02 General Principles of Translation共90页文档
《英汉翻译理论与实践》课程练习及答案
一．英汉翻译理论与实践课程之教案目录第1讲“翻译”溯源第2讲翻译的本质第3讲翻译的标准第4讲翻译面面观第5讲翻译必有“失”/ 失于此而得于彼（两讲合并）第6讲翻译与联想第7讲翻译与语法第8讲翻译与语体第9讲翻译与语篇第10讲英汉十大差异第11讲形合与意合第12讲代词的困惑第13讲Connotation的翻译第14讲翻译与词典第15讲以“模糊”求精确第16讲落笔知轻重译文讲分寸第17讲翻译最难是口吻第18讲翻译与形象思维第19讲翻译与灵感思维第20讲英语修辞的翻译（包括连接三讲）第21讲翻译中的文化冲击第22讲思维是语言的脊梁（两讲合并）第23讲翻译美学之思考（两讲合并）二．汉英翻译理论与实践课程之教案目录第1讲汉译英呼唤文字功力第2讲语篇与翻译第3讲：英汉语美感比读（两讲合并）第4讲：理性概译：翻译之坦途第5讲：英语句式的亮点：非人称主语句（两讲合并）第6讲：汉译英有用的句型（两讲合并）第7讲：类析汉译英常见拙译（三讲合并）第8讲：从“湖光山色”的英译说开去（两讲合并）第9讲：Denotation和Connotation（两讲合并）第10讲：翻译，你的本质是什么？第11讲：归化与异化----汉语习语的英译一．英汉翻译理论与实践课程之练习第1讲“翻译”溯源试将下列文字译成汉语：1/ Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969)2/ Translation may be defined as follows:The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)3/ A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (A. F. Tytler: Essay on the Principles of Translation. 1791)参考译文1/ 所谓翻译，是在译语中用最切近的自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。
Principles for Translation 英语翻译原则
增补法
The oak is a symbol of strength, the lion courage, the lamb weakness. Afraid of being cut off, they lose no time in turning back. A new type of plane—small, cheap, plane— pilotless— pilotless—is attracting increasing attention. A full moon hung high in the sky.
重复法 （1）为了明确
Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines. 参考译文 强国有强国的策略，小国有小国 的路线。 He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life，risen above it，despised it in life， it， others. 参考译文 他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失 败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。
We (you) should be cautious under that circumstance. She sat down, crossed her legs, and drew her skirt down over her knees.
减词法（省略法） （3）连词的省略
He looked gloomy and troubled. 参考译文 他看上去有些忧愁不安。 If winter comes，can spring be far behind? comes， 参考译文 冬天来了，春天还会远吗? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗?
General Principles2
(1) …the fate of men is as grim and bleak as the fate of women. Toilers and warriors. (S. R. Sanders: “Women and Men”)
译文：男人的命运和女人的一样凄惨悲 凉。做苦工，当战士。 做苦工，
How to be a competent translator?
1. excellent command of the two languages 2. considerable knowledge of the two cultures 3.Adequate knowledge of the subject matter 4. Fair capacity for writing 5. Plenty of practice and adequate knowledge of translation theories and skills 6 Skills in the use of information technology
Last: 1) He is the last man to come. 2) He is the last man to do it. 3) He is the last person for such a job. Tall 1) That’s a tall story about the town’s high street.
也不愿意嫁给你。 译文二：我还没有认识你一个月，就觉得像 你这样一个人，在天下男人中我最不愿意和
Байду номын сангаас
他结婚的就是你。 他结婚的就是你。
4.3 Revision Drawer time Words, sentences, paragraphs Mistakes, wording, collocation, logic, coherence. polish
黄皮书答案
Key to Progressive Translation BPrinciples of TranslationP4.1(1)最高限价被取消了.(2)做这件事与其说是为了钱,倒不如说是为了荣誉.(3)我最多只能支付200美元.(4)大脑越用越灵.(5)他是最不应该受到谴责的人.(6)他华丽宏伟的风格使得该书成为一本杰作.(7)每个人都对他所属的社会负有责任,并通过社会对人类负责任.(8)任何事情,只要他一出现就意味着能够成功.(9)尽管这场经济衰退波及全球的每个角落,但各地受到的影响不一样.(10)农民缺乏训练,许多农场生产率很低,这就使得大多数农民处于贫穷的困境.P 5. 2.几乎无一例外的，历史舞台上那些伟大的表演家临终时的遗言在趣味性和励志性方面同一本电话簿也相差无几。
我们可能期待我们的艺术大师，哲学家和世界的领袖们能够的弥留之际说出一些深奥的珠玑之言，但是更多的时候我们听到的只是些干巴巴的陈词滥调。
诚然，要求将死之人洞察力生活的奥秘是有失公允的；很明显，这时他们的大脑充满了其他东西，比如地域或者无法言表的痛苦。
但是对于像拜伦勋爵和歌德这样非凡的语言大师，指望他们能够在最后的几行诗句中语出不凡，应该不算非分之想吧？对拜伦来说，说出句“现在我要睡觉了，晚安”，尽管还算体面的诗文，但肯定是未经思索的。
歌德的遗言则实在是过于乏味，传记作家不得不进行创造性的改写。
“把第二扇百叶窗打开，让房间亮一些”改写后变成绝妙的：“更多光明！”P5. 3．(1) The expert has a pretty good command of English.(2) He knows more English than I do.(3) He needs to improve the art of leadership.(4) This is a no-smoking carriage.(5) She cleaned the marks off the table.(6) She cleared the papers off the table.(7) Her performance is not so well as one could wish.(8) I’ve found a foolproof way/method of doing it.(9) Time is precious, and we’d better make full use of it.(10) As a general manager of an enterprise, you should get to know how to supervise the quality control of products and general management of your business.(11) Do not issue IOUs to farmers.(12) The whole truth about the accident has come true.(13) He handed in an unanswered test paper this time again.(14) Being ugly, she was always treated with contempt.(15) We should make full use of the achievements of modern science and technology.P5. 4(1)Don’t beard the lion.(2)You can take a horse to the water, but you can’t make him drink.(3)Beauty is the eye of the beholder.(4)Carry coals to Newcastle.(5)Love me, love my dog.(6)She is a rough diamond.(7)–How did you get escaped?Well, it’s a piece of cake.(8)He is really a good-for-nothing.(9)Land oneself in serious trouble.(10)He has taken the bread out of my mouth.2.DictionP11. 1(1)别像对客人那样对待我。
中文菜单英文翻译的原则Principles of Translation
中文菜单英文翻译的原则Principles of Translation一、中餐Chinese Food1. 冷菜类Cold Dishes2. 热菜类Hot Dishesa. 猪肉Porkb. 牛肉Beefc. 羊肉Lambd. 其他肉类Otherse. 禽蛋类Poultry and Eggsf. 菇菌类Mushroomsg. 鲍鱼类Abloneh. 鱼翅类Shark’s Finsi. 海鲜类Seafoodj. 蔬菜类V egetablesk. 豆腐类Toful. 燕窝类Bird’s Nest Soupm. 羹类汤类煲类Soupsn. 主食、小吃Rice, Noodles and Local Snacks二、西餐Western Fooda. 头盘、沙拉及汤类Appetizers,Salads and Soupsb. 禽蛋类Poultry and Eggsc. 肉类Beef, Pork and Lambd. 鱼和海鲜Fish and Seafoode. 面、粉及配菜类Noodles, Pasta and Side Dishesf. 面包类Bread and Pastriesg. 甜品及其他西点Cakes, Cookies and Other Desserts三、饮品Drinks1. 中国酒Chinese Alcoholic Drinks2. 洋酒Imported Winesa. 开胃酒Aperitifb. 白兰地Brandyc. 威士忌Whiskyd. 金酒Gine. 朗姆酒Rumf. 伏特加V odkag. 龙舌兰Tequilah. 利口酒Liqueursi. 清酒Sakej. 啤酒Beerk. 鸡尾酒Cocktails and Mixed Drinks3. 餐酒Table Wine4. 饮料Non-Alcoholic Beveragesa. 矿泉水Mineral Waterb. 咖啡Coffeec. 茶Tead. 茶饮料Tea Drinkse. 果蔬汁Juicef. 碳酸饮料Sodasg. 混合饮料Mixed Drinksh. 其他饮料Other Drinksi. 冰品Ice。
General Principles2PPT课件
B:早期的科学家认为，随着年 龄的增长，人脑的机能也渐 渐衰退。
Cultural background
History:
I’m a Dutchman if the picture is an authentic one. ( English)
译文三：没办法，我只好
硬着头皮推门进
去。
Avoid misunderstanding the meaning of each word
Have a thorough knowledge of original structure.
Have adequate background knowledge.
Religion God/老天爷
Black Friday/13
Speak of angels, and you will hear their wings; talk of the devil, and he’s sure to appear.
Geography Lovely weather, isn’t it? West wind /East wind Carry coals to Newcastle. Big Apple
Avoid misundeFra bibliotekstanding the meaning of each word
I was late for class yesterday. I had to open the door and go in before everybody.
Have a thorough knowledge of
Customs Thank you Green-eyed You look darker after the holidays.
generalrinciples连淑能《英译汉教程》
❖ “翻译，的确可以帮助我们造出许多新的 字眼，新的句法，丰富的词汇和细腻的 精密的正确的表现。因此，我们既然进 行着创造中国现代的新的言语的斗争， 我们对于翻译，就不能够不要求：绝对 的正确和绝对的中国白话文。”
❖opens a new era for modern translation studies.
❖ 鲁迅&瞿秋白 vs. 赵景深
❖ dichotomy between “faithfulness” and “smoothness”
❖ The focus of the debate was which principle should take priority in translating.
❖Function of the three-character principle by Yan Fu
❖a milestone in China’s translation history
❖extracts the essence from Buddhist translation studies of the Han and Tang Dynasties;
1. languages involved
translation from native language into a foreign language and vice versa.
2. working style oral translation/ interpreting 口译
(consecutive interpreting CI交替传译; simultaneous interpreting SI同声传译 ) ;
Chapter 1 General Principles
大学翻译理论与实践 Lecture 2 Principles of Translation
返回章重点
6．Your loss is nothing to mine. A．你的损失与我无关。 B．你的损失和我的（损失）比较起来算不 了什么。 7．The patient is waiting to cross the Styx. A．这个病人正等着过斯蒂克斯河。 B．这个病人已经等死了。
Lecture 2 Principles/Criteria of Translation (翻译标准/原则)
2.1 关于翻译标准的争议
(Controversy on Principles of Translation)
Criteria
in China ：
严复(1853-1921)：信、达、雅 Triple Principle of Translation ⊙Faithfulness（忠实于原文/忠实准确） ⊙Expressiveness（文笔流畅/通顺流畅） ⊙Elegance(文风典雅/文字古雅<士大夫> --保持原文的风格)
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返回章重点
再如：
Talent Professor Smith has. Money Professor Smith has not.
【译文】才能，史密斯教授有。钱，史密斯教授 没有。
Contrast is the spice of life. There can be no joy without sorrow, no summer without winter, no love without hate.
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返回章重点
要达到完全的“信、达、雅” 或 “等值
（效果）” 只能是一种美好的理想或愿望。能 达七八成或八九成之忠实，已是十分的不错了。 因为任何一种文字都是有其声音之美，有其意 义之美，有其传神之美，有其文气文体形式之
西方翻译理论书目简介
西方翻译理论经典一、英国部分：1．乔治·坎贝尔（George Campbell, 1719-1796 ），《四福音的翻译与评注》（A Translation of the Four Gospels with Notes, 1789）简介：坎贝尔的《四福音的翻译与评注》是西方最早的翻译专论之一，其理论意义体现在：第一，该论著的问世，标志着西方宗教翻译研究的重大转折。
坎贝尔认为，《圣经》翻译“应为文学和宗教两种不同的目的服务”，这就弥合了哲罗姆提出的“宗教翻译”和“文学翻译”的严格区分，因而具有划时代的重要意义。
第二，该论著是最早论及“对等翻译”的翻译理论专著之一。
坎贝尔在该论著中提出了从词汇、语法和风格方面取得对等的观点，成为20世纪“对等”理论的先导。
第三，该论著的问世，意味着翻译理论的探究突破了前人圄于具体文本的界限，标志着系统性、原则性和抽象性的理论研究视角的出现。
第四，该论著的问世，标志着认知视角的革命性嬗变。
宗教翻译“三原则”的出现，意味着坎贝尔背离了斐洛、奥古斯丁等人所信守的“上帝感召”的无端依从，完全从理性认知的角度提出了宗教翻译“三原则”。
因此，在相同的人文主义文化背景下，其“三原则”的具体内容同泰特勒的“三原则”有着惊人的雷同，实不足为怪。
总之，坎贝尔的“三原则”同泰特勒的“三原则”一样，都具有划时代的重大意义，而且二者相映成趣，相得益彰，不可偏废。
2．亚历山大·弗雷瑟·泰特勒(Alexander Fraser Tytler, 1747-1814)，《论翻译的原则》（Essay on the Principles of Translation, 1790)简介：泰特勒的《论翻译的原则》一书是西方翻译理论史上的重要里程碑。
其理论意义表现在：第一，泰特勒首次以概念的形式规定了“优秀翻译”的内涵。
优秀翻译定义出现，标志着泰特勒的译学主体视角具备了“逻各斯中心主义”的特征。
翻译基本概念应知应会42个
翻译基本概念应知应会42个1、翻译科学（science of translating）由Nida在他的Toward a Science of Translating(1964)一书中最早提出, 他受乔姆斯基转换生成语法的影响, 采用语言科学的原则和方法, 以实证的态度来研究翻译过程, 忽略翻译工作中的非科学化的其他层面(例如艺术性、直觉等)。
20世纪60年代, 奈达曾是翻译科学的倡导者。
德国翻译界也长期主张把翻译研究工作称作翻译科学(Übersetzungswissenschaft)。
但德国学者的“翻译科学”具有跨学科性, 除主要为语言学之外还包括交际理论、文化研究等，代表人物和著作有Wolfram Wilss 的The Science of Translation: Problem and Method.(1977年德文本, 1982年英译本)。
2、翻译研究（translation studies）作为一门学科的名称、与英美习惯称为“翻译理论”、德语国家称为“翻译科学"同义。
英文对应词中的“研究”(studies)用复数, 暗示着种多元化的研究, 即翻译研究是门综合性、交叉性学科。
起先, 荷兰、比利时等低地国家把“翻译研究”作为学科名称, 由荷“阿姆斯特丹大学翻译教授霍尔姆斯(James Holmes ) 在The Name and Nature of Translation Studies (1972)一文中首先提出: 翻译研究应包括三个分支, 即: 1）负责描写现实世界里的翻译现象的“描写分支”; 2）负责确立可以解释这些现象的“理论分支”; 3）负责将从描写分支和理论分支中得到的知识应用于翻译实践和教学的“应用分支”。
Holmes试图用这术语来概括整个翻译学科。
Bassnett按照类似的思路将translation studies归为四大类: 翻译史、目的语取向的翻译、翻译与语言学、翻译与诗歌。
Essay on the principles of translation 泰勒的翻译三原则
Essay on the principles of translation 泰勒的翻译三原则Essay on the principles of translationAlexander Fraser TytlerLord WoodhouseleeFirst Edition, 1791The impulse for the essay certainly does not seem to have come from any preoccupation with theoretical statements about the translation process, for Tytler appears to have had a rather spotty and accidental knowledge of that tradition. Instead, he seems to have been moved to write on translation by reading, in his voracious but rather unsystematic manner, a wide variety of literature in the original and translation, and by his own efforts as a translator of Petrarch and Schiller.Third Edition, 1813Tytler had, too, become somewhat more overt about his philosophical foundations, claiming for the first time that his principles were “founded in nature and huamansense”. He notes that what he feels to be a lack of decent commentary on the process translation, even among the ancient authors. Tytler’s approach is that of theantiquarian, reading whatever comes readily to hand, rather than that of te though scholar seeking copiousness. There was before him notreatise that discussed at length the problems of and solutions to the translation dilemma and the more interesting od the explicit statements on the questions scattered about in the introductions to the various translations.While such has been our ignorance of the principles of this art, it is not at all wonderful, that a midst the numberless translation which everyday appear, both of the works of the ancients and the moderns, there should be so few that are possessed of real merit. The utility of translations is universally felt, and therefore there is a continual demand for them. But this very circumstance has thrown the practice of translation into mean and mercenary hands.(7-8)General law of translationIt is the duty of a translator to attend only to the sense andspirit of his original, to make himself perfectly master of hisauthor’s ideas, and to communicative them inthose expressions which he judges to be best suited to convey them. It has, on the other hand, been maintained, that, in order to constitute a perfect translation, it is not only requisite that the ideas and sentiments of the original author should be conveyed, but likewise his style and manner of writing, which, it is supposed, cannot be done with a strict attention to the arrangement of his sentences, and even totheir order and construction. According to the former idea of translation, it is allowable to improve and to embellish; according to the latter, it is necessary to preserve even blemishes and defects; andto these must likewise be superadded the harshness that must attend every copy in which the artist scrupulously studies to imitate the minutest lines or traces of his original. (14-15)Tytler claims to choose a middle position.He then supplies a characterization of what he considers a good translation to be: that. In which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. (15-16)Three general law:1) That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.2) That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.3) That the translation should have all the ease of the original composition.The translator’s privilege to alter the originalThe issue to which Tytler devotes the majority of his discussion and the one for which many reviewers took him to task is the question of the translator’s liberty to add to,delete from, or in other ways alter the character of his original. Suppression is deemed proper when there is a careless inaccurate expression of the original, where that inaccuracy seems materiallyaffect the sense. (54) and when something offends against the dignity of the native. (55)“An ordinary translator sinks under the energy of his original: of man of genius(42) frequently rises above it”Evaluation and ConclusionAs a result, we cannot expect to find his principles set into afully articulated general framework, whether rhetorical or linguistic. In another way, however, the essay is a modern book, for we find in it no slavish adherence to a classical theory or ancient authority, nor is there a mere categorization on the model of the encyclopedia. Tytler seems to have felt no need to discover a tradition, a usable past which must be assumed as a foundation for a workable present.。
文学翻译十讲第二章详解刘重德PPT课件
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• The order of sentences
• The order of clauses in a complex sentence, it will have to be rearranged sometimes, e.g.
say. We gaze at each other as dumb animals gaze at human beings 1. 我们完全失去了联系。我们根本无话可说。我们就象 不会讲话的牲畜呆呆地望人那样地你望着我我望着你。 2. 我们完全失去了联系，根本无话可说，就象不会讲话 的牲畜呆呆地望人那样地你望着我我望着你。
✓ 我们的民族将再也不是一个被人侮辱的民族了，我 们已经站起来了。
Ours will no longer be a nation subject to insult and humiliation. We have stood up.
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English –Chinese
• There is, sometimes, the necessity of combining some simple English sentences into one Chinese
remarks • The better kind of language in translation
3
The nature of Yan’s translation
• Ya“n Fu recognized his "translation"of Huxley's book as:
A transmission of ideas A method— “not orthodox” Incomplete translation or editingtranslation(编 译或译述）
连淑能《英译汉教程》General Principles(概论)【圣才出品】
第1章General Principles（概论）1.1 复习笔记一、Definitions of Translation（翻译的定义）Translation can be roughly defined as a reproduction or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.翻译即用一种语言来再现另一种口头或书面的语言文本所传达的意义。
1. Linguistic Views on Translation（语言学视角）Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida & Taber, 1969:12)翻译就是在译语中用最贴切而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是语义，其次是文体。
2. Cultural Views on Translation（文化视角）翻译不仅涉及语言问题，也涉及文化问题。
译者不仅要了解外国的文化，还要深入了解自己民族的文化。
（王佐良，1989）Translation is a process which occurs between cultures rather than simply between languages. (Shuttleworth & Cowie, 1997:35)翻译是一个发生在不同文化之间的过程，而不仅仅是语言之间的过程。
3. Literary Views on Translation（文学视角）文学翻译的任务是要把原作中包含的一定社会生活的影响完好无损地从一种语言移注到另一种语言中。
公共标志英文译写指南
公共标志英文译写指南Guide to the Translation and Writing of Public Signs in English.Introduction.Public signs play a crucial role in guiding, informing, and warning individuals in public spaces. Accurate and clear translations of these signs into English areessential for international communication and ensuring the safety and convenience of visitors from diverse cultural backgrounds. This guide aims to provide practical recommendations for translating and writing public signs in English, focusing on ensuring consistency, clarity, and cultural appropriateness.1. Principles of Translation.Accuracy:Translations should accurately reflect the original meaning and intent of the sign, avoiding anyambiguity or confusion.Simplicity: Use straightforward language that is easy to understand for the general public. Avoid technical or obscure terms.Consistency: Maintain consistency in translation standards and terminology to enhance readability and comprehension.Cultural Adaptation: Take into account cultural differences and local practices when translating, to ensure that the sign is relevant and acceptable to the target audience.2. Key Elements of Public Signs.Heading: The heading should be brief and to the point, clearly indicating the purpose of the sign.Main Message: The main message should be concise and easy to understand, conveying the essential informationneeded by the reader.Supplementary Information: Additional details or instructions may be included as needed to provide further clarification or guidance.Commands and Requests: Use appropriate language to convey commands or requests, ensuring politeness and respect.Warning and Safety Information: Use clear and urgent language to communicate warnings or safety instructions.3. Translation Tips.Use Active Voice: Active voice constructions are generally more direct and engaging, making the sign more readable.Avoid Redundancy: Eliminate unnecessary words or phrases to keep the translation concise and focused.Respect Cultural Differences: Be aware of cultural differences and translate accordingly to avoid misunderstandings or offense.Use Standard English: Stick to standard English grammar and spelling to ensure consistency and professionalism.Test for Readability: Always test the translated sign for readability by asking native speakers to provide feedback on clarity and understandability.4. Common Public Signs and Their Translations.Entrance/Exit: Entrada/Salida.Parking: Aparcamiento.Emergency Exit: Salida de Emergencia.Restrooms: Baños.No Smoking: No Fumar.Caution: Precaución.Warning: Advertencia.Danger: Peligro.Staff Only: Solo Personal.Closed for Maintenance: Cerrado por Mantenimiento.No Photography: No Fotografías.Quiet Zone: Zona Silenciosa.First Aid: Primeros Auxilios.Conclusion.Translating public signs into English requires a balance of accuracy, clarity, and cultural sensitivity. Byfollowing the principles and tips outlined in this guide, translators can create effective and appropriate English translations that serve the needs of a diverse international audience. Regular testing and revision are essential to ensuring the quality and relevance of these translations in today's interconnected world.。
chaptergeneralrinciples连淑能英译汉教程
?4. translation materials ? general translation ? specialized-subject translation ? literary translation, etc.
?“文、质”之争
?the conflict between “ornament” and “substance”
? Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. —Columbia Encyclopedia
? Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.
? The Book of Changessays that the purpose of rhetoric is to ensure truthfulness. Confucius says that expressiveness is all that matters in writing. He also says that writings without elegance do not last. These three principles point to good writing and should be observed as the codes of practice of translation. So, apart from faithfulness and expressiveness, elegance is also to be aimed at.
翻译标准
翻译标准就是指翻译实践时译者所遵循的原则，也是翻译批评家批评译文时必须遵循的原则。
翻译是一种社会活动，翻译标准则是从中产生的。
由于社会活动受制于社会条件及译者个人等等因素，因此翻译标准也就打上了深深的社会和译者的烙印。
总的说来，翻译标准大体可分为以下四种：任何翻译实践总要遵循一定的翻译标准或原则，衡量一篇译文的好坏同样也离不开一定的翻译标准，因此翻译标准的确立对于指导翻译实践有着重要的意义。
然而由于人们看待翻译的角度不同，自然有了不同的翻译标准。
概括起来，它们大体可分为以下四类：一、以译出语或译入语为取向的翻译原则（the source-language-oriented or the target-language-oriented translation principle）以译出语为取向的翻译原则唯原文的形式是举，惟恐译文失真，有违原文作者的原意，因此翻译时完全采取词对词、句对句（word for word and line for line）的死译方法，而且常多用音译法。
例如把the Milky Way（银河）直译为"牛奶路"，把the apple of my eye(珍爱物；珍爱之人，宝贝)直译成"我眼的苹果"；把"Every dog has its day."译为"每只狗都有它的日子"（正确的译法应为"人人皆有得意之日"）。
持这种原则的翻译家为数不少，如中国西晋时期的佛经翻译家竺法护（约230-309）、15世纪德国翻译家尼古拉斯·封·维尔(Nicolas von Wyle,生卒年不祥)、近代的美国作家赛珍珠(Pearl Buck,1892-1973)；而以译入语为取向的原则则是一味以译文读者的口味为准绳，完全采用归化的译法。
或是完全为了适合读者的口味而让译文归化，有时甚至不惜曲解原作，如把"When Greek meets Greek,then comes the tug of war."译作"张飞杀岳飞，杀得满天飞"（正确译法应为"两雄相遇，其斗必烈"），把Solomon(所罗门，古以色列国国王大卫之子，以智慧著称)意译成"诸葛亮"，把Spring,the sweet spring,is the year's pleasant king意译为"春，甘美之春，一年之中的尧舜"。
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1.1 Semantic Analysis
• sophisticated:老练的，世故的，谈吐得体的， 高雅时髦的，有鉴赏力的，复杂的，精密 的，高级的，尖端的
• sophisticated columnist • sophisticated weapon • sophisticated electronic equipment • sophisticated woman • She is too sophisticated to believe your lie. • The fashion magazines show what the
事，事件，事情
Matter, event, affairs, job, duty, case, instance, incident……
我们对这件事当然有发言权。 真是想不到的事。 这本新书的出版是今年文化界的大事。 各族人民的代表共聚一堂，商讨国家大事。 这绝不是轻而易举的事。 从政治思想上关心学生是教师分内的事。 我已把事情讲清楚了。 我可以举出好几件事来证明。 这不是开玩笑的事。 那是件普通小事。
It’s the teacher’s duty to be concerned about the students’ life and study.
我已把事情讲清楚了。 I’ve already put the case clear. 我可以举出好几件事来证明。
I can cite quite a few instances to illustrate it.
这不是开玩笑的事。
This is no joke. 那是件普通小事。
That is an ordinary incident.
1.2 Grammatical Analysis
➢ Having discovered an unknown island, they wintered upon it.
sophisticated woman is wearing this year.
• He is a good man. • He is a good student. • This is a good book. • You have good teeth. • She is a good friend of mine. • Dogs are often regarded as man’s good friends. • good looks • a good dollar bill • It is a good mile from here.
我们对这件事当然有发言权。
Of course we have a say in this matter. 真是想不到的事。
What a surprise! 这本新书的出版是今年文化界的大事。
The publication of the new book was a cultural event of the year.
各族人民的代表共聚一堂，商讨国家大事 。
Representatives from different nationalities gather in the same hall to discuss affairs of the state.
这绝不是轻而易举的事。
It’s certainly no easy job. 关心学生的学习和生活是教师分内的事。
Outlines of this lecture
What are the processes of translation? What are the strategiesranslation
• Three Stages of Translation ➢Comprehension（理解） ➢Representation/Reproduction（表达） ➢ Proofreading/Revision/polishing（审校）
➢ 他们发现了一个无名小岛后，便住了下来，在那 里过冬。
➢ John is now with his parents in New York City; it is 3 years since he was a bandmaster.
➢ 约翰现同父母住在纽约市；他不担任乐队指挥已 经三年了。
1.3 Style Analysis
My dear parent has joined the heavenly choir. My dear father has passed away. My father has died. My old man has just kicked the bucket.
Source language text Target language text
analysis transfer
proofread restructure
Ⅰ Comprehension/understanding
• Semantic analysis (语义分析) • Grammatical analysis (语法分析) • Style analysis (语体分析) • Discourse analysis (语篇分析)
• Drivers’ license is good for six year now. • She has brought me good news. • Is this a good dress for the ball? • The milk is still good. • I’m moving to Hong Kong for good. • Be good when we are not in. (a mother to her children) • I’m telling you this for your own good.