生理学期中考试辅导

2011－2012学年度第一学期生理学期中考试辅导：请各位老师向所有授课班级学生交代以下内容1.考试形式：双语闭卷，120 min2.考试时间：11月10日（11周四）18:30-20:303.考试范围：绪论——呼吸，前5章内容4.考试题型：①名词解释5个×3`=15分（英文出题，要求必须用英文回答，范围见本页附件）；②单选题（答案5选1）10个×1`=10分（答案须填入表格内，答在题页无效）③回答题5个×15`=75分（每章1题）5.名解限定如下：Physiology Knowledge ReviewTerminologyInternal environmentall cells of the body are surrounded by extracellular fluid, extracellular fluid is called the internal environment of the body.Homeostasishomeostasis is the maintenance of a constant state with special reference to the internal medium. Negative feedbacka regulated variable is sensed, information is sent to a controller, and action is taken to oppose change from the desire value.Positive feedbackWith positive feedback, a variable is sensed and action is taken to reinforce change of the variable, so it promotes a change in one direction.Facilitated diffusionIt means the diffusion of lipid insoluble or water soluble substance across the membrane down their concentration gradients by aid of membrane proteins.Sodium-potassium pumpThe sodium-potassium pump is responsible for the coupled active transport of Na+ out of cells and K+into cells. Sodium-potassium pump is also an adenosine triphosphatase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).ExocytosisA stimulus to secrete causes the intracellular vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and to release the vesicles contents is called exocytosisEndocytosisVery large particles enter the cell by a specialized function of the cell membrane called endocytosis. The principle forms of endocytosis are pinocytosis and phagocytosis.Resting potentialIn the resting state and without stimulation, cells maintain a negative electrical potential inside in relative to the outside.DepolarizationIt means the membrane potential becomes less negative than the resting potential (close to zero). Or the change in membrane potential away from the resting potential and toward the sodium equilibrium.HyperpolarizationIt means that the membrane potential is more negative than the resting level.Action PotentialIt is a rapid, reversible, and conductive change of the membrane potential after the cell is stimulated.ExcitabilityThe ability of the cell to generate the action potential. Excitability is a fundamental property common to all tissues and cells.Threshold potentialIt is a critical membrane potential level at which an action potential can occur.Neuromuscular junctionThe complex structure responsible for signal transmission from nerve to skeletal muscle.EPP (end plate potential)A focal depolarized potential on the end-plate membrane.Isotonic contractionTension remains constant but the muscle shortens when a muscle contracts.Single twitchThe single mechanical response of a skeletal muscle to a single action potential.TetanusA sustained contraction resulting from the rapid stimulation of a skeletal muscle, including incomplete tetanus and complete tetanus.Blood CoagulationThe process of blood flow from flowing liquid to gel or gelatin.Blood groupTypes of specific antigens on the blood cell.AgglutinationCombination of the same antigen and antibody in the blood results in harmful immune reactions showing hemolysis.Cross-match testSerum from recipient is tested against the donor's cells, and serum from donor is tested against the recipient's cells, this test is called cross-matching test.Effective refractory period (ERP)Time from phase 0 beginning (depolarization) to phase 3 (repolarization) with -60mV, which can not generate AP of cardiac myocyte again.PacemakerThe automatic cells that ordinarily fire at the highest frequency which are located in the sinoatrial node, excitation of the heart normally begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node.Atrioventricular delayWhen excitation transmission is from atrial muscle to ventricular muscle, conductive speed is slower at Atrioventricular node, which is beneficial to ventricle filling and ejection. Electrocardiogram (ECG)It is an external recording of the electrical activity of the heart.The synchronized depolarizations spreading through the heart cause currents that establish field potential, whose differences can be amplified and detected by electrodes placed on the body surface. The record produced is called electrocardiogram.Cardiac CycleIt is the events occurring during a single heartbeat, cardiac cycle includes electrical and mechanical events and systole and diastole ,which forms into one mechanical activity cycle. Stroke volume (SV)It is blood volume of per ventricular contraction (mL/beat), EDV-ESV=70ml.Ejection fraction(EF)The proportion of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected (i.e. stroke volume/end diastolic volume) Ejection fraction =（EDV - ESV）／EDV = 55％～65％.Cardiac output (CO)The product of the frequency of pumping (heart rate) and the stroke volume is the cardiac output; it is also called minute volume. = SV×HR, 5-6 L / min.Or cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in a period of time (min). Cardiac index (CI)Cardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area.Cardiac reserve (CR)The ability of the heart to adapt need of organism for expelling a larger quantity of blood above the basal level.Systolic PressureThe pressure rises during cardiac systole and falls during diastole. The peak pressure value reached during systole is termed the systole pressure. Usually, at rest systolic pressure of the healthy young adult is 100~120mmHg.Diastolic PressureDiastolic pressure is the lowest blood pressure in an artery during the diastole of the heart.Pulse PressureThe pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)The mean arterial blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries, average over time.Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 Pulse Pressure; 100mmHg (13.3kPa)Central venous pressure (CVP)The venous pressure as measured at the right atrium, superior vena cava and inferior vena cava, 4~12 cmH2O.MicrocirculationCapillary blood circulation between the arteriole and venule is microcirculation.External respirationThe exchange of gases between pulmonary blood and the external environment.Internal respirationThe exchange of gases between the tissue cells and the systemic capillaries.Pulmonary ventilationIt is the exchange of gas between the alveoli and the environment.Intrapleural pressureIt is the pressure between the chest wall and lungs. Or the pressure within the pleural cavity is called intrapleural pressure.Tidal volume (TV)The amount of air that moves into the lungs with each inspiration (or the amount that moves out with each expiration) i.e., the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath; it amounts to about 500ml.Functional residual capacity (FRC)The volume at which these two opposing forces (lungs, contraction and chest, expansion) balance is called the functional residual capacity (FRC). Or it equals to the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. This is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration (about 2300ml).Anatomic dead spaceThe space in the conducing zone of the airways occupied by gas that does not exchange with blood in the pulmonary vessels, such as in the nose, pharynx, and trachea since these area is not useful the gas exchange process but instead goes to fill respiratory passages.Alveolar ventilationIt measures the volume of air that actually reaches the alveoli per unit time because it takes into account dead space volume or it =(tidal volume-dead space )×respiratory frequency, and it is a pulmonary ventilative accurate estimating index.Ventilation/perfusion ratioThe ratio of pulmonary ventilation to pulmonary blood flow for the whole lung, at rest about 0.84 (4.2 L/min ventilation divided by 5.5 L/min blood flow).Oxygen dissociation curveThe curve describes relationship between the PO2 and the hemoglobin oxygen saturation, which has a characteristic sigmoid shape.Bohr effectBlood pH↓ or PCO2↑ increase Hb releasing O2 (affinity↓)Haldane effectBlood O2binding with hemoglobin (Hb) induces CO2release, and HHb easily combines with CO2.Carbon dioxide dissociation curveThe curve describes relationship between the PCO2 and the CO2 content in blood.。