally booked by the customer (replacement car without consulting the client, providing a vehicleof category other than that requested or withdifferent engines), 12% complaints were related to additional fees to be paid by the customers, 8% complaints were relating to additional accessories requested by customers ( GPS maps systems inoperable or outdated, inadequate child seats, audio systems flaws), 6% complaints related to customer requirement to wash the car before returning it, 21% different complaints that do not fall within any of the categories mentioned.4.3. Classification of customer Complaints according to the Country ofOriginPeople from different corners of the world perceive things differently or in this case the quality of service offered isdepending on the cultural background of the customer. For example, a service that can have a very good quality in a South American or Asian eyes can be perceived as inferior in the eyes of European or North American and vice-versa.The purpose of this determination of complaints by nationality is to identify the most demanding customers so that the company's employees have a more appropriate approach towards them. Even if it seems somewhat discriminatory, it is a part of the customer relations management that the car rental company must act.In this study, the percentage of complaints by country of origin were acquired relative to the total number of complaints registered.Compared to the total number of customers in these countries, the most demanding customers by country of origin are presented in Figure 4. Clients who have complained leaving negative reviews of all customers according with the country of origin showed that the most demanding were clients from thecountry were the business was conducted.Fig. 4. Complaints by country of origin of the customerAccording to Figure 5, the most demanding customers are Romanians followed by British, French and Spanish.Fig. 5. The most demanding customers by nationalityRomanian tourists that were expatriates and came from other countries (mainly Spain and Italy) have been counted as Romanian, even if they have completed the questionnaire at their current country of residence.5.Evolution of Quality in Car Rental Services based on Customer FeedbackTo have a clear picture of the evolution of quality car rental services in the company it was necessary to identify the numberof complaints registered each year and to relate it to the total number of clients who completed the questionnaire in that year. According to the survey, the trends in the quality of services for the years 2010, 2011 and 2012 was represented in Figure 6.Fig. 6. Evolution of customer negative feedbackThe percentages represented in Figure 6 are the total number of negative comments from a year compared to all customers who completed the questionnaire in that year.Therefore, in 2010, out of a total of1,171 clients who completed the questionnaire, 184 (representing 15.71%) expressed their dissatisfaction with the services they had leaving a comment. In 2011, the 1,067 customers who havecompleted the survey, 110 (10.3%) have left a negative comment, 5% less than the previous year.This decrease in negative comments suggest an improvement in the quality of services. The year 2012 recorded a decrease of just over 1% of complaints compared with 2011, only 69 customers(9,03%) out of 764 expressed their dissatisfaction with the company's services.Overall, in the period 2010-2012 the company was headed in the right direction, with a decrease of over 6% of complaints in 2012 compared to 2010.6.ConclusionsDissatisfied customers, even though they represent a relatively small percentageof total customers, may have a negative impact on the company's image. This is caused by the fact that, as demonstrated in the analysis of the questionnaire, dissatisfied customers are more prone to express public reviews and comments than satisfied customers.The conclusions of the study reveal that since satisfied customers are far less kin to leave positive comments on the Internet this may give the impression that a higher percentage of customers are dissatisfiedwhen the actual percentage is actually far less.Based on this result from the study, it is essential for any company to reduce the number of complaints in order to maintain a good image and when complaints exist to make everything possible for them to be manifested in an environment controlled within company and isolated from the exterior. This can be achieved by encouraging complaints made directly to the firm and in an modern and motivating environment such as a Internet platform built by the company.It is therefore in the direct benefit of the car rental company to facilitate and encourage the customer to express his complaints in a method that offers both moral compensation to the customer and a valuable feedback from him to know what corrective measures need to be taken.中文译文：罗马尼亚汽车租赁活动中的客户投诉概述摘要随着旅游业的不断发展和市场竞争的日益激烈，汽车租赁业在发展旅游交通服务中是必不可少的，以满足和达到客户的流动性需求。
国内外汽车租赁文献综述
国内外汽车租赁文献综述刘天华;梁少华【摘要】随着全球汽车租赁的市场规模愈加增长,越来越多学者关注汽车租赁行业,对汽车租赁行业前景、租赁服务和法律监管等方面进行了深入和专业的研究.汽车租赁业一直保持蓬勃发展的态势,但制约其发展的问题却日益显现.文章通过分析国内外学者对汽车租赁的研究内容,发现网络化汽车租赁是解决现今汽车租赁窘状的一个重要方向.%With the increasing of the global car rental market scale, more and more scholars pay attention to the car rental industry, and carry out in-depth and professional research on the prospects of the car rental industry, leasing services and legal supervision. Car rental industry has maintained a vigorous development trend, but the constraints of its development problems are increasingly apparent. Through the analysis of domestic and foreign scholars on car rental research content, it is found that network car rental is an important direction to solve the current car rental embarrassment.【期刊名称】《价值工程》【年(卷),期】2018(037)001【总页数】3页(P237-239)【关键词】国内外;汽车租赁;现状;措施【作者】刘天华;梁少华【作者单位】广东外语外贸大学南国商学院,广州510545;广东外语外贸大学南国商学院,广州510545【正文语种】中文【中图分类】F270随着经济不断发展，人们生活水平日益提高。
汽车租赁合同英文版
汽车租赁合同英文版Car Rental ContractThis Car Rental Contract (hereinafter referred to as the “Contract”) is made and executed on [Date] by and between [Rental Company Name] (hereinafter referred to as the “Rental Company”) and [Renter Name] (hereinafter referred to as the “Renter”), conc erning the rental of a motor vehicle.1. Definitions and ScopeThis Contract governs the relationship between the Rental Company and the Renter concerning the renting of a motor vehicle with detailed specifications listed below.2. Rental Vehicle DescriptionThe vehicle to be rented by the Renter from the Rental Company is described as follows:[Vehicle make, model, year, color, license plate number, identification number, engine details, etc.]3. Rental PeriodThe vehicle shall be rented for a period of [Specify duration –e.g., 30 days/weekly/monthly/etc.] starting from [Start Date].4. Rental Fees and PaymentThe Renter shall pay the Rental Company the following fees:a) Base rent: [Amount] per [Day/Week/Month].b) Additional charges for extras such as fuel, insurance, etc., if applicable.c) Any other applicable charges or taxes.Payment shall be made in full prior to the commencement of the rental period or as per mutually agreed terms.5. Responsibilities of the Rental CompanyThe Rental Company agrees to:a) Provide the Renter with a well-maintained vehicle in good working condition.b) Maintain the vehicle according to its schedule.c) Provide necessary documents for the duration of the rental period.d) Be responsible for any defects in the vehicle due to negligence on the part of the Rental Company.e) Ensure that all drivers employed by the Rental Company are duly authorized and qualified to drive the rented vehicle.6. Responsibilities of the RenterThe Renter agrees to:a) Use the vehicle only for legal purposes.b) Drive the vehicle safely and comply with all applicable traffic regulations.c) Return the vehicle in good condition at the end of the rental period, except for normal wear and tear.d) Be responsible for any damages caused to the vehicle due to negligence or misconduct on the part of the Renter or any person authorized by the Renter to drive the vehicle.e) Notify the Rental Company immediately of any defects or issues with the vehicle during the rental period.f) Pay any outstanding fees or charges related to the rental promptly upon demand by the Rental Company.g) Not sub-lease or allow any unauthorized person to drive the vehicle without prior written consent from the Rental Company.h) Comply with all applicable laws and regulations pertaining to the use of the vehicle.i) If applicable, ensure that all persons traveling in the vehicle are covered by insurance.。
汽车共享研究外文文献翻译共享汽车2017
外文文献翻译原文及译文文献出处: Roy Dave. The study on the car sharing under the sharing economic [J]. Journal of Business Research, 2017, 1(8): 95-106.原文The study on the car sharing under the sharing economicRoy DaveAbstractCar sharing is a kind of meet the demand of resident’s short-term car innovative traffic patterns. Car sharing frequency in the car must have provided model, aimed at residential community, commercial office center, university and other public service vehicle. The world's biggest car sharing operator Zipcar, since its inception in 2000 at Harvard University, is to "provide a hour drive cars with take in service", to achieve the demand of alternative family car, and keep about 20% of the average annual growth rate. Car sharing can be high cost allocation to each use of the car and maintenance of distance and time, to attract users to use and make a profit, the average per car alternative 20 average car, at the same time reduce the induced by vehicles marginal cost reduce invalid travel, has a good social, economic and environmental effects, as well as reduce member private cars use scale.Keywords: sharing cars, low carbon, development trend1IntroductionAccording to the University of California, Berkeley, sustainable transportation development research center of statistics, as of October 2012, a total of 27 countries around the world to carry out the car sharing, a total of 1.788 million members, to 43500 vehicles Shared, an average of 41.1 people share a car. The North American car sharing market the world's first, which is about 38.7% of the market. Zipcar has about 9, 300 vehicles, in the United States, Canada, Britain, Spain and other countries of the 17 major metropolitan area and more than 250 universities campus, for more than 709, 000 members provide convenient car sharing service. Use of pure electric vehicles as a Shared model, through the innovative mode of transportation and operation management, personal travel distance of pure electric vehicles users is shorter and less charging station layout problem. By sharing operation, can also for pure electric vehicles and further into the family information based on the charge, use and operation of the market demand forecasting. Pure electric car sharing has run every city in the world, including in France's largest public bicycle carriers Bollore group launched their test is the most famous, by 2012, the test had 3000 pure electric car and nearly 1200 operating sites, and other cities in France to carry out the pilot. Members should pay an annual fee of low, only can at any time through online booking, to use the vehicle.2The social effects of car sharingCar sharing biggest role is to replace conventional cars, and accordingly reduce parking, congestion and other issues, and makes the automobile to reduce the dependence of travel, to encourage greater use of public transport and bicycles, slow transportation. On average every car sharing alternative 6 ~ 7 ordinary vehicles. Members of the average trip distance is reduced by 50% ~ 70% due to join the sharing, resulting in the 1, 000 Yuan to 3 000 Yuan transport costs reduced. According to the sharing of enterprise survey, 20% of car sharing members sell cars, 20% choose to delay their purchases, which changes the vehicle. Because at the same time, reduce automobile dependence and use, can also help the member to use more low carbon energy saving mode of transportation, also according to the data of North America, the transfer of public transport, cycling, walking rates as high as 50%.If this effect can be popularized in China, will provide policy to regulate the speed of cars entering the family elastic space, alleviate the congestion of auto society, energy consumption, emission and safety issues.3The case analysis of pure electric car sharingRelatively, the use of pure electric vehicles as the main models will further strengthen the car sharing of energy conservation and emissions reduction. At present pure electric car sharing mainly in Europe, France, Germany, North America and Japan.3.1The test in Paris, FranceSize and influence of the world's biggest electric car sharing for the French test project, the project by the successful operation in Paris bicycle sharing VELIB Bollore group investment of the project, Paris and a town government support and help the construction of sharing site. Bollore group and Paris government signed the "public service" of the agency contract, and shall assume the corresponding management risk, total financial investment risk is expected to reach 0 million Euros. Although the streets in the French will be a great success, but also caused such as parking Spaces to reduce excessive competition and taxi. France before testing also run some test items, such as Liselec company in La Rochelle run electric car sharing project, using 130 km range of electric cars, are still funded by the local government.3.2The university of California, riverside, Intellishare projectAs early as 2001, the university of California, riverside, conducted a aimed at development of pure electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles as the main models of sharing research projects, and at the train station and riverside university campuses around the site. The whole project of 100 vehicles daily sharing time, the vehicle's range of 160 km. Intellishare project through optimizing configuration method, makes the vehicle to share only for electric vehicles effectively, this is for the range of 160 km that meet most of the travel demand, but Intellishare project is given priority to with study, and no consideration of profit.3.3Japan's electric car sharing programToyota as early as the beginning of 1990, the company has been tested a Shared project, called Crayon system, a total of 50 cars, 13 sites, 700 members, and intelligent transportation system and GPS systems to monitor vehicle movements. In yokohama, 1997 electric cars share the project, and further from 30 vehicles were extended to 400 vehicles, membership to 8, 000, and became famous covered in yokohama, kawasaki, and Tokyo Crix car sharing program. Japan's electric cars share the project is not very successful, in 1999 the Second Car System (SCS) project is to use the 160 km of the electric Car, stopped the project after three years, not because the charging problem, but due to the high operating costs.4The challenges of electric car sharingAt present most of pure electric vehicles Shared by the company as the main body, run by parking supply and construction of local government, subsidies and other means of support, but the real large-scale operation of the electric car sharing project is still in profit as a main purpose. However, pure electric car sharing still faces the challenge:4.1The financing constraints of pure electric car sharing projectBecause the first generation of pure electric vehicles cost is higher, especially in the early period of the vehicle cost, later battery replacement cost, and the corresponding maintenance and insurance costs is the mainfactor restricting the pure electric vehicle market share. Because the car sharing itself popularity is not high, consumer groups still is given priority to with low income and family car free, its sensitivity to the price is higher, the higher rate of pure electric vehicles, it is difficult to guarantee continuous user requirements.4.2The constraints of the first generation of pure electric vehiclesThe first generation of pure electric vehicles travel distance of between 100 ~ 160 km, to maintain the driving range of each car, you must ensure the vehicle's battery capacity. To maximize the sharing of vehicle utilization and use of the time, you need to very complex operation dispatching system, however, due to the time of the information level and the distribution of the charging station can't meet the demand of the city travel, operating as a bottleneck. Coupled with the first generation of pure electric vehicles is not stable, low service level cannot sustain user requirements.4.3The constraints of government continue supportPure electric car sharing Settings need government support, but the operation effect and user demand is still deciding whether or not the key to profit. But due to some performance problems of pure electric vehicles and cost issues, there is no guarantee that the user requirements, and because there is no clear support of local government policy, coupled with the economic crisis and other issues, often losing support dynamicsof the project, to support economy stronger hybrid cars or other Shared project.5Suggestions for the development of pure electric car sharing5.1 The government leading, public transport operationsGovernment unified planning and layout of pure electric vehicles Shared project, rebuilding or share new car parking, and equipped with parking charging pile, arrangement of sharing cars and take the station point. Such as testing, Paris and 45 around town is responsible for investment car rental point construction, for each station for 50000 Euros, a total investment of Paris, build the spending 35 million Euros. Government through the establishment of pure electric car sharing operation management, unified operation, and operation and vehicle management for the company to provide subsidies every year. This operation mode has the advantage of comprehensive system for sharing development planning, construction, supporting policies, and use it as a model for development of public transport, cooperate with other kinds of transportation cohesion, the role of complementary and mutual assistance.5.2 Government in charge of the business and subsidiesBy the overseas successful car sharing operator or more successful domestic car rental companies set up special operations Management Company. Company to assist the government drew up the policy and planning of pure electric vehicles, and to reduce traffic, parking andoptimize the structure of travel demand as the goal, and take the risk of loss. Such as testing the main company Bollore group before operation and signed an agreement of a public service government, the enterprises must be take 3 000 Euros a year for each car maintenance and insurance expenses, and the government public service as the main purpose, only for a price and profit from the business performance. This operation mode has the advantage of absorbing foreign advanced operating mode, and car rental enterprises from the Angle of the market to see pure electric car sharing, and through subsidies and policy measures to encourage enterprises to enter the market, at the same time require companies to perform certain social service function.5.3 Government in charge of stakes, enterprise in charge of operationGovernment joint venture with pure electric car manufacturer, to establish pure electric car sharing development co., LTD., the government is responsible for the planning and layout Shared vehicle parking and charging facilities, the auto makers to provide vehicles, operating companies to provide technical services. As the main test model is developed for Bollore group, with the Italian car design manufacturers than south Farley, cooperative manufacturing Bluecar (blue), using a new generation of polymer metal lithium battery as a power, can travel 250 km. Testing method to promote itself as a blue car, advertising effect. The advantage of this operating mode can constantly absorbing achievementsof the development of pure electric vehicles, work closely with car manufacturers, through the transfer of the government management experience and ability of the enterprise production to long-term operation of pure electric vehicles Shared business.译文分享经济背景下的汽车共享研究Roy Dave摘要汽车共享是一种满足居民短时用车需求的创新型交通模式。
外文文献翻译打车软件及专车服务：Uber的实证研究
毕设附件：外文文献原文+译文文献出处: Jensen Kendra. Special taxi app and special taxi service: the empiricale v i dence of U be r [J]. Tr a nsp ort at i on Research，2016，5(1): 240-251.原文Special taxi app and special taxi service: the empirical evidence of UberJensen KendraAbstractBy early 2013, 61% of cell phone subscribers in the US were using smart phones (Nielsen, 2013). Similar t r ends o f rap i d growt h a r e apparent w orl dw i de (ID S, 2014). The growth of the global smart phone market has been accompanied by an increasingly diverse and sophisticated market for smart phone applications (henceforth “apps”): pieces of software that are downloaded onto personal devices for free or for a small charge in order to perform a specific niche task, typically related to e ntertainment, c om munic a ti on, mapping or l o ca t ing se r vi c es and retai l ers. There are a number of transport apps which aim to connect smart phone users seeking a ride with users in the locality who are prepared to provide one.Keywords: Taxi Apps; Regulations；Regulation; Uber; Limousine services1 IntroductionT a x i software "is a load on s m a rt phone app l ic a tion softw a re, is a urba n passenger vehicle information platform. Passengers by taxi software to share their needs vehicle information and real-time communicated to located near the location of the driver, the two sides quickly match to improve taxi efficiency .2009 March, Uber company in San Francisco was established, launched the world's first "taxi software" Uber Cab. from June 2010, Uber Cab in San Francisco for the first time into the market until December 2014, Uber has operations in more than 200 cities in 53 countries and regions. In fact, taxi software is a real-time information sharing platform. It is a mobile internet technology and satellite positioning technology integrated with smart phones as the basis, See your location and taxi or limousine internet within a certain geographical distance range on the map for passengers and drivers to provide information-sharing platform. Through this platform, passengerscan be displayed in the software distribution and information by voice passengers or text to send your location information, destination information to call intelligent vehicle system, then the system will pass the information to the passengers in the taxi dr iver from th e c a r or its g eo grap hical loca t ion w ithi n a certain range o f the dri ve r. t he driver received orders for passenger information You can then choose whether to "orders." If the match is successful, orders the driver's personal information, including photo, name, phone number, vehicle license number will be displayed in the "taxi software" passenger’s client. Meanwhile, software on the map will be updated r ea l-time locat i on of vehicl es on ca ll, a nd w i ll re mind pas s e n g er s to t he curb w hen waiting in the vehicle.2Taxi services provided by the softwareA taxi software mobile map, third-party payment platform, intelligent mobile phone positioning function together, call passenger car, the driver drove passengers, f ac i litate the cl ear i ng fee s. A cc ording to diffe r e nt user's ide nt ity, th e software i s divided into client and passengers with taxi drivers to the client. At present, a taxi software mainly provide two services:2.1 Provide timely taxi serviceA taxi passengers using the software of the passengers, the client will own l ocat i on i nfor m at i on an d t he dest i nat i on infor m at i on s ent t o t he pl a tf or m, in t h e certain range of geographical position taxi driver in the driver client can see the passenger car information. When the driver, click on the "order", the software will prompt the success, if successful, the basic information of the both sides will automatically appear in the respective software interface, then the two sides can be contacted directly by telephone, so that drivers can more quickly find the passengers. In addition, to avoid the waiting time is too long or in the taxi number less remote location, passengers can choose 3 to 5 Yuan fee for scheduling, in the final will promise when scheduling the fare fee paid to the driver.2.2Make an appointment in advanceAlso known as about renting a car or Internet car, car is a new type of service system. Legal operation of the car are for car rental business vehicles, the driver is thelabor dispatching company employees, by taking a taxi software registered as the driver of the car. Easy to transport is launched in 2010, as the first one designed by about car rental service platform for the Internet booking car rental. In July and A ug us t, 2014, qui c k take a t a xi and drops a ta x i in a t axi i ts mobil e soft w are l aunched its own "special services", "number one car" and "car" drops. Auto rental and people's Uber also subsequently launched a limousine service. Car personalized service for the high-end passenger offers more choices, mobile taxi service to the high-end field.2.3The characteristics of Internet carC a r services s imi l ar to t h e taxi, but ope r a t ion mode a r e di f fer e nt f r om t h e taxi. At present the Internet car mainly adopt two operating modes: 1, "square deal" mode. The taxi software company cooperate with car rental companies, car vehicle provided by the car rental companies, labor dispatching company sent a driver, a taxi by software platform integrated passenger transportation services for passengers.2, "a ffil i ated" m ode. In "s quare dea l" mode, namely t o have m e et certa i n conditions, t he owners of private cars will be their own vehicles linked in car rental enterprise name, and then through the labor dispatching company hire car owners themselves as a driver, provide service for passengers. This service mode is in response to the car rental enterprise to a limited number of vehicles, and in short supply in the condition of the ca r s ervi c e, th i s m odel i s the "Ube r model" o f t he Unit e d States.Different car models, the scale. Traditional taxi unified purchase by the rental Car Company, model, basic level at the same level. The car is different, its market positioning for the high-end user groups, high-end business car service in the market. Drops car, for example, the price of each car should be in 200000 Yuan of above, according to the grade of vehicles from low to high divided into economy, comfort, business type, luxury, charging standards and the grade of the vehicle height, the higher the grade of the models, fare and per kilometer price will increase accordingly.(3) car only accept orders from a taxi software platform. Car don't empty cruise on the road, only a passenger in a taxi software after single, up and down in its location near the car driver will see the order. Car drivers would start to passengers waiting after single call car where the driving, after receiving the passengers willdeliver the passengers to the destination. In addition, the car also provides airport pick-up service from machine, also need the passenger in a taxi software mobile terminal advance booking order. Car drivers to provide personalized service for pas sengers. Tradit i onal t ax i drive r only provide driving services to p a ssengers, is responsible for the passengers from the provenance to the destination. The driver of the car will be standardized and personalized service for passengers. The driver of the car registration after a taxi when Software Company of screening and examination,and the drivers are necessary pre-service training. In the process of providing services, c ar dri ve rs need to dre s sing, according to bu s ines s etiquette s t and a r d s ervices, s uch a s the active switch doors for passengers, luggage, and equipped with free charger in the car, drinking water, commonly used paper towels, umbrellas and other travel supplies. The driver of the car for children, the elderly and other special passengers to provide personalized service.3Uber A P P3.1IntroductionUber is a company founded in 2009, San Francisco, California in the United States science and technology company, originally called Uber Cab, a taxi is the world's first management software company. In June 2010, Uber business in San F rancisco, a n d in the sa m e year was deve l oped based on t he ap pl ication of IOS and Android platform. Uber company does not have its own driver, only through the smart phone applications receive the demand information to passengers, and push it to the passengers the selected driver of the client, in this way will dock passenger demand and the driver service. Passengers can through smart phone software, the Internet and mobile phone text messages to reserve a vehicle. Initially, Uber provide only a full-sized luxury car business, called UberBlack. It gets its name from the private transport Service in Chicago "Black Car Service". The black car industry in Chicago,a less regulated, with 1 to 2 car driver will be operating.Because of this, Uber fast and driver of fusion.2012, Uber introduced UberX project, expand service scope to anyone with a qualified car drivers. Because of the lack of management, Uber can charge according to the price lower than the taxi market standards.3.2Cause problemsUberX charge cheap, was welcomed by a large number of users. Uber preempted the lower part of the rental car market, has caused the traditional rental car company t o prot e s t. More in a d isappoi nt me nt for the d r iver, t he t axi industry in di f fe r ent countries of more than a licensing system, the taxi company and driver obtain permission can provide services. This industry licensing system limit the number of vehicle rental car market, to guarantee the driver income played a role. UberX is a service based on mobile phone software, any registered user can provide services, t here is no li m i t on t he nu m ber, a nd the servi c e is similar to the ta x i s e rvice, need permission or not the difference between the trigger a taxi driver. That partly caused the Uber common countries in the world are in a state of lawsuit.3.3Regulatory approachesAt present, some states in the United States, such as California, Colorado has pas sed le g i s l a ti on t o t h e TNC Ube r bel ong to the com pany regul a ti on. L e gal and regulatory authorities for the state or local passenger, regulatory authorities such as public utilities management committee, the passenger vehicle management department. Not by TNC belong to the network company through the Internet regulators on the regulation, but give full consideration to the passenger carrier pr ope r ties of TNC. It is worth noting is that legisl at ion in C al iforni a can be s ee n in the demand for TNC company protect customer's personal information, this provision should be made by the Internet personal information protection departments cooperation regulation. Currently, Uber better development in the United States,allows Uber should be brought into the regulatory operations area, and there have been relatively mature. Most other countries besides the United States to ban attitude Uber, with consideration to the passenger safety, have prevent their rental car market impact. Can be seen from its development in the United States, Uber model can well under its corresponding legal regulation play an active role in urban passenger transport service, by reasonable regulation, also can avoid Uber mode brings security problems. Part of the United States Uber regulatory practice and law can also provide experience for our country software with taxi car service.译文打车软件及专车服务：Uber 的实证研究杰森·坎德里摘要在 2013 年初，61%的美国手机用户使用智能手机(尼尔森，2013)。
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汽车租赁外文翻译文献附录B2外文文献Automobile Servicing EquipmentrMTranX2000 is an effective and flexible tool for servicingautomatictransmissions. The unit is portable and car be used both in the vehicle and on the bench. The TranX has been designed with a microprocessor, which gives it the capability to hold information to drive and analyze all transmission types. As new transmissions come onto die market the tranX design allows simple periodic upgrades with asingle plug in device. This device is accessible al the back of the TranX2000?controller and can be replaced quickly. Please take a moment to register your TranX2000 so the producer can notify you as updates become available.The TranX2000 has two main components, thy controller and the interface box. All the electronic switches, solenoid drivers and measurements, electronics are located in the interface box. This was done so all the electronic components of the TranX would be closer to the electronic solenoids they are controlling. You can plug your power cord into either the controller or the interface box to provide power to the TranX. Whenever possible, the producer recommends using theinterface box, along with the battery adapter cahle in your kit, topower up the TranX. Be sure to run the black clip to battery ground and the red clip to battery 12 volts.Each TranX2000? dedicated harness set consists of two cables. One connects to the vehicle transmission and the other to the vehicles ECU harness. Both these adapters attach to the interface box. You only need to use the transmission side adapter if you are working on the bench. To prevent user error, all FXU (harness) side cables have male pins, all transmission sides cables have female pins.Dedicated harness sets are listed on the transmission test sheets, along with connector drawings and wire charts. Original equipment connectors are used whenever possible and new harness sets are constantly being offered. If you need a connector set that the producer does not offer at this time, they will be glad to wireany connectors you have to use with your TranX2000 for a small fee. Please call them to get more information.Your kit also contains a small bag with 1 red test point lead, 1 black test point lead and a 10 amp fuse. To make sure your TranX2000? will last a long time, use thetest point leads whenever you use a multimeter (or other shop equipment) with your TranX. They are designed to easily fitted into the test point sockets on your TranX. The 10 amp fuse is provided in die event the one in your power cord blows. Simply unscrew the end of the lighter plug and replace the fuse. Always replace the fuse with a 3 AGIO Fast Blow 10 Ampere fuse.TranX2000 ' Control PanelThe TranX2000 Control Panel contains 5 sections. See Fig, 4-1. These sections are explained on the following.Every transmission has a 3 digit code, which is clearly marked on the upper right hand corner of tile test sheets. An index of all the test codes can be offered. Press the code into the keypad (the number will be dismayed) and push the ENTER/C1.EAR button, if you make a mistake entering the code, continue entering the code until the correct nurnbeb is displayed, then push enter. The TranX2000" is now programmed to correctly drive die solenoids for the transmission you are testing.Section 2: SELECT TEST1MThe TranX2000 can perform 3 teste at this time (Special Test is reserved for future transmissions) . Press the SEI.KCT TEST hutton to choose the test you want to perform. The Operations section of this manual further details how to run the tests.SOLENOID TEST allows you to isolate each solenoid and quickly check for opens and shorts. Alway? run uiis test with the engine off. Ynu can run this test on the bench or in the vehicle.SHIFT TEST provides die ability to drive the vehicle bypassing the vehicles computer (ECU) . All shifting information was programmed when you entered the transmission code. By separating the transmission from the ECU, you will quickly determined whether the problem is in the transmission or in the ECU. You can also run this test on the bench.[hiring the MONITOR COMPUTER test, the TranX passively monitors signals send by the ECU to the transmission. These signals are decoded and the gear in the vehiele is displayed, along with any special funetions(lock—up, coast clutch, etc, ).Section 3: SENSOR MODULE ASensor testing is simple with the TranX2000TM. Sensor channels 1 through 4 are used to monitor pressure switches like those on die 4I/J0E. The LEI) indication has 3 states: Red indicates positive voltage , Green indicates ground, and Off indicates no voltage.Sensor channels 5-8 are used for TOT sensors, or other sensors you wish to check. Plug your ohm niKtpr into the sockets, using the test leads included with your kit, to measure readings from the sensors. Use the sensor clip set to attach to sensors not connected through the case connector.The Bosch Mot Series MotortestersThis unit introduces the Bosch MOT 240, 250 and 251 Motortesterswith digital ignition stacked and multi-oscilloscope. Fig.4-2 is apicture of Bosch MOT 250.MOT 240 — with liquid-crystal display,portable and independent of mains ( poweredby vehicle battery) . The ideal engine testerfeaturing a digital memory oscilloscope formobile service.MOT 240 - with mains adapter, equipment trolley, DIN A4 printer and exhaustgas analyzer - the Motortester is also designed for the exhaust gas analysis ( AU) station.MOT 250 - the convenient, mobile Motortester with cable boom,lockable tool cabinet and spacious cabinets.MOT 251 — The compact Motortester complete with space-saving equipment trolley and swiveling monitor.MOT 240, MOT 250, MOT251, clearly informed about brands, types andsys-tems.All MOTs are compatible with exhaust gas analysis due to RS 232 interface.The Motortesters 240, 250 and 251 with digital oscilloscope plus measuring unitwithconnecting cables and sensors. The oscilloscope has a picture memory with a capacity to recall 32 display pictures. The Motortesters are therefore the universal measuring devices for all necessary measurements during tests of engine and electronic system. This enables selective trouble - shooting, e.g. on various ignition and fuel management systems.These Motortesters can be upgraded and networked with other Bosch testers ( PDR record printer, ETT 008.21/*"8.42 exhaust gas tester,input keyboard for exhaust gas analysis) .Via 3 serial (RS 232) interfaces. Using an additional interface switch, it is also possible to connect the RTT 100/110 exhaust gas smoke meter.When combined with an appropriate exhaust gas analyzer or smoke meter, these MOTs can also be used for the exhaust gas analysis onspark-ignition and dieselengines.All measurement functions are grouped in special test programs appropriately for use in practice:• Eng ine lest• Ignition• Multi-test• Stacked oscilloscope• Exhaust gas (including exhaust gas analysis)• Multi-oscilloscope• Injection testThe measured values and the oscilloscope pattern are shown on the digital screen. As many as 3 measured values are shown with a small oscilloscope pattern or the large representation of the oscillogram is shown with the engine speed.All measured values and the oscilloscope pattern can he printed out. in clear, customer-friendly form in DIN A4 size with the PDR 200 record printer.The sensors and connecting cables are clearly arranged in the frame of the measuring unit in brackets and plug-in sockets.Power is from the mains and is automatically adapted to all voltages from 100 to 240 V at 50/60 Hz. 'The MOT 240 can also be powered from thevehicle battery. The engine tests are operated with 7 hardkeys (keyswith a fixed, function) and 6 softkeys (keys with a variable function) .The hardkeys have the following functions: permanent short-circuiting (suppression of ignition), storage and read-out of measured values, operation of the report printer, information key arid RETURN key for branching back from the current program, and changeover between operation for oscilloscope and measuring functions. Depending on the program selected, each of die 6 function keys has a different function which is indicated by symbols on the screen.An information key "i" can be used by the operator to access information and instructions for the respective measurement or operation, e.g. regarding the connection to the vehicle or the scope of the measuring functions.All operating and system software is stored on the program module which is accessible from the outside . This means high flexibility in case changes are required to test new vehicle and ignition systems. Testing• Engines with up to 12 cylinders with automatic recognition of cylinder number and ignition system.• Ignition systems ranging from the contact-controlled ignition with one or twodistributors to fully electronic ignition system with single-spark ignition coil (EFS) or dual-spark ignition coil control.• Simultaneous display of up to 3 measured values together with a small oscillogram.• Large representation of oscillogram together with engine speed. Measuring functions• Engine speed via TDC sensors, No. 1 cylinder or signal from terminal 1.• Ignition point with TDC sensor (with automatic recognition) or stroboscope.• Dwell angle in % or degrees of distributor shaft and closing time in ms.• Injection ti me or other times, measured at the valve or suitable measuringpoints.• Automatic; cylinder comparison, absolute or relative drop in engine speed.• Dynamic compression measurement baser) on starter current.• Voltages related to ground or floating, v oltage of lambda sensor and atterminal 1 , dynamic or static.• Current of up to 1000 A or 20 A with current-measuring pickup, up to 500mA with current-measuring shunt (bodi - special accessories) .• Resistances from milliohni to megaohm level.• T emperature by means of oil temperature sensor,• Primary and secondary ignition, shown as parade, raster or individual displays, in ignition systems with or without distributors.• Signals from vehicle- electrical and electronic systems as curves of voltage and current. This turns your MOTs into full-feature laboratory oscilloscopes.• Memory mode with picture memory (32 displays) for examining irregularities in detad (sporadic defects).The following are some tests actually displayed on a 12" screen (MOT 240: 10" screen) and represent just a small selection of the extensive capabilities of the MOTs; lest programs supported by oscilloscope display of measured values. Engine test• Measurement of battery voltage or the supply voltage of the ignition coil• Measurement of electric current, e.g. starter power, or temperature• Engine speed• Ripple content of alternator on oscilloscope or oscilloscope: primary side Ignition-primary side• Measurement of contact voltage or at terminal 1 (-) of ignition coil• Measurement of dwell angle in degrees of distributor shaft (_ DS)or in %• Closing time in ms• Engine speed• Oscilloscope; primary sideMeasurements arc performed per ignition circuit in ignition systems with two distributors or direct firing. Measurement of ignition point • Absolute ignition advance• Relative/delta ignition advance• Engine speed• Oscilloscope; secondary side Cylinder comparison• Measurement of temperature and engine speed• Start button• Oscilloscope: secondary sid e measurement;• Speed in RPM and % with and without delta HC• Dynamic: compression measurement on basis of starter currentMeasurements are performed per ignition circuit in ignition systems with twodistributors or direct firing.Multitest• Volta ge-related measurement (relative to engine earth) • Measurement of electric current• Potential-free voltage measuring cable and measurement of current • Measurement of electrical resistance• Measurement of temperature• Zero calibration• Measuremen t of voltage or current using oscilloscope Injectiontest• Measurement of temperature• Lambda sensor voltage• Duration of injection• Pulse duty factor• Measurement of voltage using oscilloscope Exhaust gas test/process ofexhaust gas analysis• Display of exhaust gas constituents in accordance with analyzer used • Measurement of oil temperature and engine speed Adjustment of engine-specific data• Type of engine/number of cylinders• Various ignition systems• Various TDC sensor systems with position of marks• Automatic recognition of engine type• Memory fields for standard engine types Basic adjustments• Input of workshop address• Changeover of units of measurement• Selection printer driver for report driver and language• Input o f report head for workshop address• Input of exhaust gas analysis testing agency• Selection of printout (test record or screen contents)• Input of workshop address for PDR 200 report printer Information • Information for each measurementDigital ignition oscilloscope with parade, stacked and individual display and multi-oscilloscope, each with picture memory (32 display)and curve measurement for precise signal analysis.Ignition oscilloscopePrimary and secondary ignition voltage, shown as parade, stacked or individual displays in ignition systems with or without distributors.Multi-oscilloscopeRecording of signals from electric and electronic vehicle systems tobe displayed as curves of voltage or current,Injection signal measured with red multi-clipPrimary current of a TZ-I ignition system measured with a clamp-on pickupAlternator ripple measured via the positive (red) battery terminal(B+ )Memory mode and measurement of signal curvesThe memory mode, the measurement of signal curves and the adjustment menus are available in both ignition oscilloscope and multi-oscilloscope.Memory mode with forward and return picture memory (32 displays) for examining scope displays in detail, e.g. for evaluating defects.Measurement of signal curves during memory mode. Here, e.g. measurement of combustion duration and combustion voltage in the secondary oseillogram.Adjustment menusChange of X-and Y-deviation and displacement of the zero line for more accurate study of signals.Shift of start of display to align the signal curve, e.g. in the center of the screen.Selection of various trigger facilities to determine when the measurement is to begin ( signal size, rising or falling slope, etc. ).附录A2译文汽车服务的设备rMTranX2000 是为为自动传输服务的一个有效和灵活的工具。