08年考研英语一阅读词汇检测

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2008年1月研究生学位英语真题(附完整参考答案)

2008年1月研究生英语学位课统考PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each)21. The city was virtually paralyzed by the transit strike for better wages.A. subjectivelyB. imaginablyC. positivelyD. practically22. In spite of the taxing business schedule, he managed to take some time off for exercise.A. imposingB. demandingC. compulsoryD. temporary23. The court held the parents accountable for the minor child's acts of violence.A. responsible forB. indifferent toC. desperate forD. involved in24.The visitors were impressed by the facilities planned and programmed in terms of their interrelationships.A. in units ofB. with reference toC. in aspects ofD. on condition of25. "There is a weird power in a spoken word," Joseph Conrad once said.A. mightyB. prospectiveC. oddD. formidable26. Poverty and inadequate health care take their toll on the quality of a community's health.A. destructionB. contributionC. chargeD. origin27. This old man had trouble expressing the attachment he felt when arriving at his native town.A. hospitalityB. affection C: appeal D. frustration28. If you become reconciled to your lot, you will never get a new start in life.A. submissiveB. resistantC. tolerableD. committed29. The little girl felt increasingly uneasy while waiting for her mother at the bus-stop.A. difficultB. excitedC. relievedD. restless30. A high official is likely to win respect and trust if he can stick to his principles.A. turn toB. add toC. keep toD. lead toSection B (0.5 point each)31. To achieve sustainable development, the of resources is assuming new importance.A. conservationB. reservationC. exhaustionD. devastation32. The sale of alcoholic beverages is ________ to those above 21 in some regions.A. confinedB. inhibitedC. obligedD. restricted33.The importance of protecting rainforests from human invasion is increasingly realized bydeveloping and developed countries_______.A. bothB. eitherC. alikeD. apart34. Before the 1980s, the idea of health insurance was quite _______ to those living in the mainlandof China.A. overseasB. abroadC. foreignD. offshore35. The government is expected to make new legislations to ______ foreign investment in real estate.A. manipulateB. regulateC. dominateD. prevail36. Despite the suspect's ________to be innocent, there is compelling evidence that he was involved.A. convictionB. assertionC. accusationD. speculation37. For many countries, being part of a global supply chain is like striking oil -- oil that may never____.A. run outB. work outC. turn outD. call out38. Having been an office secretary for some years, she always _______chores in a responsible way.A. goes onB. goes forC. goes withoutD. goes about39. Without clear guidelines ______, executives of hospitals are sometimes at a loss about what to do.A. in orderB. in placeC. in needD. in trouble40. The age of other trees is variously estimated as ______ from two hundred to eight hundred years.A. changingB. differingC. varyingD. rangingPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Every year, as the price of goods rises, the inflation refuses to (41) even from the high educational institutions.In the US, according to a 2005 survey by the College Board, (42) at state universities rose by an average of 7.1 percent annually, after a year when inflation grew much less. At private schools it was up 5.9 percent. The survey which (43) more than 3,000 colleges and universities did not provide clear reasons for the continued increases. It did say that the price of goods and services at universities have risen rapidly. Some of the fastest growth has been in employee health (44), and professional salaries.Living expenses on campus have also (45). At the university of Southern California student dining hall, a buffet meal cost $5.50 in 2004. But now it's $9. The US government often provides (46) assistance to students' lunch in primary and high schools, but these favorable policies usually don't (47) universities.Some students said the food on campus is sometimes even more expensive than that at restaurants (48) campus.To compensate the rise in tuition and living expenses, the federal and state governments (49) universities and private sources have provided (50) for students. Of all the full time undergraduates about 62 percent have a grant covering 30-50 percent of their tuition, according to the College Board.41. A. stay away B. stand out C. step down D. set off42. A. fares B. payment C. charges D. tuition43. A. attended B. covered C. included D. composed44. A. welfares B. advantages C. benefits D. goods45. A. rolled up B. gone up C. sat up D. taken up46. A. management B. economic C. policy D. financial47. A. apply to B. suit for C. adjust to D. gear for48. A. in B. to C. off D. over49. A. as well as B. the same as C. as far as D. such as50. A. grasps B. grains C. grounds D. grantsPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneDid your mum and dad go to university, or did they leave school and go straight to the Job Centre? The educational experience of parents is still important when it comes to how today's students choose an area of study and what to do after graduation, according to The Future-track research in the UK.The research was done by the Higher Education Careers Service Unit. It plans to follow university applicants for six years from 2006 through their early careers.The first year's findings come from a study of 130,000 university applicants. They show significant differences in prospective students' approach to higher education, depending on whether their parents got degrees (second-generation applicants) or didn't (first-generation applicants).First-generation applicants were more likely to say that their career and employment prospectswere uppermost in their minds in deciding to go to university. About one-fifth of this group gave "to enable me to get a good job" as their main reason for choosing HE. And 37 percent said that a degree was "part of my career plan".A young person coming from a non-professional household where finances are stretched may find the idea of learning for its own sake to be a luxury. This explains the explosion in vocational courses.At Portsmouth University, first-year student Kim Burnett, 19, says that she specifically chose her degree in health research management and psychology to get a secure, well-paid job. Harriet Edge, 20, studying medicine at Manchester University, also wanted job security. Her parents lacked college degrees, though the fact that her uncle is a doctor appears to have influenced her choice."Medicine is one of those fields where it's pretty likely you'll get a job at the end. That's a big plus, as the debt levels after five years of study are going to be frightening," she says. Many experts believe that this situation affects those with no family tradition of higher education far more keenly. The fact that 26 percent of respondents said that they needed more advice implies that some students may end up feeling that their higher education investment was not worthwhile.For those with graduate parents, this lack of guidance may, the researchers suggest, be less of a problem. " But, for those without the advantages, lack of access to career guidance before applying for higher education leaves them exposed to making poorer choices," the survey concludes.51. The main idea of the passage is that_________.A. parents' experiences are more important for their children's educationB. parents' careers are vitally important for their children's degreesC. students' approach to higher education correlates with their parents' educational experienceD. students' career and employment prospects are decided by their parents52. "HE" in the 4th paragraph probably refers to __________.A. health educationB. higher employmentC. Harriet EdgeD. higher education53. A young person coming from a non-professional household ____________.A. is less likely to get financial aid to go to universityB. is more likely to choose vocational educationC. may think learning for pleasure is a good ideaD. may choose to study for a professional degree54. In which of the following aspects do Kim Burnett and Harriet Edge have in common?A. They both chose their majors because of their family influence.B. They are both the first-year students in university.C. Both of their parents lack college degrees.D. Both of them chose degrees for job security.55. It is implied that ____________.A. the cost of a degree in medicine is very highB. higher education investment in medicine is not worthwhileC. a student without family medical tradition is less likely to choose medicineD. medicine is a field where every degree-holder can get a job56.Those with graduate parents may _________.A. make poorer choices when choosing their majorsB. make better choices when applying for higher educationC. not need career guidance before graduationD. have no problems in applying for a collegePassage TwoLast month, the public address system at Earl's Court subway station in London was ordered to get the noise down. Passengers, it seems, had had enough of being told the blindingly obvious: "Stand back or the train will run you over." "Don't lean on the doors." "Stand back from the opening doors." "Do this." "Don't do that."Bossiness is not just aural. It is also written. As a commuter, I'm continually bombarded by notices on car walls. "Please take your feet off the seat." "Please turn down your personal stereo." And when I drive past the local primary, a sign flashes: "School. Slow down!"The presumption behind these signs is that Britons must have everything spelled out because we are tow, uncivilized people who were raised by wolves.Britain didn't use to be so bossy. When I was a boy, for instance, the local cinema put a warning on screen before we settled down to watch. "Don't," it said, "make noises." In those days, long before mobile phones, it was the only bossiness we saw in the cinema. Since then, bossiness has become more commonplace. Television, that strongest guide to public morals and lifestyles in this country, is alive with dominant people. On screen, we see health experts holding some poor woman's breasts and demanding that she get in shape. Cooking programs tell us not to think of leaving toast crumbs on the kitchen table.There is no point in blaming TV for this new bossiness. We want to be bossed. We have behaved badly and now we yearn to feel the whip to correct us. On July 1, smoking will be banned in public places in England. My local government told churches in the area last week that no-smoking posters must be prominently displayed by church entrances.I love this: the governments are bossing people to make them more bossy. They are insisting that priests tell their congregations (教区的教民) what to do.My local government isn't the only source of bossiness. I find it everywhere. But the rise in bossiness does not seem to have been accompanied by a rise in socially well-adjusted behavior. In fact, the opposite. Perhaps this is because, if you feel as though you are treated with contempt, you will respond with the same.57. The case at Earl's Court subway station shows that _________.A. it is very noisy in public placesB. it is necessary to warn the passengers of their safetyC. people have realized the importance of public orderD. people have been tired of being bossed58. It is presumed that bossiness is everywhere because Britons__________.A. need to be bossed to behave themselvesB. want to be reminded of how to behave wellC. must have everything spelled outD. are raised in uncivilized society59. It is suggested in the passage that____________.A. now Britons behave much better than they did in the pastB. in the past Britons behaved much better than they do nowC. the dominant people on screen should be blamed for the new bossinessD. television has misguided the public morals and lifestyles in Britain60. According to the passage, which of the following statemens is true?A. Television should play a role in enhancing public morals.B. The local government has got involved in the church activities.C. The governments want to make themselves more authoritative by bossing people.D. The rise in bossiness has helped the improvement of people's behavior.61. The author writes this passage in a _________.A. funny toneB. criticizing toneC. friendly toneD. radical tone62. What is the appropriate title of this passage?A. British People Have Had Enough Bossiness AroundB. British People Want to Be BossedC. Bossiness in Great Britain: Its Past and PresentD. Bossiness in Great Britain Should Be IgnoredPassage ThreeIt began as just another research project, in this case to examine the effects of various drugs on patients with a severe mood disorder. Using an advanced brain scanning technology--the clumsily named echo-planar magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (磁共振光谱成像) procedure, or EP-MRSI--researchers at Boston's McLean Hospital scanned the medicated and un-medicated brains of 30 people with bipolar disorder in order to detect possible new treatments for the more than 2 million American adults who suffer from the disease.But something unexpected happened. A patient who had been so depressed that she could barely speak became ebullient after the 45-minute brain scan. Then a second patient, who seemed incapable of even a smile, emerged actually telling jokes. Then another and another. Was this some coincidence? Aimee Parow, the technician who made these observations didn't think so. She mentioned the patients' striking mood shifts to her boss and together they completely refocused the study: to see if the electromagnetic fields might actually have a curative effect on depressive mood.As it turns out, they did. As reported last month in the American Journal of Psychiatry, 23 of the 30 people who were part of the study reported feeling significantly less depressed after the scan. The most dramatic improvements were among those who were taking no medication. The researchers are cautious. Says Bruce Cohen, McLean's president and psychiatrist in chi ef: “I want to emphasize that we are not saying this is the answer but this is a completely different approach in trying to help the brain than anything that was done before."It's a completely different approach because of the way the magnetism is applied to the brain. But it's an example of new research on an old idea: that the brain is an electromagnetic organ and that brain disorders might result from disorder in magnetic function. The idea has huge appeal to psychiatrists and patients alike, since for many people the side effects of psychiatric (精神的) drugs are almost as difficult to manage as the disease itself. And 30 percent of the nearly 18.8 million people who suffer from depression do not respond to any of the antidepressants available now. People with other severe mental disorders might benefit as well. And while no one fully understands exactly why or how the brain responds as it does to electrical currents and magnetic waves, fascinating new research is offering some possible explanations.63. The first paragraph describes a project aimed at finding ____________.A. who has bipolar disorderB. what improves people's moodsC. whether magnetic scanning is a treatmentD. how some patients respond to some drugs64. What does the passage say about bipolar disorder?A.It mainly affects males.B. It may cause drug addiction.C. It is a mental problem.D.It is hard to detect.65. The word "ebullient" in Paragraph 2 can be best replaced by________.A. considerateB. quietC. excitedD. sorrowful66. The researchers' attitude toward the new finding can be described as_________.A. confusedB. amusedC. carefulD. skeptical67. The new finding is significant because it shows that electromagnetic fields mayA.treat mental disordersB. cause mental disordersC. increase the effectiveness of some drugsD. reduce the effectiveness of some drugs68. The passage mainly_________.A. reports a discoveryB. challenges a discoveryC. explains the problems with a discoveryD. describes the backgound of a discovery Passage FourMy kids tell me that I am "so 20th century", which troubles me. A person likes to feel that he is "with it", as we used to say in the 20th century.So I have been thinking how I might change myself into a true 21st-century man. Clearly, in my advanced state of age I would be foolish to attempt some wild leap into the contemporary fashion. And anyway, my distinctive taste attracts much favourable comment.But if my clothing is too characteristic to change, perhaps I should do something about my lifestyle. So last week I took myself to the NEC for the Smart Home Show which is "the exhibition dedicated to all the latest trends in smart home technology".It was a shock. How could I have lived for half a century without a fingerprint-operated front door? ("Never lock yourself out of your home again!") Or vacuum cleaners that suck dust straight into a dustbin, via a system of pipes in your house walls? (All you have to do is rebuild your entire home.) Or automatic garden sprinklers which are so smart that they turn themselves off when it starts to rain? Of course, you could just look out of the window, observe that it's raining and turn them off yourself, but that would be so 20th century.Besides, those were just the simpler things. For the true smart-home owner, a plasma (等离子) TV fireplace is a must. At first glance it's just an electric fire with a mantelpiece，but press your remote and a giant TV screen rises from the mantelpiece. "Thieves won't even know it's there," a spokesman claimed. Just as well. At £5,280，it would be a pity to have it broken. But the real revolution has happened in the bathroom. Never again need you feel cut off from world events as you go about your washing. Forget the mirrors that turn into TV screens. They're old hat. The buzz in bathrooms now is all about heated towel-racks that turn into TVs.Enough! I was convinced: I want a smart home. There's only one problem: The cost. You are looking at £18,000 to £25,000 for an average home. Hmm. I won't be entering the 21st century just yet, then.69. To be "21st century", the author decided to___________.A. move to a new houseB. change the way he livedC. improve his dressing styleD. talk in the most trendy fashion70. The author's comment on the vacuum cleaner implies that___________.A. he believed that it was uselessB. he wanted to purchase one himselfC. he hated to cause inconvenienceD. he thought that it was not worth the effort71. What is the most revolutionary smart home technology according to the author?A. The plasma TV fireplace.B. The automatic garden sprinkler.C. Mirrors that turn into TV screens.D. Heated towel-racks that turn into TVs.72. The Smart Home Show__________.A. seemed too good to be trueB. was a true eye-opener for the authorC. left a negative impression on the authorD. appealed less to the middle- and old-aged73. What does the author think of buying the smart home products?A. He was interested, but found them too expensive.B. He was fascinated, and determined to buy them.C. He wasn't attracted, and wouldn't buy them.D. He wasn't sure, so he would rather wait and see.74. Which of the following words could best describe the author's tone?A. Overstated.B. Objective.C. Ironic.D. Passionate.Passage FiveNever before has flying been so controversial. In the space of two years, the environmental damage done by planes has gone from being something quietly discussed by scientists and committed environmentalists, to a headline-grabbing issue no one can ignore.Even those who fly once or twice a year on holiday can't help but feel a growing sense of guilt, while those opting for trips by car, train or ferry have a self-righteous spring in their steps.Now, however, the backlash is beginning. The tourism and aviation industries are mobilizing, and pointing out some awkward facts. Did you know that some ferries emit far more carbon dioxide than some planes'? That driving can release twice as much carbon as flying? A new report from Balpa, the pilot's union, even claims that planes can be better than train.While there are the campaigners who plot their camp at Heathrow to protest the air travel, in Kenya plans are being drawn up for a very different camp. Looking out from a cliff over the deserts of Samburuland is a stunning hotel, the O1 Malo Eco-Lodge. Revenue from the small number of visiting tourists has allowed the 5,000 acres around it to be transformed from over-grazed cattle ranch to a conservation site. More impressive still is the O1 Malo eye project. Up to 80 per cent of adults in the area suffer sight loss, so the O1 Malo Trust runs regular surgical camps, bringing doctors from the UK to treat them. In January, the camp gave 102 people back their sight. "It's very simple--all of our visitors fly here," said Julia Francombe, the founder. "If they stopped coming, it would kill us."One thing on which all sides agree is that aviation is booming, so it becomes crucial to develop new and less polluting aircraft. Airbus's claim that it can save the world with the A380 may be far-fetched, but its "gentle giant" plane is far more efficient and quieter than those of 20 years ago.Some environmentalists, however, scorn these advances, saying such measures are a "delusion." "The aviation industry is likely to vastly overstate the gains that can be made from technological improvements but sadly a climate friendly plane isn't on the horizon," says Emily Armistead of Greenpeace.So the question is: who do you believe?75. Pollution caused by planes used to _____________.A. be heatedly debated in the scientific communityB. be a controversial issue no one could ignoreC. draw little attention among the general publicD. divert people's attention from more important issues76. Compared with people who fly, those who choose cars or trains for travel_________.A. feel equally guilty of causing environmental damagesB. seem to care more about the environment than about timeC. believe that they are doing the right thing for the environmentD. are more troubled by the latest facts on environmental pollution77. The camps in Kenya are mentioned to_________.A. demonstrate the necessity of flyingB. emphasize the problems of flyingC. persuade people to turn to flyingD. present the two sides of flying78. Emily Armistead suggests that the aviation industry___________.A. has not made great efforts to develop environmentally friendly planesB. cannot come up with environmentally friendly planes in the near futureC. should not use environmentally friendly planes to solve their problemsD. will not save the world even with environmentally friendly planes79. What is the author's position on air travel?A. Air travel should be avoided if possible.B. Air travel is not as problematic as people believe.C. It is too early to say that air travel has caused damages.D. It is hard to decide whether we should continue air travel80. The best title for the passage is “___________”.A. Should We Stop Flying?B. When Can We Stop Flying?C. What Will Happen If We Stop Flying?D. Will Stopping Flying Make a Difference?PART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)British previous colonial policies led to the spread of English across the world. This wide use of English has been reinforced by the sweeping influence of the U.S.. However, the dominance of English as an international language is considered both a blessing and a curse. For one thing, it has accelerated the extinction of some languages. People have been wondering about the possibility of creating a global language which might hold promises for an end to language-caused troubles and conflicts. Unfortunately, attempts to harmonize world languages have met with little success as a result of the reluctance of native speakers of a particular language to adopt another language as their mother tongue. To discard one's native language is to have the distinct features of his nation erased. Section B (15 minutes, 10 points)根据最新统计，67％的美国人能上网，该比例是中国的6倍。

2008年考研英语真题答案及解析

2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析这是一篇议论文。

文章主要介绍了个别民族群体智商高于人类平均水平。

文章首段第一句话点明了中心论点。

第二段则分析了产生这一现象的原因——进化的结果。

第三段通过“进化”的纽带把高智商与遗传疾病联系起来，说明高智商的人更容易患上一些遗传疾病。

二、试题具体解析1.[A]selected挑选，选拔[B]prepared准备，打算，愿意(做某事)[C]obliged迫使，责成[D]pleased高兴【答案】B【考点】词义辨析【难度系数】0.236【解析】该空的前后语境为“有些群体的人可能比其他群体更加聪明，这是人们一直不敢明说的假说之一。

但是，不管怎么样，Gregory Cochran说出来”。

显然，从语义上应该可以看出Gregory Cochran表述这一观点是一种主动行为，从而排除A和C；而从第一句可以看出他所研究的这一课题也不应该是一个让人高兴的主题，故排除D。

因此答案只有B。

2.[A]unique独一无二的[B]particular特殊的，独特的[C]special特殊的，特别的[D]rare罕见的，珍贵的【答案】D【考点】固定搭配【难度系数】0.160【解析】从文章内容看，显然该空填入的词应该是用来形容Cochran是一个什么样的人的。

从上文我们可以看到，他总是做一些常人不敢做的事情，显然这个词既要表现他这类人很少，同时要表达出作者对Cochran正面评价，突出其优秀性，四个词中只有D能表达这种语义，故答案为D。

本题从另一个角度来说，a rare bird是一固定搭配，指一类人。

其他三个词与bird搭配都不能指人，同样得出答案为D。

3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against【答案】A【考点】介词搭配【难度系数】0.106【解析】independently只能与选项A介词of搭配，意思是“不依赖于，独立于”。

2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案Part I: Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. The boy stood on the bridge, _______ down into the river.A. to lookB. lookC. to be lookingD. looked2. When Peter was asked why he stayed rather than move to a bigger company, he simply said he _______ comfortable there.A. is feelingB. was feelingC. has been feelingD. had been feeling3. English is widely spoken, and _______ as the international language of business and diplomacy.A. usedB. has usedC. is usedD. use...（文章持续叙述完试题答案）Part V: Writing (25 points)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the topic "The Importance of Time Management". You should write no less than 150 words and base your composition on the outline below:1. 时间管理的重要性a. 时间是有限的资源b. 时间管理对个人和职业发展的影响2. 时间管理的方法a. 制定明确的目标b. 分配时间优先级c. 避免时间的浪费和延迟3. 时间管理给人生带来的好处a. 提高工作效率b. 减少压力和焦虑c. 促进个人成长和提升Time management plays a crucial role in our lives and is often the differentiating factor between success and failure. With only 24 hours in a day, it is essential to make the most out of the limited time we have.First and foremost, time management is vital because time is a finite resource. No matter who we are or what we do, we are all limited by the same amount of time each day. Therefore, managing our time effectively becomes imperative for personal and professional development.There are several methods to practice time management. Firstly, it is crucial to set clear and specific goals. By setting achievable goals, we canallocate our time and resources accordingly. Additionally, prioritizing tasks and activities helps in managing time effectively. By identifying what requires immediate attention and what can be done later, we can ensure that important tasks are not neglected or delayed. Moreover, avoiding time wastage and procrastination is a critical aspect of time management. It is essential to use our time wisely, avoiding distractions and unnecessary activities that do not contribute to our personal or professional growth.The benefits of time management are numerous. Firstly, it improves work efficiency by allowing individuals to focus on essential tasks and eliminate time-consuming activities that do not contribute to the overall goal. Secondly, effective time management helps reduce stress and anxiety. When time is managed well, there is less pressure to meet deadlines, and individuals can complete tasks in a more organized manner. Lastly, time management promotes personal growth and development. By using time efficiently, individuals can allocate time for learning new skills, pursuing hobbies, or engaging in self-improvement activities.In conclusion, time management is of utmost importance for individuals to make the most out of their limited time. By setting goals, prioritizing tasks, and avoiding time wastage, individuals can improve work efficiency, reduce stress, and promote personal growth. Therefore, it is crucial to develop effective time management skills in order to achieve personal and professional success.。

考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解—2008年阅读Text 2(上)

考研英语（一）高频重点单词详解—2008年阅读Text 2（上）这是一篇科技类文章，主要介绍一种新的出版模式——网络出版，即用网络发表来代替纸质的刊物。

文章中的单词难度适中，基本没有超纲词汇，但是长难句偏多，可能会影响同学们的理解。

同样，文章中出现了许多高频重点单词，以下是本文中出现的10个，就让我们一起来学习吧！1. 2straightforward [streɪt'fɔrwə(r)d /-fɔː-]a. 一直向前的; 正直的; 径直的; 老实的;简单的，明确的;坦率的【词根记忆】：stright(直的)+forward(向前)→一直向前的【真题例句】：It used to be so straightforward. 它是如此地简单，直接。

(2008年阅读Text 2)2. 3submit [səb'mɪt]v. 使服从, 使屈服; 提交, 呈递; 使经受, 使受到; 建议, 认为; 屈服, 服从【词根记忆】：sub(次于，低于)+mit(使命)→屈服于→提交，呈递【短语搭配】：submit verb 提交;submit quotation 提出合约; submit buttons 提交按钮【真题例句】：A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the result of their research to a journal. 实验室的研究人员们把他们的研究结果呈递给一家杂志。

(2008年阅读Text 2)3. 2affiliation [ə,fili'eiʃən]n. 友好关系;加入;联盟;从属关系【词根记忆】：affiliate (参加，加入;发生联系)+tion (名词后缀)→affiliation从属关系, 归属, 联系。

【短语搭配】：political affiliation政治背景;政治立场;政治面貌【真题例句】A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. 杂志编辑会隐去这篇文章的作者的名字和所属机构，送交给同行专家评议。

2008考研英语一真题

2008考研英语一真题In 2008, the Graduate Student Entrance Examination in English (English 1) posed significant challenges to test-takers. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of this particular exam, covering its structure, content, and tips for effective preparation.Section I: Listening comprehension (30 points)This section consisted of four parts: long conversations, short conversations, passage dictation, and news broadcast. Each part tested candidates' ability to understand spoken English, including their comprehension of vocabulary, grammar, and overall context. To excel in this section, it is essential to practice listening to authentic English audio materials, such as news broadcasts, podcasts, and movies.Section II: Vocabulary and language (20 points)This section assessed candidates' knowledge of English vocabulary, idioms, and grammatical structures. The questions required test-takers to choose the correct word, phrase, or sentence completion to demonstrate their mastery of English language usage. To excel in this section, it is crucial to expand vocabulary through reading English newspapers, books, and online articles. Furthermore, dedicating time to learning and memorizing essential idioms and phrasal verbs is highly recommended.Section III: Reading comprehension (50 points)The reading comprehension section tested candidates' ability to understand and analyze written English passages. The question typesincluded true or false statements, multiple-choice questions, and sentence completion exercises. To perform well in this section, it is necessary to improve reading speed without compromising comprehension. Additionally, enhancing reading skills through frequent practice and exposure to a variety of topics is highly beneficial.Section IV: Translation (15 points)This section required candidates to translate a given Chinese text into English. To excel in this section, it is vital to master both Chinese and English language skills, including proper grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure of both languages. Regular translation drills and extensive reading in both languages can significantly improve overall performance.Section V: Writing (55 points)The writing section consisted of two parts: sentence translation and essay writing. The sentence translation part required candidates to translate a given English sentence into Chinese. In the essay writing part, candidates were asked to write an essay on a given topic within the specified time limit. To succeed in this section, it is essential to enhance both writing skills and critical thinking abilities. Practicing timed essay writing and reviewing various essay structures can be beneficial for effective preparation.Overall, the 2008 Graduate Student Entrance Examination in English (English 1) demanded a comprehensive understanding of English language proficiency. To excel in this exam, candidates should focus on enhancing listening, vocabulary, reading, translation, and writing skills. Diligent practice and exposure to various English language resources will undoubtedly contribute to achieving success in this challenging examination.。

考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解—2008年阅读Part C

考研英语（一）高频重点单词详解—2008年阅读Part C1. 2 Modesty ['mɔdisti]n.谦逊, 虚心【词根记忆】：mod(=manner，方法，风度)+est(连接，无意义)+ y(名词尾缀)→做事有风度→谦虚，端庄【短语精选】：Modesty helps one to go forward. 虚心使人进步。

【真题例句】：In his autobiography，Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty.(2008，翻译) 在他的自传中，达尔文以极其谦逊的态度谈及他的智力。

2. 2 Concise [kәn'sais]adj.简明的, 简练的【词根记忆】：con(共同)+cise(切)→把多余的部分一起切掉→简洁【短语精选】：Talks and articles should all be concise and to the point. 讲话和写文章都应该简明扼要。

【真题例句】：He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely. (2008，翻译)他指出他总是很难进行简明扼要的表达。

3. 5 Compensate ['kɔmpәnseit]v.偿还, 补偿, 付报酬【词根记忆】：com(全部)+pens(花费)+ ate(动词后缀)→花费的钱全部拿回来→偿还，补偿【短语精选】：compensate (sb.) for loss [services] 赔偿某人损失[付予酬劳]。

【真题例句】：But he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations, (2008，翻译)但是他也相信正是这种困难迫使他长时间专注于每个句子，带来的好处是，使他在推理和自己的观察中能够寻找出错误。

2008考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译

2008 Text 1Paragraph 11、While still catching up to men in some sphere s of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. 尽管女性在现代生活的某些领域一直未能超过男性，但在至少一个不那么受欢迎的领域，女性似乎走在了男性的前面。

1.1 sphere英/sfɪə/ 美/sfɪr/n. 范围；球体adj. 球体的vt. 包围；放入球内；使…成球形1.2 appear to be好像是；仿佛 1.3 undesirable英/ʌndɪ'zaɪərəb(ə)l/ 美/,ʌndɪ'zaɪərəbl/n. 不良分子；不受欢迎的人adj. 不良的；不受欢迎的；不合需要的1.4 category英/'kætɪg(ə)rɪ/ 美/'kætəɡɔri/n. 种类，分类；[数] 范畴2、“Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York`s Veteran`s Administration Hospital. 在纽约退伍军人管理医院工作的首席精神病学家叶沪德博士说，"与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍。

"2.1 susceptible英/sə'septɪb(ə)l/ 美/sə'sɛptəbl/n. 易得病的人adj. 易受影响的；易感动的；容许…的2.2 depression英/dɪ'preʃ(ə)n/ 美/dɪ'prɛʃən/n. 沮丧；忧愁；抑郁症；洼地；不景气；低气压区2.3 disorders英美/dɪs'ɔrdɚ/n. 无秩序，混乱；小病（disorder的复数形式）v. [电子] 扰乱（disorder 的单三形式）anxiety disorders焦虑症；焦虑性障碍2.4 psychiatrist英/saɪ'kaɪətrɪst/ 美/saɪ'kaɪətrɪst/n. 精神病学家，精神病医生2.5 veteran英/'vet(ə)r(ə)n/美/'vɛtərən/n. 老兵;老手;富有经验的人；老运动员adj. 经验丰富的；老兵的2.6 administration英/ədmɪnɪ'streɪʃ(ə)n/ 美/əd,mɪnɪ'streʃən/n. 管理；行政；实施；行政机构Paragraph 21、Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormone s somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. 对人类和动物的研究都表明性激素在某种程度上影响对压力的反应，在同样状况下，处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的触发器化学物质。

2008年考研阅读理解与解析

2008年 Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. ―Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,‖ according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.现代生活中，女性在很多领域仍然在追赶男性，但是至少在一个令人不快的方面，她们却远远超过了男性，尽管这并不是她们所乐意看到的。

―和男人相比，女性在压力下尤其容易患抑郁症或焦虑症。

‖纽约老兵管理医院的精神科主治医师Yehuda博士说道。

Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.有关人类和动物的研究都表明性激素在某种程度上会影响对于压力的反应，导致承受压力的雌性动物和女性人类相比雄性动物和男性人类而言，在同等条件下更加容易产生引发以上病症的化学物质。

考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解—2008年Text 4(下)

考研英语（一）高频重点单词详解—2008年Text 4（下）这篇文章是一篇历史类话题的文章，讨论美国的开国元勋们所不为人知的一面---对于奴隶制度的暧昧态度。

他们深知奴隶制的危害，却因文化和政治的原因继续支持奴隶制度的存在。

通过这篇文章我们可以更全面地了解到美国历史。

以下是本文中出现的10个高频重点单词，就让我们一起来学习吧！1.301 part [pɑːt]n. 部分;零件;角色v. 分开【同义词记忆】：n. 角色role / charactern.部分portion / proportion/ segment/ section/ fractionvi. 分离separate【短语搭配】：part with 与…分开;舍弃take part in 参加，参与【真题例句】：For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. 一方面,南方的各州无力承担废除奴隶制带来的代价。

2. 9 peculiar [pɪ'kjuːlɪə]a. 不寻常的; 古怪的;独特的【词根记忆】：ad. peculiarly尤其;古怪地n. peculiarity 特性;怪癖【真题例句】：The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the "peculiar institution," including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation. 如果没有对这种“奇特的制度”的保护性条款，南方各州是不会签署宪法的。

“特殊制度”中的某款条文规定：奴隶可作为五分之三个人来代表议会。

考研英语核心词汇总结(2008 Text1)

2008 Text1While1 still catching up to2 men in some spheres of modern life3, women appear to4 be way ahead in at least one undesirable category5. “Women are particularly susceptible to6developing depression and anxiety disorders7in response to18stress compared to9men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist10at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that11 sex hormones12 somehow13 affect14 the stress response15, causing females under stress to produce16more of the trigger chemicals17 than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats18 had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs19) removed20, their chemical responses became equal to21 those of the males.Adding to22a woman’s increased dose of23stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that24women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with25,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity26for tolerating stress27may even be greater than men’s,” she observes28, “it’s just that they’re dealing with25 so many more things that they become worn out29 from it more visibly and sooner30.”Dr. Yehuda notes another31 difference between the sex es. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to32 tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature33. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress34. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence35. The kinds of interpersonal violence36 that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations37, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals38. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating39.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to40 finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration41 that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead42and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother43. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent44, pay the car payment, and pay the debt44. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses45 Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations46, with few breaks47, and feeling the strain48. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates49 the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress50 before it threatens your health and your ability to function51.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to52 stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men53 in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations54 when faced with55 stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women _______.[A] need extra doses56 of chemicals to handle stress25[B] have limited capacity57 for tolerating stress[C] are more capable of58 avoiding stress[D] are exposed to more stress23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront59 tends to be _______.[A] domestic and temporary60[B] irregular61 and violent[C] durable62 and frequent63[D] trivial64 and random24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 5, Para. 5) shows that _______.[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but65 making money[B] Alvarez’s salary barely66 covered her household expenses67[C] Alvarez got paychecks68 from different jobs[D] Alvarez paid practically69 everything by check7025. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress71: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference72[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality72: Women Under Stress【干货笔记】1.【while】① conj. 当…时；② conj. 尽管，虽然（= Though/Although）：While _________, _________.③ conj. 然而，而 (通过对比，得出不同) （=whereas）：_________，while _________.④ n. 一会儿，一段时间：Sorry! I’ll be out for a while. 抱歉！我出去一下。

2008年考研英语(一)阅读1重要词汇总结

2008年考研英语（一）阅读1重要词汇总结这是一篇议论文，文章主要讲述的是现代女性压力比男性大的现状。

首先在同样的压力下，女性更容易患上精神疾病，更糟的是，在现代社会，女性要对付的事情比男性更多。

最后，作者建议女性要注意平时的放松以免压力影响健康。

同样，文章中出现了许多词缀+熟词的单词，难度适中。

以下是本文中出现的10个，就让我们一起来学习吧！1.1sphere [sfɪr]n.范围，方面，领域【词根记忆】：sp(拼音：食品)+here(这里)→食品在这里→食品在一定的范围里→范围【短语搭配】：public sphere公共领域Unit sphere单位球面【真题例句】：While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.尽管在现代生活的某些方面女性仍在努力追赶男性，可惜在一个不太好的方面，女性遥遥领先。

2.4undesirable [,ʌndɪ'zaɪərəbl]a. 不良的，不受欢迎的【词根记忆】：un(否定前缀)+desire(想要，要求)+able(形容词后缀，表示具有)→不想要的→不受欢迎的【短语搭配】：undesirable impact不良影响【真题例句】：how false national pride led to undesirable incidents in international games.多么虚假的民族自豪感在国际赛事中导致了不良的事件。

3. 3category ['kætɪg(ə)rɪ]n.种类，分类【词根记忆】：cat(cut切割)→切割成块状→种类，分类【短语搭配】：concrete category具体范畴【真题例句】：The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.欧盟计划的资金项目一直存在一个专门针对社会科学家的部门(2013年PartB)。

考研英语一2008年真题单词

text1catch 接住; 截住; 拦住catch up to 赶上men man的复数sphere 范围，领域stress 紧张，压力way 很远，大大地way ahead 遥遥领先ahead 领先；预先；在前；向前；提前appear to 看来像是；看来似乎develop 患（病），出现（问题）develop depression and anxiety disorders 患抑郁症和焦虑症undesirable 不受欢迎的；不良的；不合意的；讨厌的category 类别，种类particularly 特别; 尤其susceptible 易受影响敏感in response to 回答；响应be susceptible to 易受...影响的depression 抑郁症; 精神忧郁disorder 杂乱; 混乱; 凌乱response 回答，答复，反应compare 比较; 对比; 与…类似chief 最重要的; 首要的; 主要的，首领，头目，最高领导人psychiatrist 精神科医生，精神病专家cause 引起，原因，理由sex 性hormone 荷尔蒙，激素somehow 以某种方式，不知为什么affect 影响; 侵袭female 雌性动物; 女子trigger 诱因stressed-out 极度焦虑的stress response 压力反应chemical 与化学有关的; 化学的chemical response 化学反应condition 状态; 状况rat 老鼠;ovary 卵巢; (植物的) 子房reproductive 生殖的; 繁殖的production 生产，制造organ 器官;equal 相同的，同样的inequality 不平等; 不平衡opportunity 机会add to 增加capacity 能力，容量tolerate 忍受；容忍tolerate stress 承受压力be greater than 大于，超过dose 剂量observe 说，评论cope/deal with 处理worn 用坏的; 用旧的, 筋疲力尽的be worn out 筋疲力尽visibly 明显地；看得见地sooner soon的比较级，很快; 马上; 不久; 早; 快expose 揭露，面临expose to 遭受war 战争chronic 长期的，慢性的repeat 重复的; 反复发生的nature 自然界; 大自然; 自然repeat nature 反复性chronic nature 长期性combat 搏斗; 打仗; 战斗combat stress 战斗压力physical 身体的; 肉体的violent 暴力的; 强暴的violence 暴力; 暴行physical violence 身体暴力interpersonal 人与人之间的，人际的interpersonal violence 人际暴力domestic 家务的，家庭的domestic situation 家庭环境go to war 开始作战，参军unfortunately 不幸地; 遗憾地one-shot 一次性使用的one-shot deal 一次性事件wear-and-tear 损耗，磨损relationship 关系，联系devastate 彻底破坏; 摧毁; 毁灭marry 已婚的; 婚姻的marriage 结婚; 婚姻determine 决心; 决定;be determined to 决心做某事college 学校，大学，社团struggle 奋斗; 努力; 争取struggle to 尽力做某事frustration 懊恼;挫折；失败escape 逃跑；逃脱；逃避single mother 单身母亲give birth to 生孩子rent 租金，出租，租用debt 借款; 欠款; 债务take care of 照顾paycheck 工资; 薪金live from paycheck to paycheck 盼着下一个工资单过日子experience 经验; 实践; 经历severe 严重的，严厉的obligation 义务; 职责; 责任break 弄坏; 损坏broken损坏，弄坏strain 紧张diffuse 减轻，缓解diffuse stress 缓解压力function 运转，工作，作用，功能chronic stresses 长期压力true 确实的; 如实的，真正的biologically 生物学上; 生理上inclination 倾向incline倾向extra 额外的avoid 避免; 防止; 回避confront 遭遇，面临temporary 短暂的; 暂时的irregular 不规则的，不整齐的; 不平整的; durable 耐用的; 持久的frequent 频繁的; 经常发生的trivial 不重要的; 琐碎的practically 几乎，实际上check 检查，支票barely 仅仅; 刚刚;household 家庭expense 费用，花费household expense 家庭开支gender 性别; 性text2straightforward 简单的，易懂的submit 提交，呈送submit...to 将...递交给editor 主编，编辑edit 编辑，校订author 著者; 作者; 作家affiliation 从属，隶属关系peer 同等的人peer review 同行评审decline 拒绝paper 纸; 纸张; 报纸review 评审，审查，检查depend 取决(于); 有赖(于); 依靠; 依赖comment 议论; 评论receive 拿到; 接到; 收到accept 接受accept/decline a paper 接受/拒绝论文publication 出版，发行copyright 版权rest 休息; 搁置rest with 归于，属于seek knowledge of 想要了解publisher 出版人; 发行人journal 报纸，刊物，杂志subscribe 订阅subscribe to 订阅subscriber 订阅人，订购者，订户no longer 单独一句可表示：这种情况不再如此pressure 压力agency 服务机构; 代理机构funding agency 资助机构commercial 贸易的; 商业的government-funded 政府资助的restrict 限制，限定restrict access to 限制...权限access 进入Co-operation 合作；协力issue 宣布; 公布; 发出issue a report 发布报告far-reaching 影响深远的; 广泛的consequence 结果; 后果heavy 重的; 沉的so far 迄今为止further than further是far的比较级but it goes further than that 但其意义不止于此handsome 数量大的profit 利润; 收益income 收入，收益signal 信号; 标志element 要素; 基本部分a key element 一个关键要素endeavour 努力，尝试;scientific endeavour 科学探索business 商业; 买卖; 生意core 最重要的; 主要的return on 投资回报（固定搭配）return on the public investment 公共投资回报distribution 分布，分配，散布ready 易于得到的estimate 估价in part 部分地association 协会; 社团; 联盟technical 技术的; 技能的medical 伤病的; 疾病的; 医疗的worldwide 影响全世界的; 世界各地的specialize 专门研究(或从事); 专攻specialize in 专门从事article 文章，论文scholarly 勤奋好学的; 有学问的; 学术的scholarly journals 学术期刊business models 商业模式entirely 全部地; 完整地emerge 出现，浮现，露出institutional 机构的; 慈善机构的institutional subscriber 机构订户through 通过be freely available to 供...免费使用collection 收集，收取site-licensing 站点许可agreement 协定; 协议; 契约open-access 开放获取tupically 通常; 一般archive 档案; 档案馆repository 仓库; 贮藏室; 存放处exist 存在; 实际上有hybrid 混合物allow 允许; 准许; 给予available 可获得的; 可购得的wish 希望，渴望peer-review 同行评审; 同行评议discuss 讨论; 谈论routine 常规; 正常顺序，流程edit 编辑criticize 批评; 批判; 挑剔introduce 介绍，引入effective 有效的; 实际的; 事实上的mean 意味着means 方法，手段upset 使烦恼; 使心烦意乱，难过; 不高兴profit-making 赢利的; 能赚钱的considerably 非常地; 很; 相当地provide 提供; 供应;emphasize 强调; 重视; 着重crucial 至关重要的; 关键性的facilitate 促进; 促使cover 可能有‘承担’的意思承担费用require 需要; 依靠submission 提交summarize 总结; 概括; 概述summer夏天总结channel 电视台; 频道，渠道render 给予; 提供; 回报text3feet foot 的复数脚，英寸body 身体; 躯体major 主要的; 重要的dramatically 显著地over the years 多年以来willing 心甘情愿的，愿意的adjust 调整; 调节adjust...to fit 调整...以适应uniform 制服; 校服，一致的; 统一的fit 适合，合身frame 体格，身躯，骨架more than 极其，十分，超过，不仅仅，相当于extremely trend 趋势; 趋向though 虽然; 尽管obscure 遮掩，遮蔽generally 一般地；通常；普遍地，总体上general 总的，全体的，一般的，普通的unrecognized 未被注意的recognize认识; 认出be not likely to 不太有可能in the case of 至于typically 通常; 一般，典型地；代表性地inch 英寸taller 高的; 高大的tall的比较级born 出生; 出世apparently 表面上，似乎，看来; 显然any 任何population 人口，人口数量genetic 基因的; 遗传学的environmental 自然环境的; 生态环境的as far as 就 ... 而言；远到...；到 ... 程度appear to 看来像是，看来似乎pretty 相当; 十分，漂亮的; 标致的anthropologist 人类学家common 普遍的，常见的，共同的height 身高; 高; 高度recruit 招募，吸收(新成员)，新成员；新兵growth 发育; 成长; 生长rarely 很少，难得beyond 晚于; 迟于; 超出; 除…之外; demand 要求; 所需之物feed 喂养，靠...为生，向...提供calorie 大卡，千卡notably 尤其，特别protein 蛋白质expand 扩大，增加，增强tissue 组织nutrient 养分，营养物under-nutrition 营养缺乏; 营养不足childhood 童年; 幼年; 孩童时期infection 传染; 感染diet 日常饮食; 日常食物adolescent 青少年get in the way 阻碍average 平均的; 典型的on average 平均pattern 模式secular 现世的; 世俗的trend 趋势; 趋向secular trend 长期趋势....speaking 从...角度来讲disease 病; 疾病prevention 预防; 防止; 防范advantage 有利条件; 有利因素; 优势; 优点substantial 大量的;childbirth 分娩; 生孩子canal （动植物体内的）管，道moreover 此外; 而且upright 直立的; 挺直的; 竖直的struggle 奋斗; 努力; 争取bipedal 两足动物的posture 姿势; 态度; 看法withstand 承受; 抵住; 顶住; 经受住impose 强加，强迫impose strain 施加压力oversize 过（特，加）大的；超过（修理）尺寸的limb 肢体constraint 限制; 限定set constraint 造成约束，设限in the near future 在不远的将来architecture 结构individual 单独的; 个别的organism 有机体; 生物maximum 最高的; 最多的expect 预料; 预期; 期望，期待senior 级别高的; 成人的mass 大量; 许多ensure 保证; 担保; 确保workstation (计算机) 工作站recruit 吸收，组成，组建alteration 改变;alter 改变，更改，改动after之后做出改变length 长度some time 一段时间，未来的某时military 军事的; 军队的a piece of 一张（片，块...）predict 预言; 预告; 预报predictable 可预见的; 可预料的equipment 设备; 器材; 配备by and large 总的来说，基本上fairly 公正地，相当地confident 自信的; 有自信心的; 肯定的，知己; 心腹朋友cite 列举; 引用illustrate 说明，解释;popularity 受欢迎; 普及; 流行assess 评估，评定achievement 成就; 成绩famous 著名的; 出名的modification 修改; 改进; 改变play a key role 扮演关键作用Non-Americans 非美国人nation 国家，民族condition 状态; 状况near 距离近; 不远;garment 衣服reconsider 重新考虑; 重新审议employ 雇用; 应用; 运用select 选择; 挑选; 选拔applicable 适用; 合适cyclic 循环的; 周期的follow 跟随，遵循text4nearly 几乎; 差不多; 将近toothless 没有牙齿的，没有权威的;hire 雇佣，租用，出租dentist 牙科医生transplant 移植jaw 颌; 下巴;extract 提取extract from 从...取出，拔出slave 奴隶; 完全受(某事物)控制的人solve解决slavery 奴隶制cherry-tree 樱桃树chop 劈，砍，剁the founding generation 开国元勋historian 历史学家spur 鞭策，激励，鼓舞evidence 根据; 证明; 证据available 可获得的; 可购得的certainly 无疑; 确定; 肯定prove 证明; 证实fathered 成为…的父亲; 做…的父亲，创立(新思想); 创造，发明examine 审查; 调查; 考查bottom 底部; 最下部，最后的reveal 揭示; 显示; 透露moral 道德的; 道义上的compromise 妥协; 折中promise承诺，答应，保证make compromise 做出妥协fragile 易碎的; 易损的; 不牢固的infancy 婴儿期；幼年；初期knew know的过去时知道; 知悉hamper 妨碍，束缚，限制culture 文化，文明privately 私下的，私密的express 表示; 表达;表达distaste 不喜欢，反感bedrock 基石，牢固基础more than anything 最重要的是create 创造; 创作; 创建south 南; 南方; 南部afford 买得起; 提供; 给予，能做for one thing 首先part with 放弃imperfect 有缺点的; 有缺陷的; 不完全的; 不完美的southern 南方的state 状态; 状况without 没有constitution 宪法peculiar 奇怪的；特殊的；独特的institution 机构; 慈善机构clause 条款would not have 就不会...count...as... 把...看作...purpose 目的; propose 建议，计划，求婚congressional 立法机构的; 国会的，议会的representation 表现; present 出现，现存的，礼物，展现，表现three-fifths 五分之三political live 政治生涯formula 公式;计算式narrow 勉强的，刚好的，狭窄的，变窄victory 胜利; 成功presidential 总统的; 与总统有关的election 选举，推选inflate 使膨胀，使暴涨vote 选票; 票; 投票electoral college 总统选举团in office 在职once 一次，一旦，曾经extend 扩大; 扩展; 延长carve 分割，瓜分still 仍然，即使will 遗嘱，将relative 相对的，相关的，亲戚freed free的过去式释放; 使自由; 解放approximately 大概; 大约observe 看到; 注意到; 观察到bravery 勇敢; 勇气soldier 军人; (尤指) 士兵revolutionary 革命的; 彻底变革的overcame overcome的过去时克服; 解决; 战胜opposition 反对，反抗，对抗grant 同意，准予，允许grant...freedom... 给予...自由legislative approval 立法机构的批准decade 十年approval 赞成; 同意; 批准affair 事情，事件stain 污点，玷污dental 牙齿的surgery 外科手术; 外科学in the past 在过去mention 提到; 写到; 说到primitive 原始的; 远古的cruelty 残酷，残忍stress 压力，强调（某事）unknown 未知的; 不详的; 未被确认的aspect 方面; 层面; 样子unknown aspect 不为人知的一面technology 科技; 工艺; 工程技术; 技术学apply 应用的; 实用的，申请，请求delicate 易损的; 易碎的; 脆弱的deliberately 故意; 蓄意; 存心political 政治的; 政府的throughout 各处; 遍及; 自始至终prestige 声望，威望peculiar 怪异的; 奇怪的; 不寻常的originate 起源; 发源consideration 仔细考虑; 深思; 斟酌condition 状态; 状况PartBsharpen （使）变锋利arrange 安排，整理else 其他的; 别的draft 草稿only if 只有当...avoid 避免; 防止; 回避inevitable 不可避免的; 不能防止的flexible 灵活的;outline 概述; 大纲smoothly 平稳地;顺利地conduct 引导permit 允许railroad 迫使某人仓促行事relevant 紧密相关的;occur 发生; 出现grammar 语法; 文法punctuation 标点符号work sth into sth 尽量包括，设法把...加进revise 改变，修改，复习concentrate 专心，集中nervous 紧张的，不安的pursuit 追求; 寻找track 小道，小径，足迹，踪迹keep track of 了解...的动态，与...保持联系clip 删节place 地方，将（某物）放置place it elsewhere 将它放在...processor 处理器; 处理机take advantage of 利用addition 加; 增加deletion 删除entire 全部的; 整个的keyboard 键盘command 命令; 指令;software 软件certain 确实; 确定grammatical 语法的; 文法的printout 打印资料revision 修订，修改，复习; 温习delete 删去; 删除material 材料;unrelated 无关联的; 不相关的thesis 论点convince 令人信服的; 有说服力的wisely 聪明地；明智地drop 落下，掉下，使落下whether 是否，是…(还是)，或者…(或者)，不管…(还是) ; display 显示chauvinistic 大男子主义的go through 经历；检查；浏览；通过，穿过initial 最初的; 开始的many times 多次substantiate 证实clarify 阐明; 澄清end up 结束，告终rewrite 重写; 改写sentence 句子;so that 因此，以至于，以便relate 联系; 使有联系; 把…联系起来single 仅有一个的; 单一的; 单个的topic 话题; 题目transition 过渡; 转变; 变革; 变迁abrupt 不连贯的confuse 使困惑；使混乱；混淆awkward 尴尬的；笨拙的wordy 冗长的phrase 措辞; 用语，表达mercilessly 毫不留情的poke 触碰·，戳，捅prod 刺，戳，捅knock（whip pound hammer）sth into shape 把某物敲打成形，把某事物整理好，使某事更趋于完美margin 页边的空白，白边，页边clean 无错误的extra 额外的space 空间correction 改正; 纠正; 修正concluding paragraph 结尾段adequately 充分地；足够地particular 特别的，专指的attention 注意; 专心; 留心introductory 序言的; 引导的; 介绍的precisely 准确地; 恰好地demand 要求;equal 相同的，同样的; 相等的impression 印象;worth 值得，有价值，意义; 作用fresh 新鲜的; 新产的terrific 极好的; 绝妙的prudently 谨慎的store 储存，商店each time 每当，每次disk 磁盘; 磁碟power failure 停电failure 失败; 失败的人tentative 不确定的assemble 集合; 收集flesh 肉; 皮肤;flesh out 完善whatever 任何; 每一; 任何事物，无论什么，不管什么although 虽然; 尽管nothing to do with 与...无关explain 解释; 说明;influence 影响; 作用crabbed 恶劣的lead up to 渐渐引入（话题）enforce 强迫; 迫使principle 原则，原理refer 谈及; 提到; 提及refusal 拒绝; 回绝originally 原来; 起初plenty 大量; 众多attempt 企图; 试图; 尝试compose 创作，作曲，形成first time 第一次PartCautobiography 自传; 自传体写作extraordinary 非凡的，特别的modesty 谦虚;clearly 清楚地; 清晰地experience 经验，经历concisely 简明地compensate 补偿; 弥补intently 专心地force sb to 迫使某人enable 使能够; 使有机会; 使成为可能detect 发现; 查明reasoning 推理observation 言论，评论disclaim 否认，不承认possession 具有; 拥有quickness 迅速apprehension 理解；忧惧wit 机智，才智;distinguish 杰出的; 著名的assert 明确肯定; 断言purely 仅仅; 完全abstract 抽象的for which reason 由于这个原因, 因此felt feel过去式觉得; 感到; 体会到extensive 广阔的; 广大的hazy 模糊的，不确切的poetry 诗集; 诗歌in one sense 在某种意义上well founded 有事实依据的charge 职责，谴责critic 批评家; 评论家; 评论员observer 观察者;argument 论点，争论reason 原因，理由，推理power of reasoning 推理能力assert 断言，主张able 能; 能够submit 表示，认为fair 相当多的，相当大的one's fair share of 合理数量的/应有的/足够多的well founded 有根据的，理由充足的invention 发明; 创意; 创造humbly 谦逊地，恭顺地superior 更好的; 占优势; 更胜一筹be superior to sb in sth 在...方面胜于某人up to 直到...up to the age of thirty 直到三十岁notice 看(或听)到; 注意到; 意识到escape 逃跑，逃走，逃出escape sb attention 不被注意，被忽视opinion 意见; 想法; 看法respect 尊敬;尊重，方面in one/some/every respect 在某个/某些/所有方面a train of thought 思路，思绪the common/general/ordinary/usual run of 普通类型的preceding 在前的，前面的formerly 以前，从前considerable 相当大的，重要的delight 高兴; 愉快; 快乐endure 忍耐; 忍受be injurious to 对...有害的luggage 行李landlord 业主; 地主; 房东apology 道歉; 谢罪solution 解决办法; 处理手段briefly 短暂地; 暂时地。

2008年考研英语一真题

2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.1.[A] selected[B] prepared[C] obliged[D] pleased2.[A] unique[B] particular[C] special[D] rare3.[A] of[B] with[C] in[D] against4.[A] subsequently[B] presently[C] previously[D] lately5.[A] Only[B] So[C] Even[D] Hence6.[A] thought[B] sight[C] cost[D] risk7.[A] advises[B] suggests[C] protests[D] objects8.[A] progress[B] fact[C] need[D] question9.[A] attaining[B] scoring[C] reaching[D] calculating10.[A] normal[B] common[C] mean[D] total11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12.[A] missions[B] fortunes[C] interests[D] careers13.[A] affirm[B] witness[C] observe[D] approve14.[A] moreover[B] therefore[C] however[D] meanwhile15.[A] given up[B] got over[C] carried on[D] put down16.[A] assessing[B] supervising[C] administering[D] valuing17.[A] development[B] origin[C] consequence[D] instrument18.[A] linked[B] integrated[C] woven[D] combined19.[A] limited[B] subjected[C] converted[D] directed20.[A] paradoxical[B] incompatible a[C] inevitable[D] continuousSection Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do malesunder the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] are exposed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be[A] domestic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24.The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids ofthese three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29.With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer-review before submission.30.Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height – 5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women – hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35.The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it. More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children – though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36.George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37.We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slaves owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections：In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)是大家网原创出品Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft.(42) 是大家网原创出品Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) 是大家网原创出品Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.(44) 是大家网原创出品These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A & P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) 是大家网原创出品Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times – and then again – working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, itwill read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P,” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49) He adds humbly thatperhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。

2008英语一研究生答案

2008年硕士研究生考试英语真题详解完型填空1、答案：B解析：本题测试语义逻辑衔接。

“selected”意为“挑选”; “prepared”意为“准备”；“obliged”意为“迫使，责成”；“pleased”意为“高兴地，满足地”，前一句“人们不敢说”，本句中由“but ”一词可推出意思与上句相反，即“Cochran 准备说”，所以选B.2、答案：D解析：本题测试词义辨析。

“unique”意为“唯一的，独特的”；“particular”意为“特殊的，独特的”；“special”意为“特别的，特殊的”；“rare”意为“稀罕的，珍贵的”，rare bird 意为“稀有的人”，空格相关意思是“只有Cochra准备说”，而且“rare bird”是固定搭配,所以选D3、答案：A解析：本题测试介词的语意搭配, independently of 意为“不依赖于，独立”，所以选A4、答案：C解析：本题测试词义辨析。

由“actually”推出本句是对现在和以前对疾病看法的对比，所以选C5、答案：C解析：本题测试副词的用法及语段的连贯性。

Even 做程度副词，表示递进关系，意为“即使他自己也…”.所以选C6、答案：A解析：本题测试词义搭配。

空格相关意思是“一想到他即将要做的，即使他自己也….”“At thought of ”意为“一看到…”；at sight of意为年“一看见”；at cost of 意为“以…的代价”；at risk of意为“冒着….的危险”，所以选A7、答案：B解析：本题测试动词辨析。

advice意为“建议”；suggest意为“建议，提出’”；protest “主张，断言”；object“反对”，此句指“在论文中，他建议…”，所以选B8、答案：D解析：本题测试词组搭配，in progress 意为“进行中”；in fact 意为“事实上”；in need意为“在危难中”；in question 意为“正在被讨论的”，前一句正在谈论“group群体”,本句衔接上一句表达“正在被讨论的这个群体”，所以选D9. 答案：B解析：本题考查动词辨析。

2008年考研英语一阅读答案及解析

2008年考研英语一阅读答案及解析2008年的考研英语一阅读部分，对于许多考生来说，无疑是一个巨大的挑战。

今年的阅读题目涵盖了多个领域，包括社会问题、科技进展以及文化差异等，旨在考察考生的阅读理解能力、逻辑分析能力以及对细节的把握程度。

以下是对部分阅读题目的答案及解析。

首先，我们来看第一篇阅读材料，它讨论了现代社会中人们对于个人隐私的担忧。

文章通过对比过去和现在人们对于隐私的态度，揭示了随着科技的发展，个人隐私保护变得越来越困难。

在这篇文章中，作者提出了几个关键点，包括社交媒体的普及、大数据的收集以及智能设备的普及等，这些都对个人隐私构成了威胁。

在解答这类问题时，考生需要仔细阅读文章，理解作者的观点，并从文章中找到支持这些观点的证据。

接下来是第二篇阅读材料，它探讨了科技在教育领域的应用。

文章指出，尽管科技为教育带来了许多便利，但同时也带来了一些挑战。

例如，学生可能过度依赖在线资源，而忽视了传统的学习方法。

此外，科技的快速发展也要求教师不断更新自己的知识和技能。

在回答这类问题时，考生需要关注文章中提到的具体例子和数据，这些都能够支持作者的观点。

第三篇阅读材料关注的是文化差异对国际商务的影响。

文章通过几个案例分析，展示了不同文化背景下的商业行为和交流方式的差异。

作者强调，了解和尊重文化差异对于成功的国际合作至关重要。

在解答这类问题时，考生需要理解文章中提到的文化差异，并能够分析这些差异如何影响商业决策和交流。

最后，第四篇阅读材料讨论了环境问题，特别是气候变化对全球的影响。

文章指出，尽管许多国家已经采取了措施来减少温室气体排放，但气候变化的影响仍然日益严重。

作者呼吁全球各国加强合作，共同应对这一挑战。

在回答这类问题时，考生需要关注文章中提到的环境问题，并理解这些问题对全球的影响。

总的来说，2008年考研英语一的阅读部分要求考生具备广泛的知识面和深入的理解能力。

通过对这些材料的分析，我们可以看到，无论是社会问题、科技进展还是文化差异，都需要我们具备批判性思维和综合分析的能力。

2008考研英语一阅读题

2008考研英语一阅读题In the year 2008, the English section of the Graduate Entrance Examination, known as the Gaokao for postgraduate studies in China, posed a series of challenging reading comprehension questions. The test was designed to assess the candidates' ability to understand complex texts, infer meaning from context, and analyze various aspects of the English language.The first passage was an excerpt from a scientificjournal discussing the impact of climate change on global ecosystems. It highlighted the delicate balance of nature and the urgent need for conservation efforts. The questions that followed required examinees to identify the main idea, understand the implications of the research, and make inferences about the consequences of inaction.The second passage was a historical account of a significant event that shaped the course of a particular region. It was rich in detail and required careful reading to distinguish between primary and secondary sources, as well as to evaluate the author's perspective and biases.The third reading was an editorial from a renowned newspaper, presenting a strong argument on a contemporary social issue. The questions tested the examinees' ability to summarize the author's stance, identify logical fallacies, and suggest counterarguments.The final passage was a literary excerpt from a classic novel, which demanded a nuanced understanding of character development, thematic elements, and narrative techniques. The questions explored the subtleties of language use, symbolism, and the author's style.Overall, the 2008 Gaokao English reading section was a comprehensive evaluation of a candidate's English language proficiency, requiring not only a strong vocabulary and grammar knowledge but also critical thinking and analytical skills. It was a true test of one's ability to engage with and interpret complex texts in the English language.。

2008英语考研阅读1

2008英语考研阅读1In the year 2008, the English postgraduate entrance examination, known for its rigorous standards, challenged the language proficiency and analytical skills of its candidates. The reading section, in particular, was designed to test the depth of understanding and the ability to extract key information from complex texts.One of the passages featured in the exam delved into the impact of globalization on local economies, highlighting how interconnectedness has both enriched and complicated the economic landscape. Candidates were expected to identify the nuances of this relationship and discuss the implications for developing nations.Another article explored the advancements in medical research, focusing on breakthroughs that have revolutionized the treatment of chronic diseases. The examination required students to comprehend the scientific terminology and evaluate the ethical considerations surrounding these new treatments.The environmental crisis was also a central theme, with an essay examining the consequences of climate change and the urgent need for sustainable practices. It was crucial for examinees to demonstrate an understanding of the ecological concepts and the socio-economic factors influencing environmental policies.The examination also included a piece on the evolution of communication technologies, tracing the shift fromtraditional media to digital platforms. Students were tasked with analyzing the impact of these changes on society and the challenges posed by the rapid pace of technological innovation.In the realm of education, a passage examined the role of educational institutions in fostering critical thinking and creativity. The essay prompted candidates to reflect on the importance of a well-rounded curriculum and the need for continuous pedagogical innovation.The final reading passage was a thought-provoking exploration of cultural identity in a globalized world. It invited examinees to consider the balance between preserving cultural heritage and embracing the diversity that comes with global interaction.The 2008 English postgraduate entrance examination was a comprehensive test of a candidate's ability to engage with diverse subjects, synthesize information, and articulate complex ideas in a clear and concise manner. It was a true measure of their readiness for the intellectual rigors of postgraduate study.。

2008考研英语真题英语一阅读部分

Text 1①While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. ②“Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,”according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital.①Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.②In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.①Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased“opportunities”for stress.②“It's not necessarily that women don't cope as well. ③It's just that they have so much more to cope with,”says Dr.Yehuda. ④“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's,”she observes,“it's just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”①Dr.Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. ②“I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.③Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. ④Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. ⑤The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. ⑥The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”①Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. ②“I struggled a lot to get the college degree. ③I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.”④Later her marriage ended and she became a single mother.⑤“It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.⑥I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”①Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.②But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain.③Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr. Yehuda's research suggests that women __________.[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress[C] are more capable of avoiding stress[D] are exposed to more stress23.According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be __________.[A] domestic and temporary[B] irregular and violent[C] durable and frequent[D] trivial and random24.The sentence“I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Para. 5) shows that __________.[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money[B] Alvarez's salary barely covered her household expenses[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2①It used to be so straightforward.②A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.③A journal editor would then remove the authors' names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.④Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.⑤Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.①No longer.②The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. ③The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this.④The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. ⑤But it goes further than that. ⑥It signalsa change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.①The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access.②It is big business.③In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion.④The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.⑤They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.①This is now changing. ②According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. ③Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report's authors.④There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.⑤There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published.⑥Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. ⑦Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.⑧All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph, the author discusses __________.[A] the background information of journal editing[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers[D] the traditional process of journal publication27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the text, online publication is significant in that __________.[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research29.With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to __________.[A] cover the cost of its publication[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it[C] allow other online journals to use it freely[D] complete the peer-review before submission30.Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3①In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. ②If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. ③The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.①The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. ②Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today's people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. ③And they aren't likely to get any taller. ④“In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we've pretty much gone as far as we can go,”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. ⑤In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.①Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein—to feed expanding tissues. ②At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. ③But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height.④Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height—5′9″for men, 5′4″for women—hasn't really changed since 1960.①Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. ②During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. ③Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. ④“There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,”says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.①Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon. ②Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. ③She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. ④And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large,“you could use today's data and feel fairly confident.”31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to __________.[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.[C] compare different generations of NBA players[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future __________.[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable35.The text intends to tell us that __________.[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern[B] human height is becoming even more predictable[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has alteredText 4①In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless.②So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.①That's far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. ②But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. ③They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. ④And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. ⑤Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy. ⑥More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong and yet most did little to fight it.①More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. ②While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.①For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. ②Owning slaves was“like having a large bank account,”says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. ③The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the“peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.①And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery. ②The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. ③Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.①Still, Jefferson freed Hemings's children—though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. ②Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. ③Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36.George Washington's dental surgery is mentioned to __________.[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life37.We may infer from the second paragraph that __________.[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson's life[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40.Washington's decision to free slaves originated from his __________.[A] moral considerations[B] military experience[C] financial conditions[D] political stand。

英语专业考研词汇测试题及答案

2008年英语专业考研词汇测试题及答案测试说明：本测试是由北京环球时代学校校长吴中东等多位教授，根据全国重点院校英语专业考研大纲要求，总结出来的“英研备考水平测试”。

共包括60道题，您可以对照给出的答案，根据答案正确率来测评一下您备考英研的现有水平。

答对55道以上为excellent，说明您基本具备英研考试所规定的词汇量，只要从解题技巧上加强即可；答对49-54道题为good，需要在目前的基础上放大词汇学习，补充强化《英语专业考研核心词汇》；答对38-48道题为average，需要从专八词汇入手，系统地学习英语专业必备词汇及英研核心词汇。

PLACEMENT TEST--VOCABULARYHere are sixty brief phrases, each containing one italicized word; it is up to you to check the closest definition of each such word. To keep your score valid, refrain, as far as possible, from wild guessing. The key will be found at the end of the test.1. disheveled appearance (a) untidy (b) fierce (c) foolish (d) peculiar (e) unhappy2. a baffling problem (a) difficult (b) simple (c) puzzling (d) long (e) new3. lenient parent (a) tall (b) not strict (c) wise (d) foolish (e) severe4. repulsive personality (a) disgusting (b) attractive (c) normal (d) confused (e) conceited5. audacious attempt (a) useless (b) bold (c) foolish (d) crazy (e) necessary6. parry a blow (a) ward off (b) fear (c) expect (d) invite (e) ignore7. prevalent disease (a) dangerous (b) catching (c) childhood (d) fatal (e) widespread8. ominous report (a) loud (b) threatening (c) untrue (d) serious (e) unpleasant9. an incredible story (a) true (b) interesting (c) well-known (d) unbelievable (e) unknown10. an ophthalmologist (a)eye doctor (b)skin doctor (c)foot doctor (d)heart doctor (e)cancer specialist11. will supersede the old law (a)enforce (b)specify penalties for (c) take the place of (d) repeal (e) continue12. an anonymous donor(a)generous (b)stingy (c)well-known (d)one whose name is not known(e) reluctant13. performed an autopsy (a)examination of living tissue (b)examination of a corpse to determine the cause of death (c) process in the manufacture of optical lenses (d) operation to cure an organic disease (e) series of questions to determine the causes of delinquent behavior14. an indefatigable worker (a) well-paid (b) tired (c) skillful (d) tireless (e) pleasant15. a confirmed atheist(a)bachelor(b)disbeliever in God(c)believer in religion(d)believer in science(e) priest16. endless loquacity (a) misery (b) fantasy (c) repetitiousness (d) ill health (e) talkativeness17. a glib talker (a) smooth (b) awkward (c) loud (d) friendly (e) boring18. an incorrigible optimist (a)happy (b)beyond correction or reform (c) foolish (d) hopeful(e) unreasonable19. an ocular problem (a) unexpected (b) insoluble (c) visual (d) continual (e) imaginary20. a notorious demagogue (a)rabble-rouser(b)gambler(c)perpetrator of financialfrauds(d)liar(e) spendthrift21. a naive attitude (a) unwise (b) hostile (c) unsophisticated (d) friendly (e) contemptuous22. living in affluence (a) difficult circumstances (b) countrified surroundings (c) fear(d )wealth (e) poverty23. in retrospect (a) view of the past (b) artistic balance (c) anticipation (d) admiration (e) second thoughts24. a gourmet (a) seasoned traveler (b) greedy eater (c) vegetarian (d) connoisseur of good food (e) skillful chef25. to simulate interest (a) pretend (b) feel (c) lose (d) stir up (e) ask for26. a magnanimous action (a) puzzling (b) generous (c) foolish (d) unnecessary, (e) wise27. a clandestine meeting (a) prearranged (b) hurried (c) important (d) secret (e) public28. the apathetic citizens (a) made up of separate ethnic groups (b) keenly vigilant of their rights(c) politically conservative (d) indifferent, uninterested, uninvolved (e) terrified29. to placate his son (a)please (b)help (c) find a job for (d)make arrangements for (e)changea feeling of hostility to one of friendliness30. to vacillate continually (a) avoid (b) swing back and forth in indecision (c) inject (d) treat(e) scold31. a nostalgic feeling (a) nauseated (b) homesick (c) sharp (d) painful (e) delighted32. feel antipathy (a) bashfulness (b) stage fright (c) friendliness (d) hostility (e) suspense33. be more circumspect (a) restrained (b) confident (c) cautious (d) honest (e) intelligent34. an intrepid fighter for human rights (a) fearless (b) eloquent (c) popular (d) experienced(e) famous35. diaphanous material (a) strong (b) sheer and gauzy (c) colorful (d) expensive (e) synthetic36. a taciturn host (a) stingy (b) generous (c) disinclined to conversation (d) charming (e) gloomy37. to malign his friend (a) accuse (b) help (c) disbelieve (d) slander (e) introduce38. a congenital deformity (a) hereditary (b) crippling (c) slight (d) incurable (e) occurring at or during birth39. a definite neurosis (a) plan (b)emotional disturbance (c) physical disease (d)feeling of fear (e) allergic reaction40. made an unequivocal statement (a) hard to understand (b) lengthy (c) politically motivated (d) clear and forthright (e) supporting41. vicarious enjoyment (a) complete (b) unspoiled (c) occurring from a feeling of identification with another (d)long-continuing (e) temporary42. psychogenic ailment (a) incurable (b) contagious (c)originating in the mind (d) intestinal (e) imaginary43. an anachronous attitude (a)unexplainable (b)unreasonable (c)belonging to a different time (d)out of place (e)unusual44. her iconoclastic phase (a) artistic (b) sneering at tradition (c) troubled (d) difficult (e) religious45. a tyro (a) dominating personality (b) beginner (c) accomplished musician (d) dabbler(e) serious student46. a laconic reply (a) immediate (b) assured (c) terse and meaningful (d) unintelligible (e) angry47. semantic confusion(a) relating to the meaning of words (b)pertaining to money(c)having to do with the emotions (d) relating to mathematics (e) caused by inner turmoil48. cavalier treatment (a) courteous (b) haughty and highhanded (c) negligent (d) affectionate (e) expensive49. an anomalous situation (a) dangerous (b) intriguing (c) unusual (d) pleasant (e) unhappy50. posthumous child (a)cranky (b) brilliant (c)physically weak (d)illegitimate (e)born after the death of the father51. feels enervated (a)full of ambition (b)full of strength (c)completely exhausted (d) troubled (e)full of renewed energy52. shows perspicacity (a) sincerity (b) mental keenness (c) love (d) faithfulness (e) longing53. an unpopular martinet (a)candidate (b) supervisor (c)strict disciplinarian (d)military leader (e)discourteous snob54. gregarious person (a) outwardly calm (b) very sociable (c) completely untrustworthy(d)vicious (e) self-effacing and timid55. generally phlegmatic (a) smug, self-satisfied (b) easily pleased (c) nervous, high-strung(d) emotionally unresponsive (e) lacking in social graces56. an inveterate gambler (a) impoverished (b) successful (c) habitual (d) occasional (e) superstitious57. an egregious error (a) outstandingly bad (b) slight (c) irreparable (d) unnecessary (e) deliberate58. cacophony of a large city (a) political administration (b) crowded living conditions (c) cultural advantages (d) unpleasant noises, harsh sounds (e) busy traffic59. a prurient adolescent (a) tall and gangling (b) sexually longing (c) clumsy, awkward (d)sexually attractive (e) soft-spoken60. uxorious husband (a) henpecked (b) suspicious (c) guilty of infidelity (d)fondly and foolishly doting on his wife (e) tightfisted, penny-pinchingKEY: 1a 2c 3b 4a 5b 6a 7e 8b 9d 10a 11c 12d 13b 14d 15b 16e 17a 18b 19c 20a 21c 22d 23a 24d 25a 26b 27d 28d 29e30b31b 32d 33c 34a 35b 36c 37d 38e 39b 40d 41c 42c 43c 44b 45b 46c 47a 48b 49c 50e 51c 52b 53c 54b 55d 56c 57a 58d 59b 60d。

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08年Text 11.catch up2.sphere3.undesirable4.category5.susceptible6.depression7.disorder8.in response topared to10.affect11.stressed-out12.capacity13.cope14.be exposed tobat 16.interpersonal17.domestic18.devastating19.determined20.paycheck21.obligation22. inequality23. temporary24. trivial25. household26. expense27.Severe28.Diffuse29.Vulnerable30.inclination1.While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,”2.“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”3.Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain.Text 21.straightforward2.submit3.journal4.affiliation5.peer6.reviewment8.publication9.copyright10.rest with11.subscribe12.restrict13.access14.issue15.far-reaching16.so far17.endeavor18.distribution19.estimate20.specialize in21.subject22.emerge23.identify24.site-licensing agreement25.typically26.peer-review27.criticize28.upset29.considerably30. emphasize31.facilitate32. render1.Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.2.The Internet —and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it — is making access to scientific results a reality.3.The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits.4.Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.Text 31.professional2.dramatically3.obscuring4.unrecognized5.for many generation6.Illustrate7.assess8.design9.applicable10.obscure11.recruit12.nutrient13.notably14.adolescent15.prevention 16.posture17.withstand18.inflict19.Constraint20.maximum21.alteration22.by the large23.popularity24.adulthood25.cyclic26.reach one’s limit27.substantial28.strain29.architecture30.struggle with1.The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.2.But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height.3. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.Text 431.surgery32.primitive33.medical practice34.dentist35.transplant36.extract37.spur38.from the bottom up39.moral compromise40.fragile41.infancy42.founder43.hamper44.distaste45.bedrock46.part with47.imperfect 48.Representation49.congressional50.statesman51.formula52.narrow53.inflate54.legislative55.cruelty56.prestige57.clause58.nutrient59.honesty60.tolerance61.stain62.carve63.deliberately1.hey have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.2. Works of several historians reveal th e moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.3.The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College.。