宏观经济学曼昆第9版教材下载及视频网课

合集下载

曼昆宏观经济学第九版答案中文版

曼昆宏观经济学第九版答案中文版1、企业为扩大生产经营而发生的业务招待费，应计入（）科目。

[单选题] *A.管理费用(正确答案)B.财务费用C.销售费用D.其他业务成本2、下列各项中，不会引起无形资产账面价值发生增减变动的是（）。

[单选题] *A.对无形资产计提减值准备B.转让无形资产使用权(正确答案)C.摊销无形资产D.转让无形资产所有权3、盈余公积是企业从（）中提取的公积金。

[单选题] *A.税后净利润(正确答案)B.营业利润C.利润总额D.税前利润4、下列关于无形资产的描述中，错误的是（）。

[单选题] *A.企业内部研究开发项目研究阶段的支出应计入管理费用B.购入但尚未投入使用的无形资产的价值不应摊销(正确答案)C.不能为企业带来经济利益的无形资产的账面价值应全部转为营业外支出D.只有很可能为企业带来经济利益且其成本能够可靠计量的无形资产才能予以确认5、某企业上年末“利润分配——未分配利润”科目借方余额为50 000元（属于五年以上亏损），本年度实现利润总额为1 000 000元，所得税税率为25％，无纳税调整项目，本年按照10％提取法定盈余公积，应为（）元。

[单选题] *A.75 000B.71 250C.100 000D.70 000(正确答案)6、2018年12月31日，甲公司某项固定资产计提减值准备前的账面价值为1 000万元，公允价值为980万元，预计处置费用为80万元，预计未来现金流量的现值为1 050万元。

2018年12月31日，甲公司应对该项固定资产计提的减值准备为（）万元。

[单选题] *A.0(正确答案)B.20C.50D.1007、企业购入的生产设备达到预定可使用状态前，其发生的专业人员服务费用计入（）科目。

[单选题] *A.“固定资产”B.“制造费用”C.“在建工程”(正确答案)D.“工程物资”8、．（年预测）下列属于货币资金转换为生产资金的经济活动的是（）[单选题] *A购买原材料B生产领用原材料C支付工资费用(正确答案)D销售产品9、下列交易和事项中，不应确认为营业外支出的是（）。

曼昆《宏观经济学》(第9版)章节题库-第十二章至第十四章【圣才出品】

3．当经济处于非充分就业状态时，可采用紧缩性的财政政策和货币政策来刺激经济。（）
【答案】F 【解析】非充分就业时应使用扩张性的财政政策与货币政策，增加总需求，从而扩大国
1 / 103
圣才电子书

民收入。
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
4．其他条件不变时，货币供给的增加将使 LM 曲线向右移动。（）【答案】T 【解析】其他条件不变时，货币供给增加使 r 下降，从而使投资需求增加，使得收入增加，于是 LM 曲线向右移动。
圣才电子书十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

第 12 章总需求Ⅱ：应用 IS-LM 模型
一、判断题 1．流动性陷阱指 LM 曲线呈水平状，此时财政政策最有效。（）【答案】T 【解析】在流动性陷阱中，利率处于极低水平，债券价格处于极高水平，购买债券的风险极高，此时无论货币供给增加多少，人们都会持有现金，而不会购买债券。这意味着货币的投机需求趋于无限大，因而 LM 曲线为水平线。这时采用扩张性的财政政策将使得 IS 曲线向右移动，收入水平会大幅提高，而利率却不发生变化，从而挤出效应很小，财政政策最有效。
2．假定名义货币供给量不变，价格总水平上升将导致一条向右上方倾斜的 LM 曲线上的一点（）。
A．沿原 LM 曲线向上方移动
4 / 103
圣才电子书十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

B．沿原 LM 曲线向下方移动 C．向右移动到另一条 LM 曲线上 D．向左移动到另一条 LM 曲线上【答案】D 【解析】LM 曲线为 r＝ky/h－M/（Ph）。当名义货币供给量不变，而价格总水平上升时将导致 LM 曲线的左移。
10．财政收缩政策必定将降低消费水平、产出和投资。（）【答案】F 【解析】政府支出的减少会使 IS 曲线左移，则产出下降，假设收入效应大于利率效应或在消费上无利率效应，因此消费下降，同时利率下降，收入下降导致投资减少，而利率下降导致投资增加，因此财政紧缩政策对于投资的影响不是很明确。

曼昆《宏观经济学》教材精讲(货币供给、货币需求和银行体系)【圣才出品】

第十九章货币供给、货币需求和银行体系19.1 本章框架结构图19.2 重难点解读本章更深入地考察货币供给与货币需求，主要说明银行体系在决定货币供给中所起的关键，讨论中央银行改变货币供给的各种货币工具，分析货币需求背后的动机。

一、货币供给货币供给不仅由中央银行的政策决定，而且也由家庭和银行的行为决定。

货币供给既包括公众手中的通货，也包括家庭在银行中可用于交易需求的存款。

这就是说，令M代表货币供给，C代表通货，D代表活期存款，可以写出：货币供给＝通货＋活期存款M＝C＋D1．货币供给创造机制部分准备金银行指银行只把它们的部分存款作为准备金制度。

在这种制度下，银行将部分存款作为准备金，而将其余存款用于向企业或个人发放贷款或投资，若得到贷款的人再将贷款存入其他银行，从而使其他银行增加了发放贷款或投资的资金，这一过程持续下去，使得更多的货币被创造出来。

2．货币供给模型模型的三个外生变量：（1）基础货币（也称为高能货币）：B是公众以通货形式持有的货币C和银行以准备金形式持有的货币R的总量。

它由中央银行直接控制。

（2）存款准备金率：rr是银行准备金在其持有的存款中的比例。

它由银行的经营政策和管制银行的法律决定。

（3）通货存款比：cr是人们持有的通货量C对其活期存款持有量D的比例。

它反映了家庭对其希望持有的货币形式的偏好。

从货币供给和基础货币的定义开始：M ＝C ＋DB ＝C ＋R 第一个式子说明，货币供给是通货与活期存款之和。

第二个式子说明，基础货币是通货与银行准备金之和。

将上述两个式子整理得：+1+C M DC RB D D =其中，C/D 是通货存款比cr ，R/D 是存款准备金率rr 。

进一步整理得：+1+cr M B cr rr=⨯ （4）三个外生变量的变动对货币供给变动的影响：①货币供给与基础货币是成比例的。

因此，基础货币的增加引起货币供给按同样的百分比增加。

②存款准备金率越低，银行发放的贷款越多，银行从每1美元准备金中创造出来的货币也越多。

曼昆《宏观经济学》配套题库【名校考研真题课后习题章节题库

第6篇再论支撑宏观经济学的微观经济学
第17章消费第18章投资第19章货币供给、货币需求和银行体系第19章经济周期理论的进展（第6版教材）附录指定曼昆《宏观经济学》教材为考研参考书目的院校列表
第1篇导言
第2篇古典理论：长期中的经济
第3篇增长理论：超长期中的经济
第4篇经济周期理论：短期中的经济
第5篇宏观经济政策争论
第6篇再论支撑宏观经济学的微观经济学
第1篇导言
第1章宏观经济学科学第2章宏观经济学的数据一一、简答题二二、计算题
第2篇古典理论：长期中的经济
第3章国民收入：源自何处，去向何方一一、简答题二二、计算题第4章货币与通货膨胀一一、简答题二二、计算题第5章开放的经济一一、简答题二二、计算题
第2篇古典理论：长期中的经济
第3章国民收入：源自何处，去向何方第4章货币与通货膨胀第5章开放的经济第6章失业
第3篇增长理论：超长期中的经济
第7章经济增长Ⅰ：资本积累与人口增长第8章经济增长Ⅱ：技术、经验和政策
第4篇经济周期理论：短期中的经济
第9章经济波动导论第10章总需求Ⅰ：建立IS-LM模型第11章总需求Ⅱ：应用IS-LM模型第12章重访开放经济：蒙代尔—弗莱明模型与汇率制度第13章总供给与通货膨胀和失业之间的短期权衡第14章一个总供给和总需求的动态模型
曼昆《宏观经济学》模拟试题及详解（一）
曼昆《宏观经济学》模拟试题及详解（二）
作者介绍
同名作者介绍
这是《曼昆《宏观经济学》配套题库【名校考研真题＋课后习题＋章节题库＋模拟试题】》的读书笔记模板，暂无该书作者的介绍。
读书笔记
读书笔记
这是《曼昆《宏观经济学》配套题库【名校考研真题＋课后习题＋章节题库＋模拟试题】》的读书笔记模板，可以替换为自己的心得。

曼昆《宏观经济学》第9版考研题库

曼昆《宏观经济学》第9版考研题库单选题1.当发生通货膨胀时，（）最有可能遭受财务损失。

[对外经济贸易大学2018研]A.政府B.欠债的穷人C.放贷的富人D.贷款的企业【答案】C【解析】根据费雪定律r=i一x，保持名义利率不变，通货膨胀率增加会导致实际利率降低，有利于借款者，不利于贷款者。

通货膨胀使名义工资上升，在累进税率制度下，导致消费者进入更高的纳税区间，使政府的税收收入增加，对政府有利。

2.人口学家预言老年人的比例在未来20年中将要提高，根据生命周期假说，以下说法正确的是（）。

[上海财经大学2017研]A.未来国民储蓄将提高B.现在国民储蓄率会下降C.现在和未来的国民储蓄率都会下降D.以上都不正确【答案】D【解析】未来老年人占比增大将导致未来国民储蓄率下降。

但是根据生命周期假说，这阶段性的提高了人们现在的储蓄动机和国民储蓄率。

3.古典学派和凯恩斯学派的分歧不包括（）。

[对外经济贸易大学2017研]A.政府是否应该干预经济B.经济是否自动实现充分就业的均衡C.潜在产出是否取决于要素的投入量和技术水平D.名义价格与货币工资的调整是否具有灵活性【答案】C【解析】C项，宏观经济学家尤其是宏观经济学中的两大主要流派新凯恩斯主义经济学和新古典宏观经济学经过近二十年的争论，目前在四个问题上基本上达到了共识。

其中包括：在长期，GDP依赖于劳动、资本和技术在内的生产要素。

当生产要素增加和技术水平提高时，GDP增长。

3.在哪儿可以看到全部题库内容（）。

A. 百度达聪学习网B. 站内搜索曼昆C. 找到对应的资料即可4.如果在稳态的时候资本大于黄金率，那么减少储蓄率导致了在向新的稳态转移过程中的消费（）。

[上海财经大学2018研]A.上升B.减少C.先上升，后减少D.先减少，后上升【答案】C【解析】如果在稳态的时候资本大于黄金率，也即从资本过多开始，储蓄率的下降引起消费的立即增加和投资的等量减少，随着时间的推移，当资本存量减少时，产出、消费、投资同时减少。

指定曼昆《宏观经济学》教材为考研参考书目的院校列表【圣才出品】

高校（包括科研机构）
对应学院
北京大学
光华管理学院、软件与微电子学院、国家发展研究院、人口研究所
财政税务学院、金融学院、经济学院、信息学院、文化与传媒学院、管
中央财经大学
理科学与工程学院、保险学院、中国经济与管理研究院、中国金融发展
研究院、中国公共财政与政策研究院、人力资本与劳动经济研究中心
中国科学院大学研究生院经济管理学院、数学与系统科学研究院
福建师范大学
经济学院
Hale Waihona Puke 西安交通大学经济与金融学院
说明：
（1）本表虽尽量确保准确，但难免有所遗漏，请学员查看所报高校（包括科研机构）当年招
生简章及参考书目。本表仅供参考！
（2）更多相关信息请登录圣才考研网（）。
1/1
圣才电子书十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

指定曼昆《宏观经济学》教材为考研参考书目的院校列表
曼昆所著的《宏观经济学》（中国人民大学出版社）作为名列第一的中级宏观经济学畅
销书，是我国众多高校采用的宏观经济学优秀教材，也被众多高校（包括科研机构）指定为
“经济类”专业考研参考书目，具体如下表所示。
上海交通大学
安泰经济与管理学院
上海财经大学
经济学院、马克思主义学院、公共经济与管理学院、城市与区域科学学院、商学院、会计学院
上海师范大学
商学院
上海大学
理论经济学、应用经济学、统计学
东南大学
经济管理学院
华中科技大学
经济学院
南开大学
经济学院、经济与社会发展研究院、金融发展研究院
厦门大学
经济系、统计系、财政系、金融系、国际经济与贸易系、公共政策研究院、南洋研究院

曼昆宏观经济学第九版课后习题答案

Answers to Textbook Questions and ProblemsCHAPTER 1 The Science of MacroeconomicsQuestions for Review1. Microeconomics is the study of how individual firms and households make decisions, andhow they interact with one another. Microeconomic models of firms and households are based on principles of optimization—firms and households do the best they can given the constraints they face. For example, households choose which goods to purchase in order to maximize their utility, whereas firms decide how much to produce in order to maximize profits. In contrast, macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole; it focuses on issues such as how total output, total employment, and the overall price level are determined. These economy-wide variables are based on the interaction of many households and many firms; therefore, microeconomics forms the basis for macroeconomics.2. Economists build models as a means of summarizing the relationships among economicvariables. Models are useful because they abstract from the many details in the economy and allow one to focus on the most important economic connections.3. A market-clearing model is one in which prices adjust to equilibrate supply and demand.Market-clearing models are useful in situations where prices are flexible. Yet in many situations, flexible prices may not be a realistic assumption. For example, labor contracts often set wages for up to three years. Or, firms such as magazine publishers change their prices only every three to four years. Most macroeconomists believe that price flexibility is a reasonable assumption for studying long-run issues. Over the long run, prices respond to changes in demand or supply, even though in the short run they may be slow to adjust.Problems and Applications1. Monetary policy in the United States and the European Union has been a big topic ofconversation in early 2015. The EU embarked upon a quantitative easing policy in March 2015 in an attempt to stimulate growth and prevent deflation. There has been some concern that the inflation rate in Europe will turn negative. In the United States, there is continued discussion and speculation concerning when the Federal Reserve might choose to increase the target federal funds rate. Also in the United States, the unemployment rate has declined to about 5.5 percent and this suggests that wages may begin to increase.The Federal Reserve will be watching for wage and price increases as they decide when to increase interest rates.2. Many philosophers of science believe that the defining characteristic of a science is theuse of the scientific method of inquiry to establish stable relationships. Scientists examine data, often provided by controlled experiments, to support or disprove a hypothesis.Economists are more limited in their use of experiments. They cannot conduct controlled experiments on the economy; they must rely on the natural course of developments in the economy to collect data. To the extent that economists use the scientific method of inquiry, that is, developing hypotheses and testing them, economics has the characteristics of a science.3. We can use a simple variant of the supply-and-demand model for pizza to answer thisquestion. Assume that the quantity of ice cream demanded depends not only on the price of ice cream and income, but also on the price of frozen yogurt:Q d = D(P IC, P FY, Y).We expect that demand for ice cream rises when the price of frozen yogurt rises, because ice cream and frozen yogurt are substitutes. That is, when the price of frozen yogurt goes up, I consume less of it and, instead, fulfill more of my frozen dessert urges through the consumption of ice cream.The next part of the model is the supply function for ice cream, Q s = S(P IC). Finally, in equilibrium, supply must equal demand, so that Q s = Q d. Y and P FY are the exogenous variables, and Q and P IC are the endogenous variables. Figure 1-1 uses this model to show that a fall in the price of frozen yogurt results in an inward shift of the demand curve for ice cream. The new equilibrium has a lower price and quantity of ice cream.4. The price of haircuts changes rather infrequently. From casual observation, hairstyliststend to charge the same price over a one- or two-year period irrespective of the demand for haircuts or the supply of cutters. A market-clearing model for analyzing the market for haircuts has the unrealistic assumption of flexible prices. Such an assumption isunrealistic in the short run when we observe that prices are inflexible. Over the long run, however, the price of haircuts does tend to adjust; a market-clearing model is therefore appropriate.Answers to Textbook Questions and ProblemsCHAPTER 2 The Data of MacroeconomicsQuestions for Review1. GDP measures the total income earned from the production of the new final goods and services in theeconomy, and it measures the total expenditures on the new final goods and services produced in the economy. GDP can measure two things at once because the total expenditures on the new final goods and services by the buyers must be equal to the income earned by the sellers of the new final goods and services. As the circular flow diagram in the text illustrates, these are alternative, equivalent ways of measuring the flow of dollars in the economy.2. The four components of GDP are consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports.The consumption category of GDP consists of household expenditures on new final goods and services, such as the purchase of a new television. The investment category of GDP consists of business fixed investment, residential fixed investment, and inventory investment. When a business buys new equipment this counts as investment. Government purchases consists of purchases of new final goods and services by federal, state, and local governments, such as payments for new military equipment. Net exports measures the value of goods and services sold to other countries minus the value of goods and services foreigners sell us. When the U.S. sells corn to foreign countries, it counts in the net export category of GDP.3. The consumer price index (CPI) measures the overall level of prices in the economy. Ittells us the price of a fixed basket of goods relative to the price of the same basket in the base year. The GDP deflator is the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP in a given year. The GDP deflator measures the prices of all goods and services produced, whereas the CPI only measures prices of goods and services bought by consumers. The GDP deflator includes only domestically produced goods, whereas the CPI includes domestic and foreign goods bought by consumers. Finally, the CPI is a Laspeyres index that assigns fixed weights to the prices of different goods, whereas the GDP deflator is a Paasche index that assigns changing weights to the prices of different goods. In practice, the two price indices tend to move together and do not often diverge.4. The CPI measures the price of a fixed basket of goods relative to the price of the samebasket in the base year. The PCE deflator is the ratio of nominal consumer spending to real consumer spending. The CPI and the PCE deflator are similar in that they both only include the prices of goods purchased by consumers, and they both include the price of imported goods as well as domestically produced goods. The two measures differ because the CPI measures the change in the price of a fixed basket whereas the goods measured by the PCE deflator change from year to year depending on what consumers are purchasing in that particular year.5. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) classifies each person into one of the following threecategories: employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. The unemployment rate, which is the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed, is computed as follows:Unemployment Rate = Number of UnemployedLabor Force´100.Note that the labor force is the number of people employed plus the number of people unemployed.6. Every month, the Bureau of Labor Statistics undertakes two surveys to measureemployment. First, the BLS surveys about 60,000 households and thereby obtains an estimate of the share of people who say they are working. The BLS multiplies this share by an estimate of the population to estimate the number of people working. Second, the BLS surveys about 160,000 business establishments and asks how many people they employ. Each survey is imperfect; so the two measures of employment are not identical. Problems and Applications1. From the main Web page click on the interactive data tab at the top, select GDP,begin using the data, section 1, and then table 1.1.1. Real GDP grew at a rate of 2.2 percent in quarter 4 of 2014. When compared to growth rates of −2.1 percent, 4.6 percent, and 5 percent for the first three quarters of 2014, the rate of 2.2 percent was slightly below average. From the main Web page select the data tools tab, then top picks. Check the box for the unemployment rate and retrieve the data. The unemployment rate in March 2015 was 5.5 percent, which was about equal to the natural rate of unemployment, or the long run average rate. From the main page, select the economic releases tab, then inflation and prices. Access the report for the CPI. In February 2015, the inflation rate for all items was 0 percent, and if food and energy were excluded the rate was 1.7 percent. The inflation rate was below average and below the Federal Reserve’s target of 2 percent.2. Value added by each person is equal to the value of the good produced minus theamount the person paid for the materials needed to make the good. Therefore, the value added by the farmer is $1.00 ($1 – 0 = $1). The value added by the miller is $2: she sells the flour to the baker for $3 but paid $1 for the flour. The value added by the baker is $3: she sells the bread to the engineer for $6 but paid the miller $3 for the flour. GDP is the total value added, or $1 + $2 + $3 = $6. Note that GDP equals the value of the final good (the bread).3. When a woman marrie s her butler, GDP falls by the amount of the butler’s salary. Thishappens because GDP measures total income, and therefore GDP, falls by the amount of the butler’s loss i n salary. If GDP truly measures the value of all goods and services, then the marriage would not affect GDP since the total amount of economic activity is unchanged. Actual GDP, however, is an imperfect measure of economic activity because the value of some goods and services is left out. Once the butler’s work becomes part of his household chores, his services are no longer counted in GDP. As this example illustrates, GDP does not include the value of any output produced in the home.4. a. The airplane sold to the U.S. Air Force counts as government purchases because theAir Force is part of the government.b. The airplane sold to American Airlines counts as investment because it is a capitalgood sold to a private firm.c. The airplane sold to Air France counts as an export because it is sold to a foreigner.d. The airplane sold to Amelia Earhart counts as consumption because it is sold to aprivate individual.e. The airplane built to be sold next year counts as investment. In particular, the airplaneis counted as inventory investment, which is where goods that are produced in one year and sold in another year are counted.5. Data on parts (a) to (f) can be downloaded from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Go tothe Website, click on the interactive data tab at the top, select GDP, begin using the data, section 1, and then table 1.1.5. Choose the “modify the data” option to select the years you in which you are interested. By dividing each component (a) to (f) by nominal GDP and multiplying by 100, we obtain the following percentages:1950 1980 2014a. Personal consumption expenditures 64.0% 61.3% 68.5%b. Gross private domestic investment 18.8% 18.5% 16.4%c. Government consumption purchases 16.9% 20.6% 18.2%d. Net exports 0.2% –0.5% 3.1%e. National defense purchases 7.6% 6.3% 4.4%f. Imports 3.9% 10.3% 16.5%(Note: The above data was downloaded April 3, 2015, from the BEA Web site.)Among other things, we observe the following trends in the economy over the period 1950–2015:a. Personal consumption expenditures have been around two-thirds of GDP between1980 and 2015.b. The share of GDP going to gross private domestic investment remained fairly steady.c. The share going to government consumption purchases rose sharply from 1950 to1980.d. Net exports, which were positive in 1950, have been negative since that time.e. The share going to national defense purchases has fallen.f. Imports have grown rapidly relative to GDP.6. a. GDP measures the value of the final goods and services produced, or $1,000,000. b. NNP is equal to GNP minus depreciation. In this example, GDP is equal to GNP because there areno foreign transactions. Therefore, NNP is equal to $875,000.c. National income is equal to NNP, or $875,000.d. Employee compensation is equal to $600,000.e. Proprietors’ income measures the income of the owner, and is equal to 150,000.f. Corporate profit is equal to corporate taxes plus dividends plus retained earnings, or $275,000.Retained earnings is calculated as sales minus wages minus dividends minus depreciation minus corporate tax, or $75,000.g. Personal income is equal to employee compensation plus dividends, or $750,000. h. Disposable personal income is personal income minus taxes, or $550,000.7. a. i. Nominal GDP is the total value of goods and services measured at current prices. Therefore,Nominal GDP 2010 = P hotdogs 2010´Q hotdogs 2010()+P burgers 2010´Q burgers 2010()= ($2 ⨯ 200) + ($3 ⨯ 200)= $400 + $600= $1,000.Nominal GDP 2015 = P hotdogs 2015´Q hotdogs 2015()+P burgers 2015´Q burgers 2015()= ($4 ⨯ 250) + ($4 ⨯ 500)= $1,000 + $2,000= $3,000.ii. Real GDP is the total value of goods and services measured at constant prices.Therefore, to calculate real GDP in 2015 (with base year 2010), multiply thequantities purchased in the year 2015 by the 2010 prices:Real GDP 2015 = P 2010hotdogs ´Q 2015hotdogs ()+P 2010burgers ´Q 2015burgers ()= ($2 ⨯ 250) + ($3 ⨯ 500)= $500 + $1,500= $2,000.Real GDP for 2010 is calculated by multiplying the quantities in 2010 by the pricesin 2010. Since the base year is 2010, real GDP 2010 equals nominal GDP 2010, which is$10,00. Hence, real GDP increased between 2010 and 2015.iii. The implicit price deflator for GDP compares the current prices of all goods and services produced to the prices of the same goods and services in a base year. It is calculated as follows:Implicit Price Deflator2015= Nominal GDP2010Real GDP2010= 1Using the values for Nominal GDP2015 and real GDP2015 calculated above:Implicit Price Deflator2015 = $3,000$2,000= 1.50.This calculation reveals that prices of the goods produced in the year 2015 increased by 50 percent compared to the prices that the goods in the economy sold for in 2010. (Because 2010 is the base year, the value for the implicit price deflator for the year 2010 is 1.0 because nominal and real GDP are the same for the base year.)iv. The consumer price index (CPI) measures the level of prices in the economy. The CPI is called a fixed-weight index because it uses a fixed basket of goods over time to weight prices. If the base year is 2010, the CPI in 2015 is measuring the cost of the basket in 2015 relative to the cost in 2010. The CPI2015 is calculated as follows:CPI 2015= (P2015hotdogs´Q2010hotdogs) + (P2015burgers´Q2010burgers)(P2010hotdogs´Q2010hotdogs) + (P2010burgers´Q2010burgers)= $16,000,000 $10,000,000= 1.6.This calculation shows that the price of goods purchased in 2015 increased by 60 percent compared to the prices these goods would have sold for in 2010. The CPI for 2010, the base year, equals 1.0.b. The implicit price deflator is a Paasche index because it is computed with a changingbasket of goods; the CPI is a Laspeyres index because it is computed with a fixed basket of goods. From (7.a.iii), the implicit price deflator for the year 2015 is 1.50, which indicates that prices rose by 50 percent from what they were in the year 2010.From (7.a.iv.), the CPI for the year 2015 is 1.6, which indicates that prices rose by 60percent from what they were in the year 2010.If prices of all goods rose by, for example, 50 percent, then one could say unambiguously that the price level rose by 50 percent. Yet, in our example, relative prices have changed. The price of hot dogs rose by 1020 percent; the price of hamburgers rose by 33.33 percent, making hamburgers relatively less expensive.As the discrepancy between the CPI and the implicit price deflator illustrates, the change in the price level depends on how the goods’ prices are weighted. The CPI weights the price of goods by the quantities purchased in the year 2010. The implicit price deflator weights the price of goods by the quantities purchased in the year 2015.Since the quantity of the two goods was the same in 2010, the CPI is placing equal weight on the two price changes. In 2015, the quantity of hamburgers was twice as large as hot dogs, so there is twice as much weight placed on the hamburger price relative to the hot dog price. For this reason, the CPI shows a larger inflation rate –more weight is placed on the good with the larger price increase.8. a. The consumer price index uses the consumption bundle in year 1 to figure out howmuch weight to put on the price of a given good:CPI2=$2´10()+$1´0() $1´10()+$2´0()=P2red´Q1red()+P2green´Q1green()P1red´Q1red()+P1green´Q1green()= 2.According to the CPI, prices have doubled.b. Nominal spending is the total value of output produced in each year. In year 1 andyear 2, Abby buys 10 apples for $1 each, so her nominal spending remains constant at $10. For example,Nominal Spending2 = P2red ´Q2red()+P2green´Q2green()= ($2 ⨯ 0) + ($1 ⨯ 10)= $10.c. Real spending is the total value of output produced in each year valued at the pricesprevailing in year 1. In year 1, the base year, her real spending equals her nominal spending of $10. In year 2, she consumes 10 green apples that are each valued at their year 1 price of $2, so her real spending is $20. That is,Real Spending2= P1red ´Q2red()+P1green´Q2green()= ($1 ⨯ 0) + ($2 ⨯ 10)= $20.Hence, Abby’s real spending rises from $10 to $20.d. The implicit price deflator is calculated by dividing Abby’s nominal spending in year2 by her real spending that year:Implicit Price Deflator2= Nominal Spending2 Real Spending2= $10 $20= 0.5.Thus, the implicit price deflator suggests that prices have fallen by half. The reason for this is that the deflator estimates how much Abby values her apples using prices prevailing in year 1. From this perspective green apples appear very valuable. In year 2, when Abby consumes 10 green apples, it appears that her consumption has increased because the deflator values green apples more highly than red apples. The only way she could still be spending $10 on a higher consumption bundle is if the price of the good she was consuming fell.e. If Abby thinks of red apples and green apples as perfect substitutes, then the cost ofliving in this economy has not changed—in either year it costs $10 to consume 10 apples. According to the CPI, however, the cost of living has doubled. This is because the CPI only takes into account the fact that the red apple price has doubled; the CPI ignores the fall in the price of green apples because they were not in the consumption bundle in year 1. In contrast to the CPI, the implicit price deflator estimates the cost of living has been cut in half. Thus, the CPI, a Laspeyres index, overstates the increase in the cost of living and the deflator, a Paasche index, understates it.9. a. The labor force includes full time workers, part time workers, those who run their ownbusiness,and those who do not have a job but are looking for a job. The labor force consists of 70 people. The working age population consists of the labor force plus those not in the labor force. The 10 discouraged workers and the 10 retired people are not in the labor force, but assuming they are capable of working, they are part of the adult population. The adult population consists of 90 people, so the labor force participation rate is equal to 70/90 or 77.8 percent.b. The number of unemployed workers is equal to 10, so the unemployment rate is10/70 or 14.3 percent.c. The household survey estimates total employment by asking a sample of householdsabout their employment status. The household survey would report 60 people employed. The establishment survey estimates total employment by asking a sample of businesses to report how many workers they are employing. In this case the establishment survey would report 55 people employed. The 5 people with 2 jobs would be counted twice, and the 10 people who run their own business would not be counted.10. As Senator Robert Kennedy pointed out, GDP is an imperfect measure of economicperformance or well-being. In addition to the left-out items that Kennedy cited, GDP also ignores the imputed rent on durable goods such as cars, refrigerators, and lawnmowers;many services and products produced as part of household activity, such as cooking and cleaning; and the value of goods produced and sold in illegal activities, such as the drug trade. These imperfections in the measurement of GDP do not necessarily reduce its usefulness. As long as these measurement problems stay constant over time, then GDP is useful in comparing economic activity from year to year. Moreover, a large GDP allows us to afford better medical care for our children, newer books for their education, and more toys for their play. Finally, countries with higher levels of GDP tend to have higher levels of life expectancy, better access to clean water and sanitation, and higher levels of education. GDP is therefore a useful measure for comparing the level of growth and development across countries.11. a. Real GDP falls because Disney World does not produce any services while it is closed.This corresponds to a decrease in economic well-being because the income of workers and shareholders of Disney World falls (the income side of the national accounts), and people’s consumption of Disney World falls (the expenditure side of the national accounts).b. Real GDP rises because the original capital and labor in farm production now producemore wheat. This corresponds to an increase in the economic well-being of society, since people can now consume more wheat. (If people do not want to consume more wheat, then farmers and farmland can be shifted to producing other goods that society values.)c. Real GDP falls because with fewer workers on the job, firms produce less. Thisaccurately reflects a fall in economic well-being.d. Real GDP falls because the firms that lay off workers produce less. This decreaseseconomic well-being because workers’ incomes fall (the income side), and there are fewer goods for people to buy (the expenditure side).e. Real GDP is likely to fall, as firms shift toward production methods that produce fewergoods but emit less pollution. Economic well-being, however, may rise. The economynow produces less measured output but more clean air. Clean air is not traded in markets and, thus, does not show up in measured GDP, but is nevertheless a good that people value.f. Real GDP rises because the high school students go from an activity in which they arenot producing market goods and services to one in which they are. Economic well-being, however, may decrease. In ideal national accounts, attending school would show up as investment because it presumably increases the future productivity of the worker. Actual national accounts do not measure this type of investment. Note also that future GDP may be lower than it would be if the students stayed in school, since the future work force will be less educated.g. Measured real GDP falls because fathers spend less time producing market goodsand services. The actual production of goods and services need not have fallen because but unmeasured production of child-rearing services rises. The well-being of the average person may very well rise if we assume the fathers and the children enjoy the extra time they are spending together.Answers to Textbook Questions and ProblemsCHAPTER3 National Income: Where It Comes From and Where It GoesQuestions for Review1. The factors of production and the production technology determine the amount ofoutput an economy can produce. The factors of production are the inputs used to produce goods and services: the most important factors are capital and labor. The production technology determines how much output can be produced from any given amounts of these inputs. An increase in one of the factors of production or an improvement in technology leads to an increase in the economy’s output.2. When a firm decides how much of a factor of production to hire or demand, it considershow this decision affects profits. For example, hiring an extra unit of labor increases output and therefore increases revenue; the firm compares this additional revenue to the additional cost from the higher wage bill. The additional revenue the firm receives depends on the marginal product of labor (MPL) and the price of the good produced (P).An additional unit of labor produces MPL units of additional output, which sells for P dollars per unit. Therefore, the additional revenue to the firm is P ⨯MPL. The cost of hiring the additional unit of labor is the wage W. Thus, this hiring decision has the following effect on profits:ΔProfit= ΔRevenue –ΔCost= (P ⨯MPL) –W.If the additional revenue, P ⨯MPL, exceeds the cost (W) of hiring the additional unit of labor, then profit increases. The firm will hire labor until it is no longer profitable to do so—that is, until the MPL falls to the point where the change in profit is zero. In the equation abov e, the firm hires labor until ΔP rofit = 0, which is when (P ⨯MPL) = W.This condition can be rewritten as:MPL = W/P.Therefore, a competitive profit-maximizing firm hires labor until the marginal product of labor equals the real wage. The same logic applies to the firm’s decision regarding how much capital to hire: the firm will hire capital until the marginal product of capital equals the real rental price.3. A production function has constant returns to scale if an equal percentage increase in allfactors of production causes an increase in output of the same percentage. For example, if a firm increases its use of capital and labor by 50 percent, and output increases by 50 percent, then the production function has constant returns to scale.If the production function has constant returns to scale, then total income (or equivalently, total output) in an economy of competitive profit-maximizing firms is divided between the return to labor, MPL ⨯L, and the return to capital, MPK ⨯K. That is, under constant returns to scale, economic profit is zero.4. A Cobb–Douglas production function has the form F(K,L) = AKαL1–α. The text showed thatthe parameter αgives capital’s share of income. So if capital earns one-fourth of total income, then α= 0.25. Hence, F(K,L) = AK0.25L0.75.5. Consumption depends positively on disposable income—i.e. the amount of income afterall taxes have been paid. Higher disposable income means higher consumption.The quantity of investment goods demanded depends negatively on the real interest rate. For an investment to be profitable, its return must be greater than its cost. Because the real interest rate measures the cost of funds, a higher real interest rate makes it more costly to invest, so the demand for investment goods falls.6. Government purchases are a measure of the value of goods and services purchaseddirectly by the government. For example, the government buys missiles and tanks, builds roads, and provides services such as air traffic control. All of these activities are part of GDP. Transfer payments are government payments to individuals that are not in exchange for goods or services. They are the opposite of taxes: taxes reduce household disposable income, whereas transfer payments increase it. Examples of transfer payments include Social Security payments to the elderly, unemployment insurance, and veterans’ benefits.7. Consumption, investment, and government purchases determine demand for theeconomy’s output, whereas the factors of production and the production function determine the supply of output. The real interest rate adjusts to ensure that the demand for the econo my’s goods equals the supply. At the equilibrium interest rate, the demand。

15437 张蕾主讲曼昆《宏观经济学》考研考点精讲

考点３衡量生活成本的指标
１．消费物价指数（ＣＰＩ）消费物价指数也称零售物价指数和生活费用指数，是反映消费品（包括劳务）价格水平变动状况的一种价格指数，一般用加权平均法来编制。它根据若干种主要日用消费品的零售价格以及服务费用而编制，用公式表示为：一组固商品按当期价格计算的价值ＣＰＩ＝ × １００％一组固定商品按基期价格计算的价值 — ５—
— １—
考试点（ｗｗｗ．ｋａｏｓｈｉｄｉａｎ．ｃｏｍ）名师精品课程电话：４００－６８８５－３６５
对时的特别说明
宏观经济学的时间结构划分
１）超长期：一般涉及几十年的时间跨度。 ◆是经济增长理论研究的范围。 ◆研究核心在于资本的历史性积累与技术进步。２）长期：资本存量与技术水平相对固定不变的时期。不变的资本与技术决定了经济的生产能力，即“ 潜在产出” 不变。产出取决于总供给， ◆在长期，价格取决于总供给与总需求。失业问题 ◆在长期中主要研究通胀、３）短期：价格水平相对固定不变的时期。产出水平只取决于总需求。 ◆在短期，主要研究经济周期波动、ＩＳ－ＬＭＡＳ－ＡＤ模型
考点２宏观经济学的研究方法
经济模型是指用来描述所研究的经济事物的有关经济变量之间相互关系的理论结构，是现代经济理论的一种主要分析方法。１．外生变量和内生变量变量分为内生变量和外生变量。外生变量是由模型以外的因素所决定的变量，本身不能用模型解释；内生变量是经济模型所要求的变量。外生变量决定内生变量，外生变量的变化会引起内生变量的变化。２．市场出清模型市场出清模型是指一种产品或服务价格能够迅速调整使得该商品或服务的供给量与需求量相等的状态。市场出清模型的假设条件是价格具有弹性（伸缩性）。但现实中工资和价格却具有粘性。３．微观经济思考与宏观经济模型微观经济学是关于家庭和企业如何做出决策以及这些决策者在市场上如何相互作用的研究。微观经济学的中心原理是家庭和企业的最优化选择。在研究整个宏观经济时，必须考虑个别经济参与者的决策，同时在考虑单个家庭和企业的行为时，也要考虑家庭和企业所处的宏观环境对其行为的影响。总之，宏观经济理论是建立在微观经济基础之上的，宏观经济又会对微观经济产生影响。

(2024年)曼昆《宏观经济学》完整版

2024/3/26
3
宏观经济学定义与研究对象
宏观经济学定义
宏观经济学是研究整个经济体系的总体经济行为、经济表现、经济波动以及经济政策对整体经济影响的学科。
研究对象
宏观经济学主要关注整个经济体系的总体问题，如国民收入、就业、通货膨胀、经济增长等。
2024/3/26
4
宏观经济学与微观经济学关系
净出口
出口减去进口的差额，受汇率、国际市场需求、贸易政策等因素的影响。
17
总供给曲线形状及变动原因
• 总供给曲线形状：总供给曲线表示在一系列价格水平下，经济社会愿意提供的总产量（或总收入）。在短期内，总供给曲线可能呈现向右上方倾斜的形状，因为价格水平上升会刺激企业增加生产；在长期内，总供给曲线可能呈现垂直形状，因为长期内潜在产出水平是稳定的。
要点三
比较优势原理的应用
比较优势原理是现代国际贸易理论的基础，它解释了为什么国际贸易会发生以及贸易对各国经济的影响。各国通过专业化生产和贸易，可以实现资源的优化配置和经济效益的提高。
2024/3/26
22
汇率制度类型及特点比较
固定汇率制度
浮动汇率制度
固定汇率制度是指一国货币与另一国货币或一篮子货币保持固定比价的汇率制度。其特点包括汇率稳定、政策纪律性强、有利于国际贸易和投资等。但固定汇率制度也可Байду номын сангаас导致汇率失真、国际收支失衡等问题。
2024/3/26
23
国际收支平衡表解读
国际收支平衡表的概念
国际收支平衡表是一国在一定时期内（通常为一年）与外国进行经济往来的全部记录的统计表。它反映了一国在一定时期内对外经济往来的总体情况，包括贸易、服务、投资、援助等方面的交易。

曼昆《宏观经济学》完整版

宏观经济学讲稿第一篇宏观经济变量第一章总产出一、总产出核算的指标1. 国民生产总值和国内生产总值（1）国民生产总值（GNP）：指一个国家或地区一定时期内由本地公民所生产的全部最终产品和劳务的价格总和。

GNP在统计时必须注意以下原则：第一，GNP统计的是最终产品，而不是中间产品。

最终产品供人们直接使用和消费，不再转卖的产品和劳务。

中间产品作为生产投入品，不能直接使用和消费的产品和劳务。

第二，GNP是流量而非存量。

流量是指一定时期内发生或产生的变量。

存量是指某一时点上观测或测量到的变量。

第三，GNP按国民原则，而不按国土原则计算。

（2）国内生产总值（GDP）：指一定时期内在一个国家或地区范围内所生产的全部最终产品和劳务的价格总和。

GDP与GNP的关系是：GDP = GNP-本国公民在国外生产的最终产品和劳务的价格+外国公民在本国生产的最终产品和劳务的价格2. 国民生产净值与国内生产净值国民生产净值（NNP）与国内生产净值（NDP）：GNP或GDP扣除折旧以后的余额。

它们是一个国家或地区一定时期内财富存量新增加的部分。

3. 国民收入（NI）：NNP或NDP扣除间接税后的余额。

它入体现了一个国家或地区一定时期内生产要素收入，即工资、利息、租金和利润的总和。

间接税指能够转嫁税负即可以通过提高商品和劳务的售价把税负转嫁给购买者的税收。

这类税收一般在生产和流通环节征收，如增值税、营业税、关税等。

直接税指不能转嫁税负即只能由纳税人自己承担税负的税收。

这类税收一般在收入环节征收，如所得税。

4. 个人收入（PI）：一个国家或地区一定时期内个人所得的全部收入。

它是国民收入进一些必要的调整后形成的一个指标。

最主要的扣减项有：公司未分配利润、社会保障支付；最主要的增加项有：政府对个人的转移支付，如失业救济、退休金、医疗补助等。

5. 个人可支配收入（DPI）：个人收入扣除所得税以后的余额。

国民经济核算体系（SNA）各级指标之间的关系是：GNP或GDP减折旧；等于——NNP或NDP减间接税；等于——NI减公司未分配利润、社会保障支付；加转移支付；等于——PI减个人所得税；等于——DPI二、总产出核算的方法1. 收入法：把一个国家或地区一定时期内所有个人和部门的收入进行汇总。

曼昆《宏观经济学》名词解释背诵版(上)

曼昆《宏观经济学》名词解释背诵版写在前面的话：1．本版本为高鸿业《西方经济学（宏观部分）》名词解释背诵版补充版本，补充了一些曼昆《宏观经济学》教材专有的概念2．部分概念非常经典，除了考名词解释，还能考简答题，因此建议哪怕不考名词解释的学员也记得看下，适当背背。

3．考研院校指定曼昆《宏观经济学》为参考书，一般都为名校。

考研难，考名校更难，多加油！炳哥2019年10月12号1．三部门经济答：在宏观经济学中，三部门经济又称“封闭经济”，只包括个人、厂商和政府而没有国外经济部门。

现实中并不存在封闭经济，它仅仅是一个理论上的假设。

建立“封闭经济”假设的目的是为了能由简单到复杂地分析国民收入的决定，有利于分析经济中最基本的总量之间的关系。

具体而言，就是在排除国际经济往来影响的情况下，分析消费、投资和政府购买如何决定国民收入与就业。

2．古典二分法答：古典经济学把变量分为实际变量和名义变量，这称为“古典二分法”。

实际变量是用实物单位衡量的变量，例如数量和实际国民收入；名义变量是用货币表示的变量，例如物价水平和通货膨胀率。

古典二分法的产生是由于在古典经济理论中，货币供给的变动不影响实际变量。

这种货币对实际变量的无关性称为货币中性。

在现实中，在长期，货币供给不会对实际变量产生影响；而在短期，货币供给量会对实际变量产生影响。

古典二分法是古典宏观经济学的一个重要的观点，它简化了经济理论，考察实际变量而不考虑名义变量。

3．货币非中性答：古典学派和新古典学派的经济学家都认为货币是中性的，货币供给量的变化只影响一般价格水平，不影响实际产出水平，因此政府为调节经济而制定的货币政策是无效的。

但随着西方国家经济的快速发展以及货币在其中调节作用的显现，货币中性论对现实经济的解释作用在不断下降。

凯恩斯及其追随者认为，货币的作用是巨大的，货币是非中性的，货币存量的变动最终不仅仅会影响名义价格与名义工资等名义变量，还会对实际产出、实际利率等实际变量也产生影响。

曼昆9--宏观经济学课件

第一节产品市场与IS曲线
IS曲线描绘了产品与服务市场上产生的利率与收入水平之间的关系。凯恩斯交叉模型是对凯恩斯的国民收入决定理论的最简单解释，是构成IS-LM模型的基石。
一、凯恩斯交叉凯恩斯提出，在短期中经济的总收入主要由家庭、企业和政府的计划支出决定。人们希望支出的越多，企业可以卖出的产品与服务就越多。企业可以卖出去的越多，他们选择生产的产出就越多，它们选择雇佣的工人也就越多。因此，凯恩斯相信，衰退和萧条期间的问题是支出不足。凯恩斯交叉是把这种简洁模型化的一种尝试。
二、领先经济指标政府的经济学家对预测感兴趣的原因：第一，经济环境影响政府；第二，政府通过使用货币政策和财政政策可以影响经济。经济学家得到预测的一种方法是观察领先指标。这些变量的波动往往先于整个经济。书228页
第二节宏观经济学的时间范围
一、短期和长期长期，价格有灵活性，能对需求的变动做出反应。短期，许多价格是有粘性的，固定在某个前定水平上。
SRAS
AD1
收入，产出，Y
价格水平，P
LRAS
Y
AD2
A
B
1….总需求的上升…
2….提高了短期中产出水平…
3….但在长期中只影响价格水平
总需求的增加
C
二、对总供给的冲击对总供给的冲击也会引起经济波动。供给冲击：它改变生产产品与服务的成本，从而改变企业收取的价格。由于供给冲击直接影响价格水平，所以它们有时被称为价格冲击。不利的供给冲击会推动成本和价格的上升，有利的供给冲击降低了成本和价格。
三、总需求曲线的移动总需求曲线实在货币供给数值固定的条件下做出来的，所以货币供给变动，总需求曲线移动。减少货币供给，总需求曲线向内移动；增加货币供给，总供给曲线向外移动。货币供给的波动并不是总需求波动的唯一来源。后面会讲。

曼昆经济学原理第九版

曼昆经济学原理第九版
曼昆经济学原理第九版是一本经济学教材，该教材的内容涵盖了经济学的基本原理和概念。

本教材的目的是帮助读者理解经济学作为一门学科的核心概念以及它们在现实世界中的应用。

本教材的第一部分介绍了经济学的基本原理，包括供求关系、市场机制、成本与利润等。

这些原理提供了分析市场经济中个人和企业行为的基础。

第二部分讨论了市场失灵的情况，即当市场机制无法有效分配资源时。

这包括垄断、外部性和公共物品等问题，以及政府在解决这些问题中的角色。

第三部分关注宏观经济学，即整个经济体的运作。

它包括国民收入、通货膨胀、失业和货币政策等主题。

宏观经济学的目标是研究经济增长和稳定的原因，同时提供政府政策的指导。

本教材还包括供求分析、弹性、成本理论、市场结构、国际贸易、财政政策和货币政策等主题。

此外，它还探讨了经济学家在政策制定和社会问题解决中的角色。

总的来说，曼昆经济学原理第九版是一本系统介绍经济学基本原理和宏观经济学的教材。

通过阅读本书，读者将能够理解经济学在实践中的应用，以及经济学家的思考方式。

2024版曼昆宏观经济学ppt课件完整版

曼昆宏观经济学ppt课件完整版•宏观经济学概述•国民收入核算与经济增长•失业、通货膨胀与货币政策•总需求-总供给模型与财政政策•国际金融与汇率制度•劳动市场、资本市场与长期经济增长•政府角色、社会保障与环境问题目录宏观经济学概述01宏观经济学定义与研究对象定义宏观经济学是研究整个经济体系的总体经济行为、经济表现及其内在规律的一门学科。

研究对象主要包括国民收入、就业、通货膨胀、经济增长等宏观经济现象。

宏观经济学与微观经济学关系联系微观经济学和宏观经济学都是研究经济现象的学科，两者相互补充，共同构成了经济学的完整体系。

区别微观经济学研究个体经济单位（如家庭、企业）的经济行为，而宏观经济学研究整个经济体系的总体经济行为。

03研究方法曼昆宏观经济学采用实证分析和规范分析相结合的方法，既注重理论推导，又强调经验验证。

01理论框架曼昆宏观经济学以新古典综合学派为基础，吸收了货币主义、理性预期学派等理论，形成了一个完整的理论体系。

02主要内容包括国民收入决定理论、就业理论、通货膨胀理论、经济增长理论等。

曼昆宏观经济学理论体系国民收入核算与经济增长02支出法通过核算一定时期内整个社会购买最终产品的总支出计算GDP ，适用于市场经济比较发达的国家。

收入法通过核算整个社会在一定时期内获得的收入总量来计算GDP ，适用于收入分配比较均衡的国家。

生产法通过核算一定时期内各生产单位所生产的全部最终产品的价值总量来计算GDP ，适用于统计基础比较完善的国家。

国内生产总值（GDP ）核算方法经济增长率计算及分析经济增长的源泉主要包括劳动投入的增加、资本投入的增加以及技术进步等。

经济增长的波动经济增长不是平稳的，而是呈现出周期性的波动，包括繁荣、衰退、萧条和复苏四个阶段。

比较优势与国际贸易对经济增长影响比较优势理论不同国家在生产不同产品时具有不同的比较优势，通过国际贸易可以实现互利共赢。

国际贸易对经济增长的影响国际贸易可以促进资源在全球范围内的优化配置，提高生产效率，推动技术创新和产业升级，从而促进经济增长。

2024版年度曼昆宏观经济学中文版讲义全套教学课件pptx

29
国际资本流动对宏观经济政策影响
国际资本流动类型
直接投资、证券投资、银行贷款等。
国际资本流动对宏观经济政策的影响
国际资本流动会影响国内货币供应量、利率水平、汇率水平等，从而影响宏观经济政策效果。
应对国际资本流动的政策措施
加强资本管制、调整汇率政策、实施货币政策和财政政策等。
2024/2/3
30
总需求曲线推导
基于IS-LM模型，考虑价格水平变动对商品市场和货币市场均衡的影响，推导出总需求曲线。该曲线表示在给定价格水平下，社会愿意并能够购买的商品和劳务总量。
总供给曲线推导
基于劳动市场均衡和厂商生产函数，考虑价格水平变动对劳动供给和生产成本的影响，推导出总供给曲线。该曲线表示在给定价格水平下，厂商愿意并能够提供的商品和劳务总量。
VS
失业-通货膨胀权衡
政府在进行宏观经济调控时，需要权衡失业和通货膨胀之间的关系。如果政府过于追求低失业率，可能会导致通货膨胀加剧；而如果政府过于追求物价稳定，可能会使失业率保持在较高水平。因此，政府需要根据实际情况制定合适的宏观经济政策来平衡两者之间的关系。
2024/2/3
26
07
开放经济条件下宏观经济政策协调
利率渠道作用机制
2024/2/3
中央银行调整利率水平，影响市场利率和债券价格，进而影响居民储蓄和
企业投资。
信贷渠道作用机制中央银行通过调整存款准备金率等政策工具，影响商业银行信贷规模，进而影响企业投资和居民消费。
资产价格渠道作用机制中央银行通过调整货币政策，影响股票、房地产等资产价格，进而影响居民财富和企业投资。
发展历程
古典宏观经济学、凯恩斯主义宏观经济学、新古典宏观经济学、新凯恩斯主义宏观经济学等阶段。

曼昆版宏观经济学ch9经济波动导论

slide 7
9.2 宏观经济学的时间范围
9.2.1 短期和长期有什么不同
• 长期：价格是伸缩的，随供求的变化而变化
• 短期：在某一给定水平上价格是粘性的
当价格为粘性时，经济行为大不相同。古典二分法不再成立，名义变量会影响实际变量。
slide 8
9.2.2 总供给与总需求模型
在古典宏观经济理论中
slide 6
PMI
• 从业人员指数为49.7%，比上月下降1.3个百分点，回落至临界点以下，并低于历史同期水平，表明制造业在生产下滑，未来市场预期不够明朗的情况下，企业劳动力需求有所回落。 • 供应商配送时间指数为50.7%，比上月提升1.2个百分点，为2010年9月以来最高点，表明制造业原材料供应商交货时间与上月相比明显加快。 • 主要原材料购进价格指数为46.2%，比上月显著回落 10.4个百分点，是2009年4月以来首次跌落至临界点以下，表明伴随着欧美经济的走低，国际大宗商品价格持续回落，以及我国一系列稳定物价政策措施的贯彻执行，制造业通胀压力进一步缓解，价格快速上涨的势头得到基本遏制。
slide 28
答案参考
• （1）将导致总需求曲线下移，货币供给M的减少将导致产出的名义价值PY同比例减少 • （2）在短期，供给曲线是水平的，因此，物价水平不变，产出将减少5%；在长期，供给曲线垂直，产出水平不变，价格水平降低5%。 • （3）短期内，价格不变，而产出下降，意味着失业率将上升。在长期，产出恢复到潜在产出水平，即长期的产出水平基本不变，则意味着由短期到长期，失业率将下降。 • （4）短期——Y减少，S减少，经济达到新的均衡，I 下降，实际利率上升；在长期，Y回到初始均衡水平，实际利率也回到初始水平。