英美文选总复习
自考英美文学选读复习资料
1.…I glanced back once. A wafer of a moon was shining over Gatsby's house, making the night fine as before, and surviving the laughter and the sound of his still glowing garden. A sudden emptiness seemed to flow now from the windows and the great doors, endowing with complete isolation the figure of the host, who stood on the porch, his hand up in a formal gesture of farewell.A.Identify the author and the title of the novel from which this passage is taken.F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great GatsbyB.The passage describes the end of an event. What is it?It is a description of the end of a big partyC.What implied meaning can you get from reading this passage?The passage hints at the meaninglessness, spiritual emptiness and vanity of such a life of pleasure-seeking. There is a tragic sense that the “party” will be over.2. My tongue, every atom of my blood, form'd from this soil, this air,Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same,I, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin,Hoping to cease not till death.A.Identify the poet and the title of the poem.Whitman, Song of MyselfB.What do "soil" and "air" represent in the first line?America, his country, his native landC.What does the poet try to say in the above four lines?I was born and nurtured by this land and shall from now on devote my whole life to the country.3. “I celebrate myself, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.I loafe and invite my soul,I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.”(From Walt Whitman‟s “Song of Myself”)A. Who does“myself”refer to ?The poet himself and the American people.B. How do you understand the line“I loafe and invite my soul?”The line indicates a separation of the body and the soul.C. What does“a spear of summer grass”symbolize?The phrase indicates Whitman‟s optimism and experience.4. "And the native hue of resolution/Is sicklied o‟er with the pale cast of thought." (Shakespeare, Humlet)A. What does the "native hue of resolution" mean?determination (determinedness, action, activity, ...)B. What does the "pale cast of thought" stand for?consideration (indecision, inactivity, hesitation, ...)C. What idea do the two lines express?Too much thinking (consideration,...) made (makes) activity (action) impossible.5. "Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere; /Destroyer and Preserver; hear, O hear!"A. Identify the poem and the poet.Shelley‟s O de to the West WindB. What is the "Wild Spirit"?The West Wind; "breath of Autumn‟s being"C. What does the "Wild Spirit" destroy and preserve?It destroys things that are dead, it preserves new life.6. "When the minister spoke from the pulpit, with power and fervid eloquence, and, with his hands on the open bible, ofthe sacred truths of our religion, and of saint-like lives and triumphant deaths, and of future bliss or misery unutterable, then did Goodman Brown turn pale, dreading, lest the roof should thunder down upon the gray blasphemer and his hearers.A. Identify the title of the short story from which this part is taken.Hawthorne‟s Young Goodman BrownB. What had happened in the story before this church scene?Brown had attended a witc hes‟ party where he saw many prominent people of the village, the minister included.C. Why was Goodman Brown afraid the roof might thunder down?Brown was shocked by the minister, secretly a member of the evil club, who could talk about sacred truths of the religion openly and unashamedly. He thought God would punish such hypocrites down on them.7. (A lot of common objects have been enumerated before, and here are the last two lines of There Was a Child Went Forth :)The horizon‟s edge, the fly ing sea-crow, the fragrance of salt marsh and shore mud.These became part of that child who went forth every day, and who now goes, and will always go forth every day.A. Who is the author of this poem? What is the title of the poem?Whitman. There was a Child Went ForthB. What does the "Child" stand for in the poem?The young growing America.C. In one or two sentences, interpret the implied meaning of the two lines.The poet uses his childhood experience of growing up and learning about the world around him to imply that young America will grow and develop like that.D. How do you understand “These became part of the child”?It is interesting to reexamine the sequence of the items list in this poem which “became part of the child”. They re flect the natural process of a boy‟s growth. At first, his world was limited within the barnyard. Later, he sought into fields and streets. Then, he became interested in something more mysterious—his fellow human beings. Finally, he was on the symbolic threshold of the outside world, the sea. He had grown into a young man from a boy.8.“And when I am formulated, sprawling on a pin,When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall.Then how should beginTo spit out all the butt-ends of my days and ways.”A.Identify the poem and the poet.T.S. Eliot‟s The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.B.What does the phrase “butt-ends” mean?The ends of cigarettes, meaning trivial things here.C.What idea does the quoted passage express?He re, Prufrock‟s inability to do anything against the society he is in is made him strikingly clear by using a sharp comparison. Prufrock imagines himself as a kind of insect pinned on the wall and struggling in vain to get free. This image vividly shows Pru frock‟s current predicament.9.“I shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference.”A.Idenfity the poem and the poet.Robert Lee Frost‟s The Road Not Taken.B.What does the phrase “ages and ages hence” mean?Many many years later.C.What idea does the quoted passage express?The speaker is telling his experience of making the choice of the roads. But he is conscious of the fact that his choice will have made all the difference in his life. He seems to be giving a suggestion to the reader “make good choice of your life”.D. What additional meaning do the two roads have?Life is here compared to a journey. The two roads stand for the choice one has to make at a critical moment in his life.E. What dilemma is the speaker facing?Since where the road leads to is uncertain, one has to wait to see the result of the choice until one‟s life is coming to an end. Then it will be too late. The speaker acknowledges the limits of life, yet he indulges himself in the notion that we could be really different from what we have become, because life is unpredictable.10. “A violet by a moss y stoneHalf hidden from the eye!－Fair as a star, when only oneIs shining in the sky.”A. Identify the author and the title of the poem from which this stanza is taken.William Wordsworth, “She Dwelt Among the U ntrodden Ways”B. Pick out the metaphor used in this stanza.The flower (violet) is used as a metaphor.C. What quality does the author intend to show by using the metaphor?By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the author intends to show her quality of beauty and her virtues which are often neglected by the common people just like a wild flower blooming by an untrodden road.11. “We passed The School, where Children stroveAt Recess－in the Ring－We passed The Fields of Gazing GrainWe passed The Setting Sun－”A. Who is the author and the poemEmily Dickinson “Because I could not stop for Death－”B. What do the underlined parts symbolize?It stands for three stage of life: “the school” --youth, “the Fields of Gazing Grain”—mature period, “the setting sun”—end of lifeC. Where were “we” heading toward?“We” are riding in a carriage, heading towards Eternity.D. What figure of speech is used in the poem?SymbolismE. What are Dicki nson‟s unique writing features in relation to the quoted lines?Dashes are used as a musical device to create cadence and capital letters as a means of emphasis.12. “Never did sun more beautifully steepIn his first splendor, valley, rock, or hill;Ne‟er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep!The river glideth at his own sweet will:Dear God! The very houses seem asleep;And all that mighty heart is lying still!”(William Wordsworth‟s sonnet: “Composed upon Westminster Bridge” September 3, 1802)Questions:A. What does the word “glideth” in the fourth line mean?The word “glideth” means “flows”B. What kind of figure of speech is used by wordsworth to describe the “river”?Wordsworth uses personification to describe the “river”.C. What idea does the fourth line express?The 4th line expresses the idea that the river is flowing happily as a living things, which implies the beauty of the nature.D. What does this sonnet describe?It describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London.E. What does the word “mighty heart” refer to?LondonF. The sonnet follows strictly the Italian form. What is the feature of the Italian form of sonnet?It follows strictly the Italian form, with a clear division between the octave and the sestet, the rhyme scheme is abbaabba, cdcdcd..13. “The river glideth at his own sweet will：Dear God! the very houses seem asleep；And all that mighty heart is lying still!”(from William Wordsworth‟s “Composed upon Westminster Bridge”)A. What figure of speech is used in the quoted lines?Italian formB. What does “that mighty heart‟‟ refer to?LondonC. What does the poem describe?—It describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London14. “With Blue—uncertain stumbling Buzz—Between the light—and me—And then the Windows failed—and thenI could not see to see—”A. Identify the poem and the poet.I heard a Fly buzz-when I died by Emily Dickinson.B. What do “Windows” symbolically stand for?Eyes, for they are considered as the window of human soul. .C. What idea does the quoted passage express?The last thing the dying person saw and heard was the flying and its buzz. When the eyes failed, the human soul was closed and the person died. (The speaker could not see any of the afterlife or God or angels she expected to see.) 15. “…Is dying hard, Daddy?‟…No, I think it‟s pretty easy, Nick, It all depends.”‟A. Identify the work and the author.Earnest Hemingway, Indian CampB. What was Nick preoccupied with when he asked the question?Nick was preoccupied with the pain and the violence of death./life and deathC. Why did the father add “It all depends” after he answered his son‟s question?By adding “It all depends” the father meant that death means differently to diffe rent people. To such weak persons like the husband of the Indian woman it‟s a pretty easy, while strong-willed person will not easily commit suicide.16.“…Faith! Faith!‟cried the husband. …Look up to Heaven, and resist the Wicked One.‟”A.Identify the work and the author.Hawthorne, Young Goodman BrownB.What idea does the quoted sentence express?Goodman Brown here is obviously addressing the image of his wife, urging her to resist the devil. At the same time he is exhorting himself to have faith, to look heavenward, to withstand the infernal eloquence of the Wicked one.17.“Not on thy sole, but on thy soul, harsh Jew,Thou mak‟st thy knife keen; but no metal can,No, not the hangman‟s axe, bear half the keennessOf thy sharp envy.”A. Identify the author and the title of the play from which this part is taken.William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice.B. What figure of speech is used in this quoted passage?PunC. What idea does the passage express?18.“The woods are lovely, dark and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.”A. Identify the poem and the poet.Robert Lee Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningB. What does the word“sleep”mean?dieC. What idea do the four lines express?When facing the still and lovely forest, the speaker cannot stay, because of his obligation and responsibilities. 19. “Not lose possession of that fair thou ow‟st:Nor shall Death brag thou wander‟st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow‟st;So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”A. Identify the author and the title of the poem.Shakespeare‟s Sonnet 18B. What does the word “this” in the last line refer to?“This” refer s to the poem.C. What idea do the quoted lines express?When you are in my eternal poetry, you are even with time. A nice summer‟s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last forever.20．“Shall I compare thee to a summer‟s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer‟s lease hath all too short a date:”A．Identify the poet and the poem from which the quoted lines are taken.Shakespeare‟s Sonnet 18B．Name the figure of speech employed in the poem.PersonificationC．What is the theme of the poem?A nice summer‟s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever.21. “…only Miss Emily‟s house was left, lifting its stubborn and coquettish deca y above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps—an eyesore among eyesores.”A. Identify the author and the work.William Faulkner‟s A Rose for Emily.B. What is the meaning of “an eyesore among eyesores”?The meaning of “an eyesore among eyesores” is the most unpleasant thing to look at.C.What does this quoted passage indicate?The house is a perfect mirror image of the owner who is stubborn and coquettish and deliberately detaches herselffrom the communal life in this small town.22. “To be, or not to be—that is the question;Whether‟ tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them?”A. Identify the author and the title of the passage from which this part is taken.William Shakespeare, HamletB. Explain the meaning of “To be, or not to be”To live on in this world or to die, to suffer or to take action.C. How you understand the last lines?To take up arms against troubles that sweep upon us like a sea.23．“For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,they flash upon that inward eye”A．Identify the author and the title.William Wordsworth, I wandered Lonely as a CloudB．What does the phrase “inward eye” m ean?Human soulC．Write out the main idea of the passage in plain English.The poet expressed his love for the daffodils.24．“There was music from my neighbor‟s house through the summer nights. In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars. At high tide in the afternoon I watched his guests diving from the tower of his raft, or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach while his two motor—boats slit the waters of the Sound, drawing aquaplanes over cataracts of foam. On week—ends his Rolls—Royce became an omnibus, bearing parties to and from the city between nine in the morning and long past midnight, while his station wagon scampered like a brisk yellow bug to meet all trains. And on Mondays eight servants, including an extra gardener, toiled all day with mops and scrubbing—brushes and hammers and garden—shears, repairing the ravages of the night before.”A．Identify the author and the title of the novel from which this passage is taken.F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great GatsbyB．What can you imply by reading this passage?It describes Gatsby‟s extravagance.C．What do the “moths ” symbolize?Moths are used metaphorically to refer to those people who are drawn to the party simply for its glamour, for the wealth of Gatsby.25．“Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? —You think wrong!… And if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you…—it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God‟s feet, equal—as we are!”A．Identify the author and the novel from which the quoted part is taken.Charlotte Bronte, Jane EyreB．To whom is the speaker speaking?Jane Eyre is speaking to Rochester.C．What does the quoted part imply about the speaker?Jane Eyre loves Rochester but she values her basic rights and equality as a human being.26. “When the stars threw down their spears,And water‟d heaven with their tears,Did he smile his work to see?Did he who made the Lamb make thee?”A. Identify the poet and the poem from which the quoted lines are taken—William Blake‟s “The Tyger”B. Whom does the “he‟‟ refer to?—the GodC. What does the “Lamb” symbolize?—The “Lamb” symbol of peace and purity.27. “I cannot rub the strangeness from my sightI got from looking through a pane of glassI skimmed this morning from the drinking troughAnd held against the world of hoary grass.”A. Identify the poet and the poem from which the quoted lines are taken.—Robert Lee Frost, After Apple-PickingB.what do es the word “strangeness‟‟ refer to?—the “essence of winter sleep” ????????C. What do the quoted lines imply?。
英美文学复习资料
2). What is the contribution of Geoffrey Chaucer to English literature?
Chapter1. The Renaissance Period
一．重点
前言部分
4). In The Canterbury Tales, ______ presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.
A. spiritual----hero B. natural----leader C. spiritual----god D. natural----monster
二． 《英美文学选读》的考核目标，按照识记，领会，应用规定应当达到的能力层次要求。三个层次呈递进关系，其含义是：
识记： 有关的概念、定义、知识点等能够记住
领会： 在识记的基础上，能够把握基本概念、基本方法和彼此之间的关系和区别
应用了在领会的基础上，能运用本课程的基本理论，基本知识和方法来分析英美文学作品，并能用英语正确表达。
1． 文艺复兴的起源，起始时间，内容及特征
2． 人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响
3． 文艺复兴时期的主要文学形式及其特征
练习：
Renaissance Period
1. Choose the best answer for each blank.
1). The Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European ______ thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.
英美文选资料复习.docx
二现实Twain,James,Emily Dickinson,Dreiser（自然主义,三代表，历险记,贵妇人，黛瓯三部曲，嘉丽）一:现实主义时期界定:The period ranging from 1865 to 1914 has been referred to as the Age of Realism • 二:历史文化背景:The American society after the Civil War provided rich soil for the rise and development of Realism .American had transformed itself from a Jeffersonian agrarian community into an industrialized and commercialized society .The burgeoning economy and industry stepped up urbanization .Polarization of the well・being started to show up ,with the poor poorer and the rich richer •三:文学特点:The Realistic period is actually a movement or tendency that dominated the spirit of American literature ,especially American fiction from the 1850sonwards .Realism was a reaction against Romanticism or a move away from the bias towards romance and self-creating fictions .四:现实主义与自然主义的异同:Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic .It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality ,or to human existence • 五:自然主义:The impact of Darwin's evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism :American naturalism .Artistically naturalistic writings are usually unpolished in language Jacking in academic skills and unwieldy in structure .philosophically ,the naturalists believe that the real and true is always partially hidden from the eyes of the individual ,or beyong his control. 六:重要作家：①Mark Twain 马克吐温作品及内容：H.L.Mencken considered he"the true father foor our national literature^.His Roughing It describes a journey that works its way farther and farther west through Navada to San Francisco and then to Hawaii .Life on the Mississippi tells a story of his boyhood ambition to become a riverboat pilot ,this time up and down the Mississippi .The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is usually regarded as a classic book written for boys about their particular horrors and joys •里程ti卑Adventures of Huckleberry Finne is a boy's book written for the adults 5and Hemingway described it"all modem American literature comes：人物刻画及语言风格:Mark Twain is the most famous local colorist，jt concerned with the life of a small,well-defined region or province .his humor characterized by puns ,straight-faced exaggeration ,repetition ,and anti-climax Jet alone tricks of travesty and invective ,is remarkable .In Adventures of Huckleberry Finne 解析:Huck is polarized by the two opposing forces between his heart and his head .between his affection for Jim and the laws of the society against those who help slaves escape .Huck's final decision—to follow his own good-hearted moral impulse rather than conventional village morality •Setting :he used the Mississippi valley as his fictional kingdom .writing about the landscape and people ,the customs and the dialects of one particular region ,and is therefore known as a local colorist Characters :he creats life-like characters .especially the unconventional Huckleberry Finn，who runs away from civilization and stands opposite to conventional village morality ;Language ;it is the kind of colloquial language belong ing to the lower class ,the living local American English •②Henry James亨利詹姆斯:国际标准考虑职业，1876定居伦敦，1915加英国籍:His career is devided into three periods •代表作:The Portrait of A Lady ,which incarnates the clash between the Old World and the New in the life journey of an American girl in aEuropean culture environment •艺术特色:The typical pattern of the conflict between the two cultures would be that of a young American man or girl who goes to Europe and affronts his or her destiny .And his fictional world is concerned more with the inner life of human beings than with overt human actions ,so he is regarded as the forerunner of the 20th-century u steam-of-conscioueness55novels and the founder of psychologicalrealism .The literary techniques innovated by James to cater for this psychological emphasis is his narrative^point of view^.Outlook :it is both concerned with form and devoted to human values ,He also advocates the freedom of the artist to write about anything that concerns him ,even the disagreeable ,the ugly and the commonplace ,The artist should be able to^feel^the life ,tounderstand human nature ?and then to record them in his own art form .《黛西米勒》解析:Published in 1878,Daisy Miller has ever since become the American Girl in Europe ,a celebrated cultural type who embodies the spirit of the New World .However ^innocence ,the keynote of her character ,turns out to be an admiring but a dangerous quality and her defiance of social taboos in the Old World finally brings her to a disaster in the clash between two different c ultures •③Emily Dickinson 狄金森：文学生涯:She wanted to live simply as a complete independent being ,and so she did ,as a spinster •开始于in the early 1850s •共写了1775 首诗，但生前只有7首发表了o其余于1890年后相继出版.She called this stream of tiny ,aphoristic poems a continuous fragmented^letter to the world^^a way to bridgr her private world with the public 题结构及艺术特色:Her poems concerning death and immorality ganging over the rendering of the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death .Her poems have no titles ,hence are always quoted by their first lines ,there is a particular stress pattern jn which dashes are used as a musical device to create cadence and capital letters as a means of emphasis .The poetic idiom is famous for its laconic brevity .directn ess and plainness •④Theodore Dreiser 德莱塞的生平及作品:As one of America's literary naturalists ."欲望三部曲"The Financier ,The Titan and The Stoic are called u trilogy of Desire59.1945 年逝世前不久加入the Communist Party •创作思想，艺术特色及写作风格:Dreisefs style has been a point of heated discussion .The consensus that has been reached sa far seems to be that .although Dreisefs novels are formless at times and awkwardly written .and his characterization is found deficient and his prose pedestrian and dull ,yet his very energy proves to be more than a compensation .He is good at employing the journalistic method of reiteration to burn a central impression into the reader's mind .《嘉丽妹妹》解析:In Sister Carrie Dreiser expressed his naturalistic pursuit by expounding the purposelessness of life and attacking the conventional moralstandards .unsuccessfully ,to find meaning and purpose for their existence .Carrie ,as one of such one ,senses that she is merely a cipher in an uncaring world yet seeks to grasp the mysteries of life and thereby satisfies her desires for social status and material comfort •（Hurstwood,s 自杀）:When they live together ,Carrie becomes mature in intellect and emotion ,while Hurst wood ,away from the atmosphere of success on which his life has been based .steadily declines .So their relations become strained .At last ,she thinks him too great a burden and leaves him .After Carrie deserts Hurstwood ,he is in great despair .Feeble and penniless ,Hurstwood wanders in a cold winter night with no body trying to help .Extremely hopeless and totally devastated ,he turns the gas on in a cheaplodging-house and ends his life .By making that comment .Hurstwood seems to have realized that it is useless to continue to fight against fate •His fate is not controlled by his own efforts but by some social forces too strong for him to resist ,so he decides to give up •七:三代表:William Dean Howells ,Mark Twain ,Henry James :Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the^life^of the Americans ・Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived .Mark Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories .Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphasis on the^inner world^of man.。
英美文学选读复习资料
英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料一、英国文学1、文艺复兴时期：莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》等，以及弥尔顿的《失乐园》。
2、17世纪：约翰·多恩的玄学派诗歌，以及约翰·班扬的《天路历程》。
3、18世纪：启蒙时期，亨利·菲尔丁和理查逊的小说，以及亚历山大·蒲柏的讽刺诗歌。
4、19世纪：浪漫主义时期，包括拜伦、雪莱、济慈等人的诗歌，以及简·奥斯汀、爱米莉·勃朗特等的小说。
5、维多利亚时期：查尔斯·狄更斯、乔治·艾略特、托马斯·哈代等作家的小说，以及马修·阿诺德、约翰·罗斯金等人的诗歌。
二、美国文学1、浪漫主义时期：包括华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传说》、爱伦·坡的短篇小说、以及纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》。
2、现实主义时期：包括马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》、亨利·詹姆斯的小说、以及艾米莉·狄金森的诗歌。
3、20世纪：包括F.斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》、欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》、杰克·凯鲁亚克的《在路上》等文学作品。
三、文学术语和概念1、象征主义：通过象征性的符号或形象来表达某种思想或情感。
2、叙事视角：从特定的角度来描述故事，常见的有第一人称、第二人称、第三人称等。
3、意象主义：通过形象和比喻来表达情感和思想。
4、文艺复兴：欧洲历史上的一次文化运动，强调人文主义和古希腊罗马文化。
5、玄学派：17世纪英国的一种文学流派，强调诗歌中的哲学思考和神秘主义。
6、悲剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现英雄人物的悲惨命运。
7、喜剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现幽默、讽刺等轻松愉快的主题。
8、自然主义：一种文学流派，强调对自然和社会现实的客观描写。
9、超验主义：一种哲学思想，强调个人经验和直觉，反对传统权威。
英美文学选读复习资料
英国文学选读复习资料一.Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端)人文主义先驱，the father of English poetry..第一个用英语写作的诗人。
二. William Shakespeare1.The four great tragedies by William Shakespeare are _Hamlet_, _Othello_, _King Lear_, Macbeth. 四大喜剧是A Midsummer Night's Dream ;As you like it ;Twelfth Night ;The merchant of Venice .the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪) 资产阶级革命与王权复辟prose 散文1、文学特点：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。
2、代表人物：1)、John Donne 约翰.多恩The founder of the“metaphysical”poets (玄学派诗人) 的代表人物代表作:Love lyrics:Songs and sonnets.The Flea.A Valediction: forbidding morning作品特点：① strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.(坦诚的态度和现实描绘)② novelty of subject matter an d point(新颖的题材和视角)③ novelty of its form.(新颖的形式)2)、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人（ poem 诗歌 blank verse ）was a _radical puritan in politics and religion. 激进清教徒分子。
英美文学选读复习资料
英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧等。
这些作品代表了英美文化的精髓，对于理解这两个国家的历史、社会和文化有着重要的意义。
在学习英美文学时，我们需要掌握一些重要的作品和作家，以及他们的主要思想和风格。
首先，我们来看看英美文学的起源。
英国文学可以追溯到中世纪，最早的英国文学作品是史诗《贝奥武夫》。
这部作品讲述了一个英雄的故事，强调了勇气、荣誉和忠诚的重要性。
这种史诗的传统在英国文学中一直延续到今天，影响了许多作家，如莎士比亚和狄更斯。
莎士比亚是英国文学的巅峰之作。
他的戏剧作品包括悲剧、喜剧和历史剧，涵盖了各种主题和情感。
莎士比亚的作品具有深刻的人物描写和复杂的情节，他的语言也非常美丽和富有表现力。
莎士比亚的作品对于理解人性和社会问题有着重要的启示，被广泛地研究和演出。
在美国文学方面，最早的作品可以追溯到殖民地时期。
这些作品主要是宗教文学，反映了殖民地居民的信仰和价值观。
其中最著名的作品是《普利茅斯植民者的历史》，它记录了普利茅斯植民者在美洲建立殖民地的经历。
这些作品对于理解美国的宗教和政治历史有着重要的意义。
美国文学的巅峰时期是19世纪，这个时期出现了许多重要的作家和作品。
其中最著名的是马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》。
这部小说以一个少年的视角描写了美国南方的奴隶制度和种族歧视，对于美国社会的问题提出了尖锐的批评。
这部小说被认为是美国文学的经典之作，对于后来的作家产生了重要的影响。
除了莎士比亚和吐温，还有许多其他重要的英美作家和作品。
例如，英国的狄更斯和奥斯汀，美国的海明威和福克纳。
这些作家的作品涉及了各种不同的主题和风格，从社会问题到个人成长，从浪漫主义到现实主义。
他们的作品代表了英美文学的多样性和丰富性。
在学习英美文学时，我们不仅需要了解这些作家和作品，还需要理解它们的背景和文化内涵。
英美文学反映了英国和美国的历史、社会和价值观，它们是这两个国家文化遗产的重要组成部分。
英美文学选读考前总复习中英文版
一.What is the theme of Beowulf?这首诗主题介绍了如何原始人工资在聪明和强大的领导之下的自然世界的敌对势力的英勇斗争的生动写照。
这首诗是自然界神话和英雄传说混合在一起的一个例子。
Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.二.莎士比亚（1）四个悲剧。
（二）四大悲剧的共同之处？3请简要总结每个英雄人性的弱点。
1.莎士比亚的四个最大的悲剧是：哈姆雷特、奥赛罗、李尔王、麦克白。
2.每个描绘了一些高尚的英雄，谁面临着人类生活的不公，陷入了一个困难的局面和他们的命运和整个国家的命运息息相关。
3.每一位英雄有他的弱点的性质；老国王李尔不愿意完全放弃他的权力；麦克白的权欲挑起他的抱负和他会导致无休止的罪行1.Shakespeare’s four greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.2.Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.3. Each hero has his weakness of nature; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power; and Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes三.试论莎士比亚的艺术的创作。
英美文学选读复习要点中英文对照
英美文学选读复习要点中英文对照Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798)新古典主义1. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.总之，这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。
2. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理性时代。
3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of m odern philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。
他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。
5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and m oralizing, became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。
6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those gre at writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and S ir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swi ft, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Sam uel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。
(完整word版)英美文学选读考前总复习
一.What is the theme of Beowulf?Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader。
The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.二。
William Shakespeare （i）Name his four greatest tragedies。
（2)What are the characteristics of the four tragedies in common？（3）Briefly summarize each hero’s weakness of nature。
1.Shakespeare'sfourgreatest tragediesare：Hamlet，Othello,Kinglear,and Macbeth.2。
Eachportrays some noble hero，who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.3.Each hero has his weakness of nature;the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power;and Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes三. try to discuss William Shakespeare ‘s art of creations。
自考英美文学选读要点总结精心整理2
英美文学选读要点总结细心整理[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心, 人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到足够的论据, 来赞美人性, 并开始留意到人类是崇高的生命, 人可以不断发展完善自己, 而且世界是属于他们的, 供他们怀疑, 探究以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔, 克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理3
【美国】Chapter 1 The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期1. From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. It is also called “the Americ an Renaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。
（也可称为“美国德文艺复兴”）2. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.对逃离社会，回归自然的渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的话题。
3. The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很大的影响。
4. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers. 在霍桑，麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家的作品种加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。
英美文学选读课文选段总复习
Mark Twin presented the 19th century American in his own unique way. Discuss Twain’s art of fiction: the setting, the language, and the characters, etc., based on his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.1.Mark Twain uses the Mississippi alley as his fictional kingdom, writing about the landscape and people, the customs and the dialects of one particular region, and therefore known as a local colorist.2.He creates life-like characters, especially the unconventional Huckleberry Finn, who runs away from civilization and stands opposite to conventional village morality.3.He uses a simple, direct vernacular language, totally different from any precious literary language. It is the kind of colloquial language belonging to the lower class, the living local American English.4.He has created a special humor to satirize social injustice and the decayed convention.：1.How do you know about Renaissance? Give a summery about English literature in the period?1.The Renaissance refers to the period between 14th----mid-17th century. It first started in Italy.2.The Renaissance means rebirth or revival----the discovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.3.In essence, The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of the old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie/middle class, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of Roman Catholic church.4.Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. The humanism exalted/praised human nature and emphasized the dignity of human beings and thepresent life. They thought man had the right to enjoy the beauty of life and had the ability to perfect himself and made wonders, which got ready for the appearance of the great Elizabethan writers in Britain. Poetry and drama were the most outstanding literary forms.5.Shakespeare, Marlowe and Francis Bacon etc. were the remarkable representatives of the English Renaissance.2. Please give a brief analysis of Hamlet’s “To be or not to be” soliloquy “To be or not to be” is ’a philosophical exploration of life and death’. The soliloquy condemned the hypocrisy and treachery and general corruption of the world, and revealed the character of Hamlet---so ’speculative, questioning, contemplative and melancholy./gloomy’. It was not because he was not able to take action to revenge, but because of his ’hesitative/hesitant character’, when the chance for action came, it seemed defeat.It can be interpreted as: Hamlet bears the heavy burden of the duty to revenge his father’s death, he is forced to live in the suspense of facts and fiction, language and action. He considers that it would be better to ’commit suicide’, but being scared of what might happen to him in the afterlife. So he put off the thing because of the sin. He considers the plan carefully only to find reason for not carrying it out. The soliloquy conveys ’the sense of world-weariness 4. What are the main themes of Shakespeare’s plays?1.Shakespeare’s plays are divided into 3 types: comedies, tragedies and historical plays.1) His historical plays are with the theme-----national unity under a might and just sovereign/ruler is necessary.2)In his romantic comedies, he takes an optimistic attitude toward love friendship and youth.3)In histragedies, Shakespeare always portrays some noble heroes, who faces the injustice of life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of his nation. Each hero has his weakness of nature. We also see the conflict between the individual and the evil force in the society. And his major characters are always individuals representing certain types.5. Please comment on the character of Satan in “Paradise Lost.”1. Satan is a rebellious (叛逆的) figure against God in literature, defeated, he and his rebel angels were cast into hell. However, Satan refused to accept his failure, swearing that “all was not lost” and that he would revenge for his downfall. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Satan’s character, which was the important spirit of the rising middle class. While he tempted Adam and Eve, which proved his evilness.1.Please analyze the Neoclassical period and the characters of the literature.1)The Neoclassical period is about 1660-1798, also known as"the Age of Enlightenment" or "the age of Reason".2)Its background was:a.It was an age full of conflicts and difference of values;b.It was an age of fast development for English to becomethe first powerful capitalist country in the world;c.It was an age of economic development, in which bourgeois/middle class grew rapidly.3)In essence, the Neoclassical Period was a progressive intellectual movement.4)The Enlighteners believed in self-restraint, self-reliance and hard work;They celebrated reason/rationality, equality and science.They advocated universal education, which could make peoplerational and prefect, they believed.5)In literature, The Enlightenment Movement brought about arevival of interest in the ancient Greek and Roman classical works; the works at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing; having fixed laws and rules for every type of the literature; among which prose and the modern English novel predominated the age. (At the end of the age sentimentalism and Gothic Novel appeared.) 6) The age was an important age with the remarkable authors Pope, Defoe, etc.2.Please cite examples from "Gulliver’s Travels" to explain brieflyhow did Swift criticized and allude to the government and the society.1)In the first par t of the "Gulliver’s Travels", Swift described the tricks and practices in the competition held before royal members to allude to the fact that the successof the officials was not for their wisdom and excellence but fortheir skills in the games;2)In the part 4 of the book, Swift made horses with reason and good qualities.The citizens who are "hairy, wild, low and despicable brutes, who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in almost every way" to criticize/satirize all respects of the English and European life, and urge people to consider the nature of the human and life. (P108-109)1.Please list the subjects and the faculties of theRomanticism.(1 The subjects are: love, nature, nationalism, individualism, (2) The faculties they cherished are: imagination, spontaneity, inspiration. (P162)2.William Wordsworth was the first representative author ofRom,How do you know his idea and style?(1)His poems are most about Nature and Human Life;(2)Beyond the pleasure of the picturesque with the eye and the external aspects of nature, however, lies in deeper moral awareness, a sense of completeness in multiplicity. (3)Common life and the joy and sorrow of the common people andinner self are his subjects;(4)He is a poet in memory of the past and was called "prophets of nature";(5)He deliberately writes in simple and ordinaryspeech ,refuses to decorate the truth of experience of pure and profound feeling;(6)He thought poet is "a man speaking to men," poetry is "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates inemotion recollected in tranquility."(7)He always writes an elusive beauty simplicity or a rural figure.3.What thoughts and event influenced the period of Romanticism?(1) Rousseau explored new ideas about nature, society and education, which provided guiding priding principles for the French Revolution and Romanticism;(2) The French Revolution and "the Declaration of Rights ofMan"aroused the great sympathy and enthusiasm in the English liberals and radicals,which became a great source for Romanticism.(3) England itself had experienced profound economic and social changes as industrialism,which were reflected in the works of literature.how do you know about Jane AustenGenerally speaking, Austen was writer of the 18th century.(1)Her novels always dealt with the romantic entanglement of the heroines;(2)She believed in it thatreason over passion, sense of responsibility, good manners,and clear judgment over romance; she honored the Augustan virtues of moderation,dignity disciplined emotion and common sense;(3)She contempt snobbery, stupidity, worldliness etc;(4)Her main concern was the relationship between men and women in love;(5)Her writing range was limited, all restricted to theprovincial life of the 18th century England;(6)She presented the quiet,day-to-day country life of themiddle -upper -class English.(7)Her characteristic theme was: maturity is got by the loss of illusions.Ideologically, what influenced Victorian literature? Wha t characters does it have? Darwin’s theory “the survival of the fittest” shook t he theoretical basis of the traditional faith, many authors expressed their doubts and uncertainty in their works;Utilitarianism was widely accepted and practiced, many conscious authors severely criticized the Utilitarianism, especially its devalue of culture and its cold indifference to human feeling and imagination;Realism novels criticized the society and defended for the mass, and they concerned about the fate of the common people such as their poverty misery, angry with the inhuman social institution, the social immorality, injustice and money-worship.Victorian literature represents the reality of the age. Thehigh-spirit vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humour and unbound imagination are unprecedented.can you analyze the character of Jane EyreJane Eyre was a little plain governess with quick wit, honesty, frankness, loving heart and the spirit of independence and self-dignity.In literature, she is an individual conscious to self-realization. She was lonely and neglected young woman with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life.In author’s mind, man’s life is composed of perpetual struggle between sin and virtue, good and evil. The heroines’ joy, comes from the sacrifice of self and the overcome of some weakness.By Jane’s experience, we can see the cruelty, hypocrisy, and other evils of the upper classes and the misery and the suffering of the poor, and the false social convention on love and marriage. Analyze the background of the Victorian Period.Economic developed rapidly and social problems prevailed in England and it became the “workshop of the world”.England settled down to a time of prosperity and stability, the people valued earnestness, respectability, modesty, and democracy.In the last decades, British empire declined, and Victorian values decayed.Analyze the style of Charles Dickens.Adeptness/skilfulness with the vernacular and large vocabulary;The most distinguishing/remarkable character-portrayal;The best writing from thechild’s point of view; (His best depicted characters are those innocent, virtuous, persecuted, helpless children)The depiction of those horrible and grotesque characters;The mingling/mixing features of humor and pathos/sorrow. (P241) How do you know the naturalistic idea of Hardy?The tragic sense is the keynote of Hardy’s novels, and he is a nostalgicauthor.Hardy’s novels always set in Wessex, the fictional primitive and crude region, which is threatened by the invading capitalism, expressing the conflict between the traditional and the modern, the old and the modern.Man’s fate is tragic with born, driven by the force of the nature of outside and inside, and man is bound by his inherent nature and hereditary traits which prompt him to go and search for happiness or success, and set him in conflict with the environment; we can see he is influenced greatly by Darwin’s th eory “survival of the fittest”.Man proves to be incompetent/impotent before Fate, and he seldom escapes his destiny. The pessimistic view of life predominates most works of Hardy, which earns him the name of a naturalistic writer.Hardy is noted for he rustic dialect and a poetic flavor, so he is also called local-colorist.1.“For herein Fortune shows herself more kind……Of such misery doth she cut me off”1.I dentify the title of the works and author.2.Explain “from which…cut me off”.3.What happened to him, which caused the wordsThe lines are from “The Merchant of Venice”, William Shakespeare. (P48)2) This sentence means she, ’Lady Fortune(命运女神)’, is more kind to him because she is taking away both his wealth and life.3) The speaker is Antonio, it’s said that his ship have all been lost, and he is penniless, and will have to pay the pound of flesh. (Because Shylock has made a strange bond that requires Antonio to pay him a pound of flesh if he can’t repay him the money that he borrowed for his friend in due time.)3.“ Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;When in eternal lines to timethou grow’st:So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.1) Where does the poem comes from? Who wrote it?What does “eternal lines”mean? Interpret it briefly.1) The poem is “ Shall I Compare thee to a Summer’s Day”, by Shakespeare. 2) Eternal lines means the lines of the poem and other sonnets. 3) It means: you will not lose your beauty, and death will not threaten you with darkness, either. As long as man can live in the world, they will see your beauty in my lines of my poem, which has given you eternal life. (Or A nice summer’s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever.4.“… All is no lost: the unconquerable will,Irreconcilable to our grand Foe”1) Please identify the poem and the poet.2) Interpret“all is not lost”.3) What does the whole passage mean?1) It is taken from John Milton’s “Paradise Lost”. 2) “all is not lost” is the word from Satan----Satan and other angels rebel against God, but they are driven from Heaven into hell. In the fire of the hell, Satan is determined to fight back, just like what he says: not all is lost, the unconquerable will, the deep hatred, and the courage to fight till death still remain. 3) This passage shows Satan’s will not to submit and the desire to long for freedom; to beg God for mercy and worship his power is more shameful and disgraceful than the downfall.1. "A little black thing among the snowCrying "’weep! ’weep! "They are both gone up to the church to prey."(1)Identify the poem and poet.(2)Explain "notes of woe".(3)What does the sentence mean "they ate both gone up to the church to prey."(1)It is from "The Chimney Sweeper (from songs of experience) by Blake (2)"notes of woe" means the songs/notes of sadness.(3)It implies: religion is the instrument of their repression/ oppression, its nature is to help bring misery to the poor children.3. "With plough and spade and hoe and loom …England be your Sepulcher"(1)Explain "sepulcher"(2)What was the deep implication of the poem?(1)Sepulcher means grave. (2)The poem ironically addressed to the workers who submit to capitalist exploitation. It warned them: If they gave up the struggle, they wouldbe digging graves for themselves wish their own hands.6. "For oft, when on my couch I lie Which is the bliss of solitude;And dance with the daffodils."(1) What is the "bliss of the solitude"?(2) Interpret the passage.(3) Why did the poet write the poem, what did he want to express? (1)The Daffodils the poem saw. (2)It is a bliss/happiness to recollect the beauty of nature in his mind when he is solitude/lonely.(3)The poem depicts/deals with the flowers that he came across along waterside, by which he expresses the quiet, sympathy, loving feeling to nature just like his words "poetry is from "emotion recollected in tranquility".7. "Then naked & white, all their bags left behind,…He’d have God for his father, and never want joy."(1)Identify the poem and its poet;(2)What does the poem implies?(1) The poem is take from "The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Innocence)", which was written by William Blake. (2) This is a lovely poem presenting a happy and innocent world, though the wretched child are exploited and orphaned, they hadnicedream for life and the world, which implies religion make people obedient to exploitation, and from religion, they can get consolation and an "illusory happiness".8. "As thus with thee i n prayer in my sore need….One too like thee: tameless, and swift and proud."(1)Explain "I fall upon the thorns of life, I bleed" (2)Can you comprehend the deep emotion contained in the poem? What’s that?(3)The poet was called the "the heart of all hearts", he trumpeted the radical prophecy of hope and rebirth. Please write out his classic words.(1)The sentence call Shelley’s desire that he couldn’t best being fettered to/limited by the humdrum/too ordinary reality of everyday! (2)In the poem, the west wind has become the poet himself,he wants to be free, proud and controllable like the wild west wind,to destruct and construct with the strong power like the west wind. (3)"If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?"10. "Where fore feed and Clothe and saveFrom the cradle to the graveDrain your sweat---nay, drink your blood?"(1)Who wrote the poem? What’s its name?(2) Explain "drones",(3) Interp(1)The poem is ret the passage."A song: Men of England" by Shelley. (2)Drones the male of the honey-bees that don’t work ,referring to the parasitic class in human society.(drones and bees are the devices of metaphor) (3)The poet called all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but point out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. It expressed the love for freedom and the hatred to tyranny of the author.11. "Wild spirit, which art moving everywhere;Destroyer and Preserver; hear, O hear!"(1)What does the "wild spirit "refer to?(2)Why called it "Destroyer and Preserver" at the same time?(3)Identify the poet and the poem.(1)"wild spirit" refers to west wind/autumn wind. (2)Because west wind buried the dead year and year and prepared for a new spring, the poet call it "Destroyer and preserver".(3)It is "Ode to the west wind" of Shelley.“You teach me now how cruel you’ve --- Why did you betray your own heart, Cathy?I have not one word of comfort---you deserve this…”Who is the speaker?What does it refer to “you despise me, you break your own heart”?What was the meaning of the story fro m the social point of view?What is the main device of the story in description?The speaker was Heathcliff. It refers to Cathy married her husband and deserted him and her own love.From the social point of view, it is a story about a poor man –Heathcliff abused, betrayed and distorted by his social betters/by the people with higher social position, because he is a poor nobody“In pursuance of this determination, little Oliver, to his excessive astonishment, Oliver begins to cry very piteously. Thinking, not unnaturally, that the board must fatten him up in this way.”Identify the title and the writer.Why Oliver was released from the bondage?Why had he been punished?Interpret “A very tremendous sight”.This is an excerpt from “Oliver Twist” by Charles Dickens. Because he would be sold to a notorious chimney-sweeper and became his apprentice. Oliver was punished for that “impious and profane offence of asking for more gruel.” Fromthe passage we can see the food is so little and poor in fact, but in the little Oliver’s eyes, it became “A very tremendous sight”. Because in the usual days Oliver and other children were maltreated and abused cruelly, they couldn’t eat well and were punished severely by the cruelty and hypocrisy of the dehumanizing workhouse board.“Come, Tess, Tell me in confidence.” …“The trees have inquisitive eyes, haven’t they? … and drive all such horrid fancies away!”1) Interpret the passage.Tess, as pure woman brought up with the traditional ideas, is abused and destroyed by the destructive force, and the misery made her frightened to the future, which implied the naturalistic viewpoint of Hardy.1.。
{精品}英美文学选读 复习资料 重点知识点
一、名词解释1. Meter:Meter is the measured arrangement of words in the poetry, the rhythmic pattern of a stanza, determined by the kind and number of lines. It’s the beat of the poem and meter is an organized way to arrange unstressed and stressed syllables. The length of lines is described by the number of repeated meters in the line.1 meter,2 dimeter,3 trimeter,4 tetrameter,5 pentameter,6 hexameter,7 heptameter,8 octameter2. Stressed pattern:The most common stressed pattern in English is the iamb, which consists of 2 syllables and the 2nd one of which is accented. Another common stressed pattern is trochee (also 2 syllables, but with the 1st accented).Iamb: unstressed/ stressedTrochee: stressed/ unstressedAnapest: unstressed/ unstressed/ stressedDactyl: stressed/ unstressed/ unstressed• A line with three iambic feet is known as iambic trimester.• A line with six dactylic feet is known as dactylic hexamete r.•Shakespeare is famous for his use of the iambic pentameter.3. Rhyme:Rhyme is when the endings of the words sound the same.4. Rhyme Scheme:Rhyme Scheme is the pattern of rhyming word at the end of each line.Not all poetry has rhyme scheme. Poems of more than one stanza often repeat the same rhyme scheme in each stanza.5. AlliterationAlliteration is the repetition of the same sounds or the same kinds of sound at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables. Modern alliteration is predominantly consonantal.6. Assonance: 谐音，类韵Assonance is the relatively close succession of the same or similar vowel sounds, but with different consonants and it’s a kind of vowel rhyme.7. Consonance:尾韵Consonance is the relatively close succession of the same end consonants with different vowel sounds and it’s a kind of consonant rhyme.8. Repetition:Repetition is the repeating of a sound, word, or phrase for emphasis.10. Meaning devices:Diction is the writer’s choice of words. The words that a writer chooses to use may carry both denotative and connotative meanings. Denotative is the explicit definition as listed in a dictionary, while connotative is the association or set of associations that a word usually brings to mind.11. Figurative language:Figurative language is any language that goes beyond the literal meaning of words in order to furnish new effects or f resh insights into an idea or a subject.Whenever you describe sth.by comparing it with sth. else, you’re using figurative language.•Simile:A simile is a figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared,often in a phrase introd uces by “like” or “as”.•Metaphor:A metaphor is a figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made betweentwo unlike things that actually have sth. important in common.•Symbol:Symbol is an image that comes to stand for sth. (often an idea) beyond itself. •Pun:A pun occurs when a word is used in such a way as to have more than one meaning and in this way. It’s a kind of instant metaphor.•Imagery:Imagery is an appeal to the senses. The poet describes sth. to help you see, hear, smell, taste or touch the topic of the poem. It’s similar to descriptive writing only in poetry form.•Personification:Personification is a figure of speech, which gives the qualities of a person to an animal, an object or an idea. It’s a comparison, which the author uses to show sth.in an entirely new light, to communicate a certain feeling or attitude towards it and to control the way a reader perceives it.•Paradox:Paradox is a statement that on the surface seems to contradict itself and doesn’t make sense, but that at another level expresses a truth.12. English Romanticism<1>. It prevailed in English during the period of 1798—1832. The publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 marked its beginning and the death of Water Scott in 1832 marked its ending.<2>. Highlights of English RomanticismImagination is the supreme faculty of the mindIdealization of Nature: that Nature never did betray the heart that loved herIndividualism: man is an individual in a solitary state; the exploration and evaluation of the inner self.13. Point of view:Point of view is the vantage point from which a story is told.<1>. The First Person Point of View:A character from the story is telling the story; uses pronouns “he”, “she”, “they”.In the first-person point of view, the narrator is a character in the story; knows and can tell only what he or she thinks and feels; may be reliable and trustworthy or may be an unreliable narrator.<2>. Types of Third-Person Point of View:Third-person limited: the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings on only ONEcharacter in a story.Third-person omniscient: the narrator knows the thoughts and feeling of ALL the characters in a story.•Third-Person-Limited Point of View:In Third-person-limited point of view, the narrator plays no part in the story; he knows and can tell what a single character is thinking and feeling.•Omniscient point of view:In the omniscient point of view, the all-knowing narrator plays no part in the story;knows and can tell what any character is thinking and feeling; knows what is happening in all of the story’s settings.14. SettingSetting generally provides the time and place of a story;Setting can also include the mood of the time period, situation and event;Setting can be the social, political, environmental or emotional climate;Setting can also include the emotional state of a character.15. CharacterThe term character refers to a person or an animal in a story, play or other literary work. Characterization is the way a writer reveals the personality of a character.•The protagonist is the main character in a story and the story often revolves around this character.•The antagonist is the force that or character who opposes the protagonist. •Minor characters are present, generally named and have a role that in some way was highlights the protagonist.16. ThemeTheme is the general idea or insight about life that a work of literature reveals.Theme is a main idea or strong message tied to life.Theme threads itself through a story, chapter or scene to make a point about life, society or human nature.Theme is typically implied rather than explicit. The reader has to think about it.Generally, there’s one major theme in a piece of literature. Add itional themes can often be found in a piece of literature.17. Parts of a plotPlot is the sequence of events that happen in a story. Plot provides a story with structure, like a map of a story.•Exposition: introduction; This usually occurs at the beginning of a short story.Here the characters are introduced. We also learn about the setting of the story.Most importantly, we are introduced to the main conflict (problem).•Rising action: events that occur as result of central conflictThis part of the story begins to develop the conflicts. A building of interest or suspense occurs and leads to the climax. Complication arises.•Climax: highest point of interest or suspense of a storyThis is the turning point of the story. Usually the main character comes face witha conflict. The main character will change in some way and this is themostintense moment.•Falling action: tension eases; events show the results of how the main character begins to resolve the conflict.It’s the action that follows the climax a nd ultimately leads to the resolution. •Resolution: the conclusion; all loose ends are tied up; the conflict is solved Either the character defeats the problem, learns to live with the problem or the problem defeats the character.18. ConflictConflict is a problem that must be solved; it’s an issue between the protagonist and antagonist forces. It forms the basis of the plot and conflict can be external or internal. External conflict: exists when a character struggles against some outside force such as another character, group, society, nature, fate or a nonhuman obstacle.E.g. <1>. Man vs. Man is the conflict of one person against another person.<2>. Man vs. Nature is the conflict a person encounters with the forces of nature, and shows how insignificant one person can be when compared to the cosmic scheme of things<3>. Man vs. Society is the conflict of a person/ people and the views of society. Prejudice/Racism is a good example.Internal conflict exits within the mind of a character who is torn between different courses of action. E.g. Man vs. Himself is internal conflict. It’s those conflicts an individual has with his conscience.19. Special Techniques used in a Story<1>. Suspense: excitement, tension, curiosity<2>. Foreshadowing: hint or clue about what will happen in story<3>. Flashback: interrupts the normal sequence of events to tell about something that happened in the past<4>. Symbolism: use of specific objects or images to represent ideas<5>. Personification: when you make a thing, idea or animal do something only humans do<6>. Surprise Ending: conclusion that reader does not expect二、文学作品节选承上启下a connecting link between the preceding and the following1. A Rose for Emily --- William FaulknerThe narration shifts in time frequently and gives out bits of information about the main character Miss Emily in such a way that the reader has to piece them together by himself.Para.1 It tells us who is the main character and who is telling the story. The author chooses “we”, the people of the town, as the collective narrator. “We” represents the gossip of the town, they are observers of the events. But this collective narrator does not know everything. None of “us” have benn inside Miss Emily’s house until her death.•So inevitably there are gaps in the narration that are bound to cause confusion on the part of the readers or the listener of the story. Thatleaves a lot of room for reader participation.Para. 2 This paragraph provides details about the setting of the story --- the place and the time. From the descriptions of the appearance of Miss Emily’s house we learn something about her family and her character, and from the visible changes on the streets over the years we get to know something about the historical and social changes that were taking place then.Part 2.In this part time is shifted back to thirty years before the visit of the deputation. Three things took place during this period of time. There was a bad smell coming from Miss Emily’s house. Two years before that her father dies, and Emily behaved rather strangely by refusing to let the townspeople bury him. A short time after that she had a sweetheart, whom the townspeople believed deserted her.2. A Tale of Two Cities --- Charles Dickensantithesis对照/对仗，anaphora首语重复法，repetition, juxtaposition并列，oxymoron 矛盾3.Romeo and Juliet --- William Shakespeare4.Persuasion --- Jane Austen三、诗歌欣赏1. A Red Red Rose --- Robert Burns①A Red Red Rose is a ballad that written by Robert Burns.②It consists of 4 quatrains (four-line stanzas), in iambic tetrameter in first andthird lines, and iambic trimetersecond and fourth lines. The rhyme scheme isabcb.③The poem focuses on the theme of love. A man professes his true love for hisbeloved girl.④In the first stanzathe author describes her pretty appearance and praise he finedisposition. And he addresses the young lady as bonnie in second stanzas. Hepledges his eternal and faithful love in the next 3 stanzas from 3 dimensions:Depth, length and distance.The man vows to love her however far he may go.⑤There are four main figurative languages used in the poetry.In the first place, the author compares his beloved girl to a red rose which has recently blossomed in June by using simile. And he compares her to melodywhich is the beauty lives on abstraction. Those make the poetry vivid and live.In the second place, he uses hyperbole in the sentence “Till a’ the seas gang dry” to show that all is possible.Furthermore, the author repeat the sentence “Till a’ the seas gang dry” to show the permanent love. The repetition not only emphasizes his love but alsoaddsome musicality to the poetry.In addition, the author uses symbol to expresses his faithful love. Rosesymbolizes passionate love, and rock symbolizes staunch love, sands symbolizeseternal love, seas symbolizes deep love.2.I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud --- William Wordsworth①I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is a lyric poem written byWilliam Wordsworth.②This poem presents the deep feelings and emotions of the poet rather thantelling a story or presenting a witty observation.③It consists of 4 six-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter and an ABABCC rhymescheme.④Figurative language:Using personification, the author compares the cloud to a lonely human.By using simile, there is the c omparison of the speaker’s solitariness to that of acloud.Alliteration: lonely as a cloud(line 1)⑤Diction&Tone：Diction can be assumed as indifferent or melancholy in the firsttwo lines. The speaker is comparing himself to a cloud that floats carelessly andyet feels distant or separated from the world beneath himBy the third line“when all at once I saw a crowd” the poem shifts into ablithe/joyful attitude, an interest towards the gorgeous scene which he describesand keeps throughout the poem.-Fluttering/dancing/shine/twinkle/sprightly/dance/glee/gay/jocund/wealth/bliss/ pleasure fills⑥Analysis ：In the first stanzas, Wordsworth describes the scene when we wanders “as lonely as a cloud”.He compares himself to a single cloud that is floating over the valleys and the hills.The speaker feels distant and seperated from the world below. The poet says thathe is like a cloud. That’s a simile.Then he sees a “crowd” of golden daffodils which are under the trees and beside alake and are “fluttering and dancing in the breeze”. He uses calm and soft words.In the second stanza, the speaker makes a connection with the daffodils and the stars. This stanza is still full of imagery. He compares the daffodils to the shiningstars that sparkle in the Milky Way as the number of daffodils are near the riverseem to be thousands in number.In the third stanza, he again compares the waves of the lake to the waves of daffodils. He decides that even though the lake is “sparkling”, the daffodils win because they have more “glee.” He felt so happy and expressed his feeling as gay in such a jocund company. He looked at the scene for a long time ,but while he was there, he couldn’t understand what he had gained from his experience. The repetition of “gaze” tells us that he kept looking at the flowers for a long time.In the last stanza, he describes how that scene affected him because whenever he is at home and on his own “in the bliss of solitude,” he remembers the flowers that fills him with pleasure and his heart “dances with the daffodils”. Again the use of words like “bliss” show his happiness each time the memory of tho se flowers and the way theydanced that day comes back to him.⑦This is a beautiful but simple poem about the beauty of nature and how inspiring it can be. This poem was written so that you can visualize and image how it would look in your perspective. In most of this poem, he gave the flowers a human quality, like dancing. There are rhyming words at the end of every alternate line of the poem giving it both continuity and a sense of rhythm.3.Break, Break, Break --- Alfred Tennyson①Break, Break, Break isa lyric poem thatwritten by Alfred Tennyson.②The poem contains four quatrains with combined iambic and anapestic. Mostlines have three feet and some four. The rhyme scheme is abcb.③This poem expresses Tennyson’s grief after his friend died, the preciousness ofyouth and indifference of nature. Namely, the world continues to be busy andbeautiful, but the happy moments of one’s life never stay.④Hallam died of a stroke in 1833 when he was only 22. Nature, of course, doesnot stop to mourn the loss of anyone. Cold and indifferent, it carries on, thewaves of the ocean breaking against rocks along the seashore without pausingeven for a moment. The rest of the world carries on as well: the fisherman's boyhappily playing with his sister, the sailor merrily singing, the ship busily plyingthe waters of commerce. Downcast, isolated by his grief, the narrator yearns totouch the hand of his friend once more, to hear the sound of his voice. But, no,Hallam is gone forever; his "tender grace" will never again return.⑤The author use repetition in the title and the first line to emphasizes that theocean waves are going to keep breaking.Apostrophe (Lines 1 and 2): The narrator addresses the sea.Personification and metaphor also occur in Lines 1 and 2, forthe poet regards the sea as a human being.Alliteration (Line 8): boat on the bay(Lines 9-12): Stanza 3 uses this figure of speech as follows:And the stately ships go onTo their haven under the hill;But O for the touch of a vanished hand,And the sound of a voice that is still!Alliteration (Line 15): day that is deadRepetend: Line 13 repeats Line 1; Line 7 repeats the first twowords of Line 5.Paradox: Touch of a vanished hand (Line 11), sound of a voicethat is still (Line 12).4.Because I Could Not Stop for Death --- Emily Dickinson①Because I Could Not Stop for Death is written by Emily Dickinson.②It consists of 6 four-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter. Therhyme is not strict.③The poem focuses on the theme of death and immortality. The author’s puzzlingover death leading to ly, the arrival of death is not unpleasant.Death means eternity.④The author use simple and plain word to describe the world of living, and moresolemn and serious words to describe death and immortality.⑤In the first stanza is an angel of death, in the image of a kind person comes in acarriage for the sake of immortality and the poet. This stanza reveals Emily’s calm acceptable of death. Death is seen as kind and polite. The journey to her grave begins when death comes calling.In the second stanza, the drive symbolizes her physical leaving life. He drives her slowly, which could be an expression of his consideration for her. Having relinquished her labor and leisure for the ride, she gives death her respect a full attention.In the third stanza, using metaphor, Dickinson speaks about the different stages of her life. School and children at recess symbolizes her childhood. Gazing grain symbolizes her adulthood. The setting sun represents her final years and decent into death. And the atmosphere surrounding the ride begin to change when we see the setting sun.In fourth stanza, it is a shift that makes her getting closer to the death.In fifth stanza, she saw a house with small size, scarcely visible cornice in the ground, which was actually house of the death. The word “house” is used as a euphemism for a grave to indicate how comfortable she feels about death.In the last stanza, she finally realized that she had been dead and also she had already got eternity. The word “eternity” is the echo of the word “immortality ”in first stanza.⑥Tone: In the first place, the tone is light and pleasant, and then turns to serious.In final, it is meditative.5.Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening --- Robert Frost①Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening iswritten by Robert Frost②It consists of 4 four-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter andanAABA-BBCB-CCDC-DDDDrhyme scheme.③As a traveler, the poet is fascinated by the beautiful scene in the woods. He stopsto enjoy it, but his mind urges him to go on, because there is still a long way ahead of him, an unfinished duty waiting for him. This poem stresses a central conflict between man's enjoyment of natural beauty and his responsibility in society.④The first stanza tells us that the man is stopping in front of the woods owned byanother person in the village--the village and the owner can both represent human society. Only the man is watching the woods being filled up with snow.The woods and snow can both hint at natural occurrences.The second stanza says the location is far from civilization (farmhouse), light (darkest evening) and warmth (frozen lake) that even the horse would think the man is queer to stop there.In the third stanza, there is the climax of the whole poem. The man is woken up by his horse and steps out of fantasy but he finds himself in acontradiction between reality and fantasy.The last stanza reveals the woods’ attractiontowards the man as it is “lovely, dark and deep”. It also shows the man’s determination to break away from suchaesthetic temptation because he has to take on worldly burdens andresponsibilities (“promises”).⑥There are four main figurative languages used in the poetry.In the first place, the author uses personification in the sentences “My little horse must think it queer” and “to ask if there is some mistake”.In the second place, there is the alliteration in words “sound”and “sleep”, ”dark” and “deep”Furthermore, the author repeat the sentence “and miles to go before I sleep”. The superficial meaning is that there is still a long distance before thespeaker. But there is an implied meaning is that there are still numerousresponsibilities before the speaker’s life comes to an end. The repetition alsoadds some musicality to the poetry.In addition, the author uses images in many lines. For example, the woods symbolizes the mystery of nature; the temptations in our life. The snowsymbolizes something of purity. Village & He (the owner of thewoods)—Human world & societyPromises--The unavoidable responsibilities & obligationsMiles--Long distance; the heavy duty of lifeSleep--Rest during night; the end of life (death)I am on my way--The journey of life四、散文1.Letter to Lord Chesterfield --- Samuel JohnsonFebruary 7th, 1755My Lord,I have been lately informed, by the proprietor经营者ofthe World,that two Papers两篇文章, in which my Dictionary is recommended to the Public, were written by your Lordship阁下. To be so distinguished, is an honour受到如此破格的垂青，是一份荣耀, which, being very little accustomed to favors from the Great很不习惯来自大人物的褒奖, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge用什么话来表达感激之情.When, upon some slight encouragement, I first visited your Lordship, I was overpowered深受感动, like the rest of Mankind其他人, by the enchantment of your address您富有魅力的言辞; and could not forbear to wish 奢望that I might boast夸口说myself Le vainqueur du vainqueur de la terre世界征服者的征服者, that I might obtain that regard 受到重视for which I saw the world contending争先，奋斗的; but I found my attendance拜访so little encouraged, that neither pride nor modesty谦逊would suffer me to continue it使我能够继续忍受下去. When I had once addressed your Lordship in public 当众向大人致意, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess我用尽了一个性情懒散，不善逢迎的书生所持有的所有手段以博取您欢心. I had done all that I could; and no Man is well pleased 高兴的to have his all neglected他的一切努力被忽视, be it ever so little无论多么微不足道.Seven years, My Lord, have now past已经过去七年了, since I waited in your outward Rooms, or was repulsed from your Door被拒之于门外; during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties在困难中推进我的工作, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of Publication快要出版了, without one Act of assistance, one word of encouragement, or one smile of favor. 没有的到一点帮助，没有得到一句鼓励，没有看到一个笑脸支持Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a Patron before我不曾指望能有这样的待遇，因为我此前从未有权贵提携.The Shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found him a Native of the Rocks.维吉尔笔下的牧童最后终于和爱神相识，这才发现所谓爱神只不过是岩穴土人而已。
自考英美文学选读复习资料
1. ⋯ I glanced back once. A wafer of a moon was shining over Gatsby's house, making thenight fine as before, and surviving the laughter and the sound of his still glowing garden. A sudden emptiness seemed to flow now from the windows and the great doors, endowing with complete isolation the figure of the host, who stood on the porch, his hand up in a formal gesture of farewell.A.Identify the author and the title of the novel from which this passage is taken.F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great GatsbyB.The passage describes the end of an event. What is it?It is a description of the end of a big partyC.What implied meaning can you get from reading this passage?The passage hints at the meaninglessness, spiritual emptiness and vanity of such a lifeof pleasure- seeking. There is a tragic sense that the“ party” will be over.2. My tongue, every atom of my blood, form'd from this soil, this air,Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same,I, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin,Hoping to cease not till death.A.Identify the poet and the title of the poem.Whitman, Song of MyselfB.What do "soil" and "air" represent in the first line?America, his country, his native landC.What does the poet try to say in the above four lines?I was born and nurtured by this land and shall from now on devote my whole life to the country.3.“ I celebrate myself, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.I loafe and invite my soul,I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.”(From Walt Whitman?s“ Song of Myself”)A. Who does“ myself” refer to ?The poet himself and the American people.B. How do you understand the line“ I loafe and invite my soul?”The line indicates a separation of the body and the soul.C. What does“ a spear of summer grass” symbolize?The phrase indicates Whitman?s optimism and experience.4."And the native hue of resolution/Is sicklied o?er with the pale cast of thought." (Shakespeare,Humlet)A. What does the "native hue of resolution" mean?determination (determinedness, action, activity, ...)B. What does the "pale cast of thought" stand for?consideration (indecision, inactivity, hesitation, ...)C. What idea do the two lines express?Too much thinking (consideration,...) made (makes) activity (action) impossible. 5."Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere; /Destroyer and Preserver; hear, Ohear!" A. Identify the poem and the poet.Shelley?s Ode to the West WindB. What is the "Wild Spirit"?The West Wind; "breath of Autumn?s being"C. What does the "Wild Spirit" destroy and preserve?It destroys things that are dead, it preserves new life.6."When the minister spoke from the pulpit, with power and fervid eloquence, and, with his hands on the open bible, of the sacred truths of our religion, and of saint-like lives and triumphant deaths, and of future bliss or misery unutterable, then did Goodman Brown turn pale, dreading,lest the roof should thunder down upon the gray blasphemer and his hearers.A. Identify the title of the short story from which this part is taken.Hawthorne?s Young Goodman BrownB. What had happened in the story before this church scene?Brown had attended a witc hes? party where he saw many prominent people of the village, the minister included.C. Why was Goodman Brown afraid the roof might thunder down?Brown was shocked by the minister, secretly a member of the evil club, who couldtalk about sacred truths of the religion openly and unashamedly. He thought God would punish such hypocrites down on them.7. (A lot of common objects have been enumerated before, and here are the last two lines ofThere Was a Child Went Forth :)The horizon?s edge, the fly ing sea-crow, the fragrance of salt marsh and shore mud.These became part of that child who went forth every day, and who now goes, and will always go forth every day.A. Who is the author of this poem? What is the title of the poem?Whitman. There was a Child Went ForthB. What does the "Child" stand for in the poem?The young growing America.C. In one or two sentences, interpret the implied meaning of the two lines.The poet uses his childhood experience of growing up and learning about the worldaround him to imply that young America will grow and develop like that.D. How do you understand“ These became part of the child”?It is interesting to reexamine the sequence of the items list in this poem which“ became part of the child ” . They reflect the natural process of a boy?s growth. At first, his world was limited within the barnyard. Later, he sought into fields and streets. Then, he became interested in something more mysterious — his fellow human beings. Finally, he wason the symbolic threshold of the outside world, the sea. He had grown into a young man from a boy.8.“ And when I am formulated, sprawling on a pin,When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall.Then how should beginTo spit out all the butt-ends of my days and ways . ”A.Identify the poem and the poet.T.S. Eliot?s The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.B.What does the phrase“-endsbutt” mean?The ends of cigarettes, meaning trivial things here.C.What idea does the quoted passage express?Here, Prufrock?s inability to do anything against the society he is in is made himstrikingly clear by using a sharp comparison. Prufrock imagines himself as a kind of insect pinned on the wall and struggling in vain to get free. This image vividly shows Pru frock?s current predicament.9. “ I shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference.”A.Idenfity the poem and the poet.Robert Lee Frost?s The Road Not Taken.B.What does the phrase“ ages and ages hence” mean?Many many years later.C.What idea does the quoted passage express?The speaker is telling his experience of making the choice of the roads. But he is conscious of the fact that his choice will have made all the difference in his life. He seems tobe giving a suggestion to the reader“ make good choice of your life”.D. What additional meaning do the two roads have?Life is here compared to a journey. The two roads stand for the choice one has to make at a critical moment in his life.E. What dilemma is the speaker facing?Since where the road leads to is uncertain, one has to wait to see the result of thechoice until one?s life is coming to an end. Then it will be too late. The speaker acknowledges the limits of life, yet he indulges himself in the notion that we could be really different from what we have become, because life is unpredictable.10.“ A violet by a mossy stoneHalf hidden from the eye!－Fair as a star, when only oneIs shining in the sky.”A. Identify the author and the title of the poem from which this stanza is taken.William Wordsworth,“ She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”B. Pick out the metaphor used in this stanza.The flower (violet) is used as a metaphor.C. What quality does the author intend to show by using the metaphor?By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the author intends to show her qualityof beauty and her virtues which are often neglected by the common people just like a wildflower blooming by an untrodden road.11.“ We passedThe School, where Childrenstrove At Recess － in the Ring －We passed The Fields of Gazing GrainWe passed The Setting Sun －”A. Who is the author and the poemEmily Dickinson“ Because I could not stop for Death－”B. What do the underlined parts symbolize?It stands for three stage of life:“ the school”-- youth,“ the Fieldsof GazingGrain ”— mature period,“ the setting sunend of life”—C. Where we re“ we” heading toward?“ We” are riding in a carriage, heading towards Eternity.D.What figure of speech is used in the poem?SymbolismE. What are Dicki nson?s unique writing features in relation to the quoted lines?Dashes are used as a musical device to create cadence and capital letters as a meansof emphasis.12.“ Never did sun more beautifullysteep In his first splendor, valley, rock, or hill;Ne?er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep! Theriver glideth at his own sweet will:Dear God! The very houses seem asleep;And all that mighty heart is lying still!”(William Wordsworth?s sonnet:“ Composed upon Westminster Bridge” September 3, 1802) Questions:A. What does the word“ glideth” in the fourth line mean?The word“ glideth” means“ flows”B. What kind of figure of speech is used by wordsworth to describe the“ river”?Wordsworth uses personification to describe the“ river”.C. What idea does the fourth line express?The 4th line expresses the idea that the river is flowing happily as a living things,which implies the beauty of the nature.D. What does this sonnet describe?It describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London.E. What does the word“ mighty heart” refer to?LondonF. The sonnet follows strictly the Italian form. What is the feature of the Italian form ofsonnet?It follows strictly the Italian form, with a clear division between the octave and the sestet, the rhyme scheme is abbaabba, cdcdcd..13.“ The river glideth at his own sweet will：Dear God! the very houses seem asleep ；And all that mighty heart is lying still!”(from William Wordsworth?s“ Composed upon Westminster Bridge”)A. What figure of speech is used in the quoted lines?Italian formB. What does“ that mighty heart?? refer to?LondonC. What does the poem describe? —It describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London14.“ With Blue uncertain—stumbling Buzz—Between the light — and me —And then the Windows failed—and thenI could not see to see —”A. Identify the poem and the poet.I heard a Fly buzz-when I died by Emily Dickinson.B. What do“ Windows” symbolically stand for?Eyes, for they are considered as the window of human soul. .C. What idea does the quoted passage express?The last thing the dying person saw and heard was the flying and its buzz. When theeyes failed, the human soul was closed and the person died. (The speaker could not see anyof the afterlife or God or angels she expected to see.)15.“ ,Is dying hard, Daddy??,No, I think it?s pretty easy, Nick, It all depends.”?A. Identify the work and the author.Earnest Hemingway, Indian CampB. What was Nick preoccupied with when he asked the question?Nick was preoccupied with the pain and the violence of death./life and deathC. Why di d the father add“ It all depends” after he answered his son?s question?By adding “ Itall depends ”the father meant that death means differently to different people. To such weak persons like the husband of the Indian woman it?s a pretty easy, while strong-willed person will not easily commit suicide.16.“ ,Faith! Faith!?cried the husband. ,Look up to Heaven, and resist the Wicked One.?A.Identify the work and the author.Hawthorne, Young Goodman BrownB.What idea does the quoted sentence express?Goodman Brown here is obviously addressing the image of his wife, urging her to resist the devil. At the same time he is exhorting himself to have faith, to look heavenward,to withstand the infernal eloquence of the Wicked one.17.“ Not on thy sole, but on thy soul, harsh Jew,Thou mak?st thy knife keen; but no metal can,No, not the hangman?s axe, bear half the keennessOf thy sharp envy.”A. Identify the author and the title of the play from which this part is taken.William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice.B. What figure of speech is used in this quoted passage?PunC. What idea does the passage express?18.“ The woods are lovely, dark and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.”A. Identify the poem and the poet.Robert Lee Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningB. What does the word“ sleep” mean?dieC. What idea do the four lines express?When facing the still and lovely forest, the speaker cannot stay, because of his obligation and responsibilities.19.“ Not lose possession of that fair thou ow?st:Nor shall Death brag thou wander?st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow?st; So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”A. Identify the author and the title of the poem.Shakespeare?s Sonnet 18B. What does the word“ this” in the last line refer to?“ This ” refers to the poem.C.What idea do the quoted lines express?When you are in my eternal poetry, you are even with time. A nice summer?s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last forever.20 ．“ Shall I compare thee to a summer?s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer?s lease hath all too short a date:”A ． Identify the poet and the poem from which the quoted lines are taken.Shakespeare?s Sonnet 18B． Name” the figure of speech employed in the poem.PersonificationC． What is the theme of the poem?A nice su mmer?s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever.21.“⋯ only Miss Emily?s house was left, lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay above thecotton wagons and the gasoline pumps — an eyesore among eyesores.”A. Identify the author and the work.William Faulkner?s A Rose for Emily.B. What is the meaning of“ an eyesore among eyesores”?The meaning of“ an eyesore among eyesores” is the most unpleasant thing to look at.C.What does this quoted passage indicate?The house is a perfect mirror image of the owner who is stubborn and coquettish and deliberately detaches herself from the communal life in this small town.22.“ To be, or not to be that is —the question;Whether? tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them?”A. Identify the author and the title of the passage from which this part is taken.William Shakespeare, HamletB. Explain the meaning of“ To be, or not to be”To live on in this world or to die, to suffer or to take action.C. How you understand the last lines?To take up arms against troubles that sweep upon us like a sea.23 ．“ For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,they flash upo n that inward eye”A． Identify the author and the title.William Wordsworth, I wandered Lonely as a CloudB． What does the phrase“ inward eye” mean?Human soulC． Write out the main idea of the passage in plain English.The poet expressed his love for the daffodils.24．“ Therewas music from my neighbor?s house through the summer nights. In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars. At high tide in the afternoon I watched his guests diving from the tower of hisraft, or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach while his two motor — boats slit the waters of the Sound, drawing aquaplanes over cataracts of foam.On week — ends his Rolls — Royce became an omnibus, bearing parties to and from the city between nine in the morning and long past midnight, while his station wagon scampered like a brisk yellow bugto meet all trains. And on Mondays eight servants, including an extra gardener, toiled all daywith mops and scrubbing—brushes and hammers and garden—shears, repairing the ravages of the night before.”A ． Identify the author and the title of the novel from which this passage is taken.F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great GatsbyB ．What can you imply by reading this passage?It describes Gatsby ?s extravagance.C ．What do the“ moths” symbolize?Moths are used metaphorically to refer to those people who are drawn to the party simply for its glamour, for the wealth of Gatsby.25．“ Do you think, because I am poor, obscur e, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless?— You think wrong! ⋯ And if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, Ishould have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God?s feet, equal—as we are!”A ． Identify the author and the novel from which the quoted part is taken.Charlotte Bronte, Jane EyreB ．To whom is the speaker speaking?Jane Eyre is speaking to Rochester.C ．What does the quoted part imply about the speaker?Jane Eyre loves Rochester but she values her basic rights and equality as a human being.26.“ When the stars threw down their spears,And water?d heaven with their tears,Did he smile his work to see?Did he who made the Lamb make thee?”A. Identify the poet and the poem from which the quoted lines are taken—William Blake?s“ The Tyger”B. Whom does the“ he?? refer to?—the GodC. What does the“ Lamb” symbolize?—The “ Lamb” mbolsy of peace and purity.27.“ I cannot rub the strangeness from my sightI got from looking through a pane of glassI skimmed this morning from the drinking troughAnd held against the world of hoary grass.”A. Identify the poet and the poem from which the quoted lines are taken.—Robert Lee Frost, After Apple-PickingB.what do es the word“ strangeness?? refer to?—the“ essence of winter sleep????????”C. What do the quoted lines imply?⋯—。
英美文选复习资料.doc
1 .“Let it not be supposed by the enemies of the system, that during the period of his solitary incarceration, Oliver was denied the benefit of exercise, the pleasure of society, or the advantages of religious consolation."What do you think Charles Dickens intends to say in the above ironic statement taken from Oliver Twist?The sentence is a typical example of irony. What Dickens intends to say is just the opposite of the sentence s literal meaning.For the "benefit" of exercise, Oliver whipped every morning in a stone yard; for the “pleasure” of society, he was carried away every other day to the dinning hall and flogged as a public warning and example to the boys; as for the "advantages" of the religious consolation,he kicked out into apartment every evening at prayer time and listened to the boy s prayer tobe guarded against his sins and vices.The ironic statement is, in fact, a bitter denunciation and fierce attack at the brutal, inhuman treatment of the poor orphan by the workhouse authority.2. How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism? Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best? Neoclassicists upheld that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expressions should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace.Alexander Pope s “An Essay on Criticism" advocated grace, wit (usually though satire / humor), and simplicity in language (and the poem itself is a demonstration of those ideals, too), Henry Fielding s Tom Jones helped establish the form of novel; Gray s Elegy Written in Country Churchyard displays elegance in style, unified structure, serious tone and moral instructions.Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be "spontaneous overflow of strong feelings”， and no matter how fragmentary those experiences are (Wordsworth s I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud or The Solitary Reaper or Coleridge s Keble Khan), the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes.In a word, Neoclassicism emphasized rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual s mind.3. English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge s Lyrical Ballads. Why is Lyrical Ballads considered the milestoneto mark the beginning of English Romanticism? In this book, Wordsworth and Coleridge explored new theories and innovated new techniques in poetry wring. The preface to theLyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school. In the preface, Wordsworth defines poetry and poets.Wordsworth s poems in this book differ in marked way from his early poetry: simplicity of the language, sympathy for the poor, and expressions of inward states of mind.4. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen explored three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle-class people had in the second half of the 18th century. Try to make a brief discussion about them with specific examples from the novel. Make comments on Austen s attitude towards these motivations.Motivation one: to pursue material wealth and social position through marriage. Wickham, Miss Bingley and Charlotte Lucas are examples of this kind.Motivation two: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty. Lydia and Mr. Bennet are examples of this kind.Motivation three: to search for true love and also take personal merits and financial positions into consideration. Elizabeth Bennet is a typical example of this kind.Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two motivations.5. “ My boy! said the old gentleman, leaning over the desk. Oliver started at the s ound. He might be excused for doing so, for the words were kindly said, and strange sounds frighten one. He trembled violently, and burst into tears.” (from Charles Dickens Oliver Twist) Explain why Oliver Twist started first, then trembled violently and burst into tears when the words were “kindly” said. The boy started at the words because kind words were not expected; it must be the first time in all his life that the boy Oliver Twist had ever “kindly” greeted, strange words may predict another suffering.6. Discuss the way symbolism is used in Melville s Moby-Dick.To Ahab, the whale is either an evil creature itself or the agent of an evil force that controls the universe, or perhaps both. The chase of the white whale symbolizes Ahab s pursuit of truth and fighting against the evil force.To Ishmael, the whale is an astonishing force, an immense power, which defies rational explanation due to a sense of mystery it carries. It also represents the tremendous organic vitality of the universe.To the reader, the whale can be viewed as a symbol of the physical limits that life imposes upon man. It may also be regarded as a symbol of nature.7. As a rule, an allegory is a story in verse or prose with a double meaning: a surface meaning, and an implied meaning. List two works as examples of allegory. What is the implied meaning an allegory is usually concerned with?Bunyan s Pilgrim s Progress and Spenser s The Faerie QueeneIt usually concerned with moral, religious, political, symbolic or mythical ideas.8. Take Mark Twain s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as an example to illustrate the statement that Mark Twain was a unique writer in American literature.Mark Twain shaped the world s view of America and made the extensive combination of American folk humor and serious literature.The novel has become a great contribution to the legacy of American literature.The novel is written in a language that is totally different from the rhetorical language used by his contemporary writers such as Emerson, Poe and Melville. It is simple, direct, lucid and faith to the colloquial speech. This style of colloquialism is best described as vernacular.He successfully used local color and historical settings to illustrate and shed light on the contemporary society. That s why he is known as a local colorist.Mark Twain s humor is remarkable, too. Most of his works tend to be funny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc. some of them are typical of tall tales. And a great deal of his humor is characterized by puns, straight-faced exaggeration, repetition, and anti-climax. He uses his humor to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism.9. How do you philosophically define Transcendentalism?Transcendentalism has been defined philosophi cally as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the sense". Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind,^. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.10. Thomas Hardy is often regarded as a transitional writer. Some critics believe that he is emotionally traditional and intellectually advanced. How do you understand this idea?Living at the turn of the century, Hardy is often regarded as the transitional writer. In him we see the influence from both the past and the modern. As some people put it, he is intellectually advanced and emotionally traditional. In his Wessex novels, there is a nostalgic touch in his description of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural life, which wasgradually declining and disappearing as England marched into an industrial country. And with those traditional characters he is always sympathetic.On the other hand, the immense impact of scientific discoveries and modern philosophic thoughts upon the man is quite obvious, too. He read Darwin s The Origin Species and accepted the idea of "survival of the fittest". He was also influenced by Spenser s The First Principle, which led him to the belief that man s fate is predeterminedly tragic, driven by a combined force of “nature”，both inside and outside.11. Hemingway Code heroesIt refers to some protagonists in Hemingway s works. In the general situation of Hemingway s novels, life is full of tension and battles; the world is in chaos and man is always fighting desperately a losing battle. Those who survive in the process of seeking to master the code with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint are Hemingway code heroes.12. Tn your rocking-chair, by your window dreaming, shall you long, alone. In your rocking-chair, by your window, shall you dream such happiness as you may never feel." (from Theodore Dreiser s Sister Carrie)What idea can you draw from the “rocking-chair”？The “rocking-chair” is a symbol standing for fate. It is like a cradle that makes one feel peaceful. It is also like a tide that ever goes on with life, the destiny of which is uncertain.。
英美文学选读复习
英美文学选读复习Part 1 poem- appreciation1.Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer's lease hath all too short a date:Questions:a.identify the poem and the poet.b.Why doe s the poet compare `thee` to a summer’s day?c.What picture have you got of English summer, and could you explain why?2.For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyewhich is the bliss of solitudeQuestions:a.What is the rhyme scheme?b.What is the poem about?c.Explain“ inward eye which is the bliss of solitude”.3. Till a’the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi’ the sun;And I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands o’life shall run.Questions:a. Explain the last sentence.b. identify the poem and the poet.c. Explain or comment this stanza.4.Fare to the highlands, farewell to the North,The birthplace of Valour, the country of Worth;Wherever I wander, wherever I rove, The hills of the Highlands forever I love. Questions:a. identify the poem and the poet.b. Explain the second sentence.c. Explain or comment this stanza.5. Will no one tell me what she sings? Perhaps the plaintive numbers flowFor old, unhappy, far-off things,And battles long ago:Or is it some more humble lay. Familiar matter of to-day?Some natural sorrow, loss, or pain，That has been, and may be again?a. identify the poem and the poet.b. Explain or comment this stanza.6. On desperate seas long wont to roam, Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face,Thy Naiad airs have brought me home To the glory that was Greece,And the grandeur that was Rome. Questions:a. Explain the first sentence.b. identify the poem and the poet.c. Explain or comment this stanza.7. He questioned softly Why I failed? "For Beauty", I replied --And I -- for Truth -- Themself are One -- We Brethren, are", He said -- Questions:a. identify the poem and the poet.b. Exp lain “Themself are One”.c. Explain or comment this stanza.答案很短Part 2 questions1. What does the novel Robinson Crusoe express?2. Comment on the character Mr. Bennet of Pride and Prejudice3. Discuss William Wordsworth4. Comment on the characteristics Heathcliff5. Comment on Jane Eyre6.What does the scarl et letter “A” symbolize？Part 3 Translation1.However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his firstentering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters.Comment on the sentence.2.When I came down from my apartment in the tree, I looked about me again, andthe first thing I found was the boat, which lay as the wind and the sea had tossed her upon the land, about two miles on my right hand.3. I was stiff with long sitting, and bewildered with the noise and motion of the coach: gathering my faculties, I looked about me. Rain, wind, and darkness filled the air; nevertheless, I dimly discerned a wall before me and a door open in it; through this door I passed with my new guide: she shut and locked it behind her. There was now visible a house or houses- for the buildingspread far- with many windows, and lights burning in some; we went up a broad pebbly path, splashing wet, and were admitted at a door; then the servant led me through a passage into a room with a fire, where she left me alone.4. You teach me how cruel you've been - cruel and false. Why do you despise me?Why did you betray your own heart, Cathy? I have not one word of comfort. You deserve this. You have killed yourself. Yes, you may kiss me, and cry, and wring out my kisses and tears; they'll blight you - they'll damn you. You loved me--then what right had you to leave me? What right--answer me--for the poor fancy you felt for Linton? Because misery, and degradation and death, and nothing that God or Satan could inflict would have parted us, you, of your own will, did it. I have not broken your heart--you have broken it; and in breaking it, you have broken mine5.To be, or not to be: that is the question:Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them?To die: to sleep; No more;and by a sleep to say we endThe heart-ache and the thousand natural shocksThat flesh is heir to, 'tis a consummationDevoutly to be wish'd.To die, to sleep;To sleep: perchance to dream: ay, there's the rub;For in that sleep of death what dreams may comeWhen we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must give us pause: there's the respectThat makes calamity of so long life;6 .Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse.7. On one side of the portal, was a wild rose-bush, covered , in this month of June, with its delicate gems, which might be imagined to offer their fragrance and fragile beauty to the prisoner as he went in, in token that the deep heart of Nature could pity and be kind to him.8. Her skeleton was small and spare; perhaps that was why what would have been merely plumpness in another was obesity in her. She looked bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue.9.读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。
自考“英美文学选读”总复习概要（1）
Chapter4 Victorian Period1836-1901 2. background （1）early years： rapid economic development as well as serious social problems （2）the next twenty years： prosperity and relative stability. a national spirit of earnestness， respectability， modesty domesticity （3）the last three decades： the decline of the British empire and the decay of the Victorian values 3. idea： （1）Darwin‘s The Origin of Species； The Descent of Man shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith （2）Utilitarianism： whether it could promote the material happiness （3）socially conscious writers criticized（2）‘s depreciation of cultural values， cold indifference towards human feeling （4）literature： magnitude and diversity， romantically and realistically 4.critical realist writers： criticized the society， concerned about the fate of common people Charles Dickens 1.theme：critical realist writers， criticize： poverty， injustice， hypocrisy， corruptness 2.works： Oliver Twist； The Pickwick Paper； David Copperfield； Domeby and Son； A Tale of Two Cities； Bleak House； Little Dorrit； Hard Times； Great Expectations 3.characteristics： （1）he is skillful in the dialect and have a large vocabulary （2）character portrayal （3）characters are mostly innocent， helpless ，persecuted child characters （4）a mixture of humor and sympathism （5）bizarre figure， horrible 4.Oliver Twist： the cruelty and hypocrisy of the workhouse system and the dark criminal underworld life The Bronte Sisters 1.scene：vast，rough，untouched moorland wilderness 2.Charlotte Bronte： Jane Eyre Mr. Rochester and Jane Eyre. Rochester： a grim-looking， energetic， quick-tempered， but an understanding middle-aged man Jane Eyre： has a burning spirit and a longing to love and be loved Jane Eyre： struggles for recognition of her basic rights and equality as a woman. It‘s an individual conscious struggle towards self-realization. She gets joy through the sacrifice of herself or her weakness overcome 3.Emily Bronte： Wuthering Heights（uses flashbacks） Nelly： Catherine‘s old nurse， narrator， told Mr.Lockwood， a temporary tenant the story Alfred Tennyson 1.Crossing the Bar； Ulysses； Break， Break， Break 2.evaluation：Poet Laureate （Wordsworth， Southey） 3.features：a powerful expression of the poet‘s philosophical and religious thoughts， his doubts about life， soul. Robert Browning 1.features：perfects “dramatic monologue”， keeps readers onmouseover， thoughtful and enlightened 2.works： My Last Dutches， in heroic couplets， dramatic monologue George Eliot 1.idea：founder of “stream of consciousness”， focus on inner struggle. hereditary influences govern human action. concern for the destiny of woman. the tragedy of women lies in their very birth（hereditary influences） 2.works features ：naturalistic and psychological novel 3.works：Middlemarch：a full view of life in a small Englishtown。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Unit 1 Benjamin Franklin-writer, scientist, political economistLiterary worksStyleSignificanceLiterary worksPoor Richard’s Almanac---gives advice in maxims, that is proverbs with practical wisdom.Autobiography---most important work. It has lasting charm to those who are pursuing their American dream in America.Styleclear and even plainrather formal , but the organization is informal.full of his humor and satire.Significancethe first self-made man in Americaconsidered as the symbol of American dreamsymbol of America in the age of Enlightenmentbrought the colonial era to a close.a Jack of all tradesUnit2 Edgar Allan Poe-writer, poet and criticWorksCommentWorksTales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque 《奇异怪诞故事集》The Murders in the Rue Morgue 《毛格街杀人案》The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》The Masque of the Red Death 《红色死亡的化妆舞会》The Cask of Amontillado《一桶酒的故事》The Philosophy of Composition 《创作哲学》The Poetic Principle《诗歌原理》The Raven《乌鸦》CommentMaster of horror;the father of the detective story ;the first master of the short-story formadvocacy ―art for art’s sake‖.New England TranscendentalismTranscendentalismRalph Waldo EmersonHenry David ThoreauⅠ.Transcendentalismstarted in the early 19th century and flourished in New Englandsummit of American Romanticism.the first American intellectual movement, represented a new way of intellectual thinking in Americaleaded by Emerson with his book NatureTranscendentalismMajor features ---Spirit or Oversoul: the universe is composed of Nature and Soul. Spirit is everywhere.Individualism: the most important element in society, the divinity of individual.Nature: is a connecting link between God and man. It is a symbol of the Spirit.TranscendentalismInfluences---American: an ethical guide to life for a young nation ; stressed religious tolerance; helped to create the first American renaissanceAmerican culture: individualism; seclusion; morality; environmental protect; women movement; anti-slavery;American literature: Scarlet Letter; Moby Dick; Hackberry Finn; The A wakening;Ⅱ. Unit3 Ralph Waldo Emerson- essayist and poetSignificanceMain WorksInfluencesSignificancebrought back the influence of European Romanticism.founded a Transcendentalists' Club and published a journalbecame the most eloquent spokesman of Transcendentalism.his aesthetics brought about a revolution in American literature. It marked the birth of true American poetry.called for an independent cultureMain WorksEssays:Nature ★《论自然》American Scholar《论美国学者》3.Essays《论文集》4.Representative Men 《人类代表》Poems:1. Poems《诗集》2. May Day《五月节》InfluencesNature , the Bible of Transcendentalism“The American Scholar‖, regarded as ―Declaration of Intellectual Independence‖“Self-Reliance‖, the importance of cultivating oneself. ― believe yourself ‖ is his main point of ethicsⅢ. Unit 6 Henry David Thoreau-an essayist, philosopher and poetMain WorksPoints of viewEvaluationWaldenMain Works1. “On the Duty of Civil Disobedience”《论公民的不服从》2.Two very important works：Walden ★《沃尔登》A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River《在康科德与梅里马克河上一周》Points of view1. He did not like the way a materialistic America was developing.2. He hated the human injustices represented by the slavery system.3. Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on man’s spiritual well-being.4. He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.5. He was very critical of modern civilization.6. He preferred a simplified life.Evaluationinfluenced by Emerson and was Emerson’s man of actionregarded as a prophet of individualism in American literatureHis first major influence is his thought of nonviolent struggle expressed in his ―Civil Disobedience‖second major influence is his call of ―Back to Nature‖.Waldendescribed the author’s extremely simple lifeon self-culture and human perfectibilitycriticized the modern civilization and told people to leave the life of hurry and bustle and to sink themselves in natureSpiritual richness is real wealthUse metaphor, pun, allusionUnit 4 Nathaniel Hawthorne-novelist and short story tellerSignificanceMain WorksPoints of ViewThemeStyleThe Scarlet LetterSignificance1. He was a master of psychological insight.2. He was a very important moralist novelist in the 19th century.3. His original writing style profoundly influenced his contemporary writers and some otherAmerican writers after him.Main WorksThe Scarlet Letter ★《红字》Twice-Told Tales《故事重述》Mosses from an Old Manse《古宅青苔》The House of the Seven Gables《带有七个尖角阁的房子》The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》Points of ViewHe disagrees with transcendentalism.He believes that evil educates.Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed down from generation to generation.Evil is at the core of human life. Hawthorne has a ―black‖ vision of life and human beings. Theme1. New England regional past and American past2. Secret guilt and evil3. Alienation and solitude4. Original sin and its influence5. Complexity of human psychology; ―interior of the heart‖Style1. The use of symbolism2. Revelation of character’s psychology3. The use of supernatural mixed with the actual4. Allegory—to teach or preach5. The use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertaintyThe Scarlet Letterbest-known novelSocial life of Puritan in New England in 17th centurySymbolism: A = Adultery angel able\abilityCharacters:Hester Prynne: truth, love and beautyDimmesdale: a split personality, hypocrisyChillingworth: wickedness, darkness, hatred, evil, defect in human personalityPearl: hopeUnit 5 Herman Melville-novelist and poetReputationMain WorksReputationan adventure writerregarded as great as Whitman, and Faulknercreates the first American prose epic, Moby DickMoby Dick is recognized as one of the greatest American novelsMain Works1.Novels:Typee《泰比》Omoo《欧穆》Mardi《玛地》Redburn《雷得本》White Jacket《白外衣》Moby Dick ★《白鲸》—Melville’s masterpiece, a significant philosophical work on spiritual exploration PierreThe Confidence Man《骗子的化妆表演》2. Collections of Poems:（了解）Battle Pieces《战事集》Clarel《克拉瑞尔》John Marr and Other Sailors《约翰·玛尔和其他水手》Timoleon《梯摩里昂》The Backround of AmericanRealism时间：19世纪后半页，尤指19世纪70，80年代失去希望的美国人去了西部，人们变得更实际的面对生活因为国家的发展，渐渐有人失去了浪漫的想象逐渐转向务实。